Record 159 of 382 - CRIS/ICAR 9/96 TI: ELUCIDATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF NATURAL INTERNAL MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO POSTHARVEST DECAY IN: CONWAY-W-S; MOLINE-H-E PO: BELTSVILLE AGR RES CENTER LO: BELTSVILLE, MARYLAND 20705. FY: 1995 CL: PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION GENERAL CLASSIF. RPA ACTVTY CMMDTY SCNCE PRCNT PRGM JTC R404 A4870 C1000 F1112 50% P3.13 J3A R404 A4870 C1000 F1312 50% P3.13 J3A PH: R404 (Quality-Maintenance-Fruit,-Vegetables); A4870 (Protection-Against-Molds,-Spoilage); C1000 (Deciduous-and-Small-Fruits-and-Nuts); F1112 (Pathology-Plant); F1312 (Physiology-Plant) GH: P3.13 (Fruit); J3A (Food-Systems) SC: S1011 (Apples) 25%; S1015 (Peaches) 25%; S1033 (Strawberries) 50%; PST1 (Target-I-Biology) 50%; PST2 (Target-II-Nonpesticidal-Control) 50% DE: HOST-PATHOGEN-RELATIONS; POST-HARVEST-LOSSES; MECHANISM-OF-ACTION; NATURE-OF-DISEASE-RESISTANCE; APPLES; STRAWBERRIES; CALCIUM; CELL-WALL; ETHYLENE; PLANT-BIOCHEMISTRY; FOOD-QUALITY; QUALITY-MAINTENANCE; FUNGUS-DISEASES-(PLANTS); PLANT-DISEASE-RESISTANCE; PENICILLIUM-EXPANSUM; WOUNDS; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA CT: Basic 80%; Applied 20%; Developmental 0% OB: Identify internal biochemical mechanisms of resistance to postharvest decay fungi of fruit and determine methods by which these resistance factors can be maintained or enhanced. AP: Postharvest treatment of apples with calcium has been shown to reduce decay caused by Penicillium expansum, a wound pathogen. To be of practical use, the effect of calcium must be broad spectrum in that it must reduce decay caused by other postharvest pathogens as well. The effect of calcium on other important postharvest wound pathogens of apple will be studied to include the mechanism by which this effect occurs. Latent or quiescent infection will be studied using strawberries as the host and Botrytis cinerea as the pathogen. The effects that changes in host cell wall components have on fungal sporulation, growth, and macerating enzyme activity will be determined. PR: 9401 TO 9412 Protein(s) present in apple fruit differentially inhibit polygalacturonase from different pathogens as well as isozymes from the same pathogen. It appears to be more effective against polygalacturonase isozymes produced by Botrytis cinerea than those produced by Penicillium expansum. The calcium concentration of nonheated apple fruit can be increased to a greater extent through postharvest treatment than heated fruit because the heat treatment apparently blocks pathways through which calcium solutions enter the apples. 'Golden Delicious' apple membrane proteins of fruit treated with heat and calcium at harvest were found to have enhanced antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. This antifungal activity was associated with 40-50 kDa membrane proteins and increased during storage. These membrane proteins may play a role in the cell's defense against pathogens. If fruit calcium concentration can be increased and the inhibitors and membrane proteins can be identified and enhanced, the combination may help reduce the amount of fungicides needed to reduce postharvest decay. This will benefit the grower and consumer because fewer fungicides will be needed and chemical residues on the fruit surface will be reduced. PB: 9401 TO 9412 CONWAY, W.S., SAMS, C.E., WANG, C.Y. and ABBOTT, J.A. 1994. Additive effects of postharvest calcium and heat treatment on ... maintaining quality in apples. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 119:49-53. MOLINE, H.E. 1994. Preharvest Management ... Postharvest Biocontrol, Chapter V, pp. 57-62. IN: C.L. Wilson and M.E. Wisniewski (eds.) Biocontrol ... Theory and Practice. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. ROY, S., CONWAY, W.S., WATADA, A.E., SAMS, C.E., POOLEY, C.D. and WERGIN, W.P. 1994. Distribution of the anionic sites in the cell wall ... after calcium treatment. Protoplasma 178:156-167. KUTI, J.O. and MOLINE, H.E. 1994. Effect of postharvest calcium and fungicide treatments on Rhizopus rot and storage life of 'Early Grande' peaches. J. Subtropical Plant Sci. 46:161-164. ROY, S., CONWAY, W.S., WATADA, A.E., SAMS, C.E., ERBE, E.F. and WERGIN, W.P. 1994. Heat treatment affects ... wax structure and calcium uptake in ... apples.HortScience 29:1056-1058. BEAVERS, W.B., SAMS, C.E., CONWAY, W.S. and BROWN, G.A. 1994. Calcium source affects calcium content, firmness, and degree of injury of apples during storage. HortScience 29:1520-1523. ROY, S., CONWAY, W.S., WATADA, A.E., SAMS, C.E. and WERGIN, W.P. 1994. Epicuticular wax structure and ... calcium uptake in ... apples at various inte. PB: 9301 TO 9312 TOBIAS, R.B., CONWAY, W.S. and SAMS, C.E. 1993. Polygalacturonase isozymes from Botrytis cinerea grown on apple pectin. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 30:829-837. ROY, S., CONWAY, W.S., WATADA, A.E., POOLEY, C.D. and WERGIN, W.P. 1993. Visualization of the anionic sites ... using a cationic colloidal gold probe. Proc. 51st Microscopy Society of America Meeting p. 320-321. SAMS, C.E., CONWAY, W.S., ABBOTT, J.A., LEWIS, R.J. and BEN-SHALOM, N. 1993. Firmness and decay of apples following ... pressure infiltration of calcium and heat treatment. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 118:623-627. MOLINE, H.E. 1993. Comparison of microsomal membrane proteins from heat-teated and calcium-infiltrated Golden Delicious apples using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Phytopathology 83:1416. TOBIAS, R.B. and CONWAY, W.S. 1993. In vivo and In vitro isozymes of polygalacturonase in fungal-infected apple fruit. Plant Physiol. 102(S):113. CONWAY, W.S., SAMS, C.E., WANG, C.Y. and ABBOTT, J.A. 1993. Effects of combiningpostharvest calcium and heat treatment on reducing decay and maintaining qualityin apples. HortScience 28:227. FORCHERIO, J.L., SAMS, C.E. and CONWAY, W.S. 1993. Reduction in ethylene production induced by ... heat treatment occurs without an apparent decrease in ethylene-forming enzyme activity. HortScience 28:227. PB: 9201 TO 9212 CONWAY, W., SAMS, C., and TOBIAS, R. 1992. Reduction of storage decay in apples by postharvest calcium infiltration. Acta Hort. 326: Accepted May 15, 1992. SAMS, C. and CONWAY, W. 1992. Postharvest calcium infiltration improves fresh and processing quality of apples. Acta Hort. 326: Accepted June 9, 1992. TOBIAS, R., CONWAY, W. et al. 1992. Composition of calcium-treated apples inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. Phytochemistry 32: Accepted June 24, 1992. MOLINE, H.E. and LOCKE, J.C. 1992. Comparison of neem seed oil with calcium and three fungicides to control postharvest decays of apples. HortScience 28: Accepted August 3, 1992. CONWAY, W.S. et al. 1992. Factors affecting ... fruits. IN R. Macrae, R. Robinson and M. Sadler (eds.) Encyclopedia of Food Science. Academic Press Ltd. London, England. Accepted December 11, 1992. TOBIAS, R., CONWAY, W., GROSS, K. and WHITAKER, B. 1992. Alterations in cell wall ... in calcium ... apple inoculated with Botrytis cinerea. Plant Physiol. Abstr. 99(S):108. CONWAY, W., SAMS, C., ABBOTT, J. and BEN-SHALOM, N. 1992. The effects of postharvest calcium and heat treatment on firmness and decay of apples. Phytopathology Abstr. 82:1138. PB: 9101 TO 9112 BEAVERS, W.B., SAMS, C.E. and CONWAY, W.S. 1991. Potential of three calcium sources for increasing calcium content and maintaining firmness of apples duringcold storage. HortScience Abstr. 26:690. CONWAY, W.S., SAMS, C.E. and KELMAN, A. 1991. Enhancing natural internal mechanisms of resistance to latent infections through mineral nutrition. HortScience Abstr. 26:801. MOLINE, H.E. 1991. Effect of Neem Oil on wound ethylene and decay in apple fruitinoculated with Botrytis cinerea. Phytopath. Abstr. 81:1231. MOLINE, H.E. 1991. Biocontrol of postharvest ... of fruits and vegetables. pp.114-124. IN C.L. Wilson and E. Chalutz (eds.) Workshop on Biological ... Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables. USDA:ARS-92. CONWAY, W.S., SAMS, C.E., McGUIRE, R.G. and KELMAN, A. 1991. Calcium treatment of apples and potatoes to reduce postharvest decay. Plant Dis. 75: Accepted Oct.31, 1991. PB: 9010 TO 9012 MOLINE, H.E. 1990. The effects of postharvest calcium-fungicide combinations on control of apple storage diseases. Phytopathology 80:974. (Abstract). CONWAY, W.S., SAMS, C.E. and ABBOTT, J.A. 1990. Effect of supplemental calcium on decay of apple caused by Glomerella cingulata. Phytopathology 80:1044. (Abstract). WELLS, J.M. and MOLINE, H.E. 1990. Differentiation of soft rotting Erwinias (thecarotovora group) by fatty acid composition. J. Phytopathology 130: Accepted April 21, 1990. BRUTON, B.D., TABER, R.A., GROSS, K.C. and CONWAY, W.S. 1990. Botryosphaeria dothidea from muskmelon: in vitro growth. J. Rio Grande Valley Hort. Soc. 43: Accepted October 15, 1990. CONWAY, W.S., SAMS, C.E., ABBOTT, J.A. and BRUTON, B.D. 1991. Postharvest calcium treatment . broad-spectrum protection against postharvest pathogens. Plant Dis. 75: Accepted December 10, 1990. IC: 006521 SU: Region 1 (Northeastern). PS: NEW UD: 9010 UP: 9503 PP: 9412 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------