Catalogue Query Results
Dysmicoccus FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus Ferris, 1950b: 53. Type species: Dactylopius brevipes Cockerell, by original designation.
Ferrisicoccus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 31. Type species: Ferrisicoccus angustus Ezzat and McConnell, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980b: 169. Notes: A subjective synonym of Dysmicoccus.
Kaicoccus Takahashi, 1958: 5. Type species: Pseudococcus kaiensis Kanda, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980b: 169.
Dysnicoccus; Martin Mateo, 1985: 91. Misspelling of genus name.
Parkermicus Khalid & Shafee, 1988: 31. Type species: Parkermicus polyanosetosus Khalid and Shafee, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 160.
Ferrsiscoccus; Tang, 1992: 277. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Ferris (1950b, 1953a), Balachowsky (1953d), McKenzie (1967), Danzig (1980b), Williams (1960, 1970, 1985), Miller & McKenzie (1973), Paik (1978), Kawai (1980), Cox (1987), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Williams (2004a).
SYSTEMATICS: Danzig (1980b) regarded Ferrisicoccus a subjective synonym of Dysmicoccus, because she interpreted that the former differed from the latter only in having more than two spines on the anal lobe cerarius. However, the species of Dysmicoccus do not possess an anal-lobe bar, which is present in species of Ferisicoccus, and the cararri in Dysmicoccus species are with auxiliary setae. Danzig (1980b) regarded Kaicoccus a subjective synonym of Dysmicoccus.
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 394 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Kosztarab 1996: 99-100 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 188, 277 (female) [Palaearctic and Oriental regions]; Tang 1992: 192-193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 130-132 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1988: 703-704 (female) [species Far East of Russia]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 20 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 15 (female) [species India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 4 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 43-44 (female) [species New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Avasthi & Shafee 1986a: 435 (female) [species India]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [species Palaearctic region]; Williams 1985: 107-109 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 38 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [China]; Wang 1982ZQ: 36-37 (female) [species China]; Yang 1982: 84-86 (female) [species China]; Danzig 1980b: 169 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kawai 1980: 102 (female) [species Japan]; De Lotto 1977: 29 (female) [species South Africa]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 503-506 (female) [species North America]; McKenzie 1967: 47 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 156-158 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [species Dysmicoccus brevipes complex]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1964: 230-231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643-644 (female) [species North America]; Williams 1962: 21 (female) [Britain]; Ezzat 1960b: 40 (female) [species Egypt]; Balachowsky 1953d: 1047 (female) [Senegal]; Ferris 1953a: 285 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54-55 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 139]; Balach1953d [taxonomy, description: 1046-1047]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 407]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 119, 168, 205]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 287]; BenDov1999 [taxonomy: 380]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 43-44, 49]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 169]; DeLott1969 [taxonomy: 5]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description: 31]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 53-54]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description: 332]; GranarScTe1997 [taxonomy, economic importance: 97]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description: 103, 113]; KhalidSh1988 [taxonomy, description: 31]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 79, 98-100, 126]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description: 92-94]; KotejaLa1986 [taxonomy: 381]; KotejaZa1979 [taxonomy: 671-672]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 394,404]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description: 706-707]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy: 643]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy: 230]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 156-158]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description: 503]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 65, 78, 98]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 151-157]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy, description: 5]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 191, 295]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 13, 14]; Willia1960 [taxoonmy, description: 397]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, key: 7, 21]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description: 130-131]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 39, 107-109]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 160-163]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 43, 129-132]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 46].
Dysmicoccus acaciarum WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus acaciarum Williams, 1985: 109. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Ballantyne's Gap, on Acacia obliquanerva. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia anceps [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia implexa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia melanoxylon [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia obliquanerva [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 119]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-111].
Dysmicoccus aciculus FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus comstocki; Ferris, 1918d: 41. Misidentification.
Dysmicoccus aciculus Ferris, 1950b: 55. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Stanford University, on Pinus radiata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Monterey pine mealybug [BrownEa1967, McKenz1967].
HOST: Pinaceae: Pinus radiata [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BrownEa1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BrownEa1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on and amongst the bases of the needles.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 53 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 120]; BrownEa1967 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 12]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158, 159].
Dysmicoccus aggeris WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus aggeris Williams, 1985: 111. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Fogg Dam, near Darwin, on Pistia stratiotes. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Araceae: Pistia stratiotes [Willia1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 107 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111, 112].
Dysmicoccus ambiguus (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus ambiguus Morrison, 1925a: 488. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Locality and host plant not indicated. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Trionymus ambiguus; Brittin, 1938: 347. Change of combination.
Dysmicoccus ambiguus; Williams & de Boer, 1973: 233. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Parsonsia capsularis [WilliaBo1973]. Araliaceae: Meryta sinclairii [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Brachyglottis [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Senecio hectori [WilliaBo1973]. Atherospermataceae: Laurelia novae-zelandiae [WilliaBo1973]. Avicenniaceae: Avicennia resinifera [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Cornaceae: Griselinia littoralis [WilliaBo1973]. Elaeocarpaceae: Elaeocarpus hookerianus [WilliaBo1973]. Fagaceae: Fagus [WilliaBo1973]. Liliaceae: Arthropodium [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [WilliaBo1973]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [WilliaBo1973, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum laetum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [WilliaBo1973], Metrosideros excelsa [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Macropiper excelsum [WilliaBo1973]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma [Britti1938, WilliaBo1973], Coprosma australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Hebe [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum laciniatum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Entelea arborescens [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Vitex lucens [WilliaBo1973, Cox1987, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Morris1925a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration given by Williams & de Boer and by Cox (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Brittin (1938).
KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [New Zealand].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 120]; Britti1938 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 347, 348]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44, 150]; Morris1925a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 488, 489]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-234].
Dysmicoccus amnicola Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus amnicola Williams & Watson, 1988a: 47. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Western Highlands Province, Jimi River Valley, Mugmump, on Araucaria hunsteinii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria hunsteinii [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 120]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49].
Dysmicoccus andropogonis WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus andropogonis Williams, 2004a: 163. Type data: INDIA: Andhra Pradesh, Samalkot [Samalkota], on Andrpogon holypensis; collected V. Ramachandra Rao, 20.ix.1927. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Andropogon holypensis [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Andhra Pradesh [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165].
Dysmicoccus angustus (Ezzat & McConnell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ferrisicoccus angustus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 31. Type data: U.S.A.: New Jersey, Riverton, on Bambusa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Ferrisicoccus bambusiphilus Takahashi, 1958: 7. Type data: JAPAN: Tokyo, Yokohama and Osaka on bamboo. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1978: 8.
Dysmicoccus angustus; Danzig, 1978: 8. Change of combination.
Ferrisicoccus angustus; Ben-Dov, 1999: 380. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: narrow mealybug [Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [EzzatMc1956, Takaha1958, BenDov1994], Indocalamus herklotsii [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994], Sasa kurilensis [Danzig1978, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], New Jersey [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: China [EzzatMc1956, Tang1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Takaha1958, BenDov1994]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Takahashi (1958), Danzig (1980b) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 126 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Ezzat & McConnell 1956: 31 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 120-121]; BenDov1999 [taxonomy: 380]; Danzig1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 19]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history : 171, 172]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-34]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 7]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution,: 126-128]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7, 8]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 283, 284]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 5]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14].
Dysmicoccus anicus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus anicus Williams, 1985: 111. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Brisbane, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Willia1985], Acacia implexa [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus camaldulensis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985], South Australia [Willia1985]).
BIOLOGY: Found on the bark of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 121]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111, 113, 114].
Dysmicoccus arachidis WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus arachidis Williams, 2004a: 165. Type data: INDIA: Tripura, Lembucherra, on Arachis hypogaea; collected 1963. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tripura [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-162 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-166].
Dysmicoccus arcanus CoxNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus arcanus Cox, 1987: 44. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Mt. Robert, on roots of moss. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Raoulia [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Bryophyta [Cox1987]. Poaceae [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma cheesmanii [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).
KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [New Zealand].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 121]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44, 151].
Dysmicoccus aurantius (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersia aurantia Cockerell, 1901g: 51. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, with Lasius americanus. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: See McKenzie and Williams (1965) for information on holotype.
Dysmicoccus aurantia; Ferris, 1953a: 334. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: orange-colored mealybug [MillerMc1973].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901g, Ferris1953a, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Associated with ants, Lasius americanus.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1973).
KEYS: Miller & Polavarapu 1997: 459 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 121]; Cocker1901g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 51, 52]; Ferris1953a [host, distribution: 334]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 506-508]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 459].
Dysmicoccus badachshanicus NurmamatovNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus badachshanicus Nurmamatov, 1978: 61. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Western Pamir, Vanskii Ridge, near Dzovud, on grasses. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae [Nurmam1978, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Nurmam1978, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Nurmamatov (1978).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 121]; Nurmam1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 61, 62].
Dysmicoccus banksi WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus banksi Williams, 1985: 114. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, near Terang, on Acacia melanoxylon. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia [Willia1985], Acacia melanoxylon [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 121]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-116].
Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius calceolariae; Maskell, 1890: 149. Misidentification.
Pseudococcus calceolariae; Kirkaldy, 1902: 103. Misidentification.
Trechocorys calceolariae; Kirkaldy, 1904: 227. Misidentification.
Dactylopius (Pseudococcus) boninsis Kuwana, 1909a: 161. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, on sugar cane. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Zimmerman (1948) and Beardsley (1966a).
Pseudococcus boninensis Lindinger, 1914: 158. Unjustified emendation.
Dactylopius boninsis; Kuwana, 1917a: 169.
Trionymus calceolariae; Fullaway, 1923: 308. Misidentification.
Pseudococcus heterospinus Green, 1923d: 91. Type data: MADEIRA: Machico, on grasses. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1985: 116. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1939: 260.
Pseudococcus aegyptiacus Hall, 1925: 8. Type data: EGYPT: Mit Ghamr, on Saccharum officinarum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Hall, 1926a: 33.
Pseudococcus boninsis; Morrison, 1925a: 487. Change of combination.
Trionymus boninsis; Swezey, 1931: 946. Change of combination.
Trionymus taiwanus Takahashi, 1932: 41. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, on Oryza sativa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1970: 128.
Erium boninense; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.
Erium boninense Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Unjustified emendation.
Erium taiwanum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus zeae Kanda, 1943: 49. Type data: JAPAN: Mitsuzawa, Yokohama, on Zea mays and on Syntherisma sanguinalis var. ciliaris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female. Synonymy by Kawai, 1980: 104.
Dysmicoccus boninsis; Ferris, 1950b: 57. Change of combination.
Trionymus kayashimai Takahashi, 1951a: 14. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaysia, Selangor, Gombak, on Saccharum arundinaceum, 30.v.1944, collected R. Takahashi. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1999: 92. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1999: 92.
Vryburgia graminea De Lotto, 1967: 25. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Durban, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1977: 29.
Dysmicoccus boniansis; Ali, 1970a: 105. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: gray sugarcane mealybug [Zimmer1948, Bartle1978e].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudaphycus mundus Gahan [Moore1988], Pseudococcobius terryi Fullaway [Bynum1937], Rhopus nigriclavatus (Girault) [AbdRab2001d].
HOSTS: Araceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Juniperus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Iris [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sisyrinchium [HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Takaha1941b, Willia1970DJ, KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994], Brachiaria mutica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coix lacryma jobi [Mamet1949, Beards1966, BenDov1994], Cortaderia [HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994], Cortaderia argentata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cymbopogon citratus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cynodon [HodgsoHi1991, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Echinochloa [HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994], Echinochloa colonum [Willia1970DJ, Tang1992, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eragrostis variabilis [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Gynerium saggitatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Lasiacis divaricata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Miscanthus [KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994], Oryza sativa [Willia1970DJ, LiuTa1988, BenDov1994], Panicum [Willia1970DJ, HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994], Panicum barbinode [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Panicum maximum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Paspalum [HodgsoHi1990, KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994], Paspalum distichum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saccharum [Kirkal1902, HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994], Saccharum arundinaceum [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Kirkal1904, Kuwana1909a, Ferris1950b, Beards1960, Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ, DeLott1977, Willia1985], Saccharum officinarum [Takaha1932, Laing1933, KawaiMaUm1971, WilliaWa1988a, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saccharum spontaneum [Willia2004a], Sorghum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sorghum halepense [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sorghum verticilliflorum [Willia1985, Tang1992, BenDov1994], Stenotaphrum [HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994], Stenotaphrum secundatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Syntherisma sanguinalis ciliaris [Kanda1943a, BenDov1994], Thysanolaena agrostis [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Tripsacum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Zea mays [Kanda1943a, Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Cissus rombifolia [Marott1987a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]; Mozambique [Saraiv1939, BenDov1994]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1949, CABI1960, BenDov1994]; South Africa [DeLott1967, DeLott1977, BenDov1994]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1952, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]. Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kuwana1909a, Ferris1950b, Ali1970a, KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Fiji [Maskel1890, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Guam [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Kirkal1902, Kirkal1904, Zimmer1948, Beards1960, Willia1970DJ, NurBrBe1987, BenDov1994]); New Britain [CABI1960, BenDov1994]; New Caledonia [Laing1933, Willia1970DJ, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; New Zealand [Kirkal1902, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [CABI1960, BenDov1994] (Saipan Island [Takaha1941b, BenDov1994]); Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [Willia1970DJ, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Florida [Ferris1950b, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Georgia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Louisiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Mississippi [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Barbuda [CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Tucuman [Ferris1950b, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bahamas [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [Ferris1950b, Willia1970DJ, HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikGu2005, CulikMaVe2007], Sao Paulo [Ferris1950b, CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Cuba [CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, WilliaMaSu2001]; Dominican Republic [Ferris1950b, CABI1960, Schmut1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006]; Grenada [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957c, CABI1960, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Haiti [CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, PerezG2008]; Jamaica [Kirkal1902, Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [Balach1957c, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Montserrat [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [Ferris1950b, CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Willia1970DJ, Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Vieques Island [CABI1960, BenDov1994]); Suriname [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [CABI1960, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia1999, Willia2004a]; Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [Takaha1940a, BenDov1994]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Takaha1932, Ali1970a, LiuTa1988, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; China [Wu1935, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Hall1925, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Japan [Ferris1950b, KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1980, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Sicily [Marott1987a, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring beneath the leaf sheaths of sugarcane. The life cycle in Hawaii requires from 18 to 26 days (Zimmerman, 1948).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kanda (1943), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), De Lotto (1967) (as Vryburgia graminea), Williams (1970DJ, 1985), Williams & Watson (1988a), Liu & Tao (1988), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male by Beardsley (1960).
SYSTEMATICS: Beardsley (1964) reported the occurrence of gray and white-coloured forms, which are taxonomically identical. Prior to 1970 it has frequently been misidentified as Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell), Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) and Pseudococcus saccharifolii (Green) (see Bartlett, 1978e).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The gray sugarcane mealybug has been recorded from a wide range of grasses, as well as hosts from other families, but reported as a pest of sugarcane. Generally it is a minor pest, but when attended by ants it may kill young shoots (Bartlett, 1978e). The encyrtid Aphycus terryi (Fullaway) was found an effective parasitoid in Hawaii, from where it was introduced to Southern USA (Bartlett, 1978e). Beardsley (1960a) noted that it is common on sugarcane in Hawaii and discussed it dispersal, infestation sites and the effect of ants and other factors on its populations.
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 151, 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 46 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 84 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 102 (female) [World]; De Lotto 1977: 29 (female) [South Africa ]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; Williams 1970DJ: 115 (female) [World]; De Lotto 1967: 22 (female) [South Africa]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 408 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1960: 212 (male) [Hawaii]; Ezzat 1960b: 40 (female) [Egypt]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America]; Zimmerman 1948: 177 (female) [Hawaii].
CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1357]; Ali1970a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105]; Balach1939 [taxonomy: 260]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 140, 141]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-217]; Beards1960a [economic importance, life history, ecology, biological control: 954-961]; Beards1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 338]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 408-409]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 122, 123]; Bynum1937 [host, distribution, biological control: 756-761]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; Charpe1956 [host, distribution, chemical control: 418-419]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution]; CulikGu2005 [host, distribution: 1-8]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; DeLott1977 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-58]; Flande1943 [biological control: 117,128,137]; Flande1951b [biological control: 93-98]; Fullaw1923 [p. 308]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Granar1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 261, 262]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1923b [p. 91]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1925 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 8, 9]; Hall1926a [taxonomy: 33]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, DNA analysis: 51-71]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 7, 8, 9, 12, 16, 19,]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 143]; Kanda1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 104]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14, 15]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 103]; Kirkal1904 [taxonomy, host, economic importance, biological importance: 227]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 30-32]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Kuwana1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-162]; Kuwana1917a [taxonomy: 171]; Laing1933 [host, distribution: 676]; Lindin1914 [p. 158]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; LiuTa1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 63-65]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 12]; Mamet1952 [host, distribution: 170]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 230]; Maskel1890 [taxonomy: 149]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 177]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212]; Morris1925a [taxonomy: 487]; NurBrBe1987 [taxonomy, distribution, life history: 54]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; Schmut1990 [host, distribution, economic importance]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; Takaha1932 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 41]; Takaha1940a [host, distribution: 331]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 215]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 14-15]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 195, 196]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 132]; Willia1931 [distribution, host, life history: 113]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-129]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 116, 117]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-168]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-139]; WilliaMaSu2001 [host, distribution: 73-76]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; Wolcot1955 [host, distribution: 1-5]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 177, 185-188].
Dysmicoccus brachydactylus Miller & McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus brachydactylus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 571. Type data: CHILE: Valdivia, Caupolican, on Taraxacum officinalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: short-digitule mealybug [MillerMc1971].
HOST: Asteraceae: Taraxacum officinalis [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarCl2003].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Buenos Aires [GranarCl2003]); Chile [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 124]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 571-573]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-141].
Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius bromeliae; Signoret, 1875b: 310. Misidentification.
Dactylopius brevipes Cockerell, 1893n: 267. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on pineapples. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost.
Pseudococcus brevipes; Fernald, 1903b: 98. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus bromeliae; Fernald, 1903b: 98. Misidentification.
Dactylopius (Pseudococcus) ananassae Kuwana, 1909a: 162. Type data: JAPAN: Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, on pineapple. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibaraki-ken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Kannon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (Kuwana), Japan. Described: female. Synonymy by Kawai, 1980: 104.
Pseudococcus missionum Cockerell, 1910: 113. Type data: ARGENTINA: Santa Ana Misiones, No. 13. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 141. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 141.
Pseudococcus bromeliae; Hempel, 1912: 24. Misidentification.
Pseudococcus bromeliae; Green, 1922: xxx. Misidentification.
Pseudococcus palauensis Kanda, 1933a: 135. Type data: PALAU ISLAND: on pineapple. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female. Synonymy by Takahashi, 1936c: 109.
Pseudococcus cannae Green, 1934e: 162. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on rhizomes of Canna sp. and roots of Impatiens sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 168. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1958: 213.
Pseudococcus cannae Green, 1934e: 162. Unjustified replacement name for Pseudoccous bromeliae sensu Green (non: Bouche), 1922.
Pseudococcus longirostralis James, 1936: 207. Type data: TANZANIA: Bukoba, on Coffea arabica. Lectotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1957b: 197.
Pseudococcus defluiteri Betrem, 1937: 43. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Djember, on Coffea robusta. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 170. Notes: Type material apparently lost.
Pseudococcus pseudobrevipes Mamet, 1941b: 58. Type data: MAURITIUS: Montagne Longue, on Ananas comosus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Beardsley, 1965c: 58.
Dysmicoccus brevipes; Ferris, 1950b: 59. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: chanchito blanca de la pina [Gonzal1972]; pineapple mealybug [Tryon1901, McKenz1967, Bartle1978e].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis billoti Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Hyperaspis distinguenda Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Hyperaspis jocunda Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Hyperaspis silvestrii Weise [Moore1988], Scymnus aenipennis Sic [BennetSi1964], Scymnus bilucernarius Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Scymnus margipallens Mulsant [Moore1988], Scymnus ochroderus Mulsant [BennetSi1964]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Dicrodiplosis guatamalensis Felt [Moore1988], Kalodiplosis koebelei (Felt) [Moore1988], Kalodiplosis pseudococci (Felt) [Felt1933, Barnes1935, Moore1988]. Drosophilidae: Pseudiastata brasiliensis Costa Lima [Sabros1951], Pseudiastata pseudococcivora Sabrosky [Sabros1951], Pseudiastata vorax Sabrosky [Sabros1951]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus ananatis Gahan [Gahan1949, Moore1988, Pandey2002, GonzalPaJo2005, PandeyJo2006b], Anagyrus coccidicorus [Bartle1939], Anagyrus dactylopii (Howard) [Gahan1949], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus schonherri (Westwood) [Gahan1949], Anagyrus yuccae (Coquillett) [Gahan1949], Hambletonia pseudoccina Compere [Comper1936b], Hambletonia pseudococcina Compere [Bartle1939, Moore1988, SharkoWo1997], Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastidea dactylopii Howard [AbdRab2001d]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [AbdRab2001d]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla externa [GoncalSa2001].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave sisalana [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Amaranthus kitensis [Granar1991a, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Mangifera indica [DeLott1964, WilliaGr1992, KinjoNaHi1996, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Willia1960, Beards1966, McKenz1967, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Apiaceae: Apium graveolens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Caryota urens [Willia2004a], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Rhaphidophora vitiensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Areca [Willia2004a], Areca catechu [Takaha1955, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Areca lutescens [McKenz1967], Bactris palmae [CouturTaIn1996], Carpentaria acuminata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Cocos [HodgsoHi1990], Cocos nucifera [DeLott1964, GhoshGh1984, Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Elaeis guineensis [CouturMaRi1985, Almeid1973b, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Hyophorbe [Beards1966], Kentia [Willia2004a], Livistona [Willia2004a], Phoenix dactylifera [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994], Ptychosperma macarthuri [Willia2004a], Rhapis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Rhapis excelsa [daLuzBoSa2005], Roebelia [McKenz1967], Roystonea [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sabal bermudiana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sericofera [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994]. Aspleniaceae: Asplenium nidus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Emilia sonchifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Fitchia speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Sparganophorus vaillantii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Taraxacum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Balsaminaceae: Balsamina communis [Hamble1935, Lepage1938], Impatiens [Green1934c, Betrem1937, Willia2004a]. Bignoniaceae: Crescentia cujete [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Brassica chinensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae [McKenz1967], Aechmea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ananas [WilliaWa1988a, HodgsoHi1990], Ananas comosus [Kuwana1909a, Betrem1937, Balach1957b, Almeid1973b, Willia1985, Marott1987a, WilliaWa1988a], Ananas comosus [Fernal1903b, Green1937, Mamet1941b, Borchs1949, Beards1959a, Beards1966, CarnerPe1986, DanzigKo1990], Ananas sativus [Morris1920, Lepage1938, DeLott1964, Almeid1973b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Bromelia [Willia2004a]. Cannaceae: Canna [Green1934c, McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Canna indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Mammea americana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Cressa cretica [Hall1926, BenDov1994], Ipomoea batatas [DeLott1964, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ipomoea batatas [DeLott1964]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis sativus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Cucurbita [Willia2004a], Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita pepo [Willia1985, BenDov1994, CulikGu2005]. Cupressaceae: Juniperus torulosa [McKenz1967], Thuja [Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae [Willia2004a], Cyperus [Lepage1938, Borchs1949, WilliaWa1988a, GranarScTe1997], Cyperus dentatus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cyperus elegans [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cyperus ferax [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cyperus rotundus [McKenz1967, BenDov1985a, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Fimbristylis [WilliaWa1988a], Fimbristylis cymosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Rynchospora cephaloter [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Scleria [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyrus kaki [Hamble1935, Lepage1938]. Ehretiaceae: Cordia alliodora [Morris1929], Cordia nodosa [Morris1922, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Euphorbia drummondii [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Jatropha curcas [MartinBlSu2005], Manihot esculenta [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Phyllanthus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Arachis [WilliaWa1988a], Arachis hypogaea [Lepage1938, Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Desmodium [WilliaGr1992, Granar1991a, BenDov1994], Dipteryx odorata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Erythrina [WilliaWa1988a], Erythrina indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gliricidia [Zimmer1948, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Glycine max [Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inocarpus fagifer [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Medicago sativa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Meliotus indica [Beards1959a], Saraca declinata [Willia2004a], Tachigalia paniculata [Morris1922, BenDov1994], Tipuana tiu [Granar1991a, BenDov1994], Trifolium [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Trifolium pratensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Trifolium repens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia latispatha [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Hydnoraceae: Prosopanche americana [Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Watsonia [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Juncaceae: Juncus [Hall1926, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Ocotea atirrensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ocotea sassafras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Persea americana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Persea gratissima [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, DeLott1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hibiscus [Borchs1949], Sida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Marantaceae: Calathea [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Xylocarpus [Willia2004a]. Memecylaceae: Mouriri myrtilloides [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Menyanthaceae: Nymphoides humboltiana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus rubricosta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Morus [Borchs1949], Morus alba [Lepage1938]. Musaceae: Musa [Morris1920, McKenz1967, WilliaWa1988a, MatileWi1996, KondoRaVe2008], Musa paradisiaca [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Musa sapientum [DeLott1964, Willia1985, Marott1987a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia caryophyllata [Willia2004a], Eugenia malaccensis [Willia2004a], Psidium guajava [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Nymphaeaceae: Mphaea [Willia2004a]. Orchidaceae [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], [McKenz1967], Cypripedium ciliare [Willia2004a], Vanda sanderiana [Willia2004a]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [GhoshGh1984], Pandanus antaresensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus fragrans [Beards1966], Pandanus odoratissimus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus tectorius [Beards1966]. Piparaceae: Piper nigrum [Willia2004a]. Piperaceae: Piper betle [Takaha1942b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago major [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Poaceae [Balach1939], Aristida adoensis [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Brachiaria plantagnea [Hamble1935, Lepage1938], Cenchrus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Chloris gayana [Willia1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Chloris inflata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Hall1926, BenDov1994], Oryza sativa [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Panicum [McKenz1967, HodgsoHi1990], Panicum muticum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Panicum spectabile [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Paspalum millegrana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pennisetum purpureum [DeLott1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Rhynchelytrum repens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rhynchelytrum repens [FoldiKo2006], Saccharum [WilliaWa1988a, HodgsoHi1990], Saccharum officinarum [Ferris1950b, Mamet1957, Willia1970DJ, Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Setaria palmifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sorghum verticilliflorum [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sporobolus spicatus [Hall1926, BenDov1994], Tricholaena repens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Zea mays [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, DeLott1964, Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, Granar1991a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rheum rhaponticum [DeLott1964, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Rumex acetosa [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Triplaris cimingiana [Morris1929]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Anemone [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Eryobotrya japonica [Willia2004a], Fragaria vesca [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Malus sylvestris [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [McKenz1967, WilliaWa1988a, KondoRaVe2008], Coffea arabica [James1936, DeLott1957b, GhoshGh1984, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica caturra [KondoRaVe2008], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Coffea robusta [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Coffea robusta [Betrem1937, BenDov1994], Gardenia florida [Takaha1955, BenDov1994], Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ixora triflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Straussia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Borchs1949, Borchs1956d, BenDov1985a, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Nephelim lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a]. Scrophulariaceae: Orobanche [Willia2004a]. Solanaceae: Capsicum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Herrania camargona [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Theobroma bicolor [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [Bennet1957, DeLott1964, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Theobroma subincatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix nilotica [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Apium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Cecropia [Morris1922, Morris1929, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae: Curcuma longa [Willia2004a], Hedychium flavum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Zingiber officinale [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973b, BenDov1994]; Burkina Faso [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Burundi [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Cameroon [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Chad [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Congo [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, MatileWi1996]; Guinea [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Madagascar [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Malawi [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Mali [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Mozambique [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Niger [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, MatileWi1996]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1941b, Mamet1954a, BenDov1994]; Rwanda [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Sao Tome and Principe (Principe [CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Sao Tome [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]); Senegal [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Seychelles [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Sierra Leone [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Somalia [Schmut1964, CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; South Africa [DeVillBePe1987, BenDov1994]; Sudan [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [James1936, DeLott1957b, DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Togo [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Tromelin Island [Mamet1951, Mamet1957, BenDov1994]; Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Zambia [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]. Australasian: American Samoa [WilliaWa1988a]; Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kawai1987]. Australasian: Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [Kuwana1909a, KawaiMaUm1971, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Cocos (=Keeling) Islands [Willia2004a]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Yap [Takaha1941b, BenDov1994]); Fiji [VeitchGr1921, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Guam [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Zimmer1948, Beards1959a, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]); Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Palau [Kanda1933a, Takaha1942, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tokelau [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [Laing1927, Willia1970DJ, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Florida [Ferris1950b, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Louisiana [Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Barbuda [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Chaco [GranarCl2003], Misiones [Cocker1910, BenDov1994], Salta [Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Santa Fe [GranarCl2003], Santiago del Estero [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Tucuman [Granar1991, BenDov1994]); Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bolivia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, Bennet1957, BenDov1994] (Bahia [CABI1972b, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006], Espirito Santo [CulikGu2005, CulikMaVe2007], Mato Grosso [CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Minas Gerais [SantaCCh1998, daLuzBoSa2005], Parana [CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Pernambuco [CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Rio Grande do Sul [GomesCRe1949, CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Santa Catarina [CABI1972b, BenDov1994], Sao Paulo [Hamble1935, Lepage1938, GomesCRe1948, BenDov1994]); Cayman Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Chile [Gonzal1972]; Colombia [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008, Kondo2008a]; Costa Rica [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MartinBlSu2005]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [Beards1959a, CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006]; Grenada [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [Balach1957b, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [Morris1920, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, PerezG2008]; Honduras [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [Cocker1893n, Fernal1903b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [Balach1957b, Beards1959a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Montserrat [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Nicaragua [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Panama [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [Podtia1944, CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Soukup1945, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CouturTaIn1996]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Saint Kitts [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Trinidad [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [GranarScTe1997]; Venezuela [CABI1972b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Brunei [Willia2004a]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India [Green1937, CABI1972b, BenDov1994] (Bihar [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Orissa [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a], Tripura [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [CABI1972b, BenDov1994] (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a], Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2005]; Laos [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [CABI1972b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Pakistan [CABI1972b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines [CABI1972b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a]); Singapore [CABI1972b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Green1934c, Betrem1937, Green1937, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Azores [CABI1972b, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, PerezGCa1987, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001]; China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1980, BenDov1994]); Egypt [Willco1922, Hall1926a, Betrem1937, BenDov1994]; Iran [Moghad2004a]; Israel [Borchs1956d, BenDov1985a, BenDov1994]; Japan [Takaha1955f, KinjoNaHi1996, BenDov1994]; Lebanon [Tranfa1983, BenDov1994]; Madeira Islands [Balach1939, BenDov1994]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]); Sicily [RussoMa1997].
BIOLOGY: Infests the roots, leaves natural cavities of the host plant. Pataki (1974, 1975) described the moulting process.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Betrem (1937), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), Balachowsky (1957b), Mamet (1957), Beardsley (1965c), McKenzie (1967), Ghosh & Ghose (1984), Williams (1970DJ), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Kawai (1980). Parida & Moharana (1982), Nur et al. (1987) and Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=10.
SYSTEMATICS: Signoret interpreted the species described as Coccus bromeliae by Bouche (1833: 49) as a mealybug, but Lindinger (1932f) showed it to be a soft scale (Coccidae). In several pre-1900 publications, as well as in Fernald (1903b), the pineapple mealybug has been erroneously named Pseudococcus bromeliae (Bouché). Ben-Dov & Cox (1990) and Ben-Dov (1993) have clarified that Bouche's original description of Coccus bromeliae Bouche (1833: 49, 1834: 20) clearly indicate that his species was a soft scale insect (Coccidae), not a mealybug, as erroneously interpreted by subsequent workers, e.g. Fernald (1903b). This point is specefically pointed out because in several pre-1990 publications, D. brevipes has been misidentified as D. bromeliae. Beardsley (1959a) clarified previous indications, e.g. Zimmerman (1948), from Hawaii about the occurrence of more than one species on pineapple, and described the closely related species D. neobrevipes.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A widely-distributed pest of pineapple on which it transmits the Pineapple Mealybug Wilt Disease (Zimmerman, 1948; Beardsley, 1965c; Bartlett, 1978e; Beardsley et al., 1982). Effective control has been achieved on pineapple in South Africa by controlling populations of the big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala F. (Petty & Tustin, 1993; Petty & Manicom, 1995). Recorded as a vector of the Cocoa trinidad Virus (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992). In Hawaii, it occurs infrequently on sugarcane and is of but minor economic importance (Beardsley, 1960a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 15 (female) [India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1986a: 435 (female) [India]; Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 84 (female) [China]; De Lotto 1977: 29 (female) [South Africa]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; Williams 1970DJ: 115 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 408 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ezzat 1960b: 40 (female) [Egypt]; Borchsenius 1956d: 866 (female) [Israel]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 94 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii].
CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1357]; Afonso1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1]; Almeid1973b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 18]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 260]; Balach1957b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 189-197]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; Barnes1935 [host, distribution, biological control: 527]; Bartle1939 [biological control: 67-72]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 141-143]; Beards1959a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, economic importance: 29-31]; Beards1960a [economic importance, host, distribution: 954-955]; Beards1965c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58-60]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 409-410]; BeardsSuMc1982 [life history, ecology. biological control, economic importance : 51-67]; BenDov1985a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 188]; BenDov1993 [taxonomy: 68]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 124-126,387]; BenDovCo1990 [taxonomy: 83]; Bennet1955 [distribuition, biological control: 413-416]; Bennet1957 [biological control, host, distribution: 569]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; BennetSi1964 [biological control: 81-94]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-46]; Blumbe2008 [host, distribution, economic importance: 421-422]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 130-131]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 181]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, virus: 591-602]; CABI1972b [taxonomy: 1, 2]; Caltag1985 [taxonomy, biological control: 189-200]; CarnerPe1986 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 53]; Carter1931 [chemical control: 1233-1242]; Carter1932 [life history, ecology, economic importance: 296-304]; Carter1932a [life history, ecology, economic importance, control: 1027-1030]; Carter1933 [economic importance, host, distribution, control: 207-242]; Carter1933a [life history, ecology, economic importance: 243-259]; Carter1934 [host, distribution, life history, physiology: 424-426]; Carter1935 [anatomy, structure: 60-71]; Carter1935a [biological control, host, distribution: 1037-1041]; Carter1936 [structure, anatomy: 176-183]; Carter1937 [biological control, distribution: 370-372]; Carter1937a [life history, ecology, economic importance: 971-981]; Carter1939 [host, life history, physiology, economic importance: 273-326]; Carter1942 [economic importance, distribution: 10-15]; Carter1945 [economic importance, life history, physiology: 335-338]; Carter1945a [life history, ecology, economic importance: 305-315]; Carter1945b [host, life history, physiology, economic importance: 316-323]; Carter1946 [structure, anatomy: 191-194]; Carter1948 [host, life history, phsiology: 645-657]; Carter1949 [host, distribution, economic importance: 761-766]; Carter1951 [life history, physiology, host, distribution: 769-780]; Carter1952 [chemical control: 981-984]; Carter1960 [life history, ecology, biological control: 296-299]; Carter1963 [host, distribution, ilfe history, economic importance: 741-747]; Carter1973 [host, distribution: 115]; CarterCo1947 [host, life history, physiology, control: 322-348]; CarterIt1956 [host, life history, economic importance: 662-666]; CarterSc1935 [host, life history, physiology, economic importance: 396-403]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; CeciliRo1991 [economic importance, chemical control: 843-848]; CelestSaVi1991 [economic importance, chemical control: 1-2]; CelestSaVi1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-2]; Cocker1893n [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 267]; Cocker1910 [taxonomy, description, distribution: 113]; Cocker1937 [taxonomy, economic importance: 123]; ColenSaMo2000 [life history, ecology: 248-252]; Collin1960 [economic importance: 1-3]; CollinCa1954 [host, distribution, life history, physiology, economic importance: 662-666]; Comper1936b [biological control: 171-174]; CouturTaIn1996 [host, distribution: 136]; CulikGu2005 [host, distribution: 1-8]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; daLuzBoSa2005 [host, distribution: 391-393]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 40]; DeLott1957b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 197]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 349, 350]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Felt1933 [biological control, distribution: 87-89]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 98]; FerreiLuPa1997 [chemical control, host, distribution: 176]; FerreiMoSa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 525-532]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60]; Figuer1952 [host, distribution: 205]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 312]; Franss1937 [host, distribution, economic importance: 33-34]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Fullaw1924 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 94-98]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Gahan1949 [host, distribution, biological control: 357-360]; GhoshGh1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-173]; GomesCRe1949 [host, distribution: 62-63]; GoncalSa2001 [life history, distribution, biological control: 387-391]; Gonzal1972 [host, distribution: 115]; Gonzal1995 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 1-128]; GonzalPaJo2005 [life history, biological control: 93-103]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97-98]; Gray1952 [chemistry, physiology: 129-133]; Green1934c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 162]; Green1937 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 292]; Gunasi1989 [structure, virus: 1-120]; GunasiGe1987 [structure, chemistry: 1776]; GunasiGe1989 [structure, chemistry: 1337-1341]; Hall1926a [taxonomy, distribution: 6, 7]; Hamble1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 108]; Haque1984 [chemistry, host: 291-298]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, DNA analysis: 51-71]; HodgsoHi1990 [host: 2, 6, 16, 19,]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 143]; HoyHe1985 [biological control]; HuangWoCh2002 [host, distribution: 141-146]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178]; HuSeMe2000 [economic importance, structure, chemistry: S92]; Illing1931 [economic importance, life history, control: 877-889]; JahnBeGo2003 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 9-28]; James1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207, 208]; Kanda1933a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-138]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 102, 103]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 15]; KhooOoTu1991 [distribution, economic importance]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 32-34]; KubiriLeTu2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 31-36]; KubiriLeTu2001a [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 37-43]; Kuwana1909a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 35]; Leach1940 [life history, virus transmission: 1-3]; Lepage1938 [catalogue: 384]; Lew1958 [host, distribution, chemical control: 114-120]; Lim1972 [host, distribution, economic importance: 15-21]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 389]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; LynchHoBa2001 [biological control: 99-125]; Mamet1941b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 58]; Mamet1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 370-373]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 11,117,177,219,230]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 177]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; MatileWi1996 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 446]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-162]; Merny1949 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 327-331]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; Model2000 [host, distribution, chemical control: 289-302]; Moghad1999 [host, distribution: 44]; Moghad2004a [host, distribution: 23,142]; Mohara1990 [taxonomy, life history: 48]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212, 216]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 173-175]; Morris1922 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 133-135]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 34-36]; MoutiaMa1946 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 463-464]; NickelChVa2000 [economic importance, chemistry, structure: 200-202]; NurBrBe1987 [taxonomy, life history, distribution: 54]; Pandey2002 [life history, host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 1-263]; PandeyJo2005a [host, distribution, biological control: 1-8]; PandeyJo2006 [host, distribution, economic importance: 68-74]; PandeyJo2006a [life history, biological control: 389-401]; PandeyJo2006b [life history, biological control: 585-601]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy, life history: 19]; Pataki1974 [life history: 177-182]; Pataki1975 [life history: 141-151]; Pember1964 [host, distribution: 689]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 129]; PerezSeMe2006 [economic importance, taxonomy: 23-27]; Petty1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-3]; Petty1987 [chemical control: 255-258]; Petty2001a [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 197-203]; PettyMa1995 [economic importance, control: 343-346]; PettyTu1993 [economic importance, control: 387-397]; PlankSm1940 [economic importance, chemical control, biological control, host, distribution: 49-76]; RadhakMaPr2003 [host, distribution: 53-54]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Real1959 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-111]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 68-69]; RochaCaSi2001 [biological control: 28]; RohrbaChHu2000 [economic importance, biological control: 111-113]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Sabros1951 [host, distribution, biological control: 623-627]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; SancheDi1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 220]; SantaCBuPr2004 [life history: 1015-1029]; SantaCCh1998 [host, distribution, economic importance: 40-57]; SantaCGoSo2001 [chemistry, host, distribution, economic importance: 467-470]; SantaCMaCi1992 [host, distribution, Life history, ecology: 135-145]; SantaCRoMa1989 [chemical control: 362]; SantaCSiRo1989 [chemical control: 413]; SantaCSoCh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 363]; Sassce1911 [catalogue: 64]; Schmut1964 [host, distribution: 105]; Schmut1969 [host, distribution, economic importance]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328]; Serran1934 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 363-377]; Serran1935 [economic importance, control: 111-124]; Sether2002 [distribution, economic importance, virus: 1-182]; SetherHu2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, ecology: 31-36]; SetherKaOk2001 [economic importance, chemistry, virus-disease vector: 856-864]; SetherMeBu2005 [virus, economic importance: 450-456]; SharkoWo1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 191-218]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 310, 311]; SinghSa1974 [host, distribution, economic importance: 298-303]; SouzaSa2000 [host, life history, ecology: 457-460]; Sulaim2000a [chemical control: 273-288]; SulaimSuCh2000 [life history, economic importance, biological control: 221-235]; SulaimSuCh2000a [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 273-278]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 74]; Takaha1936c [taxonomy: 109]; Takaha1941b [host, distribution: 214]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 350]; Takaha1955f [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 196-198]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; ThomasHoTh1999 [host, distribution, economic importance: 5]; Tranfa1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 453, 454]; Trjapi1989 [life history: 125]; Tryon1901 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 297, 298]; UllahAlDa1993 [host, distribution, life history: 77-81]; UllmanGeMc1991 [structure, chemistry: 859-861]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 132]; Varshn1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 50]; Wang1980 [host, distribution: 283]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; Westga1945 [host, distribution, economic importance: 194-196]; Willco1922 [host, distribution]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 213, 214]; Willia1960 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 397]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-131]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 116, 118]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-172]; Willia2005 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 167]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 91]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-144]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 146]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51-55]; Wolfen1949 [chemical control: 217-220]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 189-201].
Dysmicoccus bundooranus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus bundooranus Williams, 1985: 118. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Bundoora (La Trobe University), on Acacia melanoxylon. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia decurrens [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia melanoxylon [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Found in bark crevice of host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 126]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 118-120].
Dysmicoccus busoensis Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus busoensis Williams & Watson, 1988a: 55. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, Buso, on Pandanus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 126]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-55, 57].
Dysmicoccus carens WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus carens Williams, 1970: 131. Type data: INDIA: Coimbatore, on Saccharum officinarum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Coccos nucifera [RazakJa2002]. Poaceae: Andropogon squarrosus [Willia2004a], Arundo donax [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Chloris barbata [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Cymbopogon [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Panicum antidotale [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Setaria vericillata [Willia2004a], Sorghum halepence [Varshn1992], Sorghum nitidum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sorghum sudanense [Varshn1992, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Bangladesh [Willia2004a]; India [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Orissa [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [RazakJa2002, Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Willia1970DJ, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1970) and by Williams (2004a).
SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) elucidated the intraspecific variation in morphological characters of the adult female, by presenting three diagramatic illustrations of the adult female.
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 15 (female) [India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1986a: 435 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 126-127]; RazakAnJa1994 [host, distribution, life history: 169-174]; RazakJa2002 [host, distribution: 38-39]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 198]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 50]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-132]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-176].
Dysmicoccus castanopsus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus castanopsus Williams, 2004a: 176. Type data: MALAYSIA: Pahang, Cameron Highlands, on Castanopsis hullettii; collected S.W. Brown, 25.iii.1964. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Castanopsis hullettii [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-178].
Dysmicoccus casuarinarum WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus casuarinarum Williams, 1985: 120. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Hornsby Heights, on Casuarina sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina stricta [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 127]; Willia1985 [taxonomy,description, illustration, host, distribution: 120].
Dysmicoccus celmisicola (Cox)NOMENCLATURE:
Ferrisicoccus celmisicola Cox, 1987: 49. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Nelson, Mt Arthur, on Celmisia dallii. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus celmisicola; Ben-Dov, 1999: 380. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Celmisia coriacea [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Celmisia dallii [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Celmisia spectabilis [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 168]; BenDov1999 [taxonomy: 380]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49, 158].
Dysmicoccus cocotis (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius cocotis Maskell, 1890: 149. Type data: FIJI: on Cocos nucifera. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.
Pseudococcus cocotis; Fernald, 1903b: 100. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus saipanensis Siraiwa, 1933: 8. Type data: PALAU ISLANDS: Saipan Island, on Cocos nucifera. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Watson, 1988a: 57.
Dysmicoccus saipanensis; Beardsley, 1966: 57. Change of combination.
Dysmicoccus cocotis; Williams & Watson, 1988a: 57. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [Maskel1890, Laing1927, Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia1994]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus odoratissimus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Kosrae (=Kusaie) [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Fiji [Maskel1890, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Guam [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands (Saipan Island [Siraiw1933, BenDov1994]); Tokelau [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [Laing1927, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Oriental: India [Varshn1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on stems of coconut associated with ants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1966), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Williams (1994). Good description of the adult female given by Cottier (1936). Good description of the adult male given by Cottier (1936).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Beardsley 1966: 408 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 411-413]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 127]; Cottie1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-31]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 100]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Laing1927 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36, 37]; Maskel1890 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149]; Moore2001 [host, economic importance: 232-266]; Nair1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 72-82]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; VaradaDa2002 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 47-59]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 50]; Willia1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365-367]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 56-58].
Dysmicoccus comitatus Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus comitatus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 60. Type data: IRIAN JAYA: Wisseimaren, Okaidati, in ants' nest. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Found in ants' nest.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 127]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60, 62].
Dysmicoccus coorongae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus coorongae Williams, 1985: 123. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, The Coorong, on Gahnia trifida. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Cyperaceae: Gahnia trifida [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 127]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122, 123].
Dysmicoccus crassisetosus MametNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus crassisetosus Mamet, 1962: 165. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Ambatoloana, on undetermined host, in nest of Crematogaster sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1962, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Crematogaster sp.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1962).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 128]; Mamet1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167].
Dysmicoccus dactylus Miller & McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus dactylus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 573. Type data: CHILE: La Cruz, 'Quebrada Lo Rojas', on unidentified plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: digitule mealybug [MillerMc1971].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Chile [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 128]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 573-575]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145].
Dysmicoccus darienensis Williams & Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus darienensis Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 146. Type data: PANAMA: Darien, Ensenada del Guayabo, on Rubiaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rubiaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 128]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration ,host, distribution: 146-147].
Dysmicoccus debregeasiae (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus debregeasiae Green, 1922: 388. Type data: SRI LANKA: Pundaluoya and Paradeniya on Debregeasia velutina in shelters constructed by the ant Crematogaster dohrni. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 178. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus debregeasiae; Williams, 2004a: 178. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ageratum [Willia2004a], Bidens [Willia2004a], Tridex procumber [Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Hevea brasiliensis [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Erythrina [Willia2004a], Erythrina lithosperme [Willia2004a]. Lauraceae: Cinnamomum canphora [Willia2004a]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Ficus [Willia2004a], Ficus carica [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Willia2004a]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [MatileEt2006]. Rosaceae: Pyrus malus [Willia2004a], Rubus ellipticus [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Willia2004a], Coffea canephora [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia2004a]. Urticaceae: Debregeasia velutina [Green1922, BenDov1994]. Zingiberaceae: Elettaria cardamomum [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Willia2004a]; India [Willia2004a] (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a], Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Nepal [Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Green1922, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Green (1922) and by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 235 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 387]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 178]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 243-244]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178-183].
Dysmicoccus delitescens CoxNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus delitescens Cox, 1987: 45. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Marlborough, Pelorus Bridge, under dead log in association with ants. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description an illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).
KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [New Zealand].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 128]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45, 152].
Dysmicoccus dengwuensis FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus dengwuensis Ferris, 1954a: 51. Type data: CHINA: near Canton, Deng-wu-shan, on undetermined grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus dangwuensis; Yang, 1982: 86. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Poaceae [Ferris1954a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Ferris1954a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1954a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Yang 1982: 86 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 218]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51, 52]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 198, 199]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 85, 86].
Dysmicoccus dennoi KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus dennoi Kosztarab, 1996: 100. Type data: U.S.A.: New Jersey, Ocean county, 3 miles south of Tuckerton, Great Bay Boulevard, on Spartina cynosuroides. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Spartina cynosuroides [Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Jersey [Koszta1996]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 100 (female) [Northeastern North USA].
CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102].
Dysmicoccus desertorum McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus desertorum McKenzie, 1962: 644. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Lincoln County, Panaca, on Chrysothamnus greenei. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: desert Dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1962]; desert dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1962].
HOST: Asteraceae: Chrysothamnus greenei [McKenz1962, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Nevada [McKenz1962, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 503 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 156-157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1964: 643 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 129]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 644-646].
Dysmicoccus difficilis (Lobdell)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus difficilis Lobdell, 1930: 215. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Agricultural and Mechanical College, on Fraxinus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus difficilis; Ferris, 1950b: 63. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Nyssaceae: Nyssa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [Lobdel1930, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Maryland [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Mississippi [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the trunk of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Lobdell (1930), Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 102 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 129]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102-104]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 215, 228].
Dysmicoccus diodium (McConnell)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus diodium McConnell, 1941: 95. Type data: U.S.A.: South Carolina, Anderson, on Diodia teres. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus diodium; Ferris, 1950b: 65. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: buttonweed mealybug [Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Aster [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Diodia teres [McConn1941, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Gerardia laevigata [McConn1941, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Mississippi [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], South Carolina [McConn1941, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996). Good description of the adult female given by McConnell (1941).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 104 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 53 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 129]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-105]; McConn1941 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95, 96]; ReevesRo1999 [taxonomy: 459-466].
Dysmicoccus echinochloae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus echinochloae Williams, 2004a: 183. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Bangalore, Hessaraghatta, on Echinochloa colonum; collected P.L. Tandon, 7.vii.1983. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Echinochloa colonum [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-185].
Dysmicoccus fimbriatulus (Cockerell & King in King)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersia fimbriatulus Cockerell & King in King, 1902a: 41. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Las Vegas, in nest of Lasius americana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Dysmicoccus fimbriatulus; Ferris, 1953a: 333. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901g, King1902a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring in ants' nests, Lasius americana.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by King (1902a). Diagnostic taxonomy characters of the adult female discussed by Ferris (1953a).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 129]; Cocker1901g [host, distribution: 53]; Ferris1953a [host, distribution: 333]; King1902a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 41, 42].
Dysmicoccus finitimus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus finitimus Williams, 1994: 366. Type data: SRI LANKA: Kakkapaliya, on Coccos nucifera. Holotype female and first instar. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: Asian coconut mealybug [LitCa1994a]; asian coconut mealybug; neighbor palm mealybug [LitCaLa2006].
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia2004a], Cocos nucifera [Willia1994, LitCa1994a, Lit1997a, Willia2004a, LitCaLa2006], Corypha utan [Lit1997a, Willia2004a, LitCaLa2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Cocos (=Keeling) Islands [Willia1994, Willia2004a]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; India (Karnataka [Willia1994, Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia1994, Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Java [Willia2004a], Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Malaysia (Malaya [Willia1994], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Maldives [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a, Lit1997a, LitCaLa2006]); Sri Lanka [Willia1994, Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1994) and by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 390]; LitCaLa2006 [host, distribution: 10-11]; Willia1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365-371]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 185-187].
Dysmicoccus formicicola (Maskell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersia formicicola Maskell, 1892: 38. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Ashburton district, in ants' nests. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1987: 46. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus formicicola; Williams & de Boer, 1973: 235. Change of combination.
HOST: Cyperaceae: Oreobolus pectinatus [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, Maskel1892].
BIOLOGY: Cox (1987) recorded it from the nest of Chelaner antarcticus.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Williams & de Boer (1973).
KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [NewZealand].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 129]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46, 153]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 53]; Maskel1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38, 39]; Myers1922 [catalogue: 198]; Newste1897b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 235, 236].
Dysmicoccus furcillosus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus furcillosus Williams, 2004a: 187. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Vittal, on spadices of Areca catechu; collected 7.ix.2002. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]); Sri Lanka [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187-189].
Dysmicoccus glandularis BazarovNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus glandularis Bazarov, 1977: 65. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: near Lyangar, on Phragmites communis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Phragmites communis [Bazaro1977, Tang1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1977, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1977). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].
CITATIONS: Bazaro1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-67]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 130]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 199].
Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus grassii Leonardi, 1913b: 59. Type data: CANARY ISLANDS: collected in Italy, Rome, on imported bananas from the Canary Islands. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta, 1992a: 72. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus alazon Williams, 1960b: 239. Type data: CANARY ISLANDS: collected in England, London, on imported bananas from the Canary Islands. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Marotta, 1992: 71.
Dysmicoccus grassii; Marotta, 1987a: 107. Change of combination.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Platygasteridae: Allotropa musae Buhl [Buhl2005].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Dasylirion longissimum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Eupatorium odoratum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Crescentia cujete [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Andrea inermis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [CulikMaGu2006]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Sechium edule [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Melastomataceae: Melastoma [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus benjamina [Gill1993]. Musaceae: Musa [MatileWi1996], Musa acuminata [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994], Musa sapientum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [CarnerPe1986, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [KondoRaVe2008], Coffea arabica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa, Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008]. Verbenaceae: Tectona grandis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [MatileWi1996]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Belize [WilliaGr1992 , BenDov1994]; Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikMaGu2006, CulikMaVe2007]); Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MartinBlSu2005]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]). Oriental: Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]). Palaearctic: Canary Islands [Willia1960b, PerezGCa1987, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001]; France [GermaiMaPi2002]; Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [Marott1987a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1960b), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Description and illustration of adult male by Afifi (1968).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex].
CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-143]; Beards1965c [taxonomy: 67]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 130]; Buhl2005 [host, distribution, biological control: 67-69]; CarnerPe1986 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 52]; CulikMaGu2006 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-12]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 256]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 34]; Leonar1913b [p. 59]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; LorenzPrLo2001 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 85-101]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; MatileWi1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 445-449]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 129]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 193, 194]; Willia1960b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-241]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132-134].
Dysmicoccus hambletoni Williams & Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus hambletoni Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 148. Type data: ECUADOR: Pichilingue, on roots of Araceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Araceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Elaeis guineensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: All available records have been taken from roots of the host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 130]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149].
Dysmicoccus henanensis Wu, S.A.NOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus henanensis Wu, S.A., 2001: xxx. Type data: CHINA: Henan Province, Baotianman Nature Reserve, on Compositae. Holotype female. Type depository: XXXX. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Henan (=Honan)).
Dysmicoccus hilli (Froggatt)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius hilli Froggatt, 1916: 885. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Darwin, on Acacia sp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1994).
Dysmicoccus hilli; Williams, 1985: 123. Change of combination.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia holosericea [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; Frogga1916; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-125].
Dysmicoccus howrahicus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus howrahicus Williams, 1985: 125. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Howrah Beach, on Casuarina stricta. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina stricta [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 125-127].
Dysmicoccus hurdi McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus hurdi McKenzie, 1962: 646. Type data: MEXICO: Veracruz State, Tecolutla, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: hurd dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1962]; Hurd Dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1962].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1962, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 646-648]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-150].
Dysmicoccus hylonomus Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus hylonomus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 62. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Morobe Province, Bulolo, on Araucaria cunninghamii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria cunninghamii [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 46 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-64].
Dysmicoccus hypogaeus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus hypogaeus Williams, 1985: 127. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Ouse, in soil. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Asteraceae: Hypochoeris radicata [Willia1985].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985], Victoria [Willia1985]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 71]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 127-129].
Dysmicoccus imparilis WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus imparilis Williams, 2004a: 191. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, on Camellia sinensis; collected 1986. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Lithospemum [Willia2004a]. Fabaceae: Erythrina lithosperma [Willia2004a]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [Willia2004a]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 191-193].
Dysmicoccus innermongolicus Tang in Tang & LiNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus innermongolicus Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 38. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Bairin Left Banner, on undetermined plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992] (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 131]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 200]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-40]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13].
Dysmicoccus inquilinus (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus inquilinus Newstead, 1920: 178. Type data: GUYANA [= BRITISH GUIANA]: 'Cattle Trail Survey', on undetermined plant, protected by Acromyrmex sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 151. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Dysmicoccus inquilinus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 151. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guyana [Newste1920, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; Newste1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 178, 179]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153].
Dysmicoccus insulae Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus insulae Williams & Watson, 1988a: 64. Type data: NORFOLK ISLAND: on Araucaria heterophylla. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Araucariaceae: Araucaria heterophylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Norfolk Island [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-64].
Dysmicoccus jenniferae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus jenniferae Williams, 1985: 129. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Cradle Mountain National Park, on Gahnia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Cyperaceae: Gahnia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Found in the seed head of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-131].
Dysmicoccus jizani Matile-FerreroNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus jizani Matile-Ferrero, 1984c: 223. Type data: SAUDI ARABIA: Jizan, on Acanthaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Acanthaceae [Matile1984c, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Saudi Arabia [Matile1984c, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1984c). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; Matile1984c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 223-224]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 200-201].
Dysmicoccus joannesiae (Costa Lima)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus joannesiae Costa Lima, 1939: 7. Type data: BRAZIL: State of Rio, Queimados, on Joannesia princeps. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 153. Type depository: Rio de Janeiro: Fundacao Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus joannesiae; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 153. Change of combination.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Joannesia princeps [CostaL1939, WilliaGr1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio de Janeiro [CostaL1939, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; CostaL1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1-10]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-155].
Dysmicoccus junceus (McConnell)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus junceus McConnell, 1941: 96. Type data: U.S.A.: Maryland, College Park, on Juncus tenuis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Trionymus junceus; Ferris, 1950b: 269. Change of combination.
Dysmicoccus junceus; McKenzie, 1960: 706. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: Juncus mealybug [Koszta1996]; juncus mealybug.
HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Scirpus [Koszta1996]. Juncaceae: Juncus tenuis [McConn1941, Ferris1950a, McKenz1960, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agrostis [Koszta1996], Dactylis [Koszta1996], Danthonia [Koszta1996], Erigeron [Koszta1996], Panicum [Koszta1996], Phleum [Koszta1996], Setaria [Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Indiana [Koszta1996], Maryland [McConn1941, Ferris1950a, McKenz1960, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], Ohio [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McConnell (1941), Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 104 (female) [Northeastern USA]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 252 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 132]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 269-270]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 104-107]; McConn1941 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96, 97]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy: 706].
Dysmicoccus kaiensis (Kanda)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus kaiensis Kanda, 1932: 387. Type data: JAPAN: Kai Province, Mt. Mitsutoge, on Calamagrostis sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female.
Kaicoccus kaiensis; Takahashi, 1958: 5. Change of combination.
Dysmicoccus kaiensis; Danzig, 1971: 367. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bambusa [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Calamagrostis [Kanda1932, BenDov1994], Sasa kurilensis [Danzig1978, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1932, BenDov1994]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Takahashi (1957) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 133]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy: 367]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 8]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 174, 175]; Kanda1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 387-390]; Takaha1957 [taxonomy, description: 5]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 296].
Dysmicoccus kalyanensis (Gupta, Pramanik & Mukhopadahyay)NOMENCLATURE:
Ferrisicoccus kalyanensis Gupta, Pramanik & Mukhopadahyay, 2004: 71. Type data: INDIA: West bengal, Kalyani on Lannea coromandelica. Holotype female. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Anacardiaceae: Lannea coromandelica [GuptaPrMu2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [GuptaPrMu2004]).
CITATIONS: GuptaPrMu2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-81].
Dysmicoccus kazanskyi (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus kazanskyi Borchsenius, 1937: 44. Type data: AZERBAIJAN: on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female.
Trionymus kazanskyi; Tang, 1984b: 124. Change of combination.
Dysmicoccus kazanskyi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 68. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae [Borchs1937, Tang1984b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994], Agropyron [Borchs1939a, BenDov1994], Agrostis [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Bromus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Azerbaijan [Borchs1937, Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; China [Tang1984b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Russia (Krasnodar Kray [Borchs1939a, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). This species has been twice described as a new species (Borchsenius, 1937, 1939a). The data of the latter slightly differed from the first, however Borchsenius (1949) reffered both descriptions to Pseudococcus kazanskyi.
KEYS: Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 133]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; Borchs1939a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 49, 50]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 135-136]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 68]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 124]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 200, 201]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4].
Dysmicoccus kozari Pellizzari & FontanaNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus kozari Pellizzari & Fontana, 1996: 123. Type data: ITALY: Sardinia, S. Teodoro, near the sea, on leaves of Convolvulus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Padova: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy; type no. 680/2. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [PellizFo1996]. Poaceae [PellizFo1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sardinia [PellizFo1996].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Pellizari & Fontana (1996).
KEYS: Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy].
CITATIONS: PellizFo1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123, 124, 126]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155].
Dysmicoccus lansii WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus lansii Williams, 2004a: 193. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Intercepted at Hawaii, USA, on lansone, Lansium sp.; collected O.N. Liming, 19.vii.1952. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 193-195].
Dysmicoccus laporteae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus laporteae Williams, 1985: 133. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Cunningham's Gap National Park, on Laportea gigas. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Urticaceae: Laportea gigas [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the underside of the leaf.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 133]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 132, 133].
Dysmicoccus lasii (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersia lasii Cockerell, 1896m: 223. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Methuen, with Lasius americanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Ripersia basi; King, 1902d: 159. Change of combination.
Ripersia basi; King, 1902d: 159. Misspelling of species name.
Dysmicoccus lasii; Ferris, 1953a: 335. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: ant-nest mealybug [Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia [Koszta1996], Aster [King1899], Callistephus [Koszta1996], Callistephus hortensis [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Lespedeza [Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Florida [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Massachusetts [Cocker1896m, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of its host plants. Tended by ants, Acanthomyops claviger, Lasius alienus, L. americanus and L. flavus.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a), Miller & McKenzie (1973) and by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 107 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 133, 134]; Britto1923 [host, distribution: 382]; Cocker1896m [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223, 224]; Cocker1897c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 240]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Cocker1901g [taxonomy: 57]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 118]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 335-336]; Green1931a [taxonomy: 101]; King1899d [taxonomy: 254]; King1901f [host, distribution: 193]; King1902d [distribution: 159]; KingCo1897 [taxonomy: 93]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-109]; MacGil1921 [host, distribution: 141]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy: 644]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy: 230]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy: 157]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy: 573]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 508-510].
Dysmicoccus lemmatus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus lemmatus Williams, 1985: 133. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Wongong on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 134]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135].
Dysmicoccus lepelleyi (Betrem)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus lepelleyi Betrem, 1937: 72. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, Buitezorg, Malang, Lombok, on Annona muricata and Lansium domesticum. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material apparently lost (Ben-Dov, 1994).
Criniticoccus palmae Lit, 1992: 1162. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Palawan: Tabiey, Cabigaan, Aborlan, on Caryota seedling. Holotype female. Type depository: Los Banos: Entomological Museum, Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines at Los Banos, College, Laguna, Luzon, Philippines. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 195.
Crinitococcus palmae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 101. Misspelling of genus name.
Dysmicoccus lepelleyi; Williams, 2004a: 195. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia2004a]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimola [Willia2004a], Annona muricata [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia2004a], Caryota [Lit1992, BenDov1994], Cocos nucifera [Willia2004a], Elaeis guineensis [Willia2004a]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga [Willia2004a]. Liliaceae: Dracaena [Willia2004a]. Melastomataceae: Anplectrum divaricatus [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus edulis [Willia2004a], Ficus variegata [Willia2004a], Parartocarpus venerosus [Willia2004a]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Willia2004a], Coffea canephora [Willia2004a], Nauclea [Lit1997a], Neoauclea [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Litchi chinensis [Willia2004a], Nephelim lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae: Amomum dealbatum [Willia2004a], Nicolaia speciosa [Willia2004a]. ` Musaceae: Musa [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Lombok [Willia2004a], Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Palawan [Lit1992, BenDov1994, Lit1997a]); Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on underside of leaves, tended by ants, Dolichoderus sp. (Lit, 1992).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female by Betrem (1937), Lit (1992) (as Crniticoccus palmae and by Williams (2004a).
SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) demonstrated the cosiderable intraspecific variation in this species and provided three diagramatic illustration of the adult female.
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 101,396]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-75]; Lit1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1162-1163,1175]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, description: 35-36,44]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 195-200].
Dysmicoccus lepidii WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus lepidii Williams, 1985: 135. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Narromine, on Lepidium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Brassicaceae: Lepidium [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 107 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 134]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-137].
Dysmicoccus mackenziei BeardsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus mackenziei Beardsley, 1965c: 65. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Los Angeles County, Temple City, on Tillandsia punctulata. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: McKenzie mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Bromeliaceae: Ananas sativus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Tillandsia brachycaulos [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Tillandsia butsii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tillandsia ionantha [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Tillandsia punctulata [Beards1965c, BenDov1994], Vriesea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae: Epidendrum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Beards1965c, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Nicaragua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Sri Lanka [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Italy [LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [Marott1992a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Beardsley (1965c), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [World]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex].
CITATIONS: Beards1965c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-67]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 134]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 72, 73]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 200-202]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 155-157].
Dysmicoccus macrozamiae (Fuller)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius macrozamiae Fuller, 1897a: 1346. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Swan River, on Macrozamia frazeri. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Williams (1985).
Pseudococcus macrozamiae; Fernald, 1903b: 106. Change of combination.
Dysmicoccus macrozamiae; Williams, 1985: 137. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Zamiaceae: Macrozamia frazeri [Fuller1897a, BenDov1994], Macrozamia reidlei [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Fuller1897a, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 134]; Buckle1987 [life history, ecology: 53-85]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 106]; Fuller1897b [taxonomy, description: 1346]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137, 138].
Dysmicoccus mangaianus Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus mangaianus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 64. Type data: COOK ISLANDS: Mangaia, Tamarua, on Pandanus odoratissimus. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Pandanaceae: Pandanus odoratissimus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 46 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 135]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-65, 67].
Dysmicoccus mcdanieli (Hollinger)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus mcdanieli Hollinger, 1917a: 270. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, Boone County, on ragweed, Actinomeris alternifolia and stinging nettle. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Dysmicoccus mcdanieli; Ferris, 1953a: 337. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Actinomeris alternifolia [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994], Ambrosia trifida [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Urtica [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Missouri [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the lower surface of the leaves of the host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a). Redescribed as if a new species by Hollinger (1923).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 135]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 337-338]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 270]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54, 55].
Dysmicoccus merrilli (Ferris)NOMENCLATURE:
Trionymus merrilli Ferris, 1953a: 488. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, Fort Pierce, on 'Para Grass'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus merrilli; McKenzie, 1960: 706. Change of combination.
HOST: Poaceae [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Florida [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 483 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 135]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 488-489]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy: 706].
Dysmicoccus milleri KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus milleri Kosztarab, 1996: 109. Type data: U.S.A.: Virginia, Accomack county, Assateague Island, Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, on Pinus taeda. Holotype. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Miller mealybug [Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus [Koszta1996], Pinus elliottii [Koszta1996], Pinus taeda [Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [Koszta1996], Florida [Koszta1996], Georgia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Found under bark flakes during fall of the year (Kosztarab, 1996).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 109 (female) [Northeastern North USA].
CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-111].
Dysmicoccus mollis De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus mollis De Lotto, 1961: 215. Type data: UGANDA: Serere, on Arachis hypogaea. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Arachis hypogaea [DeLott1961].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1961].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 135]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215, 216].
Dysmicoccus morrisoni (Hollinger)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus morrisoni Hollinger, 1917a: 270. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, on hickory. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Dysmicoccus morrisoni; Ferris, 1950b: 67. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: Morrison mealybug [Koszta1996]; pecan mealybug [MillerMc1973].
HOSTS: Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Koszta1996]. Juglandaceae: Carya alba [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Carya cordiformis [Koszta1996], Carya illinoensis [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994, Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Georgia [MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Louisiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Mississippi [Ferris1950b, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994], Missouri [Hollin1917a, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New York [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Ohio [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Hollinger (1923) found it living in association with ants, Lasius neoniger and L. umbratus.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), Miller & McKenzie (1973) and by Kosztarab (1996).
SYSTEMATICS: Redescribed as if a new species by Hollinger (1923).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 111 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504, 506 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 333 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: Beards1965c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 60-61]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 135, 136]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-68]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy, description: 270]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55, 56]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-113]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 510-512]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459].
Dysmicoccus moundi WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus moundi Williams, 1985: 137. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, Tintinara, on Acacia spinescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia harpophylla [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia spinescens [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 136]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137, 139, 140].
Dysmicoccus muajatae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus muajatae Williams, 2004a: 202. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi, Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National park, Gunungg Muajat summit, 1780 meters, on a fern; collected J.H. Martin, 31.v.1985. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Notes:
HOST: PTERIDOPHYTA Pteridaceae [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 202 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 202-204].
Dysmicoccus mundaringae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus mundaringae Williams, 1985: 140. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, Mundaring, on Eucalyptus marginata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus marginata [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring under the bark of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 137]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 140-142].
Dysmicoccus neobrevipes BeardsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley, 1959a: 31. Type data: HAWAII: Honolulu, on Polianthes tuberosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Department of Entomology Collection, Hawaii, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: Annona mealybug [LitCa1994a]; annona mealybug [LitCa1994a].
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Agave sisalana [Beards1959a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Polianthes tuberosa [Beards1959a, BenDov1994], Yucca elephantipes [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia2004a]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992], Annona reticulata [Beards1965c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Annona squamosa [Willia2004a]. Apocynaceae: Plumeria acuminata [Willia2004a]. Araceae: Aglaonema treubii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Colocasia esculenta [Willia2004a], Philodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Nothopanax [Beards1959a, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Chrysalidocarpus lutescens [Willia2004a], Cocos nucifera [Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cocos nucifera [Willia2004a]. Asteraceae: Helianthus annus [Willia2004a]. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens [Willia2004a]. Barringtoniaceae: Barringtonia speciosa [Beards1965c, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Crescentia alata [Beards1965c, BenDov1994], Millingtonia hortensis [Willia2004a], Spathodea campalunata [Willia2004a]. Boraginaceae: Messerschmidia argentea [Beards1959a, BenDov1994], Tournefortia argentea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Brassica olearacea [Willia2004a]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Ananas sativus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Opuntia megacantha [Beards1959a, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Garcinia mangostana [Beards1965c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Ehretiaceae: Cordia alliodora [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia farnesiana [Beards1959a, BenDov1994], Acacia koa [Beards1959a, BenDov1994], Albizia saman [Willia2004a], Arachis hypogaea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Machaerium robinifolium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Phaseolus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Piscidia piscipula [Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Samanea saman [Beards1959a, BenDov1994], Tamarindus indica [Willia2004a], Vigna sesquipedalis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia latispatha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Allium cepa [Willia2004a]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Thespesia propulnea [Beards1959a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Artocarpus heterophyllus [Willia2004a], Ficus [Willia2004a]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaWa1988a, KondoRaVe2008], Musa coccinea [Willia2004a], Musa paradisiaca [Beards1965c, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Willia2004a], Syzygium malaccensis [Willia2004a]. Orchidaceae: Brassavola cordata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Beards1959a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Pinaceae: Pinus [Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Zea mays [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Polygonoceae: Coccoloba [WilliaWa1988a]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Punica granatum [Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Mussaenda oona [Willia2004a]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Beards1965c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Solanaceae: Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Beards1965c, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Urticaceae: Pipturus argentea [Beards1965c, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tectona grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia purpurata [Beards1959a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: American Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Fiji [Beards1965c, BenDov1994]; Guam [Beards1965c, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Beards1959a, Beards1965c, BenDov1994]); Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1965c, Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Beards1975, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands (Rota Island [Beards1965c, BenDov1994]); Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992]. Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008, Kondo2008a]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, Schmut1990]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, PerezG2008]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Suriname [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: India [Willia2004a]; Malaysia (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Beards1965c, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a]); Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Sicily [Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Beardsley (1959a), Williams & Watson (1988a), Shmutterer (1990), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 506 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 408 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex]; Beardsley 1960: 212 (male) [Hawaii].
CITATIONS: BaumanMuLa1993 [structure, endosymbiont: 21-24]; Beards1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-37]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 217-218]; Beards1965c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 61-62]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 410-411]; Beards1975 [host, distribution: 657]; BeardsSuMc1982 [life history, ecology, biological control, economic importance: 51-66]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 137]; CookGu2004 [taxonomy: 444]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 40]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, DNA analysis: 51-71]; JahnBe1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 61]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 34]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 390]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; MoranBaDo1994 [DNA, molecular biology, phylogeny, symbionts: 79-83]; MunsonBaMo1992 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 26-29]; NurBrBe1987 [taxonomy, distribution: 54]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Schmut1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 443-445]; Sether2002 [distribution, economic importance, virus: 1-182]; SetherMeBu2005 [virus, economic importance: 450-456]; Tranfa1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 454]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-207]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-159]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67-69].
Dysmicoccus nesophilus Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus nesophilus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 69. Type data: FIJI: Viti Levu, Suva, on Acalypha sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Agavaceae: Cordyline terminalis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Catharanthus roseus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Alocasia macrorhiza [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Arecaceae: Balaka seemanni [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Fitchia speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Tournefortia argentea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum [WilliaWa1988a], Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Garcinia myrtifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Lumnitzera coccinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [WilliaWa1988a], Acalypha hispida [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Aleurites moluccana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Bischofia javanica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Erythrina indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Inocarpus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Barringtonia [WilliaWa1988a], Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Crinum asiaticum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Thespesia propulnea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Swietenia macrophylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus [WilliaWa1988a], Ficus tinctoria [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Metrosideros villosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Pisonia grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Freycinetia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus caribaea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia zizyphoides [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rhizophoraceae: Bruguiera gymnorhiza [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Rhizophora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus paradisi [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Micromelum minutum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Norfolk Island [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 47 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 138]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-70, 72].
Dysmicoccus notialis WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus notialis Williams, 1985: 142. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Howden, on Acacia verticillata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Acacia decurrens [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia oxycedrus [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia ulicifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia verticillata [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 138]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 142, 143, 145].
Dysmicoccus obesus (Lobdell)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus obesus Lobdell, 1930: 216. Type data: U.S.A.: Mississippi, Meridian, on Pinus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: MSPB. Described: female.
Dysmicoccus obesus; Ferris, 1950b: 69. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: pine mealybug [Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus taeda [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Pinus virginiana [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994, Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], Arkansas [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], Delaware [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Georgia [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], Louisiana [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], Maryland [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Mississippi [Lobdel1930, BenDov1994], North Carolina [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], South Carolina [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994], Virginia [ThompsCo1990, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring under flakes of bark or around scarred places. Thompson & Colvin (1990) studied its biology on loblolly pine in USA, Arkansas and found that it develops three annual broods in May, July and September. Cytogentic observations showed that it is a bisexual species; however, males have not been observed by Thompson & Colvin (1990).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Lobdell (1930), Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 113 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 503 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 643 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 53 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 138]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 69-70]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-115]; Lobdel1930 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216, 217, 229]; ThompsCo1990 [life history, host, distribution: 89-98].
Dysmicoccus orchidum WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus orchidum Williams, 2004a: 207. Type data: SINGAPORE: on Phalaenopsis sp.; collected 11.x.1966. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Orchidaceae: Bulbophyllum [Willia2004a], Cymbidium finlaysonianum [Willia2004a], Dendrobium [Willia2004a], Dendrobium aureum [Willia2004a], Dendrobium dearei [Willia2004a], Dendrobium schulzei [Willia2004a], Dendrobium wardianum [Willia2004a], Grammatophyllum scriptum [Willia2004a], Phaius flavus [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis amabilis [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis aphrodite [Willia2004a], Phanaelopsis leudemanniana [Willia2004a], Phanaelopsis sandersana [Willia2004a], Phanelopsis grandiflora [Willia2004a], Phanelopsis schilleriana [Willia2004a], Spathoglottis petrei micholitzii [Willia2004a], Vanda [Willia2004a], Vanda boxallii [Willia2004a], Vanda coerulea [Willia2004a], Vanda limbata [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Willia2004a]; Indonesia [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-209].
Dysmicoccus ornatus CoxNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus ornatus Cox, 1987: 46. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Taupo, Tongariro National Park, near The Chateau, in nest of Chelaner antarcticus. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring in nest of the ant, Chelaner antarcticus.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).
KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [New Zealand].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 139]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46, 154].
Dysmicoccus papuanicus Williams & WatsonNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus papuanicus Williams & Watson, 1988a: 72. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Southern Highlands Province, Mendi, Tambol Td, on Pandanus julianetti. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Arecaceae: Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus julianetti [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Watson (1988a).
KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 46 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 139]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-73].
Dysmicoccus patulae (Rau)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus patulae Rau, 1938: 161. Type data: U.S.A.: New York, Saratoga Springs, on Hystrix patula and other undetermined grasses. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus patulae; Ferris, 1950b: 71. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Poaceae: Bromus [Tranfa1983, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Bromus intermedius [Foldi2000], Hystrix patula [Rau1938, BenDov1994, Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New York [Rau1938, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: France [Foldi2000]; Italy [Tranfa1983, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].
BIOLOGY: Occurring exposed on the underside of the leaves of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Kosztarab 1996: 115 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 333 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 139]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-72]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-116]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 111]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; Rau1938 [p. 161]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Tranfa1983 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 454].
Dysmicoccus pauper DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus pauper Danzig, 1971: 366. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Carex sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Cyperaceae: Carex [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Infesting the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 139]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 366, 367]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177, 178]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 203].
Dysmicoccus perissus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus perissus Williams, 1985: 145. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Lower Plenty, on Acacia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Acacia [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 140]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145].
Dysmicoccus pietroi MarottaNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus pietroi Marotta, 1992a: 73. Type data: ITALY: Campania, Centola, Capo Palinuro, on undetermined Gramineae. Holotype female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento de Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria di Portici, Universita di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Cirsium arvense [Marott1992a, PellizFo1996]. Boraginaceae: Echium lycopsis [PellizFo1996]. Cistaceae: Cistus salvifolia [Russo1995, PellizFo1996]. Poaceae [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Sicily [Russo1995, RussoMa1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Marotta (1992a). Good description of the adult female given by Russo (1995).
KEYS: Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 140]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-75]; PellizFo1996 [host, distribution: 125]; Russo1995 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 343, 346]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 49]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155].
Dysmicoccus pinicolus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus pinicolus McKenzie, 1964: 231. Type data: U.S.A.: Nevada, Clark County, Mountain Springs Summit, on Pinus monophylla. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: McKenzie pine mealybug [McKenz1967]; pine dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1964]; pine Dysmicoccus mealybug [McKenz1964].
HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana wisselii [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Juniperus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus monophylla [McKenz1964, BenDov1994], Pinus nelsoni [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pinus oocarpa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Nevada [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964, 1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 140]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-233]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-166]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161].
Dysmicoccus polyanosetosus (Khalid & Shafee)NOMENCLATURE:
Parkermicus polyanosetosus Khalid & Shafee, 1988: 31. Type data: INDIA: Manipur, Jiribam, on Tectona sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus polyanosetosus; Williams, 2004a: 209. Change of combination.
HOST: Verbenaceae: Tectona [KhalidSh1988, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [KhalidSh1988, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Khalid & Shafee (1988).
SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) discussed the taxonomic characters of this species, disputed its placement in Parkermicus and assigned it to Dysmicoccus.
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 287]; KhalidSh1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 31-33]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 209].
Dysmicoccus polymeris Miller & McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus polymeris Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 575. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Nevada County, near Nevada City, on Lithocarpus densiflora echinoides. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: multilocular mealybug [MillerMc1971].
HOST: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus densiflora echinoides [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [MillerMc1971, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 140]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 575-578].
Dysmicoccus probrevipes (Morrison)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus probrevipes Morrison, 1929: 36. Type data: PANAMA, CANAL ZONE: on Cordia alliodora. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus probrevipes; Beardsley, 1965c: 62. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Ehretiaceae: Cordia alliodora [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cordia gerascanthus [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Triplaris cumingiana [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea.
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Guatemala; Guyana [Morris1929, BenDov1994]; Panama [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring within swellings of the host plant, attended by ants, Azteca longiceps, Pseudomyrma sericea, P. christopherseni, Allomerus 8-articulatus and Crematogaster sp..
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Morrison (1929) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 506 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex].
CITATIONS: Beards1965c [taxonomy: 62]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 140]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; Morris1929 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163].
Dysmicoccus prochilus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus prochilus Williams, 1985: 145. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Tasmania, Sandford, on Pyrus communis. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rosaceae: Pyrus communis [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 141]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-147].
Dysmicoccus psoraleae Russo & MazzeoNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus psoraleae Russo & Mazzeo, 1997a: 151. Type data: Italy: Sicily, Messina, Castemola, inside heads of Psoralea bituminosa; collected by Russo & Mazzeo, 5.v.1995. H H female. Type depository: Catania: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fabaceae: Psoralea bituminosa [RussoMa1997a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Sicily [RussoMa1997a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Russo & Mazzeo (1997a).
KEYS: Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy].
CITATIONS: RussoMa1997a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-157].
Dysmicoccus queenslandianus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus queenslandianus Williams, 1985: 147. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Queensland, Gympie, on Macadamia ternifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: Brisbane: Queensland Museum, Queensland, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Fabaceae: Castanospermum australe [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Macadamia ternifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Stenocarpus sinuatus [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 109 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 147-149]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-149].
Dysmicoccus quercicolus (Ferris)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus quercicolus Ferris, 1918d: 50. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Stevens Creek, on Quercus chrysolepis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus quercicolus; Ferris, 1950b: 73. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Ferris oak mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Lithocarpus densiflora [Ferris1918d, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Quercus arifolia [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994], Quercus chrysolepis [Ferris1918d, McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Colorado [Ferris1918d, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 53 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 141]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50, 51]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73-74]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-168].
Dysmicoccus racemus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus racemus McKenzie, 1967: 168. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Mono County, Crowley Lake, on Castilleia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: cluster mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Carpinaceae: Carpinus [Koszta1996]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [Koszta1996]. Rosaceae: Malus [Koszta1996]. Scrophulariaceae: Castilleia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Koszta1996]. Ulmaceae: Zelkova [Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and roots of its host plant and associated with the ant, Solenopsis molesta validiuscula.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 141]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-170].
Dysmicoccus radicis (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus radicis Green, 1933: 50. Type data: SURINAM: on Cyperaceae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 163. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus radicis; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 163. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus hermaphroditus [Green1933, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [CostaL1936].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [CostaL1936]; Suriname [Green1933, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 141]; Bunzli1935 [host, distribution: 455]; CostaL1936 [host, distribution]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50, 51]; JohnsoAgDe2001 [life history, distribution: 1-18]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165].
Dysmicoccus rapaneae Williams & Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus rapaneae Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 165. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Butantan, on Rapanea umbellata. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrsinaceae: Rapanea umbellata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 142]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167].
Dysmicoccus roseotinctus (Cockerell & Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius roseotinctus Cockerell & Cockerell, 1901: 336. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Romeroville, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Notes: Type material not traced, see Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
Pseudococcus roseotinctus; Cockerell, 1902s: 316. Change of combination.
Dysmicoccus roseotinctus; Ferris, 1953a: 341. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: rose-colored mealybug [MillerMc1973].
HOST: Poaceae [CockerCo1901, Ferris1953a, MillerMc1973, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [CockerCo1901, Ferris1953a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on grass roots.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Miller & McKenzie (1973).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 503, 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 343 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 142]; Cocker1902s [p. 316]; CockerCo1901 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 336, 337]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 341, 342]; MillerMc1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 513-515]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459].
Dysmicoccus rupestris CoxNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus rupestris Cox, 1987: 47. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Marlborough, Rototiti-Bleinheim road, Stoney Creek, on roots of undetermined plant under boulder. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Found in nest of Prolasius advena (Cox, 1987).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).
KEYS: Cox 1987: 43 (female) [New Zealand].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 142]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47, 155].
Dysmicoccus ryani (Coquillett)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius ryani Coquillett, 1889: 122. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Orange County, Anaheim, on Cupressus macrocarpa, Thuja orientalis and Araucaria excelsa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Pseudococcus ryani; Fernald, 1903b: 108. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus cupressicolus Ferris, 1918d: 43. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside, on Cupressus gualelupensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 75.
Dysmicoccus ryani; Ferris, 1950b: 75. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: cypress mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Araucariaceae: Araucaria excelsa [Coquil1889, Essig1909a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Cupressus arizonicus [Ferris1918d, Ferris1950b, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cupressus guadelupensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cupressus macrocarpa [Coquil1889, Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Cupressus torulosa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Juniperus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Thuja orientalis [Coquil1889, Essig1909a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Coquil1889, Essig1909a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967). Ferris (1950b) comments that most of the published records under the name of ryani are misindefications of Spilococcus implicatus or Spilococcus andersoni. Ferris (1918d) erroneusly synonimized Dactylopius andersoni Coleman and D. dudleyi Coleman with D.ryani.
KEYS: Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 504 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 142]; Coquil1889 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 122, 123]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 37]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 142]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-76]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, DNA analysis: 51-71]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-172].
Dysmicoccus salmonacea (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersia salmonacea Cockerell, 1901g: 54. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, La Cueva, host plant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Dysmicoccus salmonacea; Ferris, 1950b: 77. Change of combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901g]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring under stones with ants (Ferris, 1950b).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b).
KEYS: Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 142, 143]; Cocker1901g [description, host, distribution: 54]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 77-78].
Dysmicoccus salviniae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus salviniae Williams, 2004a: 211. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Trichur, on Salvinia molesta; collected Joy, v.1984. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Salviniaceae: Salvinia molesta [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 210-211].
Dysmicoccus saustralis Qin & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus saustralis Qin & Gullan, 1990: 760. Type data: AUSTRALIA: South Australia, summit of Mt. Barker, on Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Xanthorrhoeaceae: Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata [QinGu1990, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (South Australia [QinGu1990, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Qin & Gullan (1990).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143]; QinGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 760-762].
Dysmicoccus senegalensis BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus senegalensis Balachowsky, 1953d: 1047. Type data: SENEGAL: Dakar, on Casuarina sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Casuarinaceae: Casuarina [Balach1953d, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Senegal [Balach1953d, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living in dense populations on the roots of its host.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1953d).
CITATIONS: Balach1953d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1047-1050]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 143].
Dysmicoccus shintenensis (Takahashi)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus shintenensis Takahashi, 1934: 2. Type data: TAIWAN: Shinten near Taihoku, on plant of the Gremineae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan. Described: female.
Dysmicoccus shintensis; Tang, 1992: 204. Misspelling of species name.
HOST: Poaceae [Takaha1934, Tang1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1934, Tang1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Takahashi (1934) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 143]; Takaha1934 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 2-4]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 204, 205]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13].
Dysmicoccus subterreus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus subterreus Williams, 2004a: 213. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Mysore, on roots of Coffea canephora; collected vii.1963. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Rubiaceae: Coffea canephora [Willia2004a]. Zingiberaceae: Elletaria cardamomum [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]).
BIOLOGY: So far, this species has been collected off roots of the host plants (Williams, 2004a).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williama (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 212-213].
Dysmicoccus sylvarum Williams & Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus sylvarum Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 167. Type data: COSTA RICA: Hacienda Ciruelas, 18 km W. Canas, on Guettarda deemii. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Actinidiaceae: Saurauia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Philodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Oreopanax capitatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Chaptalia mutans [FoldiKo2006]. Bombacaceae: Quararibea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Alchornea latifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sapium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hampea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Guarea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Guettarda deemii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [FoldiKo2006]); Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 143]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 167-169].
Dysmicoccus texensis (Tinsley)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius texensis Tinsley, 1900: 65. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, San Diego, on Acacia farnesiana. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 169. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Pseudococcus radicis; Hempel, 1937: 36. Misidentification.
Dysmicoccus texensis; Ferris, 1953a: 343. Change of combination.
Dysmicoccus bispinosus Beardsley, 1965c: 62. Type data: MEXICO: Temascal, Oaxaca, on Acacia cornigera. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Miller & Polavarapu, 1997: 441.
Dysmicoccus cryptus; Williams, 1970DJ: 134. Misidentification.
Dysmicoccus cryptus; Cárdenas & Posda, 2001: 45. Misidentification; discovered by Kondo, 2001: 35.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Spondias mombis [MartinBlSu2005]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Tabebula [MartinBlSu2005]. Bromeliaceae: Vriesea macrostachya [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum antillanum [MartinBlSu2005]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia cornigera [Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acacia farnesiana [Tinsle1900, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MillerPo1997], Acacia sphaerocephala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acacia veracruzensis [Morris1929, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inga inga [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inga laurina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inga punctata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inga ruiziana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Samanea saman [MartinBlSu2005], Trifolium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus elatus [MartinBlSu2005]. Meliaceae: Cedrela mexicana [MartinBlSu2005], Guarea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa [KondoRaVe2008], Musa paradisiaca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Musa textilis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantium [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008], Citrus latifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Guazuma tomentosa [MartinBlSu2005], Theobroma amplexicaule [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoRaVe2008].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Morris1929, Beards1965c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MillerPo1997]; United States of America (Texas [Tinsle1900, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Argentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Espirito Santo [SantaCReSo2002], Minas Gerais [SantaCReSo2002]); Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [MartinBlSu2005]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring inside the thorns of the host plant (Morrison, 1929).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Beardsley (1965c), Williams (1970DJ) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
SYSTEMATICS: The lectotype designation by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) was not indicated on the slide (D.R. Miller, xii.1998, personal information to Yair Ben-Dov), therefore Miller & Polavarapu (1997) overlooked it, and also designated a lectotype. The latter designation was invalid, while the 1992 designation was properly indicated on the labels.
KEYS: Miller & Polavarapu 1997: 459 (female) [North America]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 506 (female) [North America]; Williams 1970DJ: 115 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1967: 158 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1965c: 57 (female) [Dysmicoccus brevipes complex ]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 333 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: AlemanMaMi2004 [biological control: 131-132]; Alves2006 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-110]; AndaloMoSa2004 [chemical control, biological control, host, distribution: 463-467]; Beards1965c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 122, 145]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-344]; Hempel1937 [host, distribution: 36]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 35]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 34-35]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 177]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 440-441,459]; Morris1929 [host, distribution: 38]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; SantaCReSo2002 [host, distribution: 333-334]; Tinsle1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 65]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135]; Willia1978a [taxonomy: 47-52]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134-137, 169-171].
Dysmicoccus tibouchinae (Hambleton)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus tibouchinae Hambleton, 1935: 113. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Tibouchina mutabilis. Holotype female. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Secao de Entomologia Agricola do Instituto do Biologia Vegetal, Brazil. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus tibouchinae; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 171. Change of combination.
HOST: Melastomataceae: Tibouchina mutabilis [Hamble1935, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Sao Paulo [Hamble1935, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hambleton (1935) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 144]; Hamble1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-114]; MillerPo1997 [taxonomy: 458-459]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173].
Dysmicoccus timberlakei (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus timberlakei Cockerell, 1916a: 312. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Mateo County, Millbrae, on salt marsh grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Dysmicoccus timberlakei; Ferris, 1950b: 79. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: Timberlake mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Poaceae: Distichlis spicata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Holcus lanatus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Cocker1916a, BenDov1994], Oregon [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring in exposed situations on blades or at axils of the blades (Cockerell, 1916).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 503 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 230 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 54 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 144]; Cocker1916a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 312, 313]; Doutt1952 [taxonomy, structure: 391-397]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-80]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-174].
Dysmicoccus triadus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus triadus Williams, 1987b: 163. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Madras, on Graptophyllum indicum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Adhatoda vasica [Willia1987b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Eranthemum atropurpureum [Willia1987b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Graptophyllum indicum [Willia1987b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia1987b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Willia1987b, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1987b) and by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 144]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 205, 206]; Varshn1992 [distribution: 51]; Willia1987b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-165]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215].
Dysmicoccus trifurcus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus trifurcus Williams, 2004a: 215. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Wynad, on lemon grass, Cymbopogon citratus; collected T.S. Muthukrishnan, vi.1952. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Poaceae: Cymbopogon citratus [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-217].
Dysmicoccus trispinosus (Hall)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus trispinosus Hall, 1923: 5. Type data: EGYPT: Nag Hamadi, on roots of Imperata cylindrica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Dysmicoccus trispinosus; Ezzat, 1960b: 37. Change of combination.
Mirococcopsis trispinosus; Tang, 1992: 113. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Asteraceae: Ambrosia maritima [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994]. Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Carex comans [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Cyperus [Ezzat1960b, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Andropogon halepensis [Willco1922, Ezzat1960b, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Arundo donax [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Cladium mariscus [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [Willco1922, Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Eragrostis pilosa [Hosny1939, Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Hordeum vulgare [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Imperata cylindrica [Hall1923, BenDov1994], Panicum colonum [Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Panicum viride [Hosny1939, Ezzat1960b, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum [Hall1923, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994], Zea mays [Ezzat1960b, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1923, BenDov1994]; Israel [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Usually recorded from the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat (1960b) and by Williams D.J.(1970). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 106 (female) [China]; Williams 1970DJ: 115 (female) [World]; Ezzat 1960b: 40 (female) [Egypt].
CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1357]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 144]; Ezzat1960b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-40]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Hall1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5, 6]; Hosny1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6, 7]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 113, 114]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135, 136, 138].
Dysmicoccus vaccinii Miller & PolavarapuNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus vaccinii Miller & Polavarapu, 1997: 441. Type data: USA: New Jersey, Atlantic County, Hammonton, Variety Farms, on blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum. Holotype female and first instar. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female, male and first instar. Illust.
COMMON NAME: blueberry mealybug [MillerPo1997].
HOSTS: Ericaceae: Vaccinium ashei [MillerPo1997], Vaccinium corymbosum [MillerPo1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Delaware [MillerPo1997], New Jersey [MillerPo1997], North Carolina [MillerPo1997]).
BIOLOGY: Attended by the ants, Acanthomyops claviger (Roger) and Lasius neoniger Emery (Miller & Polavarapu, 1997).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female, apterous adult male, first instar numph, second and third female nymph, prepupa and pupa given by Miller & Polavarapu (1997).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Circumstantial evidence has implicated Dysmicoccus vaccinii as a vector of the Ringspot virus (belonging to the Caulimovirus group of viruses), the causal agent of the Red ringspot disease in bluberries in southern New Jersey, USA (Miller & Polavarapu, 1998).
KEYS: Miller & Polavarapu 1997: 459 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: MillerPo1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 440-460]; StuartPo2002 [host, distribution, life history: 299-304].
Dysmicoccus vacuatus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus vacuatus McKenzie, 1967: 174. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Del Norte County, near Smith River, under rock. Holotype female. Type depository: Sacramento: California State Collection of Arthropods, California Dept. Food & Agriculture, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: small mealybug [McKenz1967].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring under a rock associated with ants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 145]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-176].
Dysmicoccus viatorius WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus viatorius Williams, 2004a: 217. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Intercepted at USA, Los Angeles, on fruit of Lansium domesticum; collected J. Black, 21.x.1983. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-219].
Dysmicoccus victorianus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus victorianus Williams, 1985: 149. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Wilson's Promontory National Park, on Sprengelia incarnata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Sprengalia incarnata [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 108 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 145]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-151].
Dysmicoccus viticis (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus viticis Green, 1929: 374. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Whangaroa, on Vitex lucens. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Trionymus ambiguus; Brittin, 1938: 347. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Cox, 1987: 47.
Dysmicoccus ambiguus; Williams & de Boer, 1973: 233. Incorrect synonymy.
Dysmicoccus viticis; Cox, 1987: 47. Revived status.
HOSTS: Alseuosmiaceae: Alseuosmia macrophylla [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Asteraceae: Senecio hectori [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Avicenniaceae: Avicennia resinifera [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Monimiaceae: Hedycarya arborea [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Laurelia novae-zelandiae [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Leptospermum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Macropiper excelsum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coprosma australis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Vitex lucens [Green1929, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Green1929, Cox1987, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & de Boer (1973) and by Cox (1987).
SYSTEMATICS: Dysmicoccus viticis was synonymized with D. ambiguus by Williams & de Boer (1973), who had access to the holotype only of the latter.
KEYS: Cox 1987: 44 (female) [New Zealand].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 145]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-48, 156]; Green1929 [p. 374]; WilliaBo1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-234].
Dysmicoccus walkeri (Newstead)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius walkeri Newstead, 1891: 164. Type data: ENGLAND: Cheshire, Manley, on Agrostis vulgaris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Pseudococcus walkeri; Fernald, 1903b: 112. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus rectus Borchsenius, 1949: 136. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: on Dactylus glomeratus and Agrostis alba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1969: 1579.
Dysmicoccus walkeri; Williams, 1962: 21. Change of combination.
Dysmicoccus rectus; Matesova, 1968: 105. Change of combination.
Dysnicoccus walkeri; Martin Mateo, 1985: 91. Misspelling of genus name.
COMMON NAME: Walker's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Crassulaceae: Umbilicus rupestris [Foldi2000]. Cyperaceae: Carex [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Calluna [Willia1962, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Poaceae: Agropyron [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Agropyron repens [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Agrostis alba [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Agrostis vulgaris [Newste1891, KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994], Arrhenaterum elatius [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Brachypodium [KosztaKo1988F, KozarGuBa1994, BenDov1994, Kozar1999a], Brachypodium distachyon [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Brachypodium pinnatum, Brachypodium silvaticum [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994], Calamagrostis epigeios [Danzig1959, KotejaZa1969, BenDov1994, Gertss2000], Calamagrostis langsdorfii [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Dactylis glomerata [Goux1933a, Borchs1949, Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Elymus mollis [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Festuca ovina [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Holcus lanatus [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Hordeum [Green1927, BenDov1994], Molinia coerulea [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Oryzopsis schugnanica [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994], Phragmites [GomezM1957, Martin1985], Phragmites communis [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Piptatherum multiflorum [Goux1933a, BenDov1994], Poa [Danzig1980b, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1933a, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarKoSc1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a , Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1969, Danzig1974, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, BenDov1994, GolanLaJa2001]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Spain [GomezM1957, Martin1985]; Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001, Gertss2005]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Willia1962, BenDov1994], England [Newste1891, Willia1962, BenDov1994], Scotland [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Wales [Willia1962, BenDov1994]); Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and in leaf sheaths. Life history discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Sulc (1937), Williams (1962), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Marotta (1992a). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Schmutterer (1952) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Russo & Mazzeo 1997a: 154-155 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of Italy]; Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 703 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Koteja & Lagowska 1986: 382 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 88]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 145]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 136-137]; Cocker1897 [taxonomy: 201]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 444]; Danzig1969 [host, distribution: 1579]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 68]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171, 173, 174]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 112]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 149]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005 [host, distribution: 36-37]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; GomezM1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-68]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 235]; Green1916 [host, distribution: 31]; Green1920 [taxonomy: 122]; Green1925b [host, distribution: 517]; Green1926a [host, distribution: 183]; Green1928a [host, distribution: 30]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-95]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74, 99]; KotejaZa1979 [host, distribution: 672]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 474]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 142]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarGuBa1994 [host, distribution: 153]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 4]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 118]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75, 76]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 91]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 105]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 351]; Newste1891 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 164]; RussoMa1997a [taxonomy: 154-155]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 388]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 50]; Sulc1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 86-92]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 206, 207]; TranfaMa1988 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 611-614]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-23].
Dysmicoccus waustensis Qin & GullanNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus waustensis Qin & Gullan, 1990: 762. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Western Australia, John Forrest National Park, on Xanthorrhoea priessii. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Xanthorrhoeaceae: Xanthorrhoea priessii [QinGu1990, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Western Australia [QinGu1990, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Qin & Gullan (1990).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 146]; QinGu1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 762-764].
Dysmicoccus williamsi Avasthi & ShafeeNOMENCLATURE:
Dysmicoccus williamsi Avasthi & Shafee, 1981: 1. Type data: INDIA: Bihar, Motihari, on Erianthus ravennae. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Semecarpus anacardium [Willia2004a]. Poaceae [Willia2004a], Erianthus ravennae [AvasthSh1981, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [AvasthSh1981, BenDov1994] (Bihar [Willia2004a]); Nepal [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Dscription and illustration of adult female given by Avasthi & Shafee (1981) and by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 161-163 (female) [Dysmicoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 192 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 15 (female) [India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1986a: 435 (female) [India].
CITATIONS: AvasthSh1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-3]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 146]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 207]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219-221].
Dysmicoccus wistariae (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus wistariae Green, 1923d: 218. Type data: ENGLAND: Hertfordshire, St. Albans, on Wistaria sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Pseudococcus piricola Siraiwa, 1935: 69. Type data: JAPAN: from eight prefectures, on pear, apple, Cryptomeria and cherry. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1962: 23.
Pseudococcus matsudoensis Kanda, 1935b: 85. Type data: JAPAN: Matsudo Horticultural College, Chiba Prefecture, on Sugi [= Cryptomeria sp.]. Syntypes, female. Type depository: UPLB. Described: female. Synonymy by Kanda, 1941d: 25.
Pseudococcus cuspidatae Rau, 1937: 195. Type data: U.S.A.: New Jersey, East Rutherford, on Taxus brevifolia. Holotype female. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, and Albany: New York State Museum Insect Collection, New York, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1962: 23.
Dysmicoccus cuspidatae; Ferris, 1950b: 61. Change of combination.
Dysmicoccus piricola; Takahashi, 1958: 3. Change of combination.
Dysmicoccus wistariae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 146. Change of combination.
COMMON NAMES: Taxus mealybug [Koszta1996]; taxus mealybug [Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Koszta1996, KwonDaPa2003a], Acer pictum [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Betulaceae: Betula ermanii [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Betula tauschii [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Cornaceae: Cornus [Koszta1996]. Ericaceae: Pieris [Koszta1996], Rhododendron [Koszta1996]. Fabaceae: Wisteria [Beards1966]. Moraceae: Artocarpus [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cerasus maximowiczii [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Cerasus sachalinensis [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Crataegus [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Malus [Koszta1996], Malus pumila [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Malus sachalinensis [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Prunus [Koszta1996], Prunus serrulata spontanea [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Prunus serrulata [KwonDaPa2003a], Pyrus communis [Siraiw1935, BenDov1994], Pyrus malus [Siraiw1935, BenDov1994], Pyrus serotina culta [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Rosa multiflora [KwonDaPa2003a], Sorbus commixta [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Koszta1996], Taxus brevifolia [Rau1937, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Taxus cuspidata [Ferris1950b, Tang1984b, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003a]. Taxodiaceae: Cryptomeria [Kanda1941e, Danzig1978, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Kiribati (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]). Nearctic: Canada (Alberta); United States of America (Connecticut [Koszta1996], District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Illinois [Koszta1996], Indiana [Koszta1996], Maine [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], Michigan [Koszta1996], New Hampshire [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Rau1937, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New York [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Ohio [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996], Wisconsin [Koszta1996]). Palaearctic: China [Tang1984b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Kanda1935b, BenDov1994]; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); South Korea [Kanda1941e, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Green1923d, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in USA, Connecticut, two or three in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and New York (Kosztarab, 1996). Overwinters as first instars in bark crevices (Stimmel, 1983).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) (as cuspidatae), Paik (1978), Kawai (1980), Danzig (1980b), Tang (1992) and by Kosztarab (1996).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Paik (1978).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Infested Taxus needles turn yellow and drop prematurely. Plants become stunted, while heavy infestation can kill young plants (Kosztarab, 1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 117 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 193 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 704 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Wang 1982ZQ: 37 (female) [China]; Kawai 1980: 102 (female) [Japan]; Miller & McKenzie 1973: 505 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 157 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 408 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 231 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1962: 644 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 332 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 53 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 413]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 146]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 8]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174, 176]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-62]; Green1923d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217, 218]; Kanda1941e [taxonomy: 146]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 7]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 117-118]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 404-405]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; NurBrBe1987 [distribution: 54]; Siraiw1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 67, 69, 75]; Takaha1958 [taxonomy, distribution: 3]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 124]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 207-208, 714]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 13]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23-24].
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