TABLE 1 Comparison of Four Designs for Passenger Travel Surveys,,,,,
,Single cross-sectional,Repeated cross-sectional,Longitudinal panel,Rotating panel,
Description,A single sample of households or individuals complete survey during a single period of time ,Different samples of households or individuals complete survey for multiple periods of time,Same sample of households or individuals complete survey for multiple periods of time,"Same sample of households or individuals complete survey for multiple, specified time periods.  Sample gradually, occasionally replaced with new sample (cross between repeated cross-sectional and longitudinal designs)",
Advantages,"• Provides snapshot of  behavior for given time period
• Typically provides more representative sample of population of interest
• Eliminates potential response bias due to respondent “conditioning” resulting from participating multiple times","• Provides snapshot of  behavior for given time periods
• Typically provides more representative sample of population of interest
• Eliminates potential response bias due to respondent “conditioning” resulting from participating multiple times
• Allows for comparisons of population between field periods (assuming similar survey conditions)","• Allows for analysis of change in behavior of same units due to changes in environment and other factors (cause and effect analysis)
• Cost and resource efficiencies in subsequent waves from building off of previous interviews","• Allows analysis of change in behavior of same units due to changes in environment and other factors (cause and effect analysis)
• Allows for long-term analysis of population change (longer than the duration of a longitudinal study)
• Cost and resource efficiencies from building off of previous interviews",
Disadvantages,"• Does not permit analysis of changes over time; cannot track trends
• Operationally, higher costs often incurred to initiate a project; costs and resources not evenly distributed and maintained
• Potential “telescoping” effects","• Limited change can be implemented across enumerations to allow for population  trend analysis
• Does not allow  for analyzing behavior and change among same sample units
• If not continuously conducted or with small time lag between enumerations, cost and resources not evenly distributed and maintained
• Potential ""telescoping"" effects","• High respondent burden and panel attrition
• Response bias due to respondent conditioning
• High cost of respondent tracking (e.g., following “movers”)
• More complicated weighting and estimation
• Potential “seam” effects","Though often less than nonrotating panel, still subject to:
• High respondent burden and panel attrition
• Response bias due to respondent conditioning
• High cost of respondent tracking (e.g., following “movers”)
• Even more complicated weighting and estimation
• Potential “seam” effects",
Examples,• The American Travel Survey (1995),"• National Household Travel Survey
• American Community Survey
• UK National Travel Survey
• Sydney Household Travel Survey","• Dutch National Mobility Panel
• Puget Sound Transportation Panel","• German Mobility Panel
• Current Population Survey",