UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SYSTEM 9. GSMAP, GSMEDIT, GSMUTIL, GSPOST, GSDIG AND OTHER PROGRAMS VERSION 9, FOR THE IBM PC AND COMPATIBLE MICROCOMPUTERS, TO ASSIST WORKERS IN THE EARTH SCIENCES by Gary I. Selner and Richard B. Taylor Open-File Report 93-511 DISCLAIMER Although program tests have been made, no guarantee (expressed or implied) is made by the authors or the U.S. Geological Survey regarding program correctness, accuracy, or proper execution on all computer systems. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. This report has not been reviewed for conformity with the U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards. Denver, Colorado July 1993 AVAILABILITY: Open File Reports can be purchased at the address given below: Books and Open File Reports Section U.S. Geological Survey P.O. Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225, (303)-236-7476 README FILE This file is NOT intended as a replacement for the program documentation. The documentation consists of 350 pages of detailed instructions with over 40 illustrations. It is virtually impossible to learn these programs without access to the documentation. See Availability above for where to purchase the documentation. TABLE OF CONTENT FOR THIS FILE SECTION 1 - HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS SECTION 2 - BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAMS SECTION 3 - CONTENTS OF RELEASE DISK SECTION 4 - INSTALLATION OF SOFTWARE SECTION 5 - HARDWARE ISSUES UPON INSTALLATION SECTION 6 - UPGRADING ISSUES SECTION 7 - ADVICE FOR NEW USERS SECTION 1 - HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS GSMAP and accompanying programs in this release have been designed for use on IBM compatible personal computers. Many of these programs require a digitizer and plotter. A complete system includes: HARDWARE Microcomputer The microcomputer must use the DOS operating system Version 2.0 or higher, at least 512K available RAM, two floppy disk drives, or one and a hard disk; at least one serial port, better two (one for the digitizer, the other for the plotter); one parallel port (for the printer); math co-processor chip to match the system; graphics card, IBM compatible CGA, EGA, VGA, monitor suitable for use with the graphics card. Although CGA graphics will work they are not adequate to exploit the graphic capabilities of this version. EGA or VGA color graphics will display different kinds of lines in different colors. EGA and VGA color graphics adapter cards must have at least 256K memory to plot color on screen in EGA/VGA modes. A hard disk or other fast-access storage device is strongly recommended. These programs have been successfully operated on Compaq, Columbia, Hewlett Packard, Sperry, IBM, GRID, Tandon, Zenith, Northgate, Leading Edge, Gateway, and other computers, and should operate on any fully compatible computer. We have run the programs on computers that use the 8088 chip and 8087 co-processor at 4.77 Mhertz to others that run the 80486 at 66 Mhertz. Printer The printer must communicate with the computer through parallel port #1 (LPT1:), there are no special requirements for the printer. Digitizer A 16-button cursor is strongly advised (but not required except for GSSECT). GSMAP and GSDIG have been designed and tested using a GTCO DIGI-PAD digitizer with a 16 button cursor and a Summasketch Professional digitizer with a 4 button cursor. They have been successfully operated with Calcomp, Numonics (some in menu mode only), Summagraphics Microgrid II, and other digitizers to our knowledge, and probably can be used with any digitizer that sends ASCII character strings and communicates with the PC through an RS232 serial port. Plotter Plotters must support the HPGL plot language at a level of the HP7475 or above, and the cable connecting the computer and the plotter must be correctly configured. Our tests have been conducted on a Hewlett Packard 7585B and HP-7550A plotters. The HPGL files that are generated by these programs can be used by Laser printers; the illustrations in the documentation of this release were printed in this way. Mouse A Microsoft-compatible mouse can be used as a pointing device with the GSMEDIT, GSMPBS, and GSPOST programs. Use of a mouse is convenient and speeds certain operations, but these three programs can be fully operated without a mouse using the arrow keys on the keyboard to move cursors on the screen. SOFTWARE The minimum software requirements for utilizing these programs include PC/DOS 2.0 or higher or equivalent MS DOS, the release diskettes, and a word processing program capable of producing ASCII files. Although a RAM-resident program such as SIDEKICK is useful, it can play havoc at unexpected times due to memory conflicts if installed in base memory. We recommend running systems without TSR (terminate and stay resident) or RAM resident programs. SECTION 2 - BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAMS SYSTEM 9 This release of GSMAP SYSTEM 9 brings together a series of programs for IBM PC (and compatible) microcomputers with familial ties to GSMAP . All have been revised from previously published versions or are new to this release. All use Version 9 (CONFIG9.*) configuration files. All use the same hardware system. The links between these programs are more apparent when grouped together than as previously released as a series of separate reports. The basic set of geologic symbols and fonts are also used by the other programs in this release. Symbols definitions are contained in an ASCII file that can be extended or modified by the user, line patterns also can be modified, and in Version 9 are independant of the Hewlett Packard pattern set. The documentation contains instructions on how to design new symbols and line patterns. All output can be drawn on a plotter, on the screen, or sent to a disk file using HPGL (the Hewlett Packard Graphics Language), including text and symbology. The on-screen graphics can be used to assist digitizing, editing, and design of output. All of the programs in this set can use either Cartesian data (X, Y coordinates) or geodetic data (latitude, longitude coordinates). The choice of coordinate system is made by the user. Cartesian coordinates are most useful for illustrations, cross sections, and maps where latitude, longitude coordinates are unavailable, where the use of a geodetic system adds unneeded complexity, or where it lacks sufficient precision (e.g. a map at a scale of 1 inch equals 1 foot). When working with geodetic coordinates, these programs support Mercator, Universal Transverse Mercator, Transverse Mercator, Oblique Mercator, Lambert Conformal Conic, Albers Equal Area, Equidistant Conic, and Polyconic map projections. Design goals required an "office-scale" hardware system with an affordable price. All of the programs operate from menu screens. On-screen messages prompt the user at appropriate times. Responses from the keyboard are entered by typing appropriate answers to the prompts, and then screen. These programs are oriented for use by geologists and other scientists, not for computer specialists. Programming skills are not required. GSMAP GSMAP and related support programs including GSMEDIT, GSMUTIL, GSMPBLD and GSMPBS have been developed to assist geologists and illustrators in compilation and publication drafting of geologic maps and illustrations. These programs attempt to facilitate geologic map compilation and drafting in the way that digital word processing facilitates composition and editing of text. As a set of practical graphics programs, they enable digital compilation of graphical elements, ease the process of modification in response to second thoughts, editorial comments, and scale changes, and lead from initial compilation to publication without redigitizing or redrafting. GSMAP uses a high precision digitizer and plotter for entry and plotting of digital data. Program capabilities include modification of data bases by deletion of unwanted entries or additions at any time. Part or all of the data in a data base can be plotted. Words and alphanumeric characters are entered into an ASCII file using a word processing program, and their locations are entered by digitizing. Entries are numbered by the program and can be edited or deleted using this number. Although the primary output is to the plotter, plots of all data can be drawn on the screen. Plots can be made in two modes; the "draft" mode provides entry numbers, the "publication" mode draws plots without entry numbers. GSMAP data bases using the same coordinate system can be merged. GSMAP supports lines of 18 pattern types, symbols, patterning of polygonal areas, text (with leaders if needed), multi-line text entries, and text that flows along features such as rivers, fault lines, etc. The documentation provides a thirty page tutorial that leads key stroke by keystroke through the digitizing and plotting of a simple illustration that contains the elements of a geologic map. For a person who understands DOS and a modern word processing program the tutorial exercise requires approximately two hours to complete. Our internal training course is heavily oriented to hands-on participation and consists of two eight-hour days of lectures and exercises with approximately two hours dedicated to a discussion of projections. GSMROSE GSMROSE is a program for construction of rose diagrams from linear data (lines or polygon boundaries) in GSMAP data bases. The user can specify the radius of the diagram, the angular measure of the sector used for analysis, and output to the screen, to a plotter, to a disk file written in HPGL, or to a GSMAP data base in Cartesian coordinates. After drawing the rose diagram, a table can be printed that provides the numeric information used in constructing the diagram. Two methods of analyzing the linear data are provided, one length weighted, the second, count weighted. When using the length weighted option the program reads the data for a specified code (lines or polygon margins) in a data base, calculates the bearing and length of each interval between points along the lines, accumulates these lengths for angular sectors of bearing 0-10 and so on through 175-180), calculates the total length of line segments in each sector, and divides the length in each sector by the length in the maximum sector. This ratio is used in the rose diagram as the radius for the sector. The radius of the diagram for the sector of maximum length is chosen by the user. For data bases that use Cartesian coordinates the Y coordinate of the data base is used as the Y coordinate (0 degrees) for the rose diagram. When using the count-weighted option, the program reads the data for lines (not closed polygons) with a specified code, calculates the bearing of the line connecting the first and last point of the line, and records the number of entries for each 5 degree sector. The sector containing the most entries is plotted to the radius specified, the others are scaled to this distance according to the number of entries. For geodetic coordinates and most of the projections supported by the GSMROSE program the line of longitude used as central meridian in the projection parameter file is used as the Y coordinate (0 degrees) for the diagram. GSMROSE Version 9.0 is a modification of GSMROSE Version 8.0 providing full compatibility with GSMAP Version 9.0. GSSECT Generation and plotting of the topographic profile for cross sections, and other profiles drawn from contour maps. Version 9.0 of this program has been revised from Version 8.0 so that it uses the same configuration files as GSMAP Version 9, to interface with digitizers and plotters. It can plot sections to the screen, to files written in HPGL (Hewlett Packard Graphics Language), drive plotters, or generate a GSMAP data base in Cartesian coordinates. Drawing the topographic profile for structure sections is a chore not relished by most geologists, and with conventional drafting techniques is beset with pitfalls and inaccuracies. The use of a precise digitizer for data input and of a plotter to draw the section eliminates most of these problems, and speeds the entire process. Using GSSECT Version 9.0, a topographic profile may be drawn along a straight line, along connecting straight line segments, such as a section with a bend, or along a curve (many short line segments), such as the course of a stream. The gradient between points of known elevation can be computed, printed, and plotted to assist analysis of a profile. GSSECT Version 9.0 is a modification of GSSECT Version 8.0 providing full compatibility with GSMAP Version 9.0. GSDIG is a program used to determine geodetic (latitude, longitude) coordinates or Cartesian (X, Y) coordinates from maps or drawings and create ASCII character files containing site identifiers and geodetic coordinates (degrees, minutes, seconds) or Cartesian coordinates in units from the drawing or digitizer units (usually inches). Geodetic coordinates for points can be digitized from any map that has latitude longitude coordinates for four points and has been drawn using one of the supported map projections. The output format for ASCII files can be chosen to provide easy input of data to spreadsheet, data base management programs, or to geodetic or Cartesian data bases in GSMAP format. Alphanumeric site identifiers are in part entered from the computer keyboard computer, in part entered from the digitizer keypad. An option in the utility program, GSMUTIL, is included so that digitized geodetic (latitude, longitude) or Cartesian (X,Y) data in GSPOST format or can be directly entered into a GSMAP data base. Data from a series of maps can be digitized and the data stored in a single output file in a single digitizing session without leaving the program. Alternatively, data can be added to an existing file, permitting use of a single file in several digitizing sessions. Use of a "mask" composed of prefix and suffix entered from the keyboard permits alphanumeric identifiers for sites to be entered from the numeric keypad of the digitizer during digitizing. The prefix, maximum number of digits, and the suffix can be changed during digitizing without reentering the coordinates of the corners of the map. GSDIG Version 9.0 is a modification of GSDIG Version 8.0 to provide compatibility with GSMAP Version 9.0. GSPOST is a program that takes data from a properly formatted ASCII file and plots on the screen, on a plotter, or writes to a disk file in HPGL (Hewlett Packard Graphics Language) to make maps displaying information associated with geographic sites by drawing symbols and/or posting numerical data. GSPOST operates with data sets that use latitude and longitude (geodetic) coordinates or X,Y (Cartesian) coordinates. The sites might be sample localities, drill holes, or mine portals, but characterized by location in latitude, longitude or X,Y coordinates and a site identifier, and usually by numeric values for attributes of the site, such as chemical data from a sample site, or flow rates from a well. The user must supply an ASCII data file that contains a series of rows and columns. Each row contains a series of attributes that apply to one data point. Each column contains one kind of attribute. The first columns of each row are "control" columns providing the site's identifier, the coordinates of the site and the position and angle posting numerical values. Additional columns to a total of 50, are data columns. Geodetic coordinates can be in either decimal degrees, or in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Both formats cannot be used in a single file. X,Y coordinates are specified in a system appropriate to the map; these cannot be mixed with latitude,longitude coordinates in a single data file. GSPOST allows the user to specify the column from which data will be selected, values or ranges in values (class intervals), and choose different symbols (and/or different symbol sizes for each class, with or without posting of numerical values, or the posting of site identifiers. The position of posting of numerical data at each site can be adjusted to reduce over-printing of numbers by changing the position and/or the angle of the posting. These adjustments are made by on- screen editing. For any given map the X and Y scales are independent; the area is specified using the coordinates of corner points in the coordinate system chosen for locating data points (latitude,longitude or X,Y). GSPOST Version 9.0 is a modification of GSPV85, adding the ability to register a plot to a specific position on a sheet in a plotter, allowing annotation of one line of the plot control file to assist in keeping track of the purpose of a plot control file, and the ability to plot that line as a title, supporting the use of a mouse as a pointing device during editing, and providing full compatibility with GSMAP Version 9.0. SECTION 3 - CONTENTS OF RELEASE DISK The release diskette contains a self-extracting archive SYS8.EXE and this README file. SECTION 4 - INSTALLATION OF SOFTWARE 1. Create a directory called GS on your hard disk (DOS MKDIR command). 2. CD \GS 3. Insert release diskette #2 in the appropriate drive, e.g. B: Type B:GS and depress the ENTER key The files on the release diskette will be added to your hard disk in extracted form ready for use. Files include FONTS, CONFIG9.* and others that will be accessed by use of the Environmental variable GSFILES 4. Edit your AUTOEXEC.BAT and add directory C:\GS to the current search list. 5. Add a new line to your AUTOEXEC.BAT that reads as follows: SET GSFILES=C:\GS Files on release disk #2 in the archive EXAMPLES.EXE are provided as examples. After you are familiar with the programs, you can remove all files except for the following: Files with extension of EXE Files with extension of FNT Files with filename of CONFIG9 Files on release disk #2 in the archive POST9.EXE include GSPOST and other programs that draw data from GSPOST format row column files. Files on release disk #1 in the archive SYS9.EXE include GSMAP, GSMEDIT and others that use or process GSMAP Version 9 data files. Normally you will operate the programs from a directory that is created and used for a specific project or unit of work. By organizing your hard disk as suggested above, your working directory will contain only data files that can be removed (or archived to floppy disk) upon completion of the project. SECTION 5 - HARDWARE ISSUES UPON INSTALLATION The files CONFIG9.SCR, CONFIG9.DIG, and CONFIG9.PLT must be configured to match your hardware system. Details are provided in the section "Hardware installation and configuration files" beginning on p. 317 of the documentation. Refer to the section starting on page 317 for installation of hardware. Pay special attention to the details on CONFIG9.SCR, CONFIG9.DIG, and CONFIG9.PLT to match the physical setup of your system. These modifications can be made using a standard word processing program. Check p. 15 about the use of the menu template for digitizers with less than 16 keys, and even for use with 16 key digitizer keypads if different ASCII codes aren't sent by each key, or if different numbers of characters are sent by different keys. SECTION 6 - UPGRADING ISSUES The file structure of GSMAP Version 9 is different from the file structure of Versions 3-8. This change was required to fully implement nodes, node snapping, and automated polygon building. A data base consists of three files (extensions LSF, NDX, and NOD). The program 8TO9.EXE has been included to automate conversion of data bases created in prior versions to the Version 9 format. SECTION 7 - ADVICE FOR NEW USERS Don't fight hardware and new software at the same time. If you are setting up a new system, use the sample BASICA programs provided in the documentation to help establish communication between your computer, digitizer, and plotter. Read the section on installation and configuration files starting p. 155 before blindly attempting to run the Tutorial. You will need to customize the configuration files named CONFIG9.SCR, CONFIG9.PLT, and CONFIG9.DIG to match your system's hardware. If you do not install as per instructions in Section 2, make sure that your PATH contains the directory where the executable programs were loaded. If you chose not to use the environment variable GSFILES, then the files named CONFIG9.*, *.FNT, and possibly the executable files (extension .EXE) must be in the default directory. Read the section on map projections and projection files. If you do, you won't expect the sample projection file MAP.PRJ designed for maps using the UTM projection in Colorado to work correctly for your rush project in the Empty Quarter.Start with the glossary, it has all the good stuff. After the system is working, spend a couple of hours doing the GSMAP tutorial project. You'll save time in the long run. Make use of the environmental variable SET GSFILES= , see p. 155 of the documentation to simplify your hard disk's configuration. The GSMEDIT program is one of the best ways of plotting a data base on the screen because you can see details of parts of the data by using its windowing capabilities; a digitizer isn't required for windowing. An early use of the F9 Q key sequence (terminating the screen plot early) when drawing to the screen greatly speeds operation. GSMEDIT requires a plot control file. In addition, you can digitize entries using this program. Interconnection of hardware Please refer to the Installation section of the documentation for such details as we can supply and a worksheet to assist configuration of the system. Manuals supplied with the hardware furnish additional explanations of switch settings, cable specifications, and details about interconnection and configuration of particular pieces of hardware. Default Values At many points in the programs described here , prompts indicate choices that have default values (hit the ENTER key). Default choices are indicated in Upper case letters; lower case letters designate the other valid choices. Mouse A mouse can be used as a pointing device with the graphics screens of GSMEDIT, GSMPBS, and GSPOST. Microsoft-compatible mouse driver software must be installed (see instructions in mouse documentation), and loaded, generally a function of instructions in the CONFIG.SYS file before opening one of these programs in mouse- mode. With these programs the Microsoft-compatible mouse can be used to move about the graphics screen and locate points, not for choice of option. In general, select options using hot keys on the keyboard (no ENTER keystroke required), use the mouse to move the cursor about the screen instead of using the arrow keys on the keyboard (as used in the keyboard mode of operation), and use the left key on the mouse to select a location. If for example, you want to set a window to enlarge a portion of the screen, hit B,on the keyboard to select the "set window option", use the mouse to move the cursor to the lower left corner of the window to be selected, press the left key, then move the mouse cursor to the upper right corner of the window, and press the left key to establish the second corner of the window. In the input mode, GSMEDIT, the "arrow key" digitizing procedure requires the use of the 0, 1, 2, and 3 keys to specify function. With the mouse, click the left key instead of the 0 key on the keyboard, click the right key to return operation to the keyboard, then hit the the 1, 2, or 3 key on the keyboard to specify the function of the right-key stroke. This resembles the procedure required for operation of GSMAP with a one-key digitizer, where a return to the menu template is required to specify the function of the last key-stroke. Digitizing a closed rectangular polygon in mouse-modewould require, L click, L click, L click, R click, hit 2 key on the keyboard. In mouse-mode, the keyboard instruction tells GSMEDIT the function of the final right click from the mouse. Plot Register A word of caution about the PR plot register option introduced in Version 8 of GSMAP and GSPOST so that a plotter can be used to make a plot registered to corners drawn on the sheet, i.e., here's a way to draw a geologic map on a paper copy of the topographic base. This process uses a temporary HPGL file (created then deleted). Although you won't ever see this file, space must be available on the working drive so that the computer can create and use it. For this reason, use a directory with plenty of space on your fastest drive. Some of these HPGL files can be large, very much larger than the data base files. One of ours for a complete and patterned 15' quadrangle is over one Megabyte in size. This PR process isn't practical when using floppy disks, except for small projects. SOFTWARE The minimum software requirements for utilizing these programs include PC/DOS 2.0 or higher or equivalent MS DOS, the System 9 release diskettes, and a word processing pro- gram capable of producing ASCII files. Although a RAM-resi- dent program such as SIDEKICK is useful, it can play havoc at unexpected times due to memory conflicts if installed in base memory. We recommend running systems without TSR (termi- nate and stay resident) or RAM resident programs. For those new to GSMAP: Don't fight hardware and new software at the same time. Instructions for interconnection and configuration begin on p.317. If you are setting up a new system, use the sample BASICA programs provided in the documentation to help estab- lish communication between your computer, digitizer, and plot- ter. Read the section on installation and configuration files starting p. 317 before blindly inserting disk 1 into an unoffending drive and discovering that it won't work. You will need files named CONFIG9.SCR, CONFIG9.PLT, and CONFIG9.DIG; these must be customized to match your system's hardware. The files named CONFIG9.SYM, 0.FNT, and executable files (exten- sion .EXE) are also needed, but don't require modification. Read the section on map projections and projection files. If you do you won't expect the sample projection file MAP9.PRJ de- signed for maps using the UTM projection in Colorado to work correctly for your rush project in the Empty Quarter (your next assignment if you don't read the documentation). Start with the glossary, it has all the good stuff. Then go to p. 319 where instructions are provided for configuring your system. After the system is working, spend a couple of hours doing the GSMAP tutorial project. You'll save time in the long run. For gurus: The configuration files (CONFIG8.*) you're using with System 8 won't work with System 9. proceed at once to p. 319. Changes to data files are required (see 8TO9, p.136. No changes are required for plot control files, or projection files. Changes in the CONFIG9.SYM file modifying certain rarely used symbols may require that you make minor changes. Font files have not been changed from System 8. NEW TO SYSTEM 9. Van der Grinten, Robinson and sinusoidal map projections are now supported (additions to the previous list). These projections are primarily useful for world maps, and particularly to the GSMAP and GSMEDIT programs. GSMAP and related programs fully implement nodes, partially supported in Version 5, but not in versions 6-8. The 18 line types (patterns) of GSMAP are defined in the CONFIG9.PLT file without dependence on Hewlett Packard graphics patterns of dashes, dots, and spaces. Patterns such as the - . . . repeated for ephemeral streams can now be produced (line type 13). Lengths of dashes and gaps between dashes can be changed by modification of the contents of the CONFIG9.PLT file using a text editing program. On-screen messages at the start of a digitizing session provide information on the match between the digitizing setup (digitizer, indexing, hard copy) and the parameters of the data base and plot control file. Posting positions for the dip angle for symbols like the strike and dip symbol can be changed by editing to avoid over-plotting. Certain symbols have been changed to better conform to standards being written for maps published by the USGS. GSMEDIT (on-screen editing and digitizing), now includes digi- tial input by entering numerical coordinates for a point from the keyboard, as well as graphical input from cursor keys or a mouse. Edit functions have been expanded, and and nodes can be moved and deleted. GSMUTIL has two new options. Option 16 generates two digital lines parallel to a previously digitized line. This permits editing of road junctions without the chore of digitizing both sides of a road. Option 17 generates points for a splined line from a digitized trace. Used in combination with Option 9 (Filter), lines can be smoothed by splining to a file, followed by filtering to decrease plot times. GSMNET (NEW) is a program used to produce stereographic or equal area plots of poles to planar features or linear features using data from a GSMAP data base. SETUPDB (NEW) is a program which provides interactive support for the creation of GSMAP data bases, grids of lines, plot control files, and projection parameter files. GSPOST will operate on files with unlimited numbers of sample points (rows); new pen optimization routines have been incorporated to reduce plot time for large data sets. Test sets plotted with GSPOST 9 selecting from 3 pens took less than half the time as when using GSPV85. Time reductions are data set and plot file dependent. GSGRCO (NEW) is a program that draws data from GSPOST files, uses a 1/d2 algorithm to create a grid, then a minimum curvature algorithm to create contours in a GSMAP data base. GSREF, storage and management of references (key words) QUEIT (plotting from HPGL files) has been modified for pen optimization and sequential plotting from a series of files. Version 1.0 of GSDRAW and GSMAP was released in February 1986, Version 3.0 in August 1986, Version 4.0 in September 1987, Version 5.0 in May 1988, Version 6.0 in August 1989, Version 7.0 in January 1991, Version 8 in February 1992, Version 9 in August, 1993. SYSTEM 9 As with System 8, this release brings together a series of programs for IBM compatible microcomputers and standard peripheral devices. The functions of these programs are briefly described in this introduction. All have been revised from previously published versions, or are new to this release. All graphic output can be drawn on a plotter, on the screen or sent to a disk file using HPGL (the Hewlett Packard Graphics Language), including text and symbols. The on-screen graphics can be used to assist digitizing, editing, and design of output. All of the programs in this set can use either Cartesian data (X, Y coordinates) or geodetic data (latitude, longitude coordinates), The choice of coordinate system is made by the user. Cartesian coordinates are most useful for illustrations, cross sections, and maps where latitude, longitude coordinates are unavailable, where the use of a geodetic system adds unneeded complexity, or where it lacks sufficient precision (e.g. a map at a scale of 1 inch to 1 foot). When working with geodetic coordinates, these programs support Mercator, Universal Transverse Mercator, Trans- verse Mercator, Oblique Mercator, Lambert Conformal Conic, Albers Equal Area, Equidistant Conic, Polyconic, Sinusoidal, Van der Grinten, and Robinson map projections. Design goals required an "office-scale" hardware system with an affordable price. All of the programs operate from menu screens and are fully prompted. On-screen messages supply needed information and prompts call for responses from the user at appropriate times. Responses from the keyboard are entered by typing appropriate answers to the prompts, and then hitting the ENTER key. Default choices are indicated on the screen using upper-case letters; other acceptable responses are indicated in lower-case letters. The same sets of symbols and fonts are used by all programs in this release. Symbol and font definitions are con- tained in ASCII files that can be extended or modified by the user; line patterns can be modified. The documentation contains instructions on how to design new line patterns and symbols. These programs are oriented for use by geologists and other scientists, not for computer specialists. Programming skills are not required. Some knowledge of DOS and the ability to create and modify ASCII text files is required. DOCUMENTATION The documentation is organized into a series of chapt- ers. Chapters 1-4 deal with programs that create, modify, or use data from GSMAP digital data bases; the GSM series and related programs. Subsequent chapters deal with programs that create, modify, or use data in GSPOST format row column ASCII files; the GSP series and related programs, and with the GSL series GSLITH data bases. A QUICK VIEW OF SYSTEM 9 GSMAP GSMAP and related support programs including GSMEDIT, GSMUTIL, GSMPBLD, GSMPBS, and SETUPDB have been developed to assist geologists and illustrators in compi- lation and publication drafting of geologic maps and illustrations. These programs attempt to facilitate geologic map compilation and drafting in the way that digital word processing facilitates composition and editing of text. As a set of practical graphics programs, they enable digital compilation of graphical elements, ease the process of modification in response to second thoughts, editorial comments, and scale changes, and lead from initial compilation to publication without redigitizing or redrafting. GSMAP uses a high precision digitizer and plotter for entry and plotting of digital data. Program capabilities include modification of data bases by deletion of unwanted entries or additions at any time. Part or all of the data in a data base can be plotted. Words and alphanumeric characters are entered into an ASCII file using a word processing program, and their locations are entered by digitizing. Entries are numbered by the program and can be edited or deleted using this number. Although the primary output is to the plotter, plots of all data can be drawn on the screen. Plots can be made in two modes; the "draft" mode provides entry numbers, the "publication" mode draws plots without entry numbers. GSMAP data bases using the same coordinate system can be merged. GSMAP supports lines of 18 pattern types, symbols, patterning of polygonal areas, text (with leaders if needed), multi-line text entries, and text that flows along features such as rivers, fault lines, etc. The documentation provides a thirty page Tutorial that leads you key stroke by keystroke through the digitizing and plotting of a simple illustration that contains the elements of a geologic map. For a person who understands DOS and a modern word processing program the tutorial exercise requires approx- imately two hours to complete. Our internal training course is heavily oriented to hands-on participation and consists of two eight-hour days of lectures and exercises with approximately two hours dedicated to a discussion of projections. PROGRAMS FOR USE WITH GSMAP DATA BASES GSMUTIL Options: 1. To create a new data base containing entries selected by code from an existing data base, or to select the entire contents of a data base with deleted entries removed. 2. To create an ASCII file from an existing data base. The file can contain specified entries selected by code or the entire cont- ents of the data base. 3. To select entries from an existing data base inside one or more digitized polygons in another data base. 4. To create a data base from a formatted ASCII file. 5. Select entries inside or outside one polygon defined by points in an ASCII file from an existing data base. 6. To write a formatted ASCII file for use with 500-599 codes. Sequential numbering and proper punctuation are automatically provided. 7. To merge two or more data bases to form a new output data base containing combined entries. 8. To compute the lengths of lines and the areas and perimeters of polygons. 9. To filter the contents of a data base and create an output data base. 10. To read an input data base, snap node points (ends of lines) together and create an output data base 11. To convert a geodetic data base to a Cartesian data base. 12. To convert a Cartesian data base to a geodetic data base. 13. To generate a Cartesian or geodetic data base containing a grid of lines at spacings chosen by the user 14. To prepare a listing of codes used in an existing GSMAP data base. 15. To read a GSPOST data base and create an output GSMAP data base. 16. To read lines from an input GSMAP data base and generate an output GSMAP data base containing paired lines, one on each side of the input lines at a user-specified distance. 17. To read lines from an input GSMAP data base and generate splined lines in an output GSMAP data base. GSMEDIT This screen edit program permitting editing of data bases using either geodetic or Cartesian coordinates using the keyboard of the computer or a mouse. Points or entries can be deleted, points moved, CODE, P1, and P2 changed; lines broken into segments; the sequence of points in a line reversed, and onscreen digitizing. GSMPBLD This program assembles polygons from digitized lines, (entries code groups 1-99, from an existing data base and assem- bles these lines into closed polygons in an output data base. GSMPBS This program allows the user to select specific lines using the screen display (entries code groups 1-99, 400-499, 600- 699) from an existing data base and assembles these lines into closed polygons or into composite lines in an output data base. GSMROSE is a program for construction of rose diagrams from linear data (lines or polygon boundaries) in a GSMAP data base. The user can specify the radius of the diagram, the angular measure of the sector used for analysis, and output to the screen, to a plotter, to a disk file written in HPGL, or to a GSMAP data base in Cartesian coordinates. After drawing the rose diagram, a table can be printed that provides the numeric information used in constructing the diagram. Two methods of analyzing the linear data are provided, one length weighted, the second, count weighted. When using the length-weighted option the program reads the data for a specified code (lines or polygon margins) in a data base, calculates the bearing and length of each interval between points along the lines, accumulates these lengths for angular sectors of bearing as specified (e.g. if 5 degrees was specified, for 0 to 5, 5 to 10 and so on through 175-180), calculates the total length of line segments in each sector, and divides the length in each sector by the length in the maximum sector. This ratio is used in the rose diagram as the radius for the sector. The radius of the diagram for the sector of maximum length is chosen by the user. For data bases that use Cartesian coordinates the Y coordinate of the data base is used as the Y coordinate (0 degrees) for the rose diagram. GSMNET is a program used to produce stereographic or equal area point plots from data on planar or linear features drawn from a GSMAP data base, or from an ASCII file. Out put is to the screen, to a plotter, to an HPGL file, or to a GSMAP data base. CROSS SECTIONS GSSECT is a program that enables quick and accurate generation and plotting of the topographic profile for cross sec- tions, and other profiles drawn from contour maps. Version 9.0 of this program has been revised from Version 2.0 so that it uses the same configuration files as GSMAP Version 8, to interface with digitizers and plotters. It can plot sections to the screen, to files written in HPGL (Hewlett Packard Graphics Language), drive plotters, or generate a GSMAP data base in Cartesian coordinates. Drawing the topographic profile for structure sections is a chore not relished by most geologists, and with conventional drafting techniques is beset with pitfalls and inaccu- racies. The use of a precise digitizer for data input and of a plotter to draw the section, eliminates most of these problems, and speeds the entire process. Using GSSECT Version 9.0, a topographic profile may be drawn along a straight line, along connecting straight line segments, such as a section with a bend, or along a curve (many short line segments), such as the course of a stream. The gradient between points of known elevation can be computed, printed, and plotted to assist analysis of a profile. DIGITIZING OF SAMPLE LOCALITIES GSDIG Version 9.0 is a program that makes use of a digitizer to determine geodetic (latitude, longitude) coordinates or Cartesian (X, Y) coordinates from maps or drawings and create ASCII character files containing site identifiers and geode- tic coordinates (degrees, minutes, seconds) or Cartesian coordi- nates in units from the drawing or digitizer units (usually inches). Geodetic coordinates for points can be digitized from any map that has latitude/longitude coordinates for four points and has been drawn using one of the supported map projections. The output format for ASCII files can be chosen to provide easy input of data to spreadsheet, data base management programs, or to geodetic or Cartesian data bases in GSMAP format. Alphanumeric site identifiers are in part entered from the computer keyboard, in part from the digitizer keypad. An option in the utility program, GSMUTIL, is included so that digitized geodetic or Cartesian (X,Y) data in GSPOST format can be directly entered into a GSMAP data base. Data from a series of maps can be digitized and the data stored in a single output file in a single digitizing session without leaving the program. Alternatively, data can be added to an existing file permitting use of a single file in several digitizing sessions. Use of a "mask" composed of prefix and suffix entered from the keyboard permits alphanumeric identifiers for sites to be entered from the numeric keypad of the digitizer during digitizing. The prefix, maximum number of digits, and the suffix can be changed during digitizing without reentering the coordinates of the corners of the map, or reindexing the map to the digitizer. PROGRAMS UTILIZING ROW-COLUMN ASCII FILES GSPOST draws data from a GSPOST format file, draws plots on the screen, on a plotter, or writes to a disk file in HPGL to make maps displaying information associated with geographic sites by drawing symbols and/or posting numerical data. GSPOST selects symbols according to values in a data column as specified in a plot control file, and can post numerical value in a default position, in alternate positions, and at selected angles to reduce over-posting. Its on-screen display assists analysis and editing. The user must supply an ASCII data file that contains a series of rows and columns. Each row contains a series of attributes that apply to one data point. Each column contains one kind of attribute. The first columns of each row are "control" columns providing the site's identifier, the coordinates of the site and the position and angle posting numerical values. Additional columns to a total of 50, are data columns. Latitude/longitude information can be specified either in decimal degrees, or in degrees, minutes, and seconds. Both formats cannot be used in a single file. X,Y coordinates are specified in a system appropriate to the map; these cannot be mixed with latitude,longitude coordi- nates in a single data file. GSPOST allows the user to specify the column from which data will be selected, values or ranges in values (class intervals), and choose different symbols (and/or different symbol sizes for each class, with or without posting of numerical values, or the posting of site identifiers. The position of posting of data at each site can be adjusted to reduce over-printing of numbers by changing the position and/or the angle of posting. These adjustments are made by on-screen editing. For any map the X and Y scales are independent; the area is specified using the coordinates of corner points in the coordinate system chosen for locating data points geodetic or X,Y). GSPUTIL Options provide conversion of the location coordinates of GSPOST files from one coordinate type to a different type, sort files into geographic blocks to reduce plotting time, and select data points either inside or outside areas defined in ASCII trim files. GRAPHS AND STATISTICS GSPUV calculates univariate statistics parameters and generates histograms from data drawn from a selected column. GSPPROB generates probability diagrams drawing data from a single column. GSPXY constructs X,Y plots from two selected columns and calculates regression coefficients. GSPTD generates a ternary diagram using data from three selected columns. GRAPHIC SECTIONS GSPCS produces graphic cross sections from data in selected columns. CONTOURING AND GRIDDING GSPDC provides contouring and gridding of data taken from from one data column, based on generation of Delaunay triangles. A review procedure assists identification of anomalous points, be they real anomalies or artifacts produced by problems in the input file. GSGRCO provides a program to go from an ASCII file that provides the coordinates of a series of points and a value for a parameter at each point, through review to verify the data, to a gridded data set, to production of a contoured map on screen, to a GSMAP data base, and to a plotted map by using the GSMAP program for editing and plotting. The gridding algorithm has two parts, listed here in order of priority. If a grid point falls exactly on a data point, the value for that point will be selected. The main sequence of calculations are used to calculate a value for the grid point weighting values from data points according to the inverse square of their distance from the grid point. The user specifies a maximum distance from the grid point within which data will be used for computation of the grid point value; points at greater distances will not be used. If there are no data points within the assigned maximum distance of the grid point, no value is assigned for that point. The grid spacing and maximum dis- tance are selected by the user and entered independently, to allow specification of the best values for the data set being processed. Like GSPDC, a review procedure assists identification of anomalous points, be they real anomalies or artifacts produced by problems in the input file. GSLITH is a program designed to organize, store, and process data that define the "vertical" sequence of rock units at locations specified by latitude, longitude coordinates or by Carte- sian coordinates. The program's name comes from Geological Survey Lithology. The program requires an IBM PC-compatible microcomputer and a digitizer and a plotter for full implementation. The format of the GSLITH data files for Version 9 has been changed from that of System 8. This change has been made so that Cartesian coordinates could be supported (geodetic only in Version 8). Data bases used by GSLITH System 8 can be converted to Version 9 using Option 12 of the GSLUTIL program. Graphic and numeric output from GSLITH data bases assist analysis of lithologic and associated numeric data from drill holes. The words "hole" or "well" are used in this documentation to indicate a place where data on the vertical sequence of units are available, with obvious extensions to an outcrop. Lithologies and graphical numeric data are shown on plots by lines and pat- terns chosen by the user and drawn on cross section and plan views. The program can draw a series of cross sections from drill hole data plotting the lithologic units in the drill hole, and numeric variables (such as chemical values) at true positions as projected to the vertical plane of section. This provides a quick and accurate way of determining the consistency of a data set, locating critical holes, identifying errors in the data, and starting the process of data analysis. These sections also furnish a basis for construction of standard cross sections, allowing the geologist to connect like features without the tedium of projecting well data to the plane of section. Plots of drill holes on cross sections can be made at true elevations, or adjusted so that the base or top of a specified unit, or a particular contact is plotted at a specified elevation. Such alignment of a stratigraphic horizon may facilitate strati- graphic analysis. If a contact is specified, only those holes where this contact has been identified in the data will be plotted. A type of block diagram can be constructed on a single sheet by drawing a series of stacked cross sections, thus providing an overview of a data sets in three dimensions. The program projects data from slant holes to the plane of cross section in proper geometric projection, including changes in apparent thickness of units and apparent plunge of slant holes to accommodate the bearing and plunge of the hole and horizontal and vertical scale selected for the section. Plan views can be drawn to provide information on the stratigraphic and structural framework of an area. A plot of the elevation of the contact of two units provides data for construc- tion of a structure contour map. A plot of the thickness of a unit provides data for construction of an isopach map. ASCII files generated by GSLITH can be used with computer-driven con- touring programs. If the elevation data from a series of holes are adjusted to bring a particular contact to a specified vertical position by the program, a plot of the vertical offset required for this adjustment provides insight into the shape of this contact in three dimensions. Horizontal slices through well data sets provide data for a subsurface geologic map at the chosen elevation. Figure 36 is a plan view of a hypothetical set of drill holes. Examples of GSLITH can be used to digitize the locations of drill holes, measured sections, or other places where information has been obtained. It stores information about the vertical extent of units at each locality, and as many as five numeric variables that apply to each unit. It employs a user-defined "standard set" of unit identifiers. Input of data for units at each locality is checked against this standard set to guarantee consistency. Plotter pat- terns are specified by the user for each unit, and are used in drawing plan views and cross sections. As many as five numeric variables associated with each unit can be stored in the data base and plotted on sections. Upper and lower vertical limits can be specified for sections, and data within these limits plotted. This allows use of a greater range of vertical scales without exceeding plotter limits. The map projections supported for digitizing and plotting include the Mercator, Universal Transverse Mercator, Transverse Merca- tor, Oblique Mercator, Polyconic, Lambert Conformal Conic, Albers Equal Area, and Equidistant Conic. The utility program GSLUTIL assists in working with data bases, including the reformatting of Version 8 GSLITH data bases to Version 9. Its options enable export and import of ASCII files from and to GSLITH data bases, change of identifiers for specific beds throughout a data base, geographic trimming to select parts of a data base, and perform other tasks related to management and editing of data bases. GSLEDIT facilitates review and editing of GSLITH data bases. Sections can be drawn on the screen, wells selected for edit based on the graphical display in section view, the cont- ents of the data base modified as needed, then re-checked in section view to verify changes. GSREF is a program that facilitates management of bibliographic references, alphabetizes references, and allows searchs based on references and or key words assigned to each reference. INTERCONNECTION OF HARDWARE Please refer to the Installation section of the documentation for such details as we can supply to assist configuration of the system. Manuals supplied with computer, digitizer, and plotter contain details and explanations of switch settings, cable specifications, and details about interconnection and configuration of particular hardware. INSTALLATION OF SOFTWARE The programs of System 9 are contained in an execut- able archive on the release diskette, a file named SYS9.EXE. make a directory on your hard disk to receive the files, some 1.6 mbytes in total. Make this directory the active area, put the release disk in a floppy disk drive, e.g. A: Type A:SYS9. The files in operational format will be added to the active area of the hard disk. Add a statement of location for GSFILES e.g. SET GSFILES=C:\GS to the computer,s AUTOEXEC.BAT file. Make a directory with the specified name, then copy configuration files (CONFIG9.*) and font files (*.FNT) into the specified directory (in the example above C:\GS). The executable programs should be copied into an active directory (one specified in the PATH statement of the AUTOEXEC.BAT file). GSMAP requires four configuration files, CONFIG9.DIG, CONFIG9.PLT, CONFIG9.SYM, and CON- FIG9.SCR, and the font file 0.FNT, and other font files that may be used in a given plot. Other programs have varying needs, but all are well served if all CONFIG9.* files and *.FNT files are in the location specified by the environmental variable. If no environmental variable is specified, the required configuration and font files must be in the directory that contains the program file, and the programs must be operated from this directory. This may necessitate multiple copies of these files, and consequent unnecessary use of disk space. Configuration The files CONFIG9.SCR, CONFIG9.DIG, and CONFIG9.PLT must be configured to match your hardware system. Details are provided in the section "Hardware installa- tion and configuration files" beginning on p. 317 of the documentation. Refer to the section starting on page 317 for installa- tion of hardware. Pay special attention to the details on configuration files. Modify the three configuration files CONFIG9.SCR, CONFIG9.DIG, and CONFIG9.PLT to match the physical setup of your system. These modifications can be made using an ASCII edit program. Check about the use of the menu template for digitizers with less than 16 keys, and even for use with 16 key digitizer keypads if different ASCII characters aren't sent by each key, or if different numbers of characters are sent by different keys or different positions on the digitizer. FREE ADVICE Understanding the meaning of a few terms is critical to operation of these programs. These critical terms and others of lesser import are defined in the glossary near the end of the documentation, p. 355; it's recommended reading for a Saturday night. Be sure that you understand the meanings of the term ENTER as used with the keyboard, with the digitizer keypad and with the plotter. All programs use the convention that a data base is specified by name without use of the DOS extension(s), and that all files are specified by complete name with extension, (and with drive and directory, if other than the active area). PLOT CONTROL FILES ASCII plot control files are required by many of these programs. Please do not assume that a plot control file for one program will necessarily work correctly with another. The re- quirements of different programs may be entirely different. DEFAULT VALUES At many points in the programs described here, prompts indicate choices that have default values (hit the ENTER key). Default choices are indicated in Upper case letters; lower case letters designate the other valid choices. Plot Register A word of caution about the PR plot register option of GSMAP, and GSPOST that provide a way of using a plotter to make a plot registered to corners drawn on the sheet, i.e., here's a way to draw a geologic map on a paper copy of the topographic base. This process uses a temporary HPGL file (created then deleted). Although you won't ever see this file, space must be available on the working drive so that the computer can create and use it. For this reason, use a directory with plenty of space on your fastest drive. Some of these HPGL files can be large, very much larger than the data base files. One of ours for a complete and patterned 15' quadrangle is over a Megabyte in size. This PR process isn't practical when using floppy disks. Progress Version 9 replaces Open File Reports 90-229, 92-217, 92-260, and 92-372