Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Chemical Evolution in Ground-Water Systems

The responsible use of our Nation's ground-water resources requires an ability to predict changes in water quality as a result of human impacts. Prediction of chemical quality in the ground-water environment depends on a detailed understanding of both chemical and hydrologic processes. To determine the spatial and temporal variability of ground-water quality, it is necessary to identify reactions occurring in the system, to define their kinetic and thermodynamic properties, and to determine how the configuration of the hydrologic regime influences ground-water quality. The objectives of this project are to: (1) identify chemical reactions in ground-water systems using observed chemical and isotopic composition of dissolved solutes and minerals; (2) develop geochemical models to aid in interpretation of chemical and isotopic data from ground- water systems; (3) develop tools for age-dating groundwaters; (4) determine rates of chemical reactions in ground-water systems from field hydrochemical data and modeled water ages; (5) conduct laboratory experiment to obtain thermodynamic data for mineral- water systems for use in geochemical models; (6) obtain laboratory kinetic data on rates of mineral dissolution and precipitation for comparison with field rates; and (7) study the fundamental mechanisms of mineral dissolution and precipitation as they apply to pure phases and to solid-solution minerals. For information related to tools for age-dating ground-water, see the Reston Chlorofluorocarbon Laboratory

REPORTS PUBLISHED 1999-2008

Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L.N., 2008, Dating groundwater with trifluoromethyl sulfurpentafluoride (SF₅CF₃), sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆), CF₃Cl (CFC-13), and CF₂Cl₂ (CFC-12), Water Resources Research, v. 44, W02431, doi:10.1029/2007WR006150. (on-line abstract or on-line paper in pdf format, 749 KB, published by American Geophysical Union, not subject to U.S. copyright)

Glynn, P.D., 2008 Future intrusion of oxygenated glacial meltwaters into the Fennoscandian shield: a possibility to consider in performance assessments for nuclear-waste disposal sites?, Review of SKB's Safety Assessment SR-Can: Contributions in Support of SKI's and SSI's Review by External Consultants, Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate, SSI Report 2008:06/SKI Report 2008:16, chapter 6, 15p.

Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Eberts, S.M., Bexfield, L.M., Brown, C.J., Fahlquist, L.S., Katz, B.G., and Landon, M.K., 2008, Low-level detections of halogenated volatile organic compounds in groundwater: Use in vulnerability assessments: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 13, no. 11, p. 1049-1068; DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2008)13:11(1049). (on-line abstract of journal article)

Hinsby, K., Højberg, A.L., Engesgaard, P., Jensen, K.H., Larsen, F., Plummer, L.N., and Busenberg, E., 2007, Transport and degradation of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the pyritic Rabis Creek Aquifer, Denmark: Water Resources Research, v. 43, W10423, doi:10.1029/2006WR005854. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Imes, J.L., Plummer, L.N., Kleeschulte, M.J., and Schumacher, J.G., 2007, Recharge area, base-flow and quick-flow discharge rates and ages, and general water quality of Big Spring in Carter County, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5049, 79 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 4 MB)

Koh, D.C., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., and Kim, Y., 2007, Evidence for terrigenic SF₆ in groundwater from basaltic aquifers, Jeju Island, Korea: Implications for groundwater dating: Journal of Hydrology, v. 339, p. 93 - 104, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.03.011 (on-line abstract of journal article)

Rupert, M.G. and Plummer, L.N., 2007, Ground-water age and flow at the Great Sand Dunes National Monument, south-central Colorado in Machette, M.N., Coates, M-M., and Johnson, M.L., 2007 Rocky Mountain Section Friends of the Pleistocene Field Trip - Quaternary geology of the San Luis Basin of Colorado and New Mexico, September 7-9, 2007: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1193, chapter D, p. 135-137. (on-line chapter in pdf format, 435 KB)

Sebol, L.A., Robertson, W.D., Busenberg, E., Plummer, L.N., Ryan, M.C., and Schiff, S.L., 2007, Evidence of CFC Degradation in Groundwater Under Pyrite-Oxidizing Conditions: Journal of Hydrology, v. 347, p. 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.08.009  (on-line abstract of journal article)

Yager, R.M., Kappel, W.M., and Plummer, L.N., 2007, Origin of halite brine in the Onondaga Trough near Syracuse, New York State, USA: Modeling geochemistry and variable-density flow: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 15, no. 7, p. 1,321-1,339. doi:10.1007/s10040-007-0186-9 (on-line abstract)

Yager, R.M., Kappel, W.M., and Plummer, L.N., 2007, Halite Brine in the Onondaga Trough near Syracuse, New York: Characterization and Simulation of Variable-Density Flow , U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007-5058 40 p. (on-line abstract and to download report and analytical data)

Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L.N., 2006, Potential use of other atmospheric gases: Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 10, p. 183-190. (on-line book chapter)

Busenberg, E., Plummer, L.N., Cook, P.G., Solomon, D.K., Han, L.F. Gröning, M., and Oster, H., 2006, Sampling and analytical methods: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 12, p. 199-220. (on-line book chapter)

Cook, P.G., Plummer, L.N., Solomon, D.K., Busenberg, E., and Han, L.F., 2006, Effects and processes that can modify apparent CFC age: Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 4, p. 31-58. (on-line book chapter)

Han, L.F., Gröning, M., Plummer, L.N., and Solomon, D.K., 2006, Comparison of the CFC technique with other techniques (³H, ³H/³He, ⁸⁵Kr): Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 11, p. 191-198. (on-line book chapter)

Koh, D.C., Plummer, L.N., Solomon, D.K., Busenberg, E., Kim, Y.-J., and Chang, H.W., 2006, Application of environmental tracers to mixing, evolution, and nitrate contamination of ground water in Jeju Island, Korea: Journal of Hydrology, v. 327, p. 258-275, doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.11.021.. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Plummer, L.N., Böhlke, J.K., and Doughten, M.W., 2006, Perchlorate in Pleistocene and Holocene groundwater in North-Central New Mexico: Environmental Science and Technology, v. 40, no. 6, p. 1757-1763. (on-line abstract or on-line journal article in pdf format, 409 KB, published 2006 by American Geophysical Union, not subject to U.S. copyright)

Plummer, L.N., and Busenberg, E., 2006, Chlorofluorocarbons in aquatic environments: Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 1, p. 1-8. (on-line book chapter)

Plummer, L.N., and Busenberg, E., 2006, Chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere: Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 2, p. 9-16. (on-line book chapter)

Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., and Cook, P.B., 2006, Principles of chlorofluorocarbon dating: Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 3, p. 17-30.

Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Cook, P.G., Oster, H., Han, L.F., and Gröning, M., 2006, Selected case studies using CFC data: Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 9, p. 135-182.

Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., and Han, L.F., 2006, CFCs in binary mixtures of young and old groundwater: Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 5, p. 59-72.

Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., and Han, L.F., 2006, Data interpretation in representative cases: Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 8, p. 105-134.

Solomon, D.K., Cook, P.G., and Plummer, L.N., 2006, Models of groundwater ages and residence times: Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 6, p. 73-88.

Solomon, D.K., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., and Cook, P.G., 2006, Practical applications of CFCs in hydrological investigations: Use of Chlorofluorocarbons in Hydrology: A Guidebook, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) STI/PUB/1238, (ISBN 92-0-100805-8), chapt. 7, p. 89-104.

Glynn, P.D., and Plummer, L.N., 2005, Geochemistry and the understanding of ground-water systems: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 13, p. 263-287. (on-line abstract of journal article)

Konikow, L.F., and Glynn, P.D., 2005, Modeling groundwater flow and quality, in Selinus, O., ed., Essentials of Medical Geology: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 737-765

Plummer, L.N., 2005, Dating of young groundwater, in Aggarwal, P.K., Gat, J.R., and Froehlich, K.F.O., eds., Isotopes in the Water Cycle: Past, Present, and Future of a Developing Science: Springer, Dordrecht, p.193-220.

Engesgaard, P., Højberg, A.L., Hinsby, K., Jensen, K.H, Laier, T., Larsen, F., Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L.N., 2004, Transport and time lag of chlorofluorocarbon gases in the unsaturated zone, Rabis Creek, Denmark. Vadose Zone Journal, v. 3, no. 4, p. 1249-1261. (on-line abstract)

Nimmo, J.R., Rousseau, J.P., Perkins, K.S., Stollenwerk, K.G., Glynn, P.G., Bartholomay, R.C., and Knobel, L.L., 2004, Hydraulic and geochemical framework of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory vadose zone: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 3, p. 6-34. (on-line abstract)

Nimmo, J.R., Rousseau, J.P., Perkins, K.S., Stollenwerk, K.G., Glynn, P.G., Bartholomay, R.C., and Knobel, L.L., 2004, Hydraulic and geochemical framework of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory vadose zone: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 3, p. 6-34. (on-line abstract)

Plummer, L.N., Bexfield, L.M., Anderholm, S.K., Sanford, W.E., and Busenberg, E., 2004, Geochemical characterization of ground-water flow in the Santa Fe Group aquifer system, Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4131, 395p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 30 MB)

Plummer, L.N., Bexfield, L.M., Anderholm, S.K., Sanford, W.E., and Busenberg, E., 2004, Hydrochemical tracers in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, USA: 1. Conceptualization of groundwater flow: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 12, no. 4, p. 359-388. (on-line abstract and on-line article or on-line article in pdf format, 1741 kb)

Plummer, L.N., Sanford, W.E., Bexfield, L.M., Anderholm, S.K., and Busenberg, E., 2004, Using geochemical data and aquifer simulation to characterize recharge and groundwater flow in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico, in Hogan, J., Phillips, F.M., and Scanlon, B., eds., Groundwater Recharge in a Desert Environment: The Southwestern United States: Water Science and Applications Series, v. 9, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C., p. 185-216.

Rousseau, J.P., Landa, E.R., Nimmo, J.R., Cecil, L.D., Knobel, L.L., Glynn, P.D., Kwicklis, E.M., Curtis, G.P., Stollenwerk, K.G., Anderson, S.R., Bartholomay, R.C., Bossong, C.R., and Orr, B.R., 2005, Review of the transport of selected radionuclides in the interim risk assessment for the Radioactive Waste Management Complex, Waste Area Group 7 Operable Unit 7-13/14, Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5026, 283 p. in 2 volumes. (on-line volume 1 (text) in pdf format, 2.4 MB or on-line volume 2 (figures) in pdf format, 3.3 MB)

Rupert, M.G., and Plummer, L.N., 2004, Ground-water flow direction, water quality, recharge sources, and age, Great Sand Dunes National Monument, south-central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5027, 28 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 788 kb)

Rupert, M.G., and Plummer, L.N., 2004, Ground-water age and flow at the Great Sand Dunes National Monument, south-central Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3051. (on-line fact sheet or fact sheet in pdf format, 207kb)

Sanford, W.E., Plummer, L.N., McAda, D.P., Bexfield, L.M., and Anderholm, S.K., 2004, Hydrochemical tracers in the Middle Rio Grande Basin, USA: 2. Calibration of a groundwater-flow model: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 12, no. 4, p. 389-407. (on-line abstract and on-line article or on-line article in pdf format, 1817 kb)

Sanford, W.E., Plummer, L.N, McAda, D.P., Bexfield L.M., and Anderholm, S.K., 2004, Use of Environmental Tracers to Estimate Parameters for a Predevelopment Ground-Water-Flow Model of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4286, 102 p.

Shapiro, S.D., Busenberg, E., Focazio, M.J., and Plummer, L.N., 2004, Historical trends in occurrence and atmospheric inputs of halogenated volatile organic compounds in untreated ground water used as a source of drinking water: The Science of The Total Environment, v. 321, no. 1-3, p. 201-217. (on-line abstract)

Shapiro, S.D., Busenberg, E., and Plummer, L.N., 2004, The Stability of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in Ground-Water Samples Archived in Borosilicate Ampoules, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1392, 30 p. (on-line abstract or on-line report in pdf format, 1.5 MB)

Bexfield, L.M., and Plummer, L.N., 2003, Occurrence of arsenic in ground water of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, central New Mexico, in Welch, A.H., and Stollenwerk, K., eds., Arsenic in Ground Water: Geochemistry and Occurrence: Boston, Kluwer Academic Publishers, p. 295-327.

Brown, J.G., and Glynn, P.D., 2003, Kinetic dissolution of carbonates and Mn oxides in acidic water: measurement of insitu rates and reactive transport modeling: Applied Geochemistry, v. 18, no. 8, p. 1225-1239. (on-line abstract)

Burns, D.A., Plummer, L.N., McDonnell, J.J., Busenberg, E., Casile, G.C., Kendall, C., Hooper, R.P., Freer, J.E., Peters, N.E., Beven, K., and Schlosser, P., 2003, The geochemical evolution of riparian ground water in a forested piedmont catchment: Ground Water, v. 41, p. 913-925. (on-line abstract)

Glynn, P.D., 2003, Modeling Np and Pu transport with a surface complexation model and spatially variant sorption capacities: implications for reactive transport modeling and performance assessments of nuclear waste disposal sites: Computers and Geosciences, v. 29, no. 3, p. 331-349. (on-line abstract)

Lindsey, B.D., Phillips, S.W., Donnelly, C.A., Speiran, G.K., Plummer, L.N., Böhlke, J.K., Focazio, M.J.,. Burton, W.C., and Busenberg, E., 2003, Residence Times and Nitrate Transport in Ground Water Discharging to Streams in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: U. S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4035, 201 p. (on-line report, in pdf format)

Nelms, D.L., Harlow, G.E., Jr., Plummer, L.N., and Busenberg, E., 2003, Aquifer susceptibility in Virginia, 1998-2000: U. S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4278, 58 p. (on-line report)

Plummer, L.N., Böhlke, J.K., and Busenberg, E., 2003, Approaches for ground-water dating, in Lindsay and others, eds., Residence Times and Nitrate Transport in Ground Water Discharging to Streams in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed: U. S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4035, p. 12-24.

Shapiro, S.D., Busenberg, E., Plummer, L.N., and Focazio, M.J., 2003, Data from archived chromatograms on halogenated volatile organic compounds in untreated ground water used for drinking water in the United States, 1997-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-352, 31 p.

Shapiro, S.D., Plummer, L.N., Focazio, M.J., Busenberg, E., Kirkland, W., and Fernandez, M., Jr., 2003, Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in drinking water from the United States: Results from archived chromatograms and water samples, 1989-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4173, 20 p.

Burton, W.C., Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Lindsey, B.D., and Gburek, W.J., 2002, Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge Province, Pennsylvania: Ground Water, v. 40, no. 3, p. 242-257. (on-line abstract)

Kraemer, T.F., Doughten, M.W., Bullen, T.D., 2002, Use of ICP/MS with ultrasonic nebulizer for routine determination of uranium activity ratios in natural water: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 22, p. 4899-4904. (on-line abstract)

Plummer, L.N., 2002, Environmental tracers and how they are used to understand the aquifer, in Bartolino, J.R., and Cole, J.C., eds., Ground-Water Resources of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1222, p. 82-83. (on-line publication)

Plummer, L.N., Bexfield, L.M., and Anderholm, S.K., 2002, How ground-water chemistry helps us understand the aquifer, in Bartolino, J.R., and Cole, J.C., eds., Ground-Water Resources of the Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1222, p.. 92-93. (on-line publication)

Busenberg, E., Plummer, L.N., and Bartholomay, R.C., 2001, Estimated age and source of the young fraction of ground water at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4265, 144 p.

Evans, W.C., Sorey, M.L., Michel, R.L., Cook, A.C., Kennedy, B.M., and Busenberg, E., 2001, Tracing magmatic carbon in groundwaters at Big Springs, Long Valley caldera, USA, in Cidu, R., ed., Proceedings of the tenth international symposium WRI-10, Villasimius, Italy, 10-15 June 2001: A.A. Balkema, v. 1, p. 803-806.

Glynn, P.D., 2001, Book Review of "Introduction to Ground Water Geochemistry" by Hitchon, B., Perkins, E.H., and Gunter, W.D.: Hydrogeology, v. 9., p. 517. (on-line review)

Glynn, P.D. 2001, Plutonium and neptunium transport: sorption modeling for performance assessment of nuclear waste disposal in the Fennoscandian Shield, extended abstract in Radionuclide Transport Modelling: Current Status and Future Needs: Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate (SKI) Report 02-30.

Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Bohlke, J.K., Nelms, D.L., Michel, R.L., and Schlosser, P., 2001, Groundwater residence times in Shenandoah National Park, Blue Ridge Mountains, Virginia, USA: A Multi-Tracer Approach: Chemical Geology, v. 179, p. 93-111. (on-line abstract)

Plummer, L.N., and Sprinkle, C.L., 2001, Radiocarbon dating of dissolved inorganic carbon in groundwater from confined parts of the Upper Floridan Aquifer, Florida, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 9, no. 2, p. 127-150. (on-line abstract)

Brown, J.G., Bassett, R., and Glynn, P.D., 2000, Reactive Transport of metal contaminants in alluvium - model comparison and column simulation: Applied Geochemistry, v. 15, p. 35-49. (on-line abstract)

Busenberg, E. and Plummer, L.N., 2000, Dating young groundwater with sulfur hexafluoride: Natural and anthropogenic sources of sulfur hexafluoride: Water Resources Research, v. 36, no. 10, p. 3011-3030. (on-line abstract)

Busenberg, E., Plummer, L.N., Doughten, M. W., Widman, P. K., and Bartholomay, R.C., 2000, Chemical, isotopic compositions, and gas concentrations of ground water at and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1994-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-81, 55 p. (on-line abstract)

Glynn, P.D., 2000, Solid-solution solubilities and thermodynamics -- sulfates, carbonates, and halides, in Alpers, C.N., Jambor, J.L., and Nordstrom, D.K., eds., Sulfate minerals -- crystallography, geochemistry, and environmental significance: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 40, chapter 10, p. 281-511.

Glynn, P.D., 2000, Review of SR 97 performance assessment: Opinions on SKB's Safety Assessments SR 97 and SFL 3-5, Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate (SKI) Report 00:47, chapter 4, 14 p.

Glynn, P.D., 2000, Review of SFL 3-5 performance assessment: Opinions on SKB's Safety Assessments SR 97 and SFL 3-5, Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate (SKI) Report 00:47, chapter 16, 10 p.

Plummer, L.N., Bexfield, L.M., Anderholm, S.K., Sanford, W.E., and Busenberg, E. 2000, Geochemical characterization of ground water flow in parts of the Santa Fe Group aquifer, Middle Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico, in Cole, J.C., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Middle Rio Grande Basin Study -- Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 15-16, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-488, p. 7-10.

Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., Böhlke, J.K., Carmody, R.W., Casile, G.C., Coplen, T.B., Doughten, M.W., Hannon, J.E., Kirkland, W., Michel, R.L., Nelms, D.L., Norton, B.C., Plummer, K.E., Qi, H., Revesz, K., Schlosser, P., Spitzer, S., Wayland, J.E. and Widman, P.K., 2000, Chemical and isotopic composition of water from springs, wells, and streams in parts of Shenandoah National Park, Virginia, and vicinity, 1995-1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-373, 70 p. (on-line abstract)

Plummer, L.N., Busenberg, E., and Riggs, A.C., 2000, In-situ growth of calcite at Devils Hole, Nevada: Comparison of field and laboratory rates to a 500,000 year record of near-equilibrium calcite growth: Aquatic Geochemistry, v. 6, p. 257-274. (on-line abstract)

Plummer, L.N., Rupert, M.G., Busenberg, E., and Schlosser, P., 2000, Age of irrigation water in ground water from the Eastern Snake River Plain aquifer, south-central Idaho: Ground Water, v. 38, no. 2, p. 264-283. (on-line abstract)

Sanford, W.E., Plummer, L.N., McAda, D.P., Bexfield, L.M., and Anderholm, S.K., 2000, Estimation of hydrologic parameters for the ground-water model of the Middle Rio Grande Basin using carbon-14 and water-level data, in Cole, J.C., ed., U.S. Geological Survey Middle Rio Grande Basin Study -- Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Workshop, Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 15-16, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 00-488, p. 4-6.

Talma, A.S., Weaver, J.M.C., Plummer, L.N., and Busenberg, E., 2000, CFC tracing of groundwater in fractured rock aided with 14C and 3H to identify water mixing, in Sililo, O., ed., Groundwater: past achievements and future challenges: Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, p. 635-640, p. 4-6.

Brown, J.G., Glynn, P.D., and Bassett, R.L., 1999, Geochemistry and Reactive Transport of Metal Contaminants in Ground Water, Pinal Creek Basin, Arizona, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program - Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3 - Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 141-153. (on-line abstract and to download pdf report)

Busenberg, E., Plummer, L.N., Bartholomay, R.C., and Wayland, 1999, Chlorofluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and dissolved permanent gases in ground water from selected sites at and near the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho, 1994-97: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-274, 72p. (on-line abstract)

Emren, A.T., Arthur, R.A., Glynn, P.D., and McMurry, J., 1999, The modeler's influence on calculated solubilities for performance assessments at the Aspo Hard-Rock Laboratory, in Material Research Society, Symposium QQ, Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XXII, December 1998, Boston, paper QQ13.3. p. 559-566.

Glynn, P.D., Busenberg, E., and Brown, J.G., 1999, Use of chlorofluorocarbons, dissolved gases and water isotopes to characterize ground-water recharge in an aquifer contaminated by acidic, metal-laden wastewater, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 1--Contamination from Hardrock Mining: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018A, p. 155-162. (on-line abstract and to download pdf version)

Glynn, P.D., and Voss, C.I., 1999, Geochemical characterization of Simpevarp ground waters near the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory, Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate (SKI), SKI report 96:29, 210 p.

Glynn, P.D., Voss, C.I., and Provost, A.M., 1999, Deep penetration of oxygenated meltwaters from warm based sheets into the Fennoscandian Shield, in Use of Hydrological Information in testing groundwater flow models: Technical Summary and Proceedings of a Workshop organized by the NEA Coordinating Group on Site Evaluation at Design of Experiments for Radioactive Waste Disposal (SEDE) and by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB), Borgholm, Sweden, September 1-3, 1997, p. 201-241.

Goode, D.J., Busenberg, E., Plummer, L.N., Shapiro, A.M., and Vroblesky, D.A., 1999, CFC's in the unsaturated zone and in shallow ground water at Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, in Morganwalp, D.W., and Buxton, H.T., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program - A Proceeding of the Technical Meeting, Charleston, South Carolina, March 8-12, 1999--Volume 3--Subsurface Contamination from Point Sources: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4018C, p. 809-820. (on-line abstract)

Plummer, L.N., and Busenberg, E., 1999, Data on the crystal growth of calcite from calcium bicarbonate solutions at 34^oC and C0₂ partial pressures of 0.101, 0.0156 and 0.00102 atmospheres: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 99-247, 13 p. (on-line abstract)

Plummer, L.N., and Busenberg, E., 1999, Chlorofluorocarbons, in Cook, P., and Herczeg, A., eds., Environmental tracers in subsurface hydrology, chapter 15: Kluwer Academic Press, p. 441-478. (on-line chapter excerpt)

Plummer, L.N., and Friedman, L.C., 1999, Tracing and dating young ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet-134-99. (on-line report)

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THIS PROJECT, CONTACT
L. Niel Plummer
U.S. Geological Survey, 432 National Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192
Email: nplummer@usgs.gov
Phone: 703- 648-5841

Eurybiades Busenberg
U.S. Geological Survey, 432 National Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192
Email: ebusenbe@usgs.gov
Phone: 703- 648-5726

Pierre D Glynn
U.S. Geological Survey, 432 National Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192
Email:pglynn@usgs.gov
Phone: 703- 648-5823

(For additional information see: http://water.usgs.gov/lab/cfc/)

For information on additional projects in the National Research Program, see Indexes to NRP projects and bibliographies