Catalogue Query Results
Ceroplastes sinensis Del GuercioNOMENCLATURE:
Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio, 1900: 3. Type data: ITALY: Liguria, on Citrus sinensis. Syntypes, female. Notes: Type material probably lost (G. Pellizzari Scaltriti, 1990, personal communication).
COMMON NAMES: Caparreta blanca [Lloren1990]; carrapeta-branca [CarvalAg1997]; Chinese wax scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, SmithBeBr1997]; chinese wax scale [HamonWi1984, Gill1988, SmithBeBr1997]; craca [CarvalAg1997]; hard wax scale [SmithBeBr1997]; hard wax scale [HodgsoHe2000].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) [Pen1960, StathaKaEl2003], Chilocorus renipustulatus Scriba [Pen1960], Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) [StathaKaEl2003], Halmus chalybeus [LoCh2001]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia Walker [ArgyriStMo1976]. Eulophidae: Tetrastichus ceroplastae Girault [ArgyriStMo1976]. Pteromalidae: Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) [MonacoSa1980, StathaKaEl2003]. LEPIDOPTERA Noctuidae: Coccidophaga scitula [MonacoSa1980]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa carnea Stephens [ArgyriStMo1976].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [CarnerPe1986], Rhodosphaera rhodanthema [Snowba1970], Schinus molle [Balach1931a, Borg1932, GimpelMiDa1974], Schinus terebinthifolius [Snowba1970]. Annonaceae: Annona cherimolia [Snowba1970], Annona squamosa [Marott1987]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex aquifolium [GimpelMiDa1974, MonacoSa1980], Ilex crenata [GimpelMiDa1974], Ilex vomitoria [GimpelMiDa1974]. Araliaceae: Aralia [CarnerPe1986]. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sericofera [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Hoya carnosa [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Asteraceae: Aster formosissima [Marott1987], Baccharis [GimpelMiDa1974], Baccharis halimofolia [DauphiMa2003], Cassinia laevis [QinGu1994], Chrysanthemum frutescens [Marott1987], Chrysanthemum grandiflora [Marott1987], Chrysanthemum indicum [CorseuBa1971], Dahlia variabilis [Marott1987], Felicia angustifolia [Snowba1970], Olearia paniculata [Snowba1970], Osteospermum moniliferum [Marott1987]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [Balach1939, Marott1987], Bignonia unguiscati [VieiraCaPi1983], Jacaranda mimosifolia [QinGu1994]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [VieiraCaPi1983]. Celastraceae: Euonymus europaeus [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Euonymus japonicus [Marott1987]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita pepo [Marott1987]. Dennstaedtiaceae: Pteridium esculentum [HodgsoHe2000]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros fasciculosa [Snowba1970], Diospyros ferrea [Snowba1970], Diospyros kaki [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Erica arborea [GimpelMiDa1974], Vaccinium myrtillus [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Escalloniaceae: Escallonia rubra [GimpelMiDa1974]. Euphorbiaceae: Drypetes australasica [Snowba1970], Euphorbia longan [CarnerPe1986], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Snowba1970], Mercurialis annua [Marott1987]. Fabaceae: Caesalpinia sepiaria [Snowba1970], Cytisus scoparius [Marott1987], Pultenaea villosa [QinGu1994]. Flacourtiaceae: Casearia sylvestris [CorseuBa1971]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [Marott1987], Aesculus pavia [Marott1987]. Lamiaceae: Melissa officinalis [CarnerPe1986], Rosmarinus officinalis [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Salvia splendens [Marott1987]. Lauraceae: Apollonias barbujana [Snowba1970], Cinnamomum burmannii [Snowba1970], Cinnamomum zeylanicum [VieiraCaPi1983], Laurus [Marott1987], Persea americana [CarnerPe1986, QinGu1994]. Loranthaceae: Amyema congener [QinGu1994], Loranthus [CorseuBa1971]. Malvaceae: Hoheria populnea [HodgsoHe2000], Lagunaria patersonii [VieiraCaPi1983]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [Borg1932, Marott1987], Ficus virens [Snowba1970], Ficus watkinsiana [Snowba1970]. Musaceae: Musa nana [Snowba1970]. Myoporaceae: Myoporum [Argyri1983], Myoporum acuminatum [VieiraCaPi1983]. Myrsinaceae: Aegiceras corniculatum [QinGu1994], Myrsine africana [Marott1987]. Myrtaceae: Acmena [Snowba1970], Baeckea camphorata [QinGu1994], Baeckea virgata [DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Callistemon citrinus [Snowba1970], Callistemon linearis [Snowba1970], Callistemon polandii [QinGu1994], Callistemon viminalis [QinGu1994], Eucalyptus curtisii [QinGu1994], Eugenia [QinGu1994], Eugenia greggii [Snowba1970], Feijoa sellowiana [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987], Melaleuca armillaris [Snowba1970, QinGu1994], Melaleuca bracteata [QinGu1994], Melaleuca decussata [Snowba1970], Melaleuca diasmifolia [Marott1987], Melaleuca elliptica [QinGu1994], Melaleuca hypericifolia [Snowba1970], Melaleuca linariifolia trichostachya [QinGu1994], Melaleuca pauciflora [Snowba1970], Melaleuca quinquenervia [QinGu1994], Psidium guajava [Marott1987], Rhodomyrtus psidioides [Snowba1970], Syncarpia glomulifera [Snowba1970], Syzygium [QinGu1994], Syzygium floribundum [GimpelMiDa1974], Syzygium francisii [Snowba1970], Syzygium luehmannii [Snowba1970], Syzygium moorei [Snowba1970], Syzygium paniculatum [QinGu1994], Tristania conferta [Snowba1970]. Ochnaceae: Ochna mauritiana [Snowba1970]. Oleaceae: Syringa vulgaris [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Philadelphaceae: Philadelphus coronaria [Marott1987]. Pittosporaceae: Bursaria spinosa [Snowba1970]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [MonacoSa1980, Marott1987]. Plumbaginaceae: Ceratostigma willmottianum [Snowba1970]. Polygonaceae: Muehlenbeckia platyclada [Marott1987]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleracea [Marott1987]. Proteaceae: Banksia ericifolia [QinGu1994], Grevillea [QinGu1994], Grevillea banksii [QinGu1994], Grevillea pteridifolia [QinGu1994], Hakea salicifolia [QinGu1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Snowba1970, MonacoSa1980, QinGu1994]. Rhamnaceae: Frangula alnus [Marott1987]. Rosaceae: Chaenomeles lagenaria [Snowba1970], Cotoneaster dammeri [GimpelMiDa1974], Crataegus [MonacoSa1980], Osteomeles schwerinae [Snowba1970], Prunus persica [MonacoSa1980], Pyrus communis [GimpelMiDa1974, MonacoSa1980], Rosa [MonacoSa1980]. Rubiaceae: Burchellia bubalina [Snowba1970], Canthium ventosum [Snowba1970], Coprosma [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma rhamboides [HodgsoHe2000], Coprosma robusta [HodgsoHe2000], Gardenia florida [CorseuBa1971], Gardenia thunbergia [Snowba1970], Rondeletia amoena [Snowba1970]. Rutaceae: Calodendron capense [QinGu1994], Citrus [Balach1931a, Balach1939, Argyri1983, FrancoPa1991, Jansen1995, CarvalAg1997, SmithBeBr1997], Citrus aurantium [GomezM1958b], Citrus limon [DeLott1971, QinGu1994], Citrus nobilis [Balach1927], Citrus paradisi [QinGu1994], Citrus reticulata [Snowba1970, QinGu1994], Citrus sinensis [DelGue1900, QinGu1994], Coleonema pulchrum [Snowba1970], Medicosma cunninghamii [Snowba1970], Melicope simplex [HodgsoHe2000]. Sapindaceae: Arytera divaricata [Snowba1970], Dodonaea tenuifolia [QinGu1994], Dodonaea triquerta [Snowba1970], Dodonaea viscosa [Snowba1970], Harpullia pendula [Snowba1970], Litchi chinensis [QinGu1994], Sapindus saponaria [Marott1987], Sarcopteryx stipitata [Snowba1970]. Sapotaceae: Achras [Snowba1970], Martiusella imperialis [Snowba1970], Planchonella australis [Snowba1970], Planchonella myrsinoides [Snowba1970], Pouteria wakere [Snowba1970]. Scrophulariaceae: Halleria lucida [Marott1987], Hebe stricta [HodgsoHe2000], Veronica salicifolia [Marott1987]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [Marott1987], Cyphomandra betacea [Marott1987], Lycopersicon esculentum [Marott1987], Solanum [Balach1933e], Solanum aviculare [HodgsoHe2000], Solanum nigrum [Marott1987], Solanum paniculatum [CorseuBa1971], Streptosolen [Green1923b], Streptosolen jamesonii [GimpelMiDa1974, QinGu1994]. Styracaceae: Styrax officinalis [Marott1987]. Theaceae: Thea [Pen1960]. Tiliaceae: Grewia flava [Marott1987], Grewia opositifolia [Marott1987]. Ulmaceae: Trema micrantha [Marott1987]. Urticaceae: Urtica dioica [Marott1987]. Verbenaceae: Avicennia marina [QinGu1994, HodgsoHe2000], Avicennia officinalis [DeLott1971], Duranta plumieri [Green1923b, Marott1987], Vitex lucens [HodgsoHe2000].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1971]. Australasian: Australia [DeLott1971] (Australian Capital Territory [QinGu1994], New South Wales [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [QinGu1994, SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [QinGu1994], Western Australia [QinGu1994]); New Zealand [DeLott1971, HodgsoHe2000, LoCh2001]; Norfolk Island; Solomon Islands [DeLott1971]. Nearctic: Mexico (Veracruz); United States of America (California, North Carolina, Pennsylvania [Stimme1998], Virginia). Neotropical: Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991]; Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina [HickelDu1995]); Chile; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006]. Oriental: Philippines [Baltaz1962]. Palaearctic: Azores [CarvalFrAg1996]; Canary Islands [PerezGCa1987]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Egypt [Hall1924a]; France [Balach1931a, Balach1933d, Balach1939, Foldi2000, DauphiMa2003]; Georgia; Greece [ArgyriStMo1976, Argyri1983, StathaKaEl2003]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, Kaussa1957, KozarFoZa1996]; Italy [DeLott1971, Marott1987, LongoMaPe1995]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, DeLott1971, CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Malta [Borg1932]; Morocco [Rungs1970]; Portugal [Seabra1942, Fernan1992, CarvalFrAg1996]; Russia (Caucasus); Sardinia [Marott1987]; Sicily [Liotta1970, Marott1987]; Spain [Balach1935b, Jansen1995, LongoMaPe1995]; Turkey [Tuncyu1970a, CebeciSe2004, KaydanUlEr2007].
BIOLOGY: One annual generation was reported in Italy on citrus (Monastero & Zaami, 1959; Frediani, 1967); in USA, Virginia (Kosztarab, 1996); on pears in Italy (Frediani, 1960). Snowball (1970) outlined the life history in New South Wales. Life history in Spain described by Llorens Climent (1984). Beattie et al. (1990) studied the effect of nutrients in citrus (New South Wales, Australia) on the growth, size and phenology.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1971), Williams & Kosztarab (1972), Gimpel et al. (1974), Hamon & Williams (1984), Gill (1988), Williams & Watson (1990), Kosztarab (1996) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1957).
STRUCTURE: Adult female 3-7 mm long; convex. Dorsal wax cover formed of plates not very distinctly divided; anterior portion of the cover slightly lower than posterior; anterior portion white while the posterior is light brown or pink. Colour photograph by Gill (1988), Katsoyannos (1996), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and by Germain et al., (2003).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Natural enemies listed by Borchsenius (1957). A sporadic pest of citrus in Italy and Spain. A serious pest of citrus in Australia (Snowball, 1970; Qin & Gullan, 1994).
KEYS: Mori, Pellizzari & Tosi 2001: 42 (female) [Italy]; Hodgson & Henderson 2000: 185 (female) [New Zealand]; Kosztarab 1996: 325 (female) [Northeastren North America]; Pellizzari & Camporose 1994: 177 (female) [Ceroplastes species of Mediterranean]; Williams & Watson 1990: 65 (female) [Tropical South Pacific]; Gill 1988: 17 (female) [USA, California]; Hamon & Williams 1984: 18 (female) [USA, Florida]; Gimpel et al. 1974: 19 (female) [USA]; Williams & Kosztarab 1972: 36 (female) [USA, Virginia]; Kosztarab 1966: 325 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Borchsenius 1957: 451 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Argyri1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 57-65]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 23]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 186]; Balach1931a [host, distribution: 100]; Balach1932d [taxonomy, host, distribution: xxxiv]; Balach1933e [host, distribution: 5]; Balach1935b [host, distribution: 264]; Balach1939 [host, distribution: 258]; BalciuBuPu1995 [viological control: 247-267]; Baltaz1962 [host, distribution: 6,12]; Beatti1979 [host, distribution, chemical control: 35]; Beatti1993 [taxonomy: 1-19]; Benass1969 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 793-799]; BenDov1993 [catalogue: 54-56]; Bodenh1944b [host, distribution: 90]; Bodenh1951a [host, distribution: 387]; Bodenh1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 113-114]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 79-80]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 154]; Borchs1957 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 451-454]; Borg1932 [host, distribution: 16]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; CABI1980 [distribution: 1-2]; CamporPe1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 180-182]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 12-13]; Carrer1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 625-631]; CarvalAg1997 [life history, economic importance, description, host, distribution: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; Castel1951a [biological control: 95-98]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 137]; CebeciSe2004 [host, distribution: 208]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 37]; CorseuBa1971 [host, distribution: 238]; Costan1948 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 85-88]; Danzig1972 [host, distribution: 199]; DauphiMa2003 [host, distribution: 161-263]; DelGue1900 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 3-26]; DelGue1906 [host, distribution: 257-263]; DeLott1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145]; Delucc1975 [host, distribution]; Dzhash1970 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 182]; Evlakh1941 [host, distribution, biological control: 64-65]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 157]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 59]; Fletch1951 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-24]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 82]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 150]; Fredia1960 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history: 89-95]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; GermaiMaPi2003 [host, distribution, structure: 23]; Gill1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21,25]; GillKo1997 [economic importance, host, distribution: 161-163]; GimpelMiDa1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-67]; GomesC1949 [host, distribution]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 313-316]; GomezM1958b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 128-134]; GradyRe1940 [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 1-32]; Green1923b [host, distribution: 88]; Greig1944 [taxonomy, host, distribution]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 153-154]; Hall1924a [host, distribution: 23]; HamonWi1984 [life history, economic importance, taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34]; HickelDu1995 [host, distribution: 665-668]; HodgsoHe2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 190,193-194]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 136]; Jansen1995 [host, distribution: 134]; JohnsoLy1988 [host, distribution]; Katsoy1996 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 15,81-83]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 1]; KaydanUlEr2007 [host, distribution: 91]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 248]; Kiritc1935 [host, distribution: 3]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 332-333]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 81]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 65]; KozarWa1985 [catalogue: 76]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 364-366]; LimonMeBl1976a [host, distribution, biological control: 263-276]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 115,219,307]; Liotta1970 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 33]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; Lloren1984 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution]; LoBlPe1996 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 315-321]; LoCh2001 [biological control, life history, host, distribution: 57-66]; LongoMaPe1995 [host, distribution: 134]; LongoRu1986 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41]; Marott1987 [host, distribution, life history: 99-100]; Martin1984MP [host, distribution: 68]; Miller1996 [distribution: 70]; MonacoSa1980 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, host, distribution: 3-6]; Monast1958 [economic importance, control: 131-165]; MonastZa1959 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 4-26]; MoriPeTo2001 [taxonomy: 42]; Neves1936 [host, distribution: 207-208]; Panis1982 [distribution, biological control: 12-22]; Paoli1927a [host, distribution: 382-387]; PellizCa1994 [life history, taxonomy, host, distribution: 180-182]; Pen1960 [biological control: 104-112]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 127]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 14-20]; PietriBiCo1969 [chemical control: 909-915]; Priore1967 [life history, ecology: 46-46]; QinGu1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 941-953]; QinGu1995 [taxonomy: 302]; QinGuBe1994 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 541-549]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; SandsVa2003 [host, biological control: 41-53]; Scorti1987 [host, distribution: 35-40]; Seabra1942 [distribution: 2]; Silves1920 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 3-17]; Silves1921 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-11]; Silves1926a [control, host, distribution: 97-101]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 59-61]; Snowba1970 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 57-66]; StathaKaEl2003 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 271-275]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 10]; Stimme1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 17-19]; TabataLo2002 [chemical control: 30]; Tranfa1980 [host, distribution, taxonomy, description: 701-704]; Tranfa1981 [host, distribution, life history: 23-26]; TranfaVi1987a [economic importance: 215-221]; Trembl1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 251-254]; Tuncyu1970a [life history, exonomic importance, host, distribution: 67-80]; Valent1963 [biological control: 6-13]; Valent1967 [biological control: 1100]; VieiraCaPi1983 [host, distribution: 95]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Vilar1951 [taxonomy, illustration: 177-181]; Vilar1952 [taxonomy, illustration: 8]; WilliaKo1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-54]; WilliaWa1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-81]; Wise1977 [host, distribution: 103]; Yang1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 187]; Yasnos1987 [economic importance: 229-234]; Yasnos1995 [host, distribution, economic importance: 247-251].
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