-CITE- 22 USC CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -MISC1- Sec. 2451. Congressional statement of purpose. 2451a. Repealed. 2452. Authorization of activities. 2452a. Exchange program with countries in transition from totalitarianism to democracy. 2452b. International expositions. 2453. Agreements with foreign governments and international organizations. 2454. Administration. 2455. Appropriations. 2456. J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board. 2457. Reports by Board. 2458. Authority of President. 2458a. Federal employee participation in cultural exchange programs. 2459. Immunity from seizure under judicial process of cultural objects imported for temporary exhibition or display. 2460. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. 2461. Exchanges between United States and independent states of the former Soviet Union. 2462. Establishment of grant program for foreign study by American college students of limited financial means. 2463. Allocation of funds transferred to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. 2464. Ethical issues in international health research. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2451 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2451. Congressional statement of purpose -STATUTE- The purpose of this chapter is to enable the Government of the United States to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries by means of educational and cultural exchange; to strengthen the ties which unite us with other nations by demonstrating the educational and cultural interests, developments, and achievements of the people of the United States and other nations, and the contributions being made toward a peaceful and more fruitful life for people throughout the world; to promote international cooperation for educational and cultural advancement; and thus to assist in the development of friendly, sympathetic, and peaceful relations between the United States and the other countries of the world. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 101, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out below and Tables. -MISC1- SHORT TITLE Section 1 of Pub. L. 87-256 provided: "That this Act [enacting this chapter, amending sections 1101, 1182 and 1258 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, sections 117, 871, 872, 1441, 3121, 3306, 3401 and 3402 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, and section 410 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealing sections 1431(2), 1434, 1439, 1440, 1446, 1448, 1466 to 1468 and 1991 to 2001 of this title, sections 222 to 224 of Title 20, Education, and section 1641(b)(2) of Title 50, Appendix, War and National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and under sections 117, 1441, 3121 and 3401 of Title 26] may be cited as the 'Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961'." -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS Functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof under this chapter transferred to Director of International Communication Agency by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, except (A) for such functions as are vested by sections 2452(b)(6), (10), 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c), 2456(a) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by sections 2454(b), 2455(d)(2), (f), and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State. International Communication Agency, and Director thereof, redesignated United States Information Agency, and Director thereof, by section 303 of Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. References to United States Information Agency or International Communication Agency deemed to refer to Department of State, see section 6551 of this title. -MISC2- EXPANSION OF UNITED STATES SCHOLARSHIP AND EXCHANGE PROGRAMS IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD Pub. L. 108-458, title VII, Sec. 7112, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3796, provided that: "(a) Findings. - Consistent with the report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Congress makes the following findings: "(1) Exchange, scholarship, and library programs are effective ways for the United States Government to promote internationally the values and ideals of the United States. "(2) Exchange, scholarship, and library programs can expose young people from other countries to United States values and offer them knowledge and hope. "(b) Declaration of Policy. - Consistent with the report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Congress declares that - "(1) the United States should commit to a long-term and sustainable investment in promoting engagement with people of all levels of society in countries with predominantly Muslim populations, particularly with youth and those who influence youth; "(2) such an investment should make use of the talents and resources in the private sector and should include programs to increase the number of people who can be exposed to the United States and its fundamental ideas and values in order to dispel misconceptions; and "(3) such programs should include youth exchange programs, young ambassadors programs, international visitor programs, academic and cultural exchange programs, American Corner programs, library programs, journalist exchange programs, sister city programs, and other programs related to people-to-people diplomacy. "(c) Sense of Congress. - It is the sense of Congress that the United States should significantly increase its investment in the people-to-people programs described in subsection (b). "(d) Authority To Expand Educational and Cultural Exchanges. - The President is authorized to substantially expand the exchange, scholarship, and library programs of the United States, especially such programs that benefit people in the Muslim world. "(e) Availability of Funds. - Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated in each of the fiscal years 2005 and 2006 for educational and cultural exchange programs, there shall be available to the Secretary of State such sums as may be necessary to carry out programs under this section, unless otherwise authorized by Congress." ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON CULTURAL DIPLOMACY Pub. L. 107-228, div. A, title II, Sec. 224, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1368, provided that: "(a) Establishment. - There is established an Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy (in this section referred to as the 'Advisory Committee'), which shall be composed of nine members, as follows: "(1) The Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy, who shall serve as Chair. "(2) The Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs. "(3) Seven members appointed pursuant to subsection (c). "(b) Duties. - The Advisory Committee shall advise the Secretary on programs and policies to advance the use of cultural diplomacy in United States foreign policy. The Advisory Committee shall, in particular, provide advice to the Secretary on - "(1) increasing the presentation abroad of the finest of the creative, visual, and performing arts of the United States; and "(2) strategies for increasing public-private partnerships to sponsor cultural exchange programs that promote the national interests of the United States. "(c) Appointments. - The members of the Advisory Committee shall be appointed by the Secretary, not more than four of whom shall be from the same political party, from among distinguished Americans with a demonstrated record of achievement in the creative, visual, and performing arts, or international affairs. No officer or employee of the United States shall be appointed to the Advisory Committee. "(d) Vacancies. - A vacancy in the membership of the Advisory Committee shall be filled in the same manner as provided under this subsection to make the original appointment. "(e) Meetings. - A majority of the members of the Advisory Committee shall constitute a quorum. The Advisory Committee shall meet at least twice each year or as frequently as may be necessary to carry out its duties. "(f) Administrative Support. - The Secretary is authorized to provide the Advisory Committee with necessary administrative support from among the staff of the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the Department. "(g) Compensation. - Members of the Advisory Committee shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, at rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, United States Code, while away from their homes or regular places of business in the performance of services of the Advisory Committee. "(h) Exemption From Federal Advisory Committee Act. - The Federal Advisory Committee Act [5 U.S.C. App.] shall not apply to the Advisory Committee to the extent that the provisions of this section are inconsistent with that Act. "(i) Authorization of Appropriations. - There are authorized to be appropriated to the Department such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section. "(j) Termination. - The Advisory Committee shall terminate September 30, 2005." [For definitions of "Secretary" and "Department" as used in section 224 of Pub. L. 107-228, set out above, see section 3 of Pub. L. 107-228, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.] CONTINUATION OF CERTAIN EXECUTIVE ORDERS, AGREEMENTS, DETERMINATIONS, REGULATIONS, CONTRACTS, APPOINTMENTS, AND OTHER ACTIONS Section 111(b) of Pub. L. 87-256 provided that: "All Executive orders, agreements, determinations, regulations, contracts, appointments, and other actions issued, concluded, or taken under authority of any provisions of law repealed by subsection (a) of this section [repealing sections 1431(2), 1434, 1439, 1440, 1446, 1448, 1466 to 1468, and 1991 to 2001 of this title, sections 222 to 224 of Title 20, Education, and section 1641(b)(2) of Title 50, Appendix, War and National Defense] shall continue in full force and effect, and shall be applicable to the appropriate provisions of this Act [this chapter] until modified or superseded by appropriate authority." REFERENCES IN OTHER LAWS TO REPEALED PROVISIONS Section 111(c) of Pub. L. 87-256 provided that: "Any reference in any other Act to the provisions of law listed in subsection (a) [repealing sections 1431(2), 1434, 1439, 1440, 1446, 1448, 1466 to 1468, and 1991 to 2001 of this title, sections 222 to 224 of Title 20, Education, and section 1641(b)(2) of Title 50, Appendix, War and National Defense] shall hereafter be considered to be references to the appropriate provisions of this Act [this chapter]." -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2451a 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2451a. Repealed. -MISC1- Sec. 2451a. Repealed. Pub. L. 91-269, Sec. 7, May 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 272. Section, Pub. L. 89-685, Sec. 8, Oct. 15, 1966, 80 Stat. 974, required registration of international fair, exposition, celebration or other international exhibition with an international organization for participation by the United States. See section 2801 et seq. of this title. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2452 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2452. Authorization of activities -STATUTE- (a) Grants or contracts for educational or cultural exchanges; participation in international fairs and expositions abroad The Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized, when he considers that it would strengthen international cooperative relations, to provide, by grant, contract, or otherwise, for - (1) educational exchanges, (i) by financing studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities - (A) of or for American citizens and nationals in foreign countries, and (B) of or for citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American schools and institutions of learning located in or outside the United States; and (ii) by financing visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of students, trainees, teachers, instructors, and professors; (2) cultural exchanges, by financing - (i) visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of leaders, experts in fields of specialized knowledge or skill, and other influential or distinguished persons; (ii) tours in countries abroad by creative and performing artists and athletes from the United States, individually and in groups, representing any field of the arts, sports, or any other form of cultural attainment; (iii) United States representation in international artistic, dramatic, musical, sports, and other cultural festivals, competitions, meetings, and like exhibitions and assemblies; (iv) participation by groups and individuals from other countries in nonprofit activities in the United States similar to those described in subparagraphs (ii) and (iii) of this paragraph, when the Director of the United States Information Agency determines that such participation is in the national interest.(!1) (3) United States participation in international fairs and expositions abroad, including trade and industrial fairs and other public or private demonstrations of United States economic accomplishments and cultural attainments. (b) Other exchanges In furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, the President is further authorized to provide for - (1) interchanges between the United States and other countries of handicrafts, scientific, technical, and scholarly books, books of literature, periodicals, and Government publications, and the reproduction and translation of such writings, and the preparation, distribution, and interchange of other educational and research materials, including laboratory and technical equipment for education and research; (2) establishing and operating in the United States and abroad centers for cultural and technical interchanges to promote better relations and understanding between the United States and other nations through cooperative study, training, and research; (3) assistance in the establishment, expansion, maintenance, and operation of schools and institutions of learning abroad, founded, operated, or sponsored by citizens or nonprofit institutions of the United States, including such schools and institutions serving as demonstration centers for methods and practices employed in the United States; (4) fostering and supporting American studies in foreign countries through professorships, lectureships, institutes, seminars, and courses in such subjects as American history, government, economics, language and literature, and other subjects related to American civilization and culture, including financing the attendance at such studies by persons from other countries; (5) promoting and supporting medical, scientific, cultural, and educational research and development; (6) promoting modern foreign language training and area studies in United States schools, colleges, and universities by supporting visits and study in foreign countries by teachers and prospective teachers in such schools, colleges, and universities for the purpose of improving their skill in languages and their knowledge of the culture of the people of those countries, and by financing visits by teachers from those countries to the United States for the purpose of participating in foreign language training and area studies in United States schools, colleges, and universities; (7) United States representation at international nongovernmental educational, scientific, and technical meetings; (8) participation by groups and individuals from other countries in educational, scientific, and technical meetings held under American auspices in or outside the United States; (9) encouraging independent research into the problems of educational and cultural exchange; (10) promoting studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities of citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American schools, colleges, and universities located in the United States by making available to citizens and nationals of less developed friendly foreign countries for exchange for currencies of their respective countries (other than excess foreign currencies), at United States embassies, United States dollars in such amounts as may be necessary to enable such foreign citizens or nationals who are coming temporarily to the United States as students, trainees, teachers, instructors, or professors to meet expenses of the kind described in section 2454(e)(1) of this title; (11) interchanges and visits between the United States and other countries of scientists, scholars, leaders, and other experts in the fields of environmental science and environmental management; and (12) promoting respect for and guarantees of religious freedom abroad by interchanges and visits between the United States and other nations of religious leaders, scholars, and religious and legal experts in the field of religious freedom. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 102, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527; Pub. L. 87- 565, pt. IV, Sec. 403, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 263; Pub. L. 89-698, title II, Sec. 203(a), Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1071; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 97- 241, title III, Sec. 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291; Pub. L. 98-164, title VII, Sec. 703(a), Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1045; Pub. L. 105-292, title V, Sec. 503, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2811.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Subsec. (b)(12). Pub. L. 105-292 added par. (12). 1983 - Subsec. (b)(11). Pub. L. 98-164 added par. (11). 1966 - Subsec. (b)(10). Pub. L. 89-698 added par. (10). 1962 - Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 87-565 inserted "abroad" after "expositions". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1962 AMENDMENT Section 403 of Pub. L. 87-565 provided in part that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall not be applicable with respect to any fair or exposition within the United States for which an appropriation has been provided." -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. "Director of the United States Information Agency" substituted for "Director of the International Communication Agency" in subsec. (a), opening par. and par. (2)(iv), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. Previously, "Director of the International Communication Agency" substituted for "President" in subsec. (a), opening par. and par. (2)(iv), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, which transferred functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency, or Director thereof, under this chapter, to Director of International Communication Agency, except (A) for such functions as are vested by subsec. (b)(6), (10) of this section, and sections 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c), 2456(a) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by sections 2454(b), 2455(d)(2), (f), and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State. DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, Director of United States Information Agency, Secretary of Commerce, and Secretary of Education, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, as amended, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title. -MISC2- PERFORMANCE OF FUNCTIONS Authorization of performance of functions under subsec. (a)(2) and (3) of this section by departments or other executive agencies, see Ex. Ord. No. 11380, Sec. 2, Nov. 8, 1967, 32 F.R. 15627, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title. PILOT PROGRAM TO PROVIDE GRANTS TO AMERICAN-SPONSORED SCHOOLS IN PREDOMINANTLY MUSLIM COUNTRIES TO PROVIDE SCHOLARSHIPS Pub. L. 108-458, title VII, Sec. 7113, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3797, provided that: "(a) Findings. - Congress makes the following findings: "(1) During the 2003-2004 school year, the Office of Overseas Schools of the Department of State is financially assisting 189 elementary and secondary schools in foreign countries. "(2) United States-sponsored elementary and secondary schools are located in more than 20 countries with predominantly Muslim populations in the Near East, Africa, South Asia, Central Asia, and East Asia. "(3) United States-sponsored elementary and secondary schools provide an American-style education in English, with curricula that typically include an emphasis on the development of critical thinking and analytical skills. "(b) Statement of Policy. - The United States has an interest in increasing the level of financial support provided to United States- sponsored elementary and secondary schools in countries with predominantly Muslim populations in order to - "(1) increase the number of students in such countries who attend such schools; "(2) increase the number of young people who may thereby gain at any early age an appreciation for the culture, society, and history of the United States; and "(3) increase the number of young people who may thereby improve their proficiency in the English language. "(c) Pilot Program. - The Secretary of State, acting through the Director of the Office of Overseas Schools of the Department of State, may conduct a pilot program to make grants to United States- sponsored elementary and secondary schools in countries with predominantly Muslim populations for the purpose of providing full or partial merit-based scholarships to students from lower-income and middle-income families of such countries to attend such schools. "(d) Determination of Eligible Students. - For purposes of the pilot program, a United States-sponsored elementary and secondary school that receives a grant under the pilot program may establish criteria to be implemented by such school to determine what constitutes lower-income and middle-income families in the country (or region of the country, if regional variations in income levels in the country are significant) in which such school is located. "(e) Restriction on Use of Funds. - Amounts appropriated to the Secretary of State pursuant to the authorization of appropriations in subsection (h) shall be used for the sole purpose of making grants under this section, and may not be used for the administration of the Office of Overseas Schools of the Department of State or for any other activity of the Office. "(f) Voluntary Participation. - Nothing in this section shall be construed to require participation in the pilot program by a United States-sponsored elementary or secondary school in a predominantly Muslim country. "(g) Report. - Not later than April 15, 2006, the Secretary of State shall submit to the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report on the pilot program. The report shall assess the success of the program, examine any obstacles encountered in its implementation, and address whether it should be continued, and if so, provide recommendations to increase its effectiveness. "(h) Funding. - There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State for each of the fiscal years 2005 and 2006, unless otherwise authorized by Congress, such sums as necessary to implement the pilot program under this section." CONDUCT OF CERTAIN EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMS Pub. L. 104-319, title I, Sec. 102, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3865, as amended by Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title IV, Sec. 402], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-445, provided that: "(a) In General. - In carrying out programs of educational and cultural exchange in countries whose people do not fully enjoy freedom and democracy, the Secretary of State, with the assistance of the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy, shall provide, where appropriate, opportunities for significant participation in such programs to nationals of such countries who are - "(1) human rights or democracy leaders of such countries; or "(2) committed to advancing human rights and democratic values in such countries. "(b) Grantee Organizations. - To the extent practicable, grantee organizations selected to operate programs described in subsection (a) shall be selected through an open competitive process. Among the factors that should be considered in the selection of such a grantee are the willingness and ability of the organization to - "(1) recruit a broad range of participants, including those described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a); and "(2) ensure that the governments of the countries described in subsection (a) do not have inappropriate influence in the selection process." LIMITATION ON PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS OR FAIRS Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 230, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 424, which provided that United States Information Agency could not obligate or expend funds for a United States Government funded pavilion or major exhibit at any international exposition or world's fair in excess of amounts expressly authorized and appropriated for such purpose, was repealed by Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, Sec. 204(e)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-421. See section 2452b of this title. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE, SCHOLARSHIP, AND TRAINING PROGRAMS Pub. L. 106-554, Sec. 1(a)(4) [div. B, title II], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A-254, as amended by Pub. L. 107-228, div. A, title II, Sec. 227, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1369, known as the Vietnam Education Foundation Act of 2000, established the Vietnam Education Foundation to provide fellowships to Vietnamese nationals to study the sciences, mathematics, medicine, and technology in the United States and to United States citizens to teach those subjects in Vietnam. Pub. L. 104-319, title I, Sec. 103, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3865, as amended by Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIV, Sec. 2415, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-834; Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title IV, Sec. 401], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-445; Pub. L. 107-228, div. A, title II, Sec. 222, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1367, authorized establishment of educational and cultural exchange programs between United States and people of Tibet and authorized scholarships for Tibetans and Burmese. Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 235, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 425, authorized establishment and maintenance of American studies collections at appropriate foreign university libraries to further the study of the United States. Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 236, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 425, authorized establishment of educational and cultural exchange programs between United States and Tibet. Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 237, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, established a scholarship program for East Timorese students qualified to study in United States. Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 238, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, related to establishment and expansion of Cambodian scholarship and exchange programs. Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 239, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, related to expansion of exchange program allocations to Africa. Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 240, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, as amended by Pub. L. 105-244, title I, Sec. 102(a)(7)(A), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1619, established a program to promote academic exchanges in disciplines relevant to environment and sustainable development. Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 241, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 427, authorized scholarships to qualified students from South Pacific nations. Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 242, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 427, provided for international exchange programs involving disability related matters. Pub. L. 102-511, title VIII, Sec. 807, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3353, authorized exchange and training programs between United States and independent states of former Soviet Union. Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 210, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 694, authorized grants to Claude and Mildred Pepper Scholarship Program of the Washington Workshops Foundation to enable foreign visiting students to observe workings and operations of democratic form of government of United States. Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 214, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 696, established Israeli Arab Scholarship Fund within United States Information Agency to finance attendance of Israeli Arabs at United States institutions of higher education. Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 225, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 699, authorized establishment of an endowment fund to support an exchange program among secondary school students from United States and former Warsaw Pact countries, prior to repeal, eff. 6 months after Oct. 24, 1992, by Pub. L. 102-511, title VIII, Sec. 807(c), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3354. Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 226, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 699, authorized scholarships for foreign and United States students and scholars awarded by Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of United States Information Agency to facilitate study, research, and teaching within United States. Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 227, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 700, as amended by Pub. L. 102-511, title VIII, Sec. 801, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3352; Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIV, Sec. 2413, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-832, established Muskie Fellowship Program to award scholarships to graduate students from independent states of the former Soviet Union, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia for study within United States. Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 228, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 702, as amended by Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 233, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 424; Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXII, Sec. 2219(a)(7), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-817, authorized assistance to United States graduate and postdoctoral students researching Near and Middle East. Pub. L. 102-138, title II, Sec. 229, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 702, authorized scholarships for Vietnamese residents qualified to study in United States. STUDY AND REPORT ON WAYS TO REDUCE THE DRAIN FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES OF PROFESSIONAL PERSONS AND SKILLED SPECIALISTS Pub. L. 89-698, title III, Sec. 301, Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1072, authorized Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to conduct an investigation to determine number of individuals from developing countries who enter United States annually to further their education and fail to return to their homeland and to report to President and to Congress findings and conclusions together with recommendations for any legislation deemed necessary to encourage these individuals to return and use their education and training in service of their homeland. -EXEC- EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 10716 Ex. Ord. No. 10716, June 18, 1957, 22 F.R. 4345, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 10912, Jan. 19, 1961, 26 F.R. 509, which related to administration of programs under this chapter, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2452a 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2452a. Exchange program with countries in transition from totalitarianism to democracy -STATUTE- (a) Authorization of activities; grants or contracts for exchanges with foreign countries Pursuant to the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.] and using the authorities contained therein, the President is authorized, when the President considers that it would strengthen international cooperative relations, to provide, by grant, contract, or otherwise, for exchanges with countries that are in transition from totalitarianism to democracy, which include, but are not limited to Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania - (1) by financing studies, research, instruction, and related activities - (A) of or for American citizens and nationals in foreign countries; and (B) of or for citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American private businesses, trade associations, unions, chambers of commerce, and local, State, and Federal Government agencies, located in or outside the United States; and (2) by financing visits and interchanges between the United States and countries in transition from totalitarianism to democracy. The program under this section shall be coordinated by the Department of State. (b) Transfer of funds The President is authorized to transfer to the appropriate appropriations account of the Department of State such sums as the President shall determine to be necessary out of the travel accounts of the departments and agencies of the United States, except for the Department of State, as the President shall designate. Such transfers shall be subject to the approval of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate. In addition, the President is authorized to accept such gifts or cost-sharing arrangements as may be proffered to sustain the program under this section. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 101-610, title VI, Sec. 602, Nov. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 3186; Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, Sec. 1335(c), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-787.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the National and Community Service Act of 1990, and not as part of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105-277, Sec. 1335(c)(1), substituted "Department of State" for "United States Information Agency" before period at end. Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105-277, Sec. 1335(c)(2), in first sentence, substituted "appropriate appropriations account of the Department of State" for "appropriations account of the United States Information Agency" and struck out "and the United States Information Agency" before ", as the President". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 105-277 effective Oct. 1, 1999, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 105-277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6531 of this title. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2452b 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2452b. International expositions -STATUTE- (a) Limitation Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Department of State may not obligate or expend any funds appropriated to the Department of State for a United States pavilion or other major exhibit at any international exposition or world's fair registered by the Bureau of International Expositions in excess of amounts expressly authorized and appropriated for such purpose. (b) Exceptions (1) In general The Department of State is authorized to utilize its personnel and resources to carry out the responsibilities of the Department for the following: (A) Administrative services, including legal and other advice and contract administration, under section 2452(a)(3) of this title related to United States participation in international fairs and expositions abroad. Such administrative services may not include capital expenses, operating expenses, or travel or related expenses (other than such expenses as are associated with the provision of administrative services by employees of the Department of State). (B) Activities under section 2455(f) of this title with respect to encouraging foreign governments, international organizations, and private individuals, firms, associations, agencies and other groups to participate in international fairs and expositions and to make contributions to be utilized for United States participation in international fairs and expositions. (C) Encouraging private support of United States pavilions and exhibits at international fairs and expositions. (2) Statutory construction Nothing in this subsection authorizes the use of funds appropriated to the Department of State to make payments for - (A) contracts, grants, or other agreements with any other party to carry out the activities described in this subsection; or (B) the satisfaction of any legal claim or judgment or the costs of litigation brought against the Department of State arising from activities described in this subsection. (c) Notification No funds made available to the Department of State by any Federal agency to be used for a United States pavilion or other major exhibit at any international exposition or world's fair registered by the Bureau of International Expositions may be obligated or expended unless the appropriate congressional committees are notified not less than 15 days prior to such obligation or expenditure. (d) Reports The Commissioner General of a United States pavilion or other major exhibit at any international exposition or world's fair registered by the Bureau of International Expositions shall submit to the Secretary of State and the appropriate congressional committees a report concerning activities relating to such pavilion or exhibit every 180 days while serving as Commissioner General and shall submit a final report summarizing all such activities not later than 1 year after the closure of the pavilion or exhibit. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 106-113, div. B, Sec. 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, Sec. 204], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A-420.) -COD- CODIFICATION Section is comprised of section 1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, Sec. 204] of div. B of Pub. L. 106-113. Subsec. (e) of section 204 of title II of section 1000(a)(7) of Pub. L. 106-113 repealed section 230 of Pub. L. 103-236 which was classified as a note under section 2452 of this title. Section was enacted as part of the Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001, and not as part of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter. -CROSS- DEFINITIONS In subsecs. (c) and (d), "appropriate congressional committees" means the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, see section 1000(a)(7) [Sec. 3(1)] of Pub. L. 106-113, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2453 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2453. Agreements with foreign governments and international organizations -STATUTE- (a) Authorization The Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized to enter into agreements with foreign governments and international organizations, in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter. In such agreements the Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized, when he deems it in the public interest, to seek the agreement of the other governments concerned to cooperate and assist, including making use of funds placed in special accounts pursuant to agreements concluded in accordance with section 1513(b)(6) (!1) of this title, or any similar agreements, in providing for the activities authorized in section 2452 of this title, and particularly those authorized in subsection (a)(1) of said section 2452, with respect to the expenses of international transportation of their own citizens and nationals and of activities in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter carried on within the borders of such other nations. (b) Creation or continuation of binational or multinational educational and cultural foundations and commissions Such agreements may also provide for the creation or continuation of binational or multinational educational and cultural foundations and commissions for the purpose of administering programs in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter. (c) United States participation in programs In such agreements with international organizations, the Director of the United States Information Agency may provide for equitable United States participation in and support for, including a reasonable share of the cost of, educational and cultural programs to be administered by such organizations. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 103, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 529; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Sec. 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. Section 1513(b)(6) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, Sec. 542(a), 68 Stat. 861. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. "Director of the United States Information Agency" substituted for "Director of the International Communication Agency" in subsecs. (a) and (c), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. Previously, "Director of the International Communication Agency" substituted for "President" in subsecs. (a) and (c), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, which transferred functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof, under this chapter, to Director of International Communication Agency, except (A) for such functions as are vested by sections 2452(b)(6), (10), 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c), 2456(a) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by sections 2454(b), 2455(d)(2), (f), and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State. DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) See References in Text note below. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2454 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2454. Administration -STATUTE- (a) Delegation of powers; submission of proposal for delegation to Congress The President may delegate, to such officers of the Government as he determines to be appropriate, any of the powers conferred upon him by this chapter to the extent that he finds such delegation to be in the interest of the purposes expressed in this chapter and the efficient administration of the programs undertaken pursuant to this chapter: Provided, That where the President has delegated any of such powers to any officer, before the President implements any proposal for the delegation of any of such powers to another officer, that proposal shall be submitted to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and thereafter a period of not less than sixty days shall have elapsed while Congress is in session. In computing such sixty days, there shall be excluded the days on which either House is not in session because of an adjournment of more than three days. (b) Employment of personnel The President is authorized to employ such other personnel as he deems necessary to carry out the provisions and purposes of this chapter, and of such personnel not to exceed ten may be compensated without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5, but not in excess of the highest rate of grade 18 of the General Schedule. Such positions shall be in addition to the number authorized by section 5108 of title 5. (c) Repealed. Pub. L. 96-465, title II, Sec. 2205(7), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2160 (d) Extension of benefits For the purpose of performing functions under this chapter outside the United States, the Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized to provide that any person employed or assigned by a United States Government agency shall be entitled, except to the extent that the Director of the United States Information Agency may specify otherwise in cases in which the period of employment or assignment exceeds thirty months, to the same benefits as are provided by section 3950 of this title for individuals appointed to the Foreign Service. (e) Grants; use of funds, counseling service; publicity and promotion abroad (1) In providing for the activities and interchanges authorized by section 2452 of this title, grants may be made to or for individuals, either directly or through foundations or educational or other institutions, which foundations or institutions are public or private nonprofit, and may include funds for tuition and other necessary incidental expenses, for travel expenses from their places of residence and return for themselves, and, whenever it would further the purposes of this chapter, for the dependent members of their immediate families, for health and accident insurance premiums, emergency medical expenses, costs of preparing and transporting to their former homes the remains of any of such persons who may die while away from their homes as participants or dependents of participants in any program under this chapter, and for per diem in lieu of subsistence at rates prescribed by the Director of the United States Information Agency, for all such persons, and for such other expenses as are necessary for the successful accomplishment of the purposes of this chapter. (2) Funds available for programs under this chapter may be used (i) to provide for orientation courses, language training, or other appropriate services and materials for persons traveling out of the countries of their residence for educational and cultural purposes which further the purposes of this chapter, whether or not they are receiving other financial support from the Government, and (ii) to provide or continue services to increase the effectiveness of such programs following the return of such persons to the countries of their residence. (3) For the purpose of assisting foreign students in making the best use of their opportunities while attending colleges and universities in the United States, and assisting such students in directing their talents and initiative into channels which will make them more effective leaders upon return to their native lands, the Director of the United States Information Agency may make suitable arrangements, by contract or otherwise, for the establishment and maintenance at colleges and universities in the United States attended by foreign students of an adequate counseling service. (4) The Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized to provide for publicity and promotion (including representation) abroad of activities of the type provided for in this chapter, and of similar services and opportunities for interchange not supported by the United States Government. (f) Repealed. Pub. L. 96-60, title II, Sec. 203(a)(1), Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 398 (g) Currency exchange for foreign students and teachers coming temporarily to the United States (1) For the purpose of performing functions authorized by section 2452(b)(10) of this title, the President is authorized to establish the exchange rates at which all foreign currencies may be acquired through operations under such section, and shall issue regulations binding upon all embassies with respect to the exchange rates to be applicable in each of the respective countries where currency exchanges are authorized under such section. (2) In performing the functions authorized under section 2452(b)(10) of this title, the President shall make suitable arrangements for protecting the interests of the United States Government in connection with the ownership, use, and disposition of all foreign currencies acquired pursuant to exchanges made under such section. (3) The total amount of United States dollars acquired by any individual through currency exchanges under the authority of section 2452(b)(10) of this title shall in no event exceed $3,000 during any academic year. (4) An individual shall be eligible to exchange foreign currency for United States dollars at United States embassies under section 2452(b)(10) of this title only if he gives satisfactory assurances that (A) he will devote essentially full time to his proposed educational activity in the United States and will maintain good standing in relation to such program; (B) he will return to the country of his citizenship or nationality prior to coming to the United States and will render such public service as is determined acceptable for a period of time determined reasonable and necessary by the government of such country; and (C) he will not apply for an immigrant visa or for permanent residence or for a nonimmigrant visa under the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.] after having received any benefits under such section for a period of time equal to the period of study, research, instruction, or other educational activity he performed pursuant to such section. (5) As used in section 2452(b)(10) of this title, the term "excess foreign currencies" means foreign currencies, which if acquired by the United States (A) would be in excess of the normal requirements of departments, agencies, and embassies of the United States for such currencies, as determined by the President, and (B) would be available for the use of the United States Government under applicable agreements with the foreign country concerned. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 104, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 529; Pub. L. 87- 793, Sec. 1001(j), Oct. 11, 1962, 76 Stat. 865; Pub. L. 89-698, title II, Sec. 203(b), Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1071; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 95- 426, title II, Sec. 204(a), Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 973; Pub. L. 96- 60, title II, Sec. 203(a)(1), Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 398; Pub. L. 96-465, title II, Secs. 2205(7), 2206(a)(9), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2160, 2162; Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Sec. 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291; Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 231, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 424.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), (d), (e)(1), (2), (4), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. The Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in subsec. (g)(4), is act June 27, 1952, ch. 477, 66 Stat. 163, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 12 (Sec. 1101 et seq.) of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1101 of Title 8 and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION In subsec. (b), "chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5" and "section 5108 of title 5" substituted for "the Classification Act of 1949, as amended" and "section 505 of the Classification Act of 1949, as amended", respectively, on authority of Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first section of which enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. In the original, section 1105 of title 5 read section 505 of the Classification Act of 1949, as amended. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1994 - Subsec. (e)(4). Pub. L. 103-236 inserted before period at end ", and of similar services and opportunities for interchange not supported by the United States Government". 1980 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96-465, Sec. 2205(7), struck out subsec. (c) which related to employment or assignment of persons in or to Foreign Service Reserve or Foreign Service Staff and alien clerks and employees. Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96-465, Sec. 2206(a)(9), among other changes, substituted reference to section 3950 of this title for reference to section 928 of this title and struck out provisions relating to the applicability of section 807 of this title. 1979 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 96-60 struck out subsec. (f) relating to investigation-of-employees requirement. 1978 - Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 95-426 substituted "Director of the International Communication Agency" for "President". 1966 - Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89-698 added subsec. (g). 1962 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 87-793 substituted "but not in excess of the highest rate of grade 18 of the General Schedule for "and of these not to exceed five may be compensated at a rate in excess of the highest rate provided for grades of the general schedule established by the Classification Act of 1949, as amended, but not in excess of $1,000 per annum more than such highest rate". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1980 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96-465 effective Feb. 15, 1981, except as otherwise provided, see section 2403 of Pub. L. 96-465, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3901 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1979 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96-60 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 209 of Pub. L. 96-60, set out as a note under section 1471 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1962 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 87-793 effective on first day of first pay period which begins on or after Oct. 11, 1962, see section 1008 of Pub. L. 87-793. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. "Director of the United States Information Agency" substituted for "Director of the International Communication Agency" in subsecs. (d) and (e)(1), (3), and (4), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. Previously, "Director of the International Communication Agency" substituted for "Secretary of State" in subsec. (c) and for "President" in subsecs. (d), (e)(3), (4), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, which transferred functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof, under this chapter, to Director of International Communication Agency, except (A) for such functions as are vested by subsecs. (a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g) of this section, sections 2452(b)(6), (10), 2455(a), (b), (c), 2456(a) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by subsec. (b) of this section and sections 2455(d)(2), (f), and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State. For transfer of functions and offices (relating to education) of Secretary and Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to Secretary and Department of Education, and termination of certain offices and positions under Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, as amended, set out under this section, see sections 3441 and 3503 of Title 20, Education. -MISC2- REFERENCES IN OTHER LAWS TO GS-16, 17, OR 18 PAY RATES References in laws to the rates of pay for GS-16, 17, or 18, or to maximum rates of pay under the General Schedule, to be considered references to rates payable under specified sections of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, see section 529 [title I, Sec. 101(c)(1)] of Pub. L. 101-509, set out in a note under section 5376 of Title 5. -EXEC- EX. ORD. NO. 11034. ADMINISTRATION OF PROGRAMS Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11380, Nov. 8, 1967, 32 F.R. 15627; Ex. Ord. No. 12292, Feb. 23, 1981, 46 F.R. 13967; Ex. Ord. No. 12608, Sept. 9, 1987, 52 F.R. 34617, provided: By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (Public Law 87-256; 75 Stat. 527; hereinafter referred to as the Act) [this chapter] and as President of the United States, I find that the delegations set forth in this order are in the interest of the purposes expressed in the said Act and the efficient administration of the programs undertaken pursuant to that Act and determine that the delegates specified in the order are appropriate and I hereby order as follows: Section 1. Department of State. (a) The following functions conferred upon the President by the Act are hereby delegated to the Secretary of State: (1) The functions so conferred by Sections 102(a)(1), 102(a)(2)(i), (ii), and (iv), 102(b)(3), (5) and (9), 103, 104(e)(3), and 105(d)(1) and (e) of the Act [sections 2452(a)(1), (2)(i), (ii), (iv), (b)(3), (5), (9), 2453, subsec. (e)(3) of this section, and 2455(d)(1), (e) of this title]. (2) The functions so conferred by Sections 102(a)(2)(iii) and (b)(1), (2), (4), (7) and (8) of the Act (the provisions of Section 2(a) of this order notwithstanding) [section 2452(a)(2)(iii), (b)(1), (2), (4), (7), (8) of this title]. (3) The functions so conferred by Section 102(a)(3) of the Act [section 2452(a)(3) of this title] to the extent that they pertain to liquidation of affairs respecting the Universal and International Exhibition of Brussels, 1958. (4) The functions so conferred by Sections 104(d) and (e)(4) and 108(c) and (d) of the Act [subsecs. (d), (e)(4) of this section and section 2458(c), (d) of this title] to the extent that they pertain to the functions delegated by the foregoing provisions of this section. (5) The function so conferred by Section 104(e)(1) of the Act [subsec. (e)(1) of this section] of prescribing rates for per diem in lieu of subsistence; but in carrying out the said function as it relates to functions herein delegated to the Director of the United States Information Agency or the Secretary of Education, the Secretary of State shall consult with them. (b) The Secretary of State, in collaboration with the Director of the United States Information Agency, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Education with respect to the functions delegated by Sections 2, 3, and 4, respectively, of this order, shall prepare and transmit to the President the reports which the President is required to submit to the Congress by Section 108(b) of the Act [section 2458(b) of this title], excluding, however, the reports for which the Director of the United States Information Agency is responsible under section 2(b) of this order. (c) With respect to the carrying out of functions under Section 102(a)(2)(ii) of the Act [section 2452(a)(2)(ii) of this title] hereinabove delegated to the Secretary of State, the Director of the United States Information Agency shall participate in the planning of cultural and other attractions. Such participation shall include consultation in connection with (1) the selection and scheduling of such attractions, and (2) the designation of the areas where the attractions will be presented. Sec. 2. United States Information Agency. (a) Subject to the provisions of Section 6 of this order, the following functions conferred upon the President by the Act are hereby delegated to the Director of the United States Information Agency: (1) The functions so conferred by Sections 102(a)(2)(iii) and (b)(1) [section 2452(a)(2)(iii), (b)(1) of this title]; Section 102(b)(2) [section 2452(b)(2) of this title] to the extent that it authorizes the type of centers now supported by the United States Information Agency abroad and designated as binational, community, or student centers; section 102(b)(4) [section 2452(b)(4) of this title] exclusive of professorships and lectureships; and Sections 102(b)(7) and (8) of the Act [section 2452(b)(7), (8) of this title]; all of the foregoing notwithstanding the provisions of Section 1(a)(2) of this order. (2) The functions so conferred by Section 104(e)(4) of the Act [subsec. (e)(4) of this section] (the provisions of Sections 1(a)(4) and 3(b) of this order notwithstanding). (3) The functions so conferred by Section 102(a)(3) of the Act [section 2452(a)(3) of this title] to the extent that they are in respect of fairs, expositions, and demonstrations held outside of the United States, but exclusive of the functions delegated by the provisions of Section 1(a)(3) of this order. (4) The functions so conferred by Sections 104(d) and 108(c) and (d) of the Act [subsec. (d) of this section and section 2458(c), (d) of this title] to the extent that they pertain to the functions delegated by the foregoing provisions of this section. (b) The Director of the United States Information Agency shall prepare and transmit to the President the reports which the President is required to submit to the Congress by section 108(b) of the Act [section 2458(b) of this title] to the extent that they are with respect to activities carried out by the United States Information Agency pursuant to section 102(a)(2)(iii) and section 102(a)(3) of the Act [section 2452(a)(2)(iii) and (a)(3) of this title]. (c) The functions so conferred by Section 102(a)(3) of the Act [section 2452(a)(3) of this title] to the extent that they are in respect of fairs, expositions, and demonstrations held outside of the United States, but exclusive of the functions delegated by the provisions of Section 1(a)(3) of this order. (d) The functions so conferred by Sections 104(d) and 108(c) and (d) of the Act [subsec. (d) of this section and section 2458(c), (d) of this title] to the extent that they pertain to the functions delegated by the foregoing provisions of this section. Sec. 3. Department of Commerce. Subject to the provisions of Section 6 of this order, the following functions conferred upon the President by the Act are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Commerce: (a) The functions so conferred by Section 102(a)(3) of the Act [section 2452(a)(3) of this title] to the extent that they are in respect of fairs, expositions, and demonstrations held in the United States. (b) The functions so conferred by Sections 104(e)(4) and 108(c) of the act [subsec. (e)(4) of this section and section 2458(c) of this title] to the extent that they pertain to the functions delegated by the foregoing provisions of this section. Sec. 4 Department of Education. Subject to the provisions of Section 6 of this order, the functions conferred upon the President by Section 102(b)(6) of the Act [section 2452(b)(6) of this title] are hereby delegated to the Secretary of Education. Sec. 5. Certain incidental matters. (a) In respect of functions hereinabove delegated to them, there is hereby delegated to the Secretary of State, the Director of the United States Information Agency, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Education, respectively: (1) The authority conferred upon the President by Sections 105(d)(2) and (f) and 106(d) and (f) of the Act [sections 2455(d)(2), (f) and 2456(d), (f) of this title]. (2) Subject to the provisions of Section 5(b) and (c) of this order, the authority conferred upon the President by Section 104(b) of the Act [subsec. (b) of this section] to employ personnel. (b) The employment, by any department or other executive agency under Section 5(a)(2) of this order, of any of the not to exceed ten persons who may be compensated with regard to the Classification Act of 1949 [chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] under Section 104(b) of the Act [subsec. (b) of this section] shall require prior authorization by the Secretary of State concurred in by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget. (c) Persons employed or assigned by a department or other executive agency for the purpose of performing functions under the Act outside the United States shall be entitled, except in cases in which the period of employment or assignment exceeds thirty months, to the same benefits as are provided by section 310 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 3950). In cases in which the period of employment or assignment exceeds thirty months, persons so employed or assigned shall be entitled to such benefits if agreed by the agency in which such benefits may be exercised. (d) Pursuant to Section 104(f) of the Act [subsec. (f) of this section], Executive Order No. 10450 of April 27, 1953 (18 F.R. 2489) [set out as a note under section 7311 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] is hereby established as the standards and procedures for the employment or assignment to duties of persons under the Act. (e) Any officer to whom functions vested in the President by the Act are hereinabove delegated may (1) allocate to any other officer of the executive branch of the Government any funds appropriated or otherwise made available for the functions so delegated to him as he may deem appropriate for the best carrying out of the functions and (2) make available, for use in connection with any funds so allocated by him, any authority he has under this order. Sec. 6. Policy guidance. In order to assure appropriate coordination of programs, and taking into account the statutory functions of the departments and other executive agencies concerned, the Secretary of State shall exercise primary responsibility for Government-wide leadership and policy guidance with regard to international educational and cultural affairs. Sec. 7. Functions reserved to the President. (a) There are hereby excluded from the functions delegated by the provisions of this order the functions conferred upon the President with respect to (1) the delegation of powers under Section 104(a) of the Act [subsec. (a) of this section], (2) the establishment of standards and procedures for the investigation of personnel under Section 104(f) of the Act [subsec. (f) of this section], (3) the transfer of appropriations under Section 105(c) of the Act [section 2455(c) of this title], (4) the appointment of members of the Board of Foreign Scholarships under Section 106(a)(1) of the Act [section 2456(a)(1) of this title], (5) the appointment of members, the designation of a chairman, and the receipt of recommendations of the United States Advisory Commission on International Educational and Cultural Affairs under Section 106(b) of the Act [section 2456(b) of this title], (6) the waiver of provisions of law or limitations of authority under Section 108(a) of the Act [section 2458(a) of this title], and (7) the submission of annual reports to the Congress under Section 108(b) of the Act [section 2458(b) of this title]. (b) Notwithstanding the delegations made by this order, the President may in his discretion exercise any function comprehended by such delegations. Sec. 8. Waivers. (a) It is hereby determined that the performance by any department or other executive agency of functions authorized by Sections 102(a)(2) and 102(a)(3) of the Act (22 U.S.C. 2452(a)(2) and (3)) without regard to prohibitions and limitations of authority contained in the following-specified provisions of law is in furtherance of the purposes of the Act: (1) Section 15 of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946 (c. 744, August 2, 1946; 60 Stat. 810), as amended (5 U.S.C. 55a) [section 3109(b) of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] (experts and consultants; but the compensation paid individuals in pursuance of this paragraph shall not exceed the rate of $100.00 per diem. (2) Section 16(a) of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946 (c. 744, August 2, 1946; 60 Stat. 810; 5 U.S.C. 78) [section 1343, 1344, and 1349(b) of Title 31, Money and Finance] to the extent that it pertains to hiring automobiles and aircraft. (3) Section 3648 of the Revised Statutes, as amended (31 U.S.C. 529) [section 3324(a) and (b) of Title 31] (advance of funds). (4) Section 322 of the Act of June 30, 1932, c. 314, 47 Stat. 412 ([former] 40 U.S.C. 278a) (maximum charges). (5) Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes, as amended (41 U.S.C. 5) (competitive bids). (6) Section 3710 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 8) (opening of bids). (7) Section 2 of the Act of March 3, 1933, c. 212, 47 Stat. 1520 (41 U.S.C. 10a) (Buy American Act). (8) Section 3735 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 13) (contracts limited to one year). (9) Sections 302-305 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (June 30, 1949, c. 288, 63 Stat. 393 et seq.), as amended (41 U.S.C. 252-255) (competitive bids; negotiated contracts; advances). (10) Section 87 of the Act of January 12, 1895, c. 23, 28 Stat. 622, and the second proviso of Section 11 of the Act of March 1, 1919, c. 86, 40 Stat. 1270, as amended (44 U.S.C. 111) [section 501 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents] to the extent that they pertain to printing by the Government Printing Office. (11) Section 1 of the Act of June 20, 1978, c. 359, 20 Stat. 216, as amended (44 U.S.C. 322) [section 3703 of Title 44] (advertising). (12) Section 3828 of the Revised Statutes (44 U.S.C. 324) [section 3702 of Title 44] (advertising). (13) Section 901(a) of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (June 29, 1936, c. 858, 49 Stat. 2015, as amended; 46 U.S.C. [App.] 1241(a)) [now 46 U.S.C. 55302] (official travel overseas of United States officers and employees, and transportation of their personal effects, on ships registered under the laws of the United States). (14) Any provision of law or limitation of authority to the extent that such provision or limitation would limit or prohibit construction of buildings by the United States on property not owned by it. (15) Any provision of law or limitation of authority to the extent that such provision or limitation would limit or prohibit (i) receipt of admission fees or payments under contracts through advances or otherwise, for concessions, services, space, or other consideration, and the credit of such receipts to the applicable appropriation, and (ii) rental or lease for periods not exceeding ten years of buildings and grounds. (b) It is directed (1) that all waivers of statutes and limitations of authority effected by the foregoing provisions of this section shall be utilized in a prudent manner and as sparingly as may be practical, and (2) that suitable steps shall be taken by the administrative agencies concerned to insure that result, including, as may be appropriate, the imposition of administrative limitations in lieu of waived statutory requirements and limitations of authority. Sec. 9. Definition. As used in this order, the word "function" or "functions" includes any duty, obligation, power, authority, responsibility, right, privilege, discretion, or activity. Sec. 10. References to orders and acts. Except as may for any reason be inappropriate: (a) References in this order to the Act or any provision of the Act shall be deemed to include references thereto as amended from time to time. (b) References in this order to any prior Executive order not superseded by this order shall be deemed to include references thereto as amended from time to time. (c) References in this order to this order shall be deemed to include references thereto as amended from time to time. Sec. 11. Prior directives and actions. (a) This order supersedes Executive Order No. 10716 of June 17, 1957, and Executive Order No. 10912 of January 18, 1961. Except to the extent that they may be inconsistent with law or with this order, other directives, regulations, and actions relating to the functions delegated by this order and in force immediately prior to the issuance of this order shall remain in effect until amended, modified, or revoked by appropriate authority. (b) This order shall neither limit nor be limited by Executive Order No. 11014 of April 17, 1962 [formerly set out under this section]. (c) To the extent not heretofore superseded, there are hereby superseded the provisions of the letters of the President to the Director of the United States Information Agency dated August 16, 1955, and August 21, 1956 (22 F.R. 101-103). Sec. 12. Effective date. The provisions of this order shall be effective immediately. [For abolition of United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau), transfer of functions, and treatment of references thereto, see sections 6531, 6532, and 6551 of this title.] EX. ORD. NO. 11380. AMENDING PRIOR EXECUTIVE ORDERS RELATING TO MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE AND TO ALLOWANCES AND BENEFITS FOR GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL ON OVERSEAS DUTY Ex. Ord. No. 11380, Nov. 8, 1967, 32 F.R. 15627, provided: By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (75 Stat. 527; 22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.) and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States, it is ordered as follows: PART I - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE Section 101. Executive Order No. 11034 of June 25, 1962 [set out as a note above], is hereby amended as follows: (1) By changing the period at the end of section 1(b) to a comma and by inserting after that comma the following: "excluding, however, the reports for which the Director of the United States Information Agency is responsible under section 2(b) of this order.". (2) By substituting for the paragraph designations (a), (b), (c), and (d) in section 2 new paragraph designations (1), (2), (3), and (4), respectively; by inserting the subsection designation (a) after the catchline of section 2; and by adding a new subsection (b) of section 2, reading as follows: (b) The Director of the United States Information Agency shall prepare and transmit to the President the reports which the President is required to submit to the Congress by section 108(b) of the Act [section 2458(b) of this title] to the extent that they are with respect to activities carried out by the United States Information Agency pursuant to section 102(a)(2)(iii) and section 102(a)(3) of the Act [section 2452(a)(2)(iii) and (a)(3) of this title]. (3) By adding a new paragraph at the end of section 8(a), reading as follows: "(15) Any provision of law or limitation of authority to the extent that such provision or limitation would limit or prohibit (i) receipt of admission fees or payments under contracts through advances or otherwise, for concessions, services, space, or other consideration, and the credit of such receipts to the applicable appropriation, and (ii) rental or lease for periods not exceeding ten years of buildings and grounds." (4) By adding a new paragraph at the end of section 10, reading as follows: "(c) References in this order to this order shall be deemed to include references thereto as amended from time to time." Sec. 2. It is hereby determined that the performance by any department or other executive agency of functions authorized by sections 102(a)(2) and 102(a)(3) of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2452(a)(2) and (3)) without regard to the provisions and limitations referred to in section (8)(a)(15) of Executive Order No. 11034 of June 25, 1962 (to the extent set forth in the latter section) is in furtherance of the purposes of that Act. PART II - APPROVAL OF CERTAIN REGULATIONS RELATING TO LIVING QUARTERS Sec. 201. Executive Order No. 10903 of January 9, 1961, as amended [set out as a note under section 5921 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees], is hereby further amended by inserting at the end of section 1 thereof a new paragraph (g), reading as follows: "(g) The authority vested in the President by section 5912 of title 5 of the United States Code to approve regulations prescribed by heads of agencies (under which employees who are citizens of the United States permanently stationed in foreign countries may be furnished, without cost to them, living quarters, including heat, fuel, and light, in government-owned or rented buildings)." Lyndon B. Johnson. [For abolition of United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau), transfer of functions, and treatment of references thereto, see sections 6531, 6532, and 6551 of this title.] EX. ORD. NO. 11770. DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS RESPECTING INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GEOTHERMAL ENERGY - 1975 Ex. Ord. No. 11770, Feb. 21, 1974, 39 F.R. 7127, provided: By virtue of the authority vested in me by section 104 of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2454; hereinafter referred to as the act), and section 301 of Title 3 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. The Secretary of the Interior is authorized, with respect to the International Symposium on Geothermal Energy to be held in San Francisco, California, in May 1975, to perform the functions conferred by section 102(b)(5), (7), and (8) of the act [section 2452(b)(5), (7) and (8) of this title]. Sec. 2. I find that the delegation made by section 1 of this order is in the interest of the purposes expressed in the act and the efficient administration of the International Symposium on Geothermal Energy. Sec. 3. The delegation made by this order shall become effective upon the expiration of sixty days while the Congress is in session. In computing that sixty days, there shall be excluded days on which either House is not in session because of an adjournment of more than three days. Richard Nixon. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2455 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2455. Appropriations -STATUTE- (a) Availability Amounts appropriated to carry out the purposes of this chapter are authorized to be made available until expended. (b) Acquisition of foreign currencies Funds appropriated for programs under this chapter may, without regard to section 3651 (!1) of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 543), be used for the acquisition from any source of foreign currencies in such amounts as may be necessary for current expenditures and for grants, including grants to foundations and commissions in accordance with international agreements providing for the accomplishment of the purposes of this chapter. (c) Transfer of funds Moneys appropriated to any department or agency of the Government in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter for research, technical aid, and educational and cultural programs, may be transferred by the President to any other appropriation available for like purposes, but no appropriation authorized by this chapter shall be increased or decreased by more than 10 per centum by reason of transfers pursuant to this subsection. (d) Reserve and use of certain funds The President is authorized - (1) to reserve in such amounts and for such periods as he shall determine to be necessary to provide for the programs authorized by subsections (a)(1), (2)(i) of section 2452 of this title, and (2) notwithstanding the provisions of any other law, to use in such amounts as may from time to time be specified in appropriation Acts, to the extent that such use is not restricted by agreement with the foreign nations concerned, for any programs authorized by this chapter, any currencies of foreign nations received or to be received by the United States or any agency thereof - (i) under agreements disposing of surplus property or settling lend-lease and other war accounts concluded after World War II; (ii) as the proceeds of sales or loan repayments, including interest, for transactions heretofore or hereafter effected under the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, as amended [7 U.S.C. 1691 et seq.]; (iii) in repayment of principal or interest on any other credit extended or loan heretofore or hereafter made by the United States or any agency thereof; or (iv) as deposits to the account of the United States pursuant to section 1513(b)(6) (!1) or section 1513(h) (!1) of this title, or any similar provision of any other law. (e) Reservation and use of sums due or paid by the Republic of Finland The Director of the United States Information Agency is further authorized to reserve and use for educational and cultural exchange programs and other activities authorized in subsections (a) and (b) of section 2452 of this title, in relation to Finland and the people of Finland, all sums due or paid on and after August 24, 1949, by the Republic of Finland to the United States as interest on or in retirement of the principal of the debt incurred under the Act of February 25, 1919, as refunded by the agreement dated May 1, 1923, pursuant to the authority contained in the Act of February 9, 1922, or of any other indebtedness incurred by that Republic and owing to the United States as a result of World War I. (f) Contribution of funds, property, and services by foreign governments, international organizations, and private individuals, firms, associations, and agencies Foreign governments, international organizations and private individuals, firms, associations, agencies, and other groups shall be encouraged to participate to the maximum extent feasible in carrying out this chapter and to make contributions of funds, property, and services which the President is authorized to accept, to be utilized to carry out the purposes of this chapter. Funds made available for the purposes of this chapter may be used to contribute toward meeting the expenses of activities carried out through normal private channels, by private means, and through foreign governments and international organizations. (g) Currency exchanges Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, there are authorized to be appropriated for the purposes of making currency exchanges under section 2452(b)(10) of this title, not to exceed $10,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1968, and not to exceed $15,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1969. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 105, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 531; Pub. L. 89- 698, title II, Sec. 203(c), Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1072; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Sec. 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291; Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 227, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 423.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) to (d), (f), and (g), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. Section 3651 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 543), referred to in subsec. (b), was repealed by Pub. L. 97-258, Sec. 5(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1068, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance. The Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, as amended, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(ii), is act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, 68 Stat. 454, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 41 (Sec. 1691 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1691 of Title 7 and Tables. Sections 1513(b)(6) and 1513(h) of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(2)(iv), were repealed by act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, Sec. 542(a), 68 Stat. 861. The acts of February 25, 1919, and February 9, 1922, referred to in subsec. (e), are not classified to the Code. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1994 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103-236 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: "Appropriations to carry out the purposes of this chapter, to remain available until expended, are authorized, and this authorization includes the authority to grant, in any appropriation Act, the authority to enter into contracts, within the amounts so authorized, creating obligations in advance of appropriations." 1966 - Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 89-698 added subsec. (g). -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. "Director of the United States Information Agency" substituted for "Director of the International Communication Agency" in subsec. (e), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. Previously, "Director of the International Communication Agency" substituted for "President" in subsec. (e), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, which transferred functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof, under this chapter, to Director of International Communication Agency, except (A) for such functions as are vested by subsecs. (a), (b), and (c) of this section, sections 2452(b)(6), (10), 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2456(a) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by subsecs. (d)(2) and (f) of this section, sections 2454(b) and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State. DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, Director of United States Information Agency, Secretary of Commerce, and Secretary of Education, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title. -MISC2- INCREASE IN GRANTS FOR EXCHANGE-OF-PERSONS ACTIVITIES; FUNDS FOR SPECIFIC PROGRAMS, REDUCTIONS, OTHER USE OF FUNDS, REPORT TO CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Sec. 305(c), (d), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 294, provided that the amount obligated by United States Information Agency each fiscal year for grants for exchange-of- persons activities should be increased, through regular annual increases, so that by fiscal year 1986 the amount obligated for such grants would at least double (in terms of constant dollars) the amount obligated for such grants for fiscal year 1982 and in furtherance of this purpose provided for appropriations for the United States Information Agency for fiscal year 1983. -FOOTNOTE- (!1) See References in Text note below. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2456 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2456. J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board -STATUTE- (a) Appointment; members; considerations for selection (1) For the purpose of selecting students, scholars, teachers, trainees, and other persons to participate in the programs authorized under section 2452(a)(1) of this title, and of supervising such programs and the programs authorized under section 2452(b)(4) and (6) of this title, there is continued the authority of the President to appoint a board of foreign scholarships which shall be known as the "J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board" (hereinafter referred to as the "Board") consisting of twelve members. In connection with appointments to such Board, due consideration shall be given to the selection of distinguished representatives of cultural, educational, student advisory, and war veterans groups, and representatives of the United States Department of Education, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, public and private nonprofit educational institutions. (2) In the selection of American citizens for participation in programs under this chapter, preference shall be given to those who have served in the Armed Forces of the United States, and due consideration shall be given to applicants from all geographical areas of the United States. (b) Omitted (c) Repealed. Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, Sec. 1336(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-790 (d) Creation of interagency and other advisory committees; conferences of persons The President is authorized to create such interagency and other advisory committees as in his judgment may be of assistance in carrying out the purposes of this chapter, and from time to time to convene conferences of persons interested in educational and cultural affairs to consider matters relating to the purposes of this chapter. (e) Availability of appropriations for expenses; transportation expenses and per diem; compensation of members of Board and Committees The provisions of section 1346(b) of title 31 shall be applicable to any interagency committee created pursuant to the provisions of this chapter. Members of the committees provided for in this section shall be entitled (i) to transportation expenses and per diem in lieu of subsistence at the rate prescribed by or established pursuant to section 5703 of title 5 while away from home in connection with attendance at meetings or in consultation with officials of the Government or otherwise carrying out duties as authorized, and (ii) if not otherwise in the employ of the United States Government, to compensation at rates not in excess of $50 per diem while performing services for such committees. Members of the Board shall be entitled to such expenses and per diem in lieu of subsistence as provided for under clause (i) of the preceding sentence and, while performing services for the Board, to compensation at a rate, prescribed by the Director of the United States Information Agency, not in excess of the daily rate for the first step of GS-15 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of title 5. (f) Secretarial and staff assistance The President is authorized to provide for necessary secretarial and staff assistance for the Board and such committees as may be created under this section. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 106, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 532; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, Secs. 8(b), 9(a)(3), (6), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1638, 1639; Pub. L. 96-60, title II, Sec. 205(a), Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 401; Pub. L. 96-88, title III, Sec. 301(b)(2), title V, Sec. 507, Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 678, 692; Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Sec. 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291; Pub. L. 101- 246, title II, Sec. 204(a)(1), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 49; Pub. L. 102-54, Sec. 13(h)(1), June 13, 1991, 105 Stat. 275; Pub. L. 105- 277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, Sec. 1336(2), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681-790.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (d), and (e), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION Subsec. (b), which established the United States Advisory Commission on International Educational and Cultural Affairs to replace the United States Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange, and provided for its functions and the appointment and terms of its members, and the provisions of subsecs. (e) and (f) referring to the "Commission", were omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, Sec. 9(a)(3), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1639, set out under section 1461 of this title, which abolished that Commission effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by the President. In subsec. (e), "section 1346(b) of title 31" substituted for "section 214 of the Act of May 3, 1945 (59 Stat. 134; 31 U.S.C. 691)" on authority of Pub. L. 97-258, Sec. 4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance. In subsec. (e), "section 5703 of title 5" substituted for "section 5 of the Administrative Expense Act of 1946, as amended (5 U.S.C. 73b-2)" on authority of Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first section of which enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1998 - Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105-277 repealed subsec. (c), which related to the continuation of the Advisory Committee on the Arts and the appointment, qualifications, and terms of office of its members. 1991 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102-54 substituted "Department of Veterans Affairs" for "Veterans' Administration". 1990 - Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101-246 substituted "board of foreign scholarships which shall be known as the 'J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board' " for "Board of Foreign Scholarships". 1979 - Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96-60 struck from second sentence "the Board," before "the Commission" and from cl. (ii) thereof "such Board," before "Commission" and provided for entitlement of members of the Board to expenses and per diem in lieu of subsistence and to compensation for services not exceeding a daily rate for first step, GS-15 of General Schedule. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 105-277 effective Oct. 1, 1999, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 105-277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6531 of this title. EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1979 AMENDMENT Section 205(b) of Pub. L. 96-60 provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [to subsec. (e) of this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1979." -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS "Department of Education" substituted for "Office of Education" in subsec. (a), pursuant to sections 301(b)(2) and 507 of Pub. L. 96-88, which are classified to sections 3441(b)(2) and 3507 of Title 20, Education, and which transferred the Office of Education to the Department of Education. "Director of the United States Information Agency" substituted for "Director of the International Communication Agency" in subsec. (e), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. Functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof under this chapter transferred to Director of International Communication Agency by section 7(a)(2) of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, except (A) for such functions as are vested by subsec. (a) of this section, sections 2452(b)(6), (10), 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by subsecs. (d) and (f) of this section, sections 2454(b) and 2455(d)(2), (f) of this title, to extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by subsecs. (b) and (c) of this section to extent that any function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State. DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, Director of United States Information Agency, Secretary of Commerce, and Secretary of Education, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title. -MISC2- TERMINATION OF ADVISORY COMMISSIONS AND COMMITTEES Advisory commissions or committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, unless, in the case of a commission or committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such commission or committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a commission or committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See sections 3(2) and 14 of Pub. L. 92-463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, 776, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. CONTINUED SERVICE OF BOARD MEMBERS Section 204(b) of Pub. L. 101-246 provided that: "Each member appointed to the Board of Foreign Scholarships before the date of the enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990] shall continue to serve for the remainder of the term to which each such member was appointed." REFERENCES TO BOARD OF FOREIGN SCHOLARSHIPS Section 204(c) of Pub. L. 101-246 provided that: "Any reference in any provision of law to the Board of Foreign Scholarships shall, on and after the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990], be deemed to be a reference to the J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board." -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2457 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2457. Reports by Board -STATUTE- The Board shall submit annual reports to the Congress and such other reports to the Congress as it deems appropriate, and shall make reports to the public in the United States and abroad to develop a better understanding of and support for the programs authorized by this chapter. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 107, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 534; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, Sec. 9(a)(3), (6), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1639.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION Provisions relating to the submission of reports to Congress by the United States Advisory Commission on International Educational and Cultural Affairs [which replaced the United States Advisory Commission on Educational Exchange], and the Advisory Committee on the Arts, were omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, Sec. 9(a)(3), (6), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1639, set out under section 1461 of this title, which abolished the Commission and the Committee effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by the President. -MISC1- TERMINATION OF REPORTING REQUIREMENTS For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of provisions in this section relating to submitting annual reports to Congress, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104-66, as amended, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and page 155 of House Document No. 103-7. TERMINATION OF ADVISORY COMMISSIONS AND COMMITTEES Advisory commissions or committees in existence on Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period following Jan. 5, 1973, unless, in the case of a commission or committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such commission or committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a commission or committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See sections 3(2) and 14 of Pub. L. 92-463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, 776, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2458 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2458. Authority of President -STATUTE- (a) Performance of certain functions without regard to other laws; appropriation credits upon reimbursement for services in connection with exchange activities (1) Whenever the President determines it to be in furtherance of this chapter, the functions authorized in section 2452(a)(2) and (3) of this title may be performed without regard to such provisions of law or limitations of authority regulating or relating to the making, performance, amendment, or modification of contracts, the acquisition and disposition of property, and the expenditure of Government funds, as he may specify. (2) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Director of the United States Information Agency may provide, on a reimbursable basis, services within the United States in connection with exchange activities otherwise authorized by this chapter when such services are requested by a department or executive agency. Reimbursements under this paragraph shall be credited to the applicable appropriation of the Agency. (b) Periodic reports of activities and expenditures The President shall submit periodic reports to the Congress of activities carried on and expenditures made in furtherance of the purposes of this chapter and of the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, as amended [22 U.S.C. 1431 et seq.]. (c) Expenditures in selection, purchase, rental, construction, or other acquisition of exhibits and materials and equipment therefor In connection with activities authorized by section 2452(a)(2) and (3) of this title, the President is authorized to provide for all necessary expenditures involved in the selection, purchase, rental, construction, or other acquisition of exhibits and materials and equipment therefor, and the actual display thereof, including but not limited to costs of transportation, insurance, installation, safekeeping and storage, maintenance and operation, rental of space, and dismantling. (d) Utilization of provisions of other laws The President is authorized to utilize the provisions of title VIII of the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, as amended [22 U.S.C. 1471 et seq.], to the extent he deems necessary in carrying out the provisions and purposes of this chapter. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 108, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 534; Pub. L. 96- 60, title II, Sec. 203(d), Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 399; Pub. L. 96- 470, title II, Sec. 212(a), Oct. 19, 1980, 94 Stat. 2246; Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Sec. 303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), and (d), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. The United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948, as amended, referred to in subsecs. (b) and (d), is act Jan. 27, 1948, ch. 36, 62 Stat. 6, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 18 (Sec. 1431 et seq.) of this title. Title VIII of the Act, referred to in subsec. (d), is classified generally to subchapter VII (Sec. 1471 et seq.) of chapter 18 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1431 of this title and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1980 - Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96-470 substituted provision requiring periodic reports on activities and expenditures made under this chapter and the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 for provision requiring an annual report be made on activities and expenditures under this chapter. 1979 - Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96-60 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1979 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96-60 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 209 of Pub. L. 96-60, set out as a note under section 1471 of this title. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. "Director of the United States Information Agency" substituted for "Director of the International Communication Agency" in subsec. (a)(2), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97-241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. Functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency or Director thereof under this chapter transferred to Director of International Communication Agency by Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, Sec. 7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, except (A) for such functions as are vested by this section, and sections 2452(b)(6), (10), 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c), 2456(a) of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by sections 2454(b), 2455(d)(2), (f), and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State. DELEGATION OF FUNCTIONS Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, Director of United States Information Agency, and Secretary of Commerce, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title. -MISC2- SOVIET NATIONALS PARTICIPATING IN EXCHANGE PROGRAMS; TOPICS AND LOCATION OF STUDY; NATIONAL SECURITY INTERESTS; REPORT TO CONGRESS Pub. L. 97-241, title I, Sec. 126(c), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 282, directed Secretary of State to submit annually to Congress a list of Soviet nationals participating during the upcoming academic year in the United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics graduate student/young faculty exchange or in the United States- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics senior scholar exchange, their topics of study, and where they were to study, such report to also include a determination by Secretary of State, in consultation with heads of other agencies involved in these exchange programs, that these exchange programs would not jeopardize United States national security interests, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 103-199, title III, Sec. 306, Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2324. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2458a 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2458a. Federal employee participation in cultural exchange programs -STATUTE- (a) Grants and other foreign government assistance; family or household expense assistance prohibited; "Federal employee" defined (1) Congress consents to the acceptance by a Federal employee of grants and other forms of assistance provided by a foreign government to facilitate the participation of such Federal employee in a cultural exchange - (A) which is of the type described in section 2452(a)(2)(i) of this title, (B) which is conducted for a purpose comparable to the purpose stated in section 2451 of this title, and (C) which is specifically approved by the Secretary of State for purposes of this section; but the Congress does not consent to the acceptance by any Federal employee of any portion of any such grant or other form of assistance which provides assistance with respect to any expenses incurred by or for any member of the family or household of such Federal employee. (2) For purposes of this section, the term "Federal employee" means any employee as defined in subparagraphs (A) through (F) of section 7342(a)(1) of title 5, but does not include a person described in subparagraph (G) of such section. (b) Foreign grants and other assistance not gifts for purposes of section 7342 of title 5 The grants and other forms of assistance with respect to which the consent of Congress is given in subsection (a) of this section shall not constitute gifts for purposes of section 7342 of title 5. (c) Regulations The Secretary of State is authorized to promulgate regulations for purposes of this section. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 108A, as added Pub. L. 94-350, title I, Sec. 111, July 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 825; amended Pub. L. 96-60, title II, Sec. 204(d), Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 400.) -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1979 - Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 96-60 substituted "(F)" for "(E)" and "(G)" for "(F)". EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1979 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 96-60 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 209 of Pub. L. 96-60, set out as a note under section 1471 of this title. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2459 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2459. Immunity from seizure under judicial process of cultural objects imported for temporary exhibition or display -STATUTE- (a) Agreements; Presidential determination; publication in Federal Register Whenever any work of art or other object of cultural significance is imported into the United States from any foreign country, pursuant to an agreement entered into between the foreign owner or custodian thereof and the United States or one or more cultural or educational institutions within the United States providing for the temporary exhibition or display thereof within the United States at any cultural exhibition, assembly, activity, or festival administered, operated, or sponsored, without profit, by any such cultural or educational institution, no court of the United States, any State, the District of Columbia, or any territory or possession of the United States may issue or enforce any judicial process, or enter any judgment, decree, or order, for the purpose or having the effect of depriving such institution, or any carrier engaged in transporting such work or object within the United States, of custody or control of such object if before the importation of such object the President or his designee has determined that such object is of cultural significance and that the temporary exhibition or display thereof within the United States is in the national interest, and a notice to that effect has been published in the Federal Register. (b) Intervention of United States attorney in pending judicial proceedings If in any judicial proceeding in any such court any such process, judgment, decree, or order is sought, issued, or entered, the United States attorney for the judicial district within which such proceeding is pending shall be entitled as of right to intervene as a party to that proceeding, and upon request made by either the institution adversely affected, or upon direction by the Attorney General if the United States is adversely affected, shall apply to such court for the denial, quashing, or vacating thereof. (c) Enforcement of agreements and obligations of carriers under transportation contracts Nothing contained in this section shall preclude (1) any judicial action for or in aid of the enforcement of the terms of any such agreement or the enforcement of the obligation of any carrier under any contract for the transportation of any such object of cultural significance; or (2) the institution or prosecution by or on behalf of any such institution or the United States of any action for or in aid of the fulfillment of any obligation assumed by such institution or the United States pursuant to any such agreement. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 89-259, Oct. 19, 1965, 79 Stat. 985.) -COD- CODIFICATION Section was not enacted as a part of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, which comprises this chapter. -EXEC- EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 11312 Ex. Ord. No. 11312, Oct. 14, 1966, 31 F.R. 13415, which related to the delegation of functions to the Secretary of State, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12047, Mar. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 13359, set out below. EX. ORD. NO. 12047. IMPORTED OBJECTS OF CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Ex. Ord. No. 12047, Mar. 27, 1978, 43 F.R. 13359, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12388, Oct. 14, 1982, 47 F.R. 46245, provided: By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Act of October 19, 1965, entitled "An Act to render immune from seizure under judicial process certain objects of cultural significance imported into the United States for temporary display or exhibition, and for other purposes" (79 Stat. 985, 22 U.S.C. 2459), and as President of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. The Director of the United States Information Agency is designated and empowered to perform the functions conferred upon the President by the above-mentioned Act and shall be deemed to be authorized, without the approval, ratification, or other action of the President, (1) to determine that any work of art or other object to be imported into the United States within the meaning of the Act is of cultural significance, (2) to determine that the temporary exhibition or display of any such work of art or other object in the United States is in the national interest, and (3) to cause public notices of the determinations referred to above to be published in the Federal Register. Sec. 2. The Director of the United States Information Agency, in carrying out this Order, shall consult with the Secretary of State with respect to the determination of national interest, and may consult with the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the Director of the National Gallery of Art, and with such other officers and agencies of the Government as may be appropriate, with respect to the determination of cultural significance. Sec. 3. The Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized to delegate within the Agency the functions conferred upon him by this Order. Sec. 4. Executive Order No. 11312 of October 14, 1966 is revoked. Sec. 5. Any order, regulation, determination or other action which was in effect pursuant to the provisions of Executive Order No. 11312 shall remain in effect until changed pursuant to the authority provided in this Order. Sec. 6. This Order shall be effective on April 1, 1978. [For abolition of United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau), transfer of functions, and treatment of references thereto, see sections 6531, 6532, and 6551 of this title.] -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2460 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2460. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs -STATUTE- (a) Establishment; responsibilities In order to carry out the purposes of this chapter, there is established in the United States Information Agency, or in such appropriate agency of the United States as the President shall determine, a Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (hereinafter in this section referred to as the "Bureau"). The Bureau shall be responsible for managing, coordinating, and overseeing programs established pursuant to this chapter, including but not limited to - (1) the J. William Fulbright Educational Exchange Program which, by promoting the exchange of scholars, researchers, students, trainees, teachers, instructors, and professors, between the United States and foreign countries, accomplishes the purposes of section 2452(a)(1) of this title; (2) the Hubert H. Humphrey Fellowship Program which finances (A) study at American universities and institutions of higher learning, including study in degree granting programs, and (B) participation in fellowships, internships, or other programs in American governmental and nongovernmental institutions for public managers and other individuals from developing countries; (3) the International Visitors Program which provides grants for short-term visits to the United States for foreign nationals who are, or have the potential to be, leaders in their respective fields in their own countries; (4) the American Cultural Centers and Libraries which make available at selected foreign locations, books, films, sound recordings, and other materials about the United States, its people and culture, and about other topics; (5) the American Overseas Schools Program which provides financial assistance to the operations of American-sponsored schools overseas; (6) the American Studies Program which fosters and supports the study of the United States, and its people and culture, in foreign countries; (7) a program of working with private, not-for-profit groups through contracts, grants, or cooperative agreements, as authorized by section 2452 of this title, so as to provide financial assistance to nongovernmental organizations engaged in implementing and enhancing exchange-of-persons programs; (8) the Samantha Smith Memorial Exchange Program which advances understanding between the United States and the independent states of the former Soviet Union and between the United States and Eastern European countries through the exchange of persons under the age of 21 years and of students at an institution of higher education (as defined in section 1001 of title 20) who have not received their initial baccalaureate degree or through other programs designed to promote contact between the young peoples of the United States, the independent states of the former Soviet Union, and Eastern European countries; and (9) the Arts America program which promotes a greater appreciation and understanding of American art abroad by supporting exhibitions and tours by American artists in other countries. (b) Revocation or diminution of grants (1) All recipients of Fulbright Academic Exchange and Humphrey Fellowship awards shall have full academic and artistic freedom, including freedom to write, publish, and create. No award granted pursuant to this chapter may be revoked or diminished on account of the political views expressed by the recipient or on account of any scholarly or artistic activity that would be subject to the protections of academic and artistic freedom normally observed in universities in the United States. The Board shall ensure that the academic and artistic freedoms of all persons receiving grants are protected. (2) The J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board shall formulate a policy on revocation of Fulbright grants which shall be made known to all grantees. Such policy shall fully protect the right to due process as well as the academic and artistic freedom of all grantees. (c) Program requirements The President shall insure that all programs under the authority of the Bureau shall maintain their nonpolitical character and shall be balanced and representative of the diversity of American political, social, and cultural life. The President shall insure that academic and cultural programs under the authority of the Bureau shall maintain their scholarly integrity and shall meet the highest standards of academic excellence or artistic achievement. (d) Administration of programs (1) The Bureau shall administer no programs except those operating under the authority of this chapter and consistent with its purposes. (2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Bureau may also exercise the authorities of this chapter to administer programs authorized by, or funded pursuant to, the FREEDOM Support Act, the Support for East European Democracy Act [22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.], the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.], or any other Act authorizing educational or cultural exchanges or activities, to the extent that such programs are consistent with the purposes of this chapter. (e) Office of Citizen Exchanges There is established in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs an Office of Citizen Exchanges. The Office shall support private not-for-profit organizations engaged in the exchange of persons between the United States and other countries. (f) Coordination of exchange programs; reports (1) The President shall ensure that all exchange programs conducted by the United States Government, its departments and agencies, directly or through agreements with other parties, are reported at a time and in a format prescribed by the Director. The President shall ensure that such exchanges are consistent with United States foreign policy and avoid duplication of effort. (2) Not later than 90 days after April 30, 1994, and annually thereafter, the President shall submit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report pursuant to paragraph (1). Such report shall include information for each exchange program supported by the United States on the objectives of such exchange, the number of exchange participants supported, the types of exchange activities conducted, the total amount of Federal expenditures for such exchanges, and the extent to which such exchanges are duplicative. (g) Working Group on United States Government-Sponsored International Exchanges and Training (1) In order to carry out the purposes of subsection (f) of this section and to improve the coordination, efficiency, and effectiveness of United States Government-sponsored international exchanges and training, there is established within the Department of State a senior-level interagency working group to be known as the Working Group on United States Government-Sponsored International Exchanges and Training (in this section referred to as the "Working Group"). (2) For purposes of this subsection, the term "Government- sponsored international exchanges and training" means the movement of people between countries to promote the sharing of ideas, to develop skills, and to foster mutual understanding and cooperation, financed wholly or in part, directly or indirectly, with United States Government funds. (3) The Working Group shall be composed as follows: (A) The Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs, who shall act as Chair. (B) A senior representative of the Department of Defense, who shall be designated by the Secretary of Defense. (C) A senior representative of the Department of Education, who shall be designated by the Secretary of Education. (D) A senior representative of the Department of Justice, who shall be designated by the Attorney General. (E) A senior representative of the Agency for International Development, who shall be designated by the Administrator of the Agency. (F) Senior representatives of such other departments and agencies as the Chair determines to be appropriate. (4) Representatives of the National Security Adviser and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget may participate in the Working Group at the discretion of the Adviser and the Director, respectively. (5) The Working Group shall be supported by an interagency staff office established in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the Department of State. (6) The Working Group shall have the following purposes and responsibilities: (A) To collect, analyze, and report data provided by all United States Government departments and agencies conducting international exchanges and training programs. (B) To promote greater understanding and cooperation among concerned United States Government departments and agencies of common issues and challenges in conducting international exchanges and training programs, including through the establishment of a clearinghouse for information on international exchange and training activities in the governmental and nongovernmental sectors. (C) In order to achieve the most efficient and cost-effective use of Federal resources, to identify administrative and programmatic duplication and overlap of activities by the various United States Government departments and agencies involved in Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, to identify how each Government-sponsored international exchange and training program promotes United States foreign policy, and to report thereon. (D)(i) Not later than 1 year after October 21, 1998, the Working Group shall develop a coordinated and cost-effective strategy for all United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, including an action plan with the objective of achieving a minimum of 10 percent cost savings through greater efficiency, the consolidation of programs, or the elimination of duplication, or any combination thereof. (ii) Not later than 1 year after October 21, 1998, the Working Group shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees setting forth the strategy and action plan required by clause (i). (iii) Each year thereafter the Working Group shall assess the strategy and plan required by clause (i). (E) Not later than 2 years after October 21, 1998, to develop recommendations on common performance measures for all United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, and to issue a report. (F) To conduct a survey of private sector international exchange activities and develop strategies for expanding public and private partnerships in, and leveraging private sector support for, United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training activities. (G) Not later than 6 months after October 21, 1998, to report on the feasibility and advisability of transferring funds and program management for the ATLAS or the Mandela Fellows programs, or both, in South Africa from the Agency for International Development to the Department of State. The report shall include an assessment of the capabilities of the South African Fulbright Commission to manage such programs and the cost effects of consolidating such programs under one entity. (7) All reports prepared by the Working Group shall be submitted to the President, through the Secretary of State, acting through the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy. (8) The Working Group shall meet at least on a quarterly basis. (9) All decisions of the Working Group shall be by majority vote of the members present and voting. (10) The members of the Working Group shall serve without additional compensation for their service on the Working Group. Any expenses incurred by a member of the Working Group in connection with service on the Working Group shall be compensated by that member's department or agency. (11) With respect to any report issued under paragraph (6), a member may submit dissenting views to be submitted as part of the report of the Working Group. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 112, as added Pub. L. 98-164, title II, Sec. 213, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1034; amended Pub. L. 100-204, title III, Secs. 302(a), 303, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1378, 1379; Pub. L. 101-246, title II, Secs. 204(a)(2), 222(a), 223, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 50, 55, 56; Pub. L. 103-199, title III, Sec. 301(1), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2322; Pub. L. 103-236, title II, Sec. 229(a), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 423; Pub. L. 105-244, title I, Sec. 102(a)(7)(B), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1619; Pub. L. 105-277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIV, Sec. 2414, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681- 832; Pub. L. 107-228, div. A, title II, Secs. 221, 229, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1367, 1371.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b)(1), and (d), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. The FREEDOM Support Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is Pub. L. 102-511, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3320, as amended, also known as the Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5801 of this title and Tables. The Support for East European Democracy Act, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), probably means the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989, Pub. L. 101-179, Nov. 28, 1989, 103 Stat. 1298, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 63 (Sec. 5401 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5401 of this title and Tables. The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is Pub. L. 87-195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 32 (Sec. 2151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 2002 - Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107-228, Sec. 221, designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2). Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 107-228, Sec. 229(1), substituted "Department of State" for "United States Information Agency". Subsec. (g)(3)(A). Pub. L. 107-228, Sec. 229(2)(A), substituted "Assistant Secretary of State for Educational and Cultural Affairs" for "Associate Director for Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Information Agency". Subsec. (g)(3)(B) to (G). Pub. L. 107-228, Sec. 229(2)(B), (C), redesignated subpars. (C) to (G) as (B) to (F), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "A senior representative of the Department of State, who shall be designated by the Secretary of State." Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 107-228, Sec. 229(3), substituted "Department of State" for "United States Information Agency". Subsec. (g)(6)(G). Pub. L. 107-228, Sec. 229(4), substituted "Department of State" for "United States Information Agency". Subsec. (g)(7). Pub. L. 107-228, Sec. 229(5), substituted "Secretary of State, acting through the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy" for "Director of the United States Information Agency". 1998 - Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 105-244 substituted "section 1001" for "section 1141(a)". Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105-277 added subsec. (g). 1994 - Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103-236 added subsec. (f). 1993 - Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 103-199 substituted "independent states of the former Soviet Union" for "Soviet Union" in two places. 1990 - Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 101-246, Sec. 223, inserted "or through other programs designed to promote contact between the young peoples of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Eastern European countries" after "degree". Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 101-246, Sec. 204(a)(2), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) and (c) as (c) and (d), respectively. Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101-246, Sec. 222(a), added subsec. (e). 1987 - Subsec. (a)(8), (9). Pub. L. 100-204 added pars. (8) and (9). EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENT Amendment by Pub. L. 105-244 effective Oct. 1, 1998, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 105-244, see section 3 of Pub. L. 105- 244, set out as a note under section 1001 of Title 20, Education. -TRANS- TRANSFER OF FUNCTIONS United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. Section 222(b) of Pub. L. 101-246 provided that: "There are hereby transferred to the Office of Citizen Exchanges on the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 16, 1990] all functions carried out by the Office of Private Sector Programs on the day before such date." -MISC2- PRIVATE SECTOR PROGRAM; RESTRICTIONS ON FUNDS FOR FOREIGN TRAVEL; WAIVER; REPORTS Section 207 of Pub. L. 98-164, as amended by Pub. L. 103-236, title I, Sec. 139(11), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 398, provided that: "(a) No funds authorized to be appropriated for the Private Sector Program shall be used to pay for foreign travel by any United States citizen who, in the five years preceding the date of the proposed foreign travel, made two or more trips financed in whole or in substantial part by grants from the Private Sector Program. This limitation shall not apply to escort interpreters accompanying delegations, to artists accompanying exhibitions, to persons engaging in theatrical or musical performances, or to the full-time staff of the grantee organization. In addition, the Director of the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs may waive this limitation in exceptional cases if he determines that foreign travel is essential to the successful completion of the grant program and so certifies in writing to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate at least fifteen days prior to the commencement of the proposed foreign travel. "[(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 103-236, title I, Sec. 139(11), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 398.]" -EXEC- EX. ORD. NO. 13055. COORDINATION OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES AND TRAINING PROGRAMS Ex. Ord. No. 13055, July 15, 1997, 62 F.R. 39099, provided: By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, and in order to improve the coordination of United States Government International Exchanges and Training Programs, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. There is hereby established within the United States Information Agency a senior-level Interagency Working Group on United States Government-Sponsored International Exchanges and Training ("the Working Group"). The purpose of the Working Group is to recommend to the President measures for improving the coordination, efficiency, and effectiveness of United States Government-sponsored international exchanges and training. The Working Group shall establish a clearinghouse to improve data collection and analysis of international exchanges and training. Sec. 2. The term "Government-sponsored international exchanges and training" shall mean the movement of people between countries to promote the sharing of ideas, to develop skills, and to foster mutual understanding and cooperation, financed wholly or in part, directly or indirectly, with United States Government funds. Sec. 3. The Working Group shall consist of the Associate Director for Educational and Cultural Affairs of the United States Information Agency, who shall act as Chair, and a comparable senior representative appointed by the respective Secretary of each of the Departments of State, Defense, Education, and the Attorney General, by the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and by heads of other interested executive departments and agencies. In addition, representatives of the National Security Council and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall participate in the Working Group at their discretion. The Working Group shall be supported by an interagency staff office established in the Bureau of Education and Cultural Affairs of the United States Information Agency. Sec. 4. The Working Group shall have the following responsibilities: (a) Collect, analyze, and report data provided by all United States Government departments and agencies conducting international exchanges and training programs; (b) Promote greater understanding of and cooperation on, among concerned United States Government departments and agencies, common issues and challenges faced in conducting international exchanges and training programs, including through the establishment of a clearinghouse for information on international exchange and training activities in the governmental and nongovernmental sectors; (c) In order to achieve the most efficient and cost-effective use of Federal resources, identify administrative and programmatic duplication and overlap of activities by the various United States Government agencies involved in Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, and report thereon; (d) No later than 1 year from the date of this order, develop initially and thereafter assess annually a coordinated strategy for all United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, and issue a report on such strategy; (e) No later than 2 years from the date of this order, develop recommendations on performance measures for all United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training programs, and issue a report thereon; and (f) Develop strategies for expanding public and private partnerships in, and leveraging private sector support for, United States Government-sponsored international exchange and training activities. Sec. 5. All reports prepared by the Working Group pursuant to section 4 shall be made to the President, through the Director of the United States Information Agency. Sec. 6. The Working Group shall meet on at least a quarterly basis. Sec. 7. Any expenses incurred by a member of the Working Group in connection with such member's service on the Working Group shall be borne by the member's respective department or agency. Sec. 8. If any member of the Working Group disagrees with respect to any matter in any report prepared pursuant to section 4, such member may prepare a statement setting forth the reasons for such disagreement and such statement shall be appended to, and considered a part of, the report. Sec. 9. Nothing in this Executive order is intended to alter the authorities and responsibilities of the head of any department or agency. William J. Clinton. [For abolition of United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau), transfer of functions, and treatment of references thereto, see sections 6531, 6532, and 6551 of this title.] -CROSS- DEFINITIONS In subsec. (a)(8), independent states of the former Soviet Union has the meaning given in section 5801 of this title, see section 3 of Pub. L. 103-199, set out as a note under section 5801 of this title. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2461 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2461. Exchanges between United States and independent states of the former Soviet Union -STATUTE- (a) Financing of exchanges with repayments on Lend-Lease debts The President is authorized to negotiate and implement agreements with the independent states of the former Soviet Union under which repayments made by the independent states on Lend-Lease debts to the United States would be used to finance the exchange of persons between the United States and the independent states for educational, cultural, and artistic purposes. Exchanges authorized pursuant to this section shall be administered subject to the provisions of this chapter. Part of the funds repaid to the United States shall be in convertible currency for the purpose of paying the expenses associated with study and other exchange activities in the United States by citizens of the independent states. (b) Limitation on availability of funds Funds made available for the purposes of this section shall be available only to the extent and in the amounts provided for in an appropriation Act. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 113, as added Pub. L. 101-246, title II, Sec. 224, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 56; amended Pub. L. 103-199, title III, Sec. 301(2), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2322.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. -MISC1- AMENDMENTS 1993 - Pub. L. 103-199, Sec. 301(2)(A), substituted "Exchanges between United States and independent states of the former Soviet Union" for "United States-Soviet exchanges" in section catchline. Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103-199, Sec. 301(2)(B)-(E), substituted "agreements with the independent states of the former Soviet Union" for "an agreement with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics", "made by the independent states" for "made by the Soviet Union", "and the independent states" for "and the Soviet Union", and "in the United States by citizens of the independent states" for "by Soviet citizens in the United States". -CROSS- DEFINITIONS In subsec. (a), independent states of the former Soviet Union and independent states have the meanings given in section 5801 of this title, see section 3 of Pub. L. 103-199, set out as a note under section 5801 of this title. -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2462 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2462. Establishment of grant program for foreign study by American college students of limited financial means -STATUTE- (a) Establishment Subject to the availability of appropriations and under the authorities of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.], the Secretary of State shall establish and carry out a program in each fiscal year to award grants of up to $5,000, to individuals who meet the requirements of subsection (b) of this section, toward the cost of up to one academic year of undergraduate study abroad. Grants under this Act shall be known as the "Benjamin A. Gilman International Scholarships". (b) Eligibility An individual referred to in subsection (a) of this section is an individual who - (1) is a student in good standing at an institution of higher education in the United States (as defined in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1001(a)]); (2) has been accepted for up to one academic year of study on a program of study abroad approved for credit by the student's home institution; (3) is receiving any need-based student assistance under title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1070 et seq., 42 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.]; and (4) is a citizen or national of the United States. (c) Application and selection (1) Grant application and selection shall be carried out through accredited institutions of higher education in the United States or a combination of such institutions under such procedures as are established by the Secretary of State. (2) In considering applications for grants under this section - (A) consideration of financial need shall include the increased costs of study abroad; and (B) priority consideration shall be given to applicants who are receiving Federal Pell Grants under title IV of the Higher Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 1070 et seq., 42 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.]. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 106-309, title III, Sec. 303, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1095.) -REFTEXT- REFERENCES IN TEXT The Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 87-256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, as amended, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables. This Act, referred to in subsec. (a), probably means title III of Pub. L. 106-309, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1094, known as the International Academic Opportunity Act of 2000, which enacted this section and provisions set out as notes under this section. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables. The Higher Education Act of 1965, referred to in subsecs. (b)(3) and (c)(2)(B), is Pub. L. 89-329, Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat. 1219, as amended. Title IV of the Act is classified generally to subchapter IV (Sec. 1070 et seq.) of chapter 28 of Title 20, Education, and part C (Sec. 2751 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 34 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 20 and Tables. -COD- CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the International Academic Opportunity Act of 2000, and also as part of the Microenterprise for Self-Reliance and International Anti-Corruption Act of 2000, and not as part of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter. -MISC1- INTERNATIONAL ACADEMIC OPPORTUNITY Pub. L. 106-309, title III, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1094, provided that: "SEC. 301. SHORT TITLE. "This title [enacting this section and this note] may be cited as the 'International Academic Opportunity Act of 2000'. "SEC. 302. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE. "It is the purpose of this title to establish an undergraduate grant program for students of limited financial means from the United States to enable such students to study abroad. Such foreign study is intended to broaden the outlook and better prepare such students of demonstrated financial need to assume significant roles in the increasingly global economy. "SEC. 303. ESTABLISHMENT OF GRANT PROGRAM FOR FOREIGN STUDY BY AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS OF LIMITED FINANCIAL MEANS. "[Enacted this section.] "SEC. 304. REPORT TO CONGRESS. "The Secretary of State shall report annually to the Congress concerning the grant program established under this title. Each such report shall include the following information for the preceding year: "(1) The number of participants. "(2) The institutions of higher education in the United States that participants attended. "(3) The institutions of higher education outside the United States participants attended during their study abroad. "(4) The areas of study of participants. "SEC. 305. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. "There are authorized to be appropriated $1,500,000 for each fiscal year to carry out this title. "SEC. 306. EFFECTIVE DATE. "This title shall take effect October 1, 2000." -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2463 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2463. Allocation of funds transferred to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs -STATUTE- Of each amount transferred to the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs out of appropriations other than appropriations under the heading "Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs" for support of an educational or cultural exchange program, notwithstanding any other provision of law, not more than 7.5 percent shall be made available to cover administrative expenses incurred in connection with support of the program. Amounts made available to cover administrative expenses shall be credited to the appropriations under the heading "Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs" and shall remain available until expended. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 87-256, Sec. 114, as added Pub. L. 107-77, title IV, Sec. 406, Nov. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 790.) -End- -CITE- 22 USC Sec. 2464 01/03/2007 -EXPCITE- TITLE 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE CHAPTER 33 - MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM -HEAD- Sec. 2464. Ethical issues in international health research -STATUTE- (a) In general The Secretary shall make available funds for international exchanges to provide opportunities to researchers in developing countries to participate in activities related to ethical issues in human subject research, as described in subsection (c) of this section. (b) Coordination with other programs The Secretary shall coordinate programs conducted pursuant to this section with similar programs that may be conducted by the United States Agency for International Development and other Federal agencies as part of United States international health programs, particularly with respect to research and treatment of infectious diseases. (c) Ethical issues in human subject research For purposes of subsection (a) of this section, the phrase "activities related to ethical issues in human subject research" includes courses of study, conferences, and fora on development of and compliance with international ethical standards for clinical trials involving human subjects, particularly with respect to responsibilities of researchers to individuals and local communities participating in such trials, and on management and monitoring of such trials based on such international ethical standards. -SOURCE- (Pub. L. 107-228, div. A, title II, Sec. 228, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1371.) -COD- CODIFICATION Section was enacted as part of the Department of State Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003, and also as part of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003, and not as part of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter. -CROSS- DEFINITION For definition of "Secretary" as used in this section, see section 3 of Pub. L. 107-228, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title. -End-