References for a Scale Query Results

The scale Kerria lacca has the following references:

Ali, S.M. 1967a. Description of a new and records of some known coccids (Homoptera) from Bihar, India. Oriental Insects. New Delhi 1: 29-43. [Ali1967a]
Notes: Indococcus pipalae, new sp., described; other species reviewed include Cerococcus hibisci, A. robustum, Dactylopius indicus, Antonina graminis, A. zonata, Nipaecoccus vastator, Ripersia oryzae, Spilococcus perforatus, Saissetia hemisphaerica, S. nigra, Ceroplastodes cajani, Aulacaspis loranthi, Chionaspis annandalei, Pinnaspis fici, Pinnaspis minima, P. temporaria, Parlatoria crotonis, Chrysomphalus ficus, Laccifer albizziae, L. ebrachiata, L. fici, L. indicola, L. lacca and L. pusana; hosts; distributions.

Ali, S.M. 1970. A catalogue of the Oriental Coccoidea. (Part III.) (Insecta: Homoptera: Coccoidea). Indian Museum Bulletin 5: 9-94. [Ali1970]
Notes: Hosts & distribution of 289 spp. in 92 gen. & 7 fam; literature citations.

Bahuguna, R. & Shiva, M.P. 2002. Lac: a review on present status and its prospects. International Journal of Forest Usufructs Management 3(1/2): 63-70. [BahuguSh2002]
Notes: This paper discusses the current status of lac production in India. A description of the lac insect Laccifer lacca [Kerria lacca] is presented. The 3 major host plants (Butea monosperma, Schleichera oleosa and Ziziphus mauritiana) of the lac insect, as well as other multipurpose tree species (Albizia lucida, Grewia serrulata, Leea crispa, Ougeinia oojeinensis [Desmodium oojeinense], Shorea talura [S. roxburghii] and Z. xylophora) where the lac insect grows, are also described. Other topics discussed include: the cultivation, yield, production, uses and marketing of lac in India; and the export of lac from India to other countries.

Ben-Dov, Y. 2006b. In: , A Systematic Catalogue of Eight Scale Insect Families (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World. Elsevier, Amsterdam et al.. i-xix, 1-368. [BenDov2006b]
Notes: A subtitle lists families covered: Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Beesoniidae, Carayonemidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Kerriidae and Lecanodiaspididae.

Ben-Dov, Y. & Lit, I.L. 1998. Stabilizing Kerriidae as the family-group name of the lac insects (Hem., Coccoidea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 103(5): 455-456. [BenDovLi1998]
Notes: This brief communication confirms Kerriidae's replacement of Tachardiinae and Lacciferidae and establishes it as the family name that will be used on the Scalenet website.

Bhattacharya, A., Choudhary, S.G., Mishra, Y.D. & Naqvi, A.H. 1994. Integrated control of lepidopterous predators of lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr.) (Hemiptera: Tachardidae). Pest Management and Economic Zoology 2: 69-71. [BhattaChMi1994]
Notes: A study on the management of the major pests of Kerria lacca (Mainly Lepidoptera) was conducted in a lac orchard in Palamau, Bihar, India, on Butea monosperma from 1983-86 by integrating mechanical, cultural and chemical control measures. Integration of different control measures with appropriate time schedules resulted in 67.8% suppression of the predator population and a 94.5% increase in crop yield.

Bhattacharya, A., Jaiswal, A.K., Mishra, Y.D., Sharma, K.K. & Sushil, S.N. 1995. Lac pest management through bio-ecological approaches. Annual Report of the Indian Lac Research Institute 1996/96: 15-18. [BhattaJaMi1995]
Notes: Brief description of research at the Indian Lac Research Institute, Division of Lac Production.

Bhattacharya, A., Jaiswal, A.K., Mishra, Y.D. & Choudhary, S.G. 1999. A method for estimating shoot length of Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken for lac crop inoculation. Journal of Applied Zoological Research 10(1): 62-63. [BhattaJaMi1999]
Notes: A methodology, based on data of pruned points quantified from 30 trees of S. oleosa (a tree host species of Kerria lacca), was developed for easy and quick estimation of inoculable shoot length for raising the lac culture on S. oleosa. The number of pruned points was an important parameter for estimation of total shoot length for determining actual broodlac requirement even before crop inoculation. The regression equation showed that one unit increase in number of pruned points resulted in a 1.13 meter increase in shoot length.

Bhattacharya, A., Jaiswal, A.K., Sharma, K.K. & Mishra, Y.D. 1997. Evaluation of diflubenzuron on Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) - a predator of lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr). Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 21: 365-369. [BhattaJaSh1997]
Notes: The toxicity of diflubenzuron (as Dimilin 25 WP) was evaluated against larvae of Eublemma amabilis, a highly destructive lepidopterous predator of lac insects, Kerria lacca.

Bhattacharya, A., Mishra, Y.D., Choudhary, S.G. & Sushil, S.N. 1996. Compatibility of insecticides for controlling lepidopterous predators of Indian lac insect. Insect Environment 2: 75-76. [BhattaMiCh1996]
Notes: Of a number of insecticides tested, diflubenzuron alone and trichlorfon in combination with endosulfan (both at 0.05%) resulted in the maximum control of Eublemma amabilis and Pseudohypatopa pulverea preying on Kerria lacca. Numbers of predators/m lac encrustation were 1.82 and 2.33, resp., as compared with 6.95 in the untreated control.

Bhattacharya, A., Mishra, Y.D., Naqvi, A.H. & Sen, A.K. 1995. Attraction of some insects associated with lac towards various coloured lights. Journal of Insect Science 8: 205-206. [BhattaMiNa1995]
Notes: Kerria lacca was among the insect species tested; all eight species showed high degree of attraction towards natural and the least for blue.

Bhattacharya, A., Mishra, Y.D., Sharma, K.K. & Sushil, S.N. 1999. Effect of different pesticide combinations on crop yield under intensive lac cultivation on Flemingia macrophylla. Journal of Applied Zoological Research 10(1): 59-61. [BhattaMiSh1999]
Notes: Different pesticides (dichlorvos, 0.03%; endosulfan, 0.05% and carbendazim, 0.01%), in single or combination doses, were tried at spraying intervals of 3 and 4 weeks on kusmi lac (Kerria lacca) cultured on F. macrophylla to devise a chemical control schedule capable of protecting lac insects from harmful biota with least disruption to the beneficial organisms. Combination spray of 3 pesticides at 3-week-intervals resulted in highly significant increases in crop yield compared to the control and the individual pesticides used.

Bhattacharya, A., Mishra, Y.D., Sushil, S.N., Jaiswal, A.K. & Kumar, K.K. 2003. Relative efficacy of some Trichogramma spp. for management of lepidopteran predators of lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) under field conditions. 301-303 In: Tandon, P.L., Ballal, C.R., Jalali, S.K. & Rabindra, R.J. (Eds.), Biological Control of Lepidopteran Pests. Proceedings of the Symposium of Biological Control of Lepidopteran Pests, July 17-18, 2002, Bangalore, India Society for Biocontrol Advancement, Bangalore, India. iii + 354 pp. [BhattaMiSu2003]
Notes: A study was undertaken in Bihar, India, to evaluate the performance of three egg parasitoids, Trichogramma brasiliense, T. chilonis and T. pretiosum (at 100000, 150000 and 200000 per ha), against two lepidopteran predators (Eublemma amabilis and Pseudohypatopa pulverea) of K. lacca raised on the bushy lac host plant bhalia (Flemingia macrophylla). The results not only indicate significant suppression in predator population under various treatments over the control, but also showed the dose-dependent effect of parasitoid release. The highest suppression was recorded in T. brasiliense at 150000 and 200000 per ha (69.90 and 69.81%, respectively), which was significantly higher than the 100000 per ha rate of T. brasiliense release (47.17%). Suppression was 39.62% in T. pretiosum at 100000 per ha. This reduction in predator population positively affected the yield of lac sticks, which was accordingly reflected in the significant increase of yield ratio.

Bhattacharya, A., Naqvi, A.H., Sen, A.K. & Mishra, Y.D. 1998. Artificial rearing of Pseudohypatopa pulverea Meyr. - a predator of lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr). Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 22: 83-87. [BhattaNaSe1998]
Notes: Nutrition; biological characteristics i.e., duration of each instar, and morphological parameters such as length of larvae, width of head capsule and dimension of adult reared in artificial diets were at par with those reared under natural condition. The adult moths which laid eggs only on lac encrusted twigs in nature were made to lay eggs on artificial substrates, (sand and emery paper).

Bhattacharya, A., Sharma, K.K., Sushil, S.N., Jaiswal, A.K. & Mishra, Y.D. 1996. Paecilomyces sp. on lac insect predator, Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a first record. Insect Environment 2: 57-58. [BhattaShSu1996]
Notes: During an extensive survey in Bihar, India, during the rainy season of 1995, larvae of Eublemma amabilis a serious predator of Kerria lacca, were observed to be infected by Paecilomyces sp.

Bhattacharya, A., Sushil, S.N., Jaiswal, A.K. & Kumar, P. 2000. A suitable egg laying substrate for Pseudohypatopa pulverea Meyr. (Lepidoptera: Blastobasidae) -- a serious predator of lac insect, Kerria lacca Kerr. Journal of Applied Zoological Research 11(2-3): 155. [BhattaSuJa2000]
Notes: This paper discusses a new artificial substrate for egg laying of the adult moth Pseudohypatopa pulverea, by matching its cryptic egg laying behaviour.

Bhattacharya, A., Sushil, S.N., Mishra, Y.D., Jaiswal, A.K. & Sharma, K.K. 1998. Effect of UV light on eggs of Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insect Environment 4: 15-16. [BhattaSuMi1998]
Notes: One- to 3-day-old eggs of Eublemma amabilis, a serious predator of lac insects (Kerria lacca), were exposed to ultraviolet radiation in a closed chamber at 55 cm from a 30-watt light source for 5, 10, 20 or 25 min. Percentage mortality ranged from 24.07 to 90.99 after 5 and 25 min exposure, respectively, as compared to 6.78 in the control. These findings may be used for the rearing of egg parasitoids in the laboratory.

Blanchard, R. 1883. Les coccides utiles. [Useful coccids.] Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 8: 217-328. [Blanch1883]
Notes: An extended treatise on useful scale insects.

Böhmer, H. 2000. Insect dyes. HALI: Carpet, Textile and Islamic Art 113: 57-60. [Bohmer2000]
Notes: Scale species mentioned include Dactylopius coccus, Kerria lacca, Porphyrophora hameli, P. polonica and P. tritici.

Cardon, D. 1999a. [Natural dyes.] Les teintures naturelles. (In French). Pour la Science No. 266: 50-55. [Cardon1999a]
Notes: On the use of dyes from scale insects.

Cardon, D. 2007. (In English). In: , Natural Dyes - Sources, Tradition, Technology & Science. Archetype Publications, London, UK. 800 [Cardon2007]
Notes: Chapter 12 (pages 607-666) - "Vermillon, scarlet, and crimson: scale insects sources of Anthraquinone dyes", discusses aspects of the dyes from scale insects of the families Dactylopiidae, Kermesidae, Kerriidae, Margarodidae. Some 300 plants and 30 animals (marine molluscs and scale insects) are illustrated and discussed by the author, whose passion for natural dyes, with their colours of unequalled richness and subtlety, has taken her across the globe in search of dye sources and dyers. Botanical /zoological details are given for each source and the chemical structures given for each dye. Dyes employed by different civilisations, identified by dye-analyses, are illustrated and relevant historical recipes and detailed descriptions of dyeing-processes by traditional dyers are quoted and explained in the light of modern science. Other current uses of such colorants e.g.in medicine, colorants for food and cosmetics, are also noted. Although natural dyes have been largely replaced by synthetic dyes, increasing worldwide awareness of the harmful consequences of the pollution resulting from the production and use of some synthetic colorants, has led to a significant revival and renewed interest in natural colorants. As potential renewable resources,natural dyes are an integral part of the major issue of our time -sustainable development. The aim of this book is to provide a scientific background for this important debate.

Carter, H.J. 1861. On the natural history of the lac-insect (Coccus lacca). Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3 (37): 1-10. [Carter1861]
Notes: Observations of the life history of Coccus lacca (=Kerria lacca) in Bombay, India. Description and illustration of the general appearance of male and female nymphs. General notes on lac production in India.

Chamberlin, J.C. 1923. A systematic monograph of the Tachardiinae or lac insects (Coccidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 14: 147-212. [Chambe1923]
Notes: A complete review of the classification of 48 lac scale insects.

Chamberlin, J.C. 1925. Supplement to a monograph of the Lacciferidae (Tachardiinae) or lac insects (Homopt. Coccidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 16: 31-41. [Chambe1925JC]
Notes: Substitutes Laccifer for Tachardia; key to 8 species, 2 new, of genus; brief discussion of 15 additional Lacciferidae species.

Chauhan, N.S. 1970b. Genetic evidence of an unorthodox chromosomal system in the lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr). Genetical Research 16: 341-344. [Chauha1970b]
Notes: The color difference (crimson and yellow) in Kerria lacca (Kerr) was used to test the 'Lecanoid' system of chromosome behaviour proposed on cytological evidence. The color strains bred true for color. Reciprocal matings between the color strains produced only crimson sons and daughters, confirming that the color difference is not sex-linked and that the male is somatically a diploid. The phenotypes of the F2 and the backcross generations differed according to the heterozygosity and the direction of cross of the F1 parents, since heterozygous females produced two kinds of gamete but heterozygous males produced only the maternal kind. Thus, while elimination of the paternal gene and hence chromosome was confirmed during the formation of male sex-cells, demonstration of somatic diploidy of the male is not compatible with a 'Lecanoid' system in K. lacca. Instead, the available cytogenetic evidence is suggestive of a chromosome system with heterochromatization and elimination of the paternal chromosome-set confined to the male germ line.

Chauhan, N.S. 1977. Gene expression and transmission in Kerria lacca (Kerr). Heredity 38(2): 155-159. [Chauha1977]
Notes: Cytological studies of the Indian lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) resulted in contrary reports suggesting two quite distinct chromosome systems, the orthodox and the unorthodox "Lecanoid" system. Genetic tests with the first discovered mutant, namely yellow, confirmed elimination of the paternal chromosome in K. lacca, but unlike the "Lecanoid" system the male was found to express the paternal allele. The results reported here with the other marker genes provide further evidence that the unorthodox genetic system of K. lacca differs from the "Lecanoid" system in gene expression. Planococcus citri is also mentioned.

Chauhan, N.S. & Mishra, Y.D. 1970. Multiple coitus in the lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.). Indian Journal of Entomology 32: 102-103. [ChauhaMi1970]
Notes: Habits.

Chauhan, N.S. & Mishra, Y.D. 1970a. Genetic evidence of nutritional differences in the lac insects. Indian Journal of Entomology 32: 390-392. [ChauhaMi1970a]
Notes: Biological notes; survival; behavior.

Chen, Y.Q., Chen, X.M., Li, K., Shi, L. & Chen, Z.Y. 2004. [Preference of lac insect to host branch in foraging.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Forest Research 17(2): 159-166. [ChenChLi2004]
Notes: A study was conducted to determine the characteristics of lac foraging behaviour of Kerria lacca and its preference to host branch in foraging. Results showed that K. lacca hardly hosted on branches over two years old and the distribution of lac insects on branches had no relation to orientation. The diameter of hosted branches ranged from 0.47-1.60 cm. On erect branches, K. lacca was distributed around the branch but on most declining branches, K. lacca only settled on the shaded parts. Comparison anatomy showed that the periderm and cortex of two-year-old branches were thicker than those of one-year-old branches. Furthermore, the layer of sclereids and fibres in two-year-old branches was thicker than that in one-year-old branches by 27 micro m. The distance from periderm to phloem of 2-year-old branches was farther than that of one-year-old branches. The periderm and cortex of the upper parts of the branches were thinner than the basic parts of the branch. The phloem of parts reached by sunlight was thinner than the shaded parts. Furthermore, the keratinization of host tree suberin and tinsel on the epiderm also inhibited K. lacca foraging.

Chen, Y.Q., Chen, X.M., Li, K., Shi, L. & Chen, Z.Y. 2004a. [A study on the relationship between amino acid content of host trees and Kerria lacca.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Forest Research 17(3): 362-367. [ChenChLi2004a]
Notes: This study describes the relationship among the amino acids (viz., aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glycine, alanine, isoleucine, tyrosine, valine, leucine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine, lysine, arginine and tryptophan) in the unhosted and hosted branches of Schleichera oleosa by Kerria lacca, and its biological characteristics.

Chen, Y. & Hou, K.W. 1994. [Current researches of host plants of lac insects in China.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Scientia Silvae Sinicae 30(1): 69-73. [ChenHo1994]
Notes: N/A

Chen, Y.Q., Xu, T., Chen, X.M. & Li, K. 2003. [Study on comparative anatomy of bark of seven host tree species of Kerria lacca (Kerr.) and its parasitic characteristics.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Forest Research 16(4): 411-417. [ChenXuCh2003]
Notes: Bark anatomy was studied in seven host species of Kerria lacca, i.e., Albizia lucida, Koelreuteria paniculata, Acacia montana [Paraserianthes lophantha], Ziziphus mauritiana, Ficus racemosa, Flemingia macrophylla and Schleichera oleosa. Bark on all the host tree species consists of periderm, cortex and secondary phloem but their layer structures differed. The periderm of F. macrophylla was the thinnest among the seven and the cortex of Albizia lucida was the thinnest. In the periderm of K. paniculata and Acacia montana, the phellem was remarkably thick in certain places. However, the phellem of Z. mauritiana had keratin distributed as dots. Furthermore, the layer of sclereids of Z. mauritiana was the thickest with four layers but they were not as continuous as the layers found in F. macrophylla and A. montana. A. montana had the thinnest layer of phloem while F. macrophylla had the thickest. A. montana had the smallest sieve tube density. F. macrophylla, K. paniculata and Z. mauritiana were observed to have simple column rays while S. oleosa and Ficus racemosa had simple, double and several columns of ray. The effects of these host tree species on the adhesion density and mortality of Kerria lacca are discussed.

Chiu, S.C., Chou, L.Y., Chou, K.C. & Chu, Y.I. 1985. Survey of the natural enemies of the lac insect, Kerria lacca, in Taiwan. Special Publication (Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute) No. 19: 9-11. [ChiuChCh1985]
Notes: [From: A review of the biological control of crop pests in Taiwan (1981-1984), Chiu, S.C. (Project leader).] Kerria lacca, originally introduced for commercial shellac production, has become an important orchard pest of litchis [Litchi chinensis], sugar apples [Annona squamosa], longans and other fruits in Taiwan. A survey of food-plants and natural enemies was made in 1981-82. Results indicated that the banyan tree (Ficus retusa) was the plant most favoured by the pest and its natural enemies, although both were also found on mangoes, longans and a species of Albizia. Adults of Eupelmus tachardiae, species in the encyrtid genera Parechthrodryinus and Tachardiaephagus, T. tachardiae and the eulophid Tetrastichus purpureus were reared from the pest, while a neuropteran in the genus Chrysopa, the noctuids Eublemma conspersa and E. roseonivea, the coccinellid Telsimia chujoi and an embiopteran belonging to the family Oligotomidae were found preying on it. None of these parasites or predators was observed to control the numbers of the pest.

Chou, I. 1986. [Monograph of the Diaspididae of China.] Vol. 3. (In Chinese). Shanxi Publ. House of Science & Technology, . 433-771 + 9. [Chou1986]
Notes: This book describes 269 species. Hosts, distribution, biology, morphology and economic importance are discussed.

Cock, M.J.W. 1985. The use of parasitoids for augmentative biological control of pests in the People's Republic of China. Biocontrol News and Information 6(3): 213-223. [Cock1985]
Notes: A discussion is included on the control of Eublemma amabilis, a noctuid predator of the lac insect, Kerria lacca.

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1893r. A new lac-insect from Jamaica. Canadian Entomologist 25: 181-183. [Cocker1893r]
Notes: Tachardia gemmifera.

Cockerell, T.D.A. 1924. The name of the lac insects. Psyche 31: 47-48. [Cocker1924]
Notes: Name Laccifer Oken 1815 has priority over Tachardia.

Colombini, M.P., Bonaduce, I. & Gautier, G. 2003. Molecular pattern recognition of fresh and aged shellac. Chromatographia 58(5/6): 357-364. [ColombBoGa2003]
Notes: Two GC-MS procedures for the characterization of shellac, a resin from Kerria lacca widely used in the field of art, were developed. One procedure was based on pyrolysis assisted by the hexa-methyldisilazane reaction on-line with GC-MS and the other on the saponification of the sample assisted by microwave followed by GC-MS analysis. The former is a rapid and valuable method for resin identification and the latter gives a more in depth understanding of its composition. Butolic, aleuritic and its derivative acids together with typical sesquiterpenoid compounds were the main molecules identified and used as markers for the molecular pattern recognition of the resin in fresh and old samples (19th century shellac from the Salvemini Collection and gilding samples from the 15th century frescoes of the Duomo of Monza).

Comstock, J.H. 1882. Report of the Entomologist, United States Department of Agriculture. Lac insects. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, United States Department of Agriculture 1881-1882: 209-214. [Comsto1882]
Notes: Redescribes Carteria lacca; describes C. larreae, C. mexicana, n. spp., Cerococcus quercus n. gen. and sp. Reprinted in Cornell Univer. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 372: 501-506, 1916.

Cruz Hernández-Hernández, F. de la, García-Gil de Muñoz, F., Rojas-Martínez, A., Hernández-Martínez, S. & Lanz-Mendoza, H. 2003. Carminic acid dye from the homopteran Dactylopius coccus hemolymph is consumed during treatment with different microbial elicitors. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 54(1): 37-45. [CruzHeGaRo2003]
Notes: The activation of Dactylopius coccus (Costa) hemolymph with microbial polysaccharide molecules was studied. Hemolymph incubated in the presence of laminarin, zymosan, and N-acetyl glucosamine produced a dark fibrillar precipitate, and the red pigment (carminic acid) was consumed (measured spectrophotometrically at 495 nm). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not induce any response. The reaction was inhibited with millimolar concentrations of serine and cysteine protease inhibitors, EGTA and phenyl thiourea. It was also diminished by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors: dexamethasone, acetylsalicylic acid, and indomethacin. However, Mg2+ chelator EDTA did not inhibit hemolymph activation. Hemolymph proteins were depleted from soluble phase during treatment with laminarin, but a group of around 34 kDa remained unmodified. These results showed that D. coccus hemolymph is activated by microbial elicitors, its activation depends on eicosanoids, and suggest participation of a prophenoloxidase (PPO)-like activation system that could consume carminic acid. We are currently dissecting the molecular factors involved in D. coccus hemolymph activation to determine homologies and differences with other arthropod immune response pathways.

Dominguez, J.A. 1906. La laque de la Tusca (Acacia cavenia Hook. et Arn.). (In French). Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 62: 219-223. [Doming1906]
Notes: Tachardia argentina n. sp.; chemical analysis of lac produced; photograph of twig bearing secreted material. Identical treatment: [Buenos Aires] Inst. de Farmacol. Trab. No. 12: 219-223, illus.

Fabricius, J.C. 1787. Mantissa Insectorum Sistens Species Nuper Detectas Adiectis Synonymis, Observationibus, Descriptionibus, Emendationibus, Vol. II. Hafniae, Impensis Christ. Gottl. Proft., Mantissa. 1: 20 + 348. [Fabric1787]
Notes: Lists 24 coccids on pages 318-319, three of which are new; describes C. ficus.

Fernald, M.E. 1903b. A catalogue of the Coccidae of the world. Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College 88: 1-360. [Fernal1903b]
Notes: A very complete systematic catalog disposing of 256 generic or subgeneric and 1993 specific or lower-category coccid names.

Ferrière, C. 1928. Notes on some chalcid parasites of lac insects. Bulletin of Entomological Research 19: 171-176. [Ferrie1928]
Notes: One of the hosts of these parasites is Tachardia lacca.

Ferrière, C. 1935. The Chalcidoid parasites of lac-insects. Bulletin of Entomological Research 26: 391-406. [Ferrie1935]
Notes: Predators and parasites of Tachardia lacca are reviewed.

Ghorai, N. 1995. In: , Lac-culture in India. International Books and Periodicals Supply Service, Delhi, India. 167 pp. [Ghorai1995]
Notes: Kerria lacca.

Glover, P.M. 1930. Entomological aspects of lac research. Bulletin of Entomological Research 21(3): 261-266. [Glover1930]
Notes: Lac is the resinous encrustation secreted by Laccifer (Tachardia) lacca. The bionomics, anatomy and morphology, insect enemies and other associates are discussed.

Glover, P.M. 1932. The effects of temperature and humidity on oviposition, incubation, and emergence in the lac insect Laccifer (Tachardia) lacca, Kerr, (Coccidae), and on the resulting lac crop. Bulletin of the Indian Lac Research Institute 6: 1-18. [Glover1932]
Notes: N/A

Glover, P.M. 1933. Aspidiotus (Furcaspis) orientalis Newstead (Coccidae), its economic importance in lac cultivation and its control. Bulletin of the Indian Lac Research Institute No. 16: 1-23. [Glover1933]
Notes: Aspidiotus orientalis is a serious pest of Zizyphus jujuba and Schleicheva trijuga in India, both important hosts used in connection with the cultivation of lac, Laccifer (Tachardia) lacca.

Glover, P.M. 1935. An account of the occurrence of Chrysomphalus aurantii Mask. and Laccifer lacca, Kerr on grape fruit in Ranchi District, Chota Nagpur, with a note on the Chalcidoid parasites of Aspidiotus orientalis Newst. Journal, Bombay Natural History Society 38: 151-153. [Glover1935]
Notes: Brief description, citrus hosts, chemical treatments and parasites of C. aurantii.

Glover, P.M. 1937. Lac Cultivation in India. Indian Lac. Res. Inst., Namkum. 147 pps. [Glover1937]
Notes: A detailed discussion of all phases of lac production. [Second and revised edition of "A Practical Manual of Lac Cultivation" by same author, published in June 1931.]

Goeze, J.A.E. 1778. Hemiptera. Entomologische Beyträge zu des Ritter Linné zwölften Ausgabe des Natursystems (In German). Weidmanns Erben und Reich, Leipzig. 318, 330-346. [Goeze1778]
Notes: Lists 22 Linnean and 19 post-Linnean scale insects with literature citations for each; associates Kermes with Coccus ilicis; clearly defines Coccus zoologically. 58 Hemipteran species listed in Chermes and Coccus.

Hadzibejli, Z.K. 1983. [Coccids of the subtropical zone of Gruzia.] (In Russian; Summary In English). Metsniereba, Tbilisi. 293 pp. [Hadzib1983]
Notes: Describes 65 genera in 7 families; notes on 213 species; host and distribution; species grouped in 4 categories by morphological features.

Hayat, M., Narendran, T.C., Remadevi, O.K. & Manikandan, S. 2003. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea; Ceraphronoidea) reared mainly from Coccoidea (Homoptera) attacking sandalwood, Santalum album L. Oriental Insects. New Delhi 37: 309-334. [HayatNaRe2003]
Notes: The hymenopteran parasitoids of pests associated with sandalwood in the southern Indian State of Karnataka are dealt with. One new encyrtid genus (Neperpolia) and ten new species are described: 6 species in Encyrtidae (Anicetus inglisiae Hayat, Metaphycus bolangerae Hayat, Microterys agaeus Hayat, Neperpolia bangalorensis Hayat, Ooencyrtus kerriae Hayat, Philosindia inglisiae Hayat), one species in Signiphoridae (Signiphora woolleyi Hayat), and 3 species in Eulophidae (Aprostocetus bangaloricus Narendran, A. santalinus Narendran, Euplectrus nuperus Narendran). The following species are recorded: Aphelinidae: Coccophagus bivittatus; C. ceroplastae; C. cowperi; Encarsia citrina; Marietta leopardina; Encyrtidae: Bothriophryne pulvinariae; Cheiloneurus basiri; Encyrtus aurantii; Thomsonisca pakistanensis; Pteromalidae: Cephaleta nirupama; Scutellista caerulea.

He, J., Shi, L., Deng, J.A., Mao, Y.F. & Shi, B.C. 2003. [A preliminary study on biology of Kerria lacca strain Rangeeni.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Forest Research 16(5): 604-609. [HeShDe2003]
Notes: This strain of lac insect species was introduced from Nepal in 1999. It completed the life-cycle twice a year in Yuanjiang of Yunnan Province, China. The lac insect showed a stable life-cycle which indicated that the introduction and reproduction was successful. The individual of the lac insect had the characters of high lac yield (19.0 mg/lac) and egg production (600 to 1000 eggs). The colour of lac was light yellow and quality of lac was better than that of China's lac insect (Kerria chinesis). It was shown that this lac insect species was one of the optimal lac insects for lac production. Twelve species of host tree were selected in which Butea monosperma was the best followed by Acacia glauca [Leucaena leucocephala]. The insect pest in introduction acclimatization was studied preliminarily. From the viewpoints of rule of life-cycle, climatic conditions needed, host and eating habit, this lac insect could be identified as Kerria lacca strain Rangeeni.

Hsieh, F.K. & Hwang, J.S. 1983. [Further studies on the control of the lac insect (Kerria lacca (Kerr.)] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Plant Protection Bulletin (Taiwan) 25: 31-40. [HsiehHw1983]
Notes: Experimental results showed that emulsive spraying over the longan or litchi trees was more effective against the lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.) as compared to granular treatment of the root zones, or painting insecticides on the tree trunks. Results consistently indicated that the timing of the application of the chemicals was extremely important. Treatments applied at the 1st-2nd nymphal stage were more effective than those applied at the adult stage. Recommendations for chemical and mechanical control were made as well as effective timing of treatments.

Hu, X., He, J. & Wang, X. 1992. Homoptera: Coccoidea 176-203 In: Peng, J., Liu, Y., Zhao, J. et al., Iconography of Forest Insects in Hunan China. Hunan Forestry Institute, . 1473 pp. [HuHeWa1992]
Notes: Review 95 species of Coccoidea, belonging to 9 families and 54 genera; descriptions and illustrations of adult females; synonymy; damage.

Huffaker, C.B. 1977. Augmentation of natural enemies in the People's Republic of China. 329-339. In: Ridgway, R.L. & Vinson, S.B. (Eds.), Biological Control by Augmentation of Natural Enemies: Insect and Mite Control with Parasites and Predators. Plenum Press, New York. 480 pp. [Huffak1977]
Notes: [Proceedings of a symposium held at the Fifteenth International Congress of Entomology, Washington, D.C., August 19-27, 1976, and other selected papers.] One example discussed, Tachardia lacca, is cultured on forest trees of Dalbergia balaneae and other Papilionaceae in Kwangtung Province. Infestations of appropriate densities are manually initiated on the branches of selected trees. It was said the noctuid, E. amabilis, eats the lac and probably feeds directly on the lac insect itself. If a density of 100 Eublemma per m of "stick" occurs at an early nymphal stage of the lac insect, there is a complete loss of the crop, but if attack is delayed to a more mature stage, yield and quality are affected without loss of the entire crop. Chemical control is too expensive and otherwise impracticable for use in this rough terrain.

Hui, R. 1988. Chalcidoid parasites and their host associations in Guangdong, China (Parasitic Hymenoptera). 395-398 In: Gupta, V.K. (Ed.), Advances in Parasitic Hymenoptera Research, Proceedings of the II Conference on the Taxonomy and Biology of Parasitic Hymenoptera. E.J. Brill, Leiden, New York. 546 pp. [Hui1988]
Notes: [Conference held at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, November 19-21, 1987.] A list of chalcidoid parasitoids associated with various insect pests in Guangdong, China, is given. Hosts mentioned in this paper include Aonidiella aurantii, Aulacaspis crawii, Aulacaspis yabunikkei, Ceroplastes ceriferus, C. japonicus, C. rubens, Chrysomphalus ficus, Coccus hesperidum, Hemiberlesia sp., Kerria lacca, Lepidosaphes beckii, L. gloverii, Nipaecoccus vastator, Parainsulaspis laterochitinosa, Parlatoria pergandii, Parlatoria ziziphi, Pseudaulacaspis cockerelli, P. pentagona, Pulvinaria polygonata, Saissetia hemisphaerica, S. nigra and Unaspis citri.

Jaiswal, A.K., Sharma, K.K. & Agarwal, S.C. 1998. An efficient and indigenous device for lac-insect pest management. Tropical Science 38: 81-86. [JaiswaShAg1998]
Notes: A simple device is described which uses a size gradient and light attraction to separate predators, beneficial parasitoids (parasitizing predators of the lac insect) and inimical parasitoids of the Indian lac insect Kerria lacca. Used-up broodlac (twigs carrying resin encrustation with dead lac insects) is kept in a container and a meshed side unit separates the beneficial parasitoids which can be released to augment the natural population and control predators.

Jaiswal, A.K., Sharma, K.K. & Agarwal, S.C. 1999. A modified and upgraded device of insect-separation for managing the insect pests of lac. National Academy Science Letters-India 22(5-6): 106-110. [JaiswaShAg1999]
Notes: An indigenous device for automatic separation of predators, parasitoids of lac insects, and parasitoids of lac predators was modified and upgraded. This upgraded version retrieves more parasitoids of lac predators than earlier device. Scraped lac kept in a container and the side meshed unit made up of plastic pipes retrieve cent per cent parasitoids of lac predators viz., Agathis coryphe, Brachymeria tachardiae, Elasmus claripennis and Pristomerus sulci while in case of Bracon greeni and Apanteles tachardiae it could do so to the extent of 82% and 96% respectively. These species therefore, could be released in nature to augment their natural population and check predators of lac insect, Kerria lacca.

Jaiswal, A.K., Sharma, K.K., Bhattacharya, A., Sushil, S.N. & Mishra, Y.D. 1996. Exploring kairomonal activity in lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.) against its predator, Eublemma amabilis Moore. Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 20: 349-353. [JaiswaShBh1996]
Notes: Whole body extracts of the lac insect, Kerria lacca and its secretory/excretory products (resin, wax and honeydew) were assayed for kairomonal activity against its predator Eublemma amabilis with respect to oviposition behaviour. The whole body extract containing mainly haemolymph exhibited kairomonal activity as exemplified by 65.03% eggs laid on paper strips treated with such extract. On the other hand, paper strips treated with resin, honeydew and wax revealed only 7.81%, 9.75% and 8.77% of the total eggs laid, resp., as against 8.64% in the control. Thus, the latter three components did not show any activity.

Jaiswal, A.K., Sharma, K.K., Sushil, S.N., Bhattacharya, A. & Mishra, Y.D. 1998. Lac associated insect fauna during storage. Shashpa 5: 2, 133-136. [JaiswaShSu1998]
Notes: The insect fauna associated with lac insects, Kerria lacca, was studied under storage conditions. The lac insect predator, Pseudohypatopa pulverea was the most commonly found predator and the predator's parasitoid, Pristomerus sulci, was also found.

Jalaluddin, S.M., Mohan, R. & Sadakathulla, S. 1999. A new host plant of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.) in India. Journal of Insect Science 12(2): 161 pp. [JalaluMoSa1999]
Notes: Madras thorn or Manila tamarind, Pithecellobium dulce, was recorded as a new host of Indian lac insect, K. lacca, from Tamil Nadu, India.

Kapoor, V. P. & Pushpangadan, P. 2002. Natural dye-based: Herbal Gulal. Natural Product Radiance 1(2): 8-14. [KapoorPu2002]
Notes: This paper describes a technological process for the preparation of synergistic herbal dry colour composition (or Gulal) from natural dyes extracted from Curcuma longa (curcumin), Bixa orellana (bixin and nor-bixin), Indigofera tinctoria (indigoid), Laccifer lacca [Kerria lacca] (lac dye) and chlorophyll (chlorophyllin) and blended in specific proportions under specific conditions. The novelty and main advantages of the process are discussed.

Kapur, A.P. 1958. In: , A catalogue of the lac insects (Lacciferidae, Hemiptera). Lac Cess Com., Ranchi, India. 47 pp. [Kapur1958]
Notes: Lists 65 species of 7 genera, with citations, synonymy, distribution, and host records.

Kerr, J. 1782 (1781). Natural history of the insect which produces the gum lacca. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 71: 374-381. [Kerr1782]
Notes: Description and biological note for Coccus lacca; uses of lac. Also in Roy. Soc. London, Phil. Trans., Abr. ed., 15 (1781-1785): 124-127, pub. 1809.

Kondo, T. & Kawai, S. 1995a. The scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) on mango in India. (In Japanese). Japanese Journal of Tropical Agriculture 39: 97-98. [Extra Issue 2] [KondoKa1995a]
Notes: A list of 71 species of scale insects found on mango in India was provided. This project identified which scales were economically important. Serious pests include Drosicha mangiferae, D. stebbingini, Perissopneumon ferox, Rastrococcus iceryoides, R. mangiferae and Pulvinaria spp.

Kozár, F. & Drozdják, J. 1998l. Tachardiidae. 453-455 In: Kozár, F., Ed., Catalogue of Palaearctic Coccoidea. Plant Protection Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. 526 pp. [KozarDr1998l]
Notes: Reviews Kerria lacca, Metatachardia myrica, Paratachardina decorella, P. theae and Tachardina aurantiaca. Each entry lists citations to original descriptions, new generic combinations, redescriptions, revisions and monographs; distributions; host plants; brief biological notes.

Koziell, I. & Saunders, J. (Eds.) 2001. In: , Living Off Biodiversity: Exploring Livelihoods and Biodiversity Issues in Natural Resources Management. International Institute for Environment and Development, London. 269 pp. [KozielSa2001]
Notes: This paper examines insect biodiversity and the ways (both beneficial and detrimental) in which insects affect livelihoods. Causes of change in insect diversity are then examined and ways to manage insect diversity are explored. Chapter 7, Insect Diversity and Livelihoods (Speight) contains a section called Gaz, cochineal and lac production which discusses Dactylopius coccus and Laccifer (=Kerria lacca.

Lepesme, P. 1947. Les Insectes des palmiers. Paul Lechevalier, Paris. 903 pp. [Lepesm1947]
Notes: A compilation listing or discussing nearly 200 scale insects in 8 families.

Li, S.J., Hou, K.W., Liu, F.S. & Zhao, H. 1997. Natural distribution, drought-resistant nature and moisture physiology of fine host trees for lac insects. (In Chinese). Forest Research 10: 519-524. [LiHoLi1997]
Notes: Study of natural distribution and biological characters of fine host trees of lac insects reveals six drought-resistant species of trees: Albizzia kalkora, Dalbergia obtusifolia D. szemaoensis, Pueraria wallichii, Moghania macrophylla and Ficus racemosa. Moisture physiology indexes such as strength of transpiration, water potential, and water saturation deficit relate to comprehensive climate factors such as atmospheric temperature, intensity of illumination, relative humidity of atmosphere, and wind velocity. Strength of transpiration increases with the rise of temperature, intensity of illumination and wind speed or decreases with the rise of relative humidity of atmosphere. Variations of water potential are contrary to the change of strength of transpiration. The water potentials drop when strength of transpiration rises and capability to absorb water passively increases. Ability of drought resistance also rises. The larger the deficit of critical saturation, the smaller the water requirement and the stronger the drought hardiness. Drought resistance of the 6 species of trees in order from stronger to weaker is: A. kalkora, D. obtusifolia, P. wallichii, D. szemaoensis, M. macrophylla and F. racemosa.

Li, J. & Hu, X. 1994. [Rejuvenation and utilization of wild Ziziphus mauritiana.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Forest Research 7(2): 224-226. [LiHu1994]
Notes: Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. is a chief host plant of the fine species of lac insects, Kerria lacca and K. sindica. A pilot experiment was carried out on transformation of the wild trees at Yuanmao County, Yunnan Province and satisfactory results were obtained as follows: From each stump 6 apprx 8 shoots can be regenerated. Thickness of the shoots is 2.0 apprx 3.0 cm in general, the thickest 4.68 cm in diameter; average length above 2.0 m, the longest 3.55 m. These shoots can then be used to inoculate lac insects with a yield of raw lac of 3.0 apprx 6.0 kg per stump in the third year, the highest reaching 7.83 kg offering 40 apprx 80 yuan per stump.

Li, J., Zhao, Y., Li, Y. & Huang, W. 1994. [Comparison on the lac quality of three species of lac insects.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Forest Research 7(4): 456-459. [LiZhLi1994]
Notes: Tests have been conducted for the gradation of the raw lac produced by three species of lac insects along with the contents of hard and soft resins respectively. Results show that the content of soft resin excreted by Kerria chinensis Mahd. in the summer generation is lower than those by K. sindica Mahd. and, K. lacca Kerr. In the winter generation it is comparatively higher. The content of yellow pigment is richer in both generations. The soft resin content of the latter two is higher in both generations though somewhat higher in winter. On the contrary, the yellow pigment content in the raw lac yielded by K. chinensis Mahd. is lower both in summer and winter generation.

Lin, X.L. 2002. Study on physical-chemical characteristics and selection for utilization model of Acacia auriculiformis plantation. (In Chinese; Summary In English). Scientia Silvae Sinicae 38(5): 121-127. [Lin2002]
Notes: The growth volume of Acacia auriculiformis in forest stands of the same age, its chemical composition and the utilization of its pertinent regions were studied. A. auriculiformis was the perfect host of lac insects. The yield of tree stick lac from coppice stand was higher than that from seeding stand. The net increase production of tree stick lac (Kerria lacca) was 1.42 kg. The chemical composition of wood was almost the same and that of the bark differ slightly when the trees were stocked by lac insects. The tannin of the bark reached 9.97-11.40% (>8%). The product quality and the properties of tannins from this bark were better than the first degree of GB2619-81. The artificial forest of A. auriculiformis yielded the best economic benefits when the following process was followed: (1) stocking the 3-year-old coppice stands of lac insects; (2) cutting the trees after collecting the tree stick lac and debarking the trunk and branch; and (3) using the debarked trunk and branch as a culture medium for domestic fungus and the bark for producing tannins.

Lin, X.L. & Su, X.Q. 2001. [Effects of stocking lac insect on quality of bark extract of Acacia auriculiformis.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Journal of Fujian College of Forestry 21(1): 65-67. [LinSu2001]
Notes: Results showed that the contents of extractives, pentosan, total nitrogen and tannin of bark, after cultivation of lac insects [Kerria lacca] on the plants, were lower than those of normal bark, but the use value of the bark was unaffected.

Lindinger, L. 1933b. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Schildläuse (Coccidae). Tachardia oder Laccifer? (In German). Entomologische Zeitschrift 46: 228. [Lindin1933b]
Notes: Restores Tachardia to use on grounds that Oken's proposal of Laccifer is not binary.

Lit, I.L. 2002. Morphology of the unique structures of adult female lac insects (Hemiptera : Coccoidea : Kerriidae). Philippine Agricultural Scientist 85(1): 25-38. [Lit2002]
Notes: The brachia, brachial plates, canellae, dorsal spine and post-oral lobes of adult female lac insects are described based on observations under SEM of Austrotachardia acaciae (Maskell), Austrotachardia sp. ex Cassinia, Kerria lacca (Kerr) and Paratachardina decorella (Maskell), and under light microscope of these and a few other species of lac insects. These structures, like the anal tubercle, are considered unique to the family Kerriidae. The canellae, brachia and brachial plates together may be considered homologous to the anterior stigmatic area, groove cleft and other associated structures of Coccidae and related lecanoid scale insects. These structures collectively assist the mesothoracic spiracle in its function of gas exchange. The dorsal spine has possible secretory function while the post-oral lobes probably serve as anchor during vertical movement and balance. The dorsal spine and post-oral lobes appear to be autapomorphic features of lac insects. On the other hand, like the anal tubercle and its associated structures and the vestigial anal cleft, the brachia, brachial plates and canellae are probably homologous to morphological features found in Coccidae and other lecanoid scale insects. These homologies suggest common ancestry and possible sister-group relationship between the Kerridae and Coccidae or another closely related family. The details of these morphological structures as revealed by SEM not only provide new insights into homology or phylogenetic relationships but also facilitate interpretation of these characters under the light microscope.

Lit, I.L. 2002a. Wax- and resin-exuding cuticular pores and ducts of adult female lac insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kerriidae). Philippine Agricultural Scientist 85(2): 122-136. [Lit2002a]
Notes: The wax- and resin-exuding cuticular pares and ducts of adult females of Austrotachardia acaciae (Maskell), Austrotachardia sp. ex Cassinia, Kerria lacca (Kerr) and Paratachardina decorella (Maskell) were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). These pores and ducts include the marginal and ventral duct clusters, perivaginal pore clusters, pores near or around the spiracles, canellae and brachial plates, spermatozoold ducts and ducts associated with the dorsal spine. Their structures are redescribed based on now details revealed by SEM. The perisetal micropores on the anal ring are also reviewed. The quinquelocular nature of many of the pores, despite their different names for different regions or body parts of lac insects strongly suggest homology with similar pores of Coccidae and related families. They, therefore, provide additonal evidence of common ancestry with the lecanoids. In addition to facilitating interpretation of these characters under the light microscope. The need for future studies utilizing transmission electron microscopy is recommended to identify the secretory cells and tissues associated with these pores and ducts, especially the dorsal spine.

Lit, I.L. & Gullan, P.J. 2001. Comparative morphology of the anal tubercle and associated structures of some lac insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Kerriidae). Entomologica 33(1999): 119-126. [LitGu2001]
Notes: [Special Issue: Proceedings of the ISSIS VIII International Symposium on Scale Insect Studies held at Wye College (U.K.), Aug. 31st - Sept. 6th, 1998.] Specimens of Austrotachardia acaciae (Maskell), Austrotachardia sp. ex Cassinia spp., Kerria lacca (Kerr) and Paratachardina decorella (Maskell) were examined under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM images were compared with observations under the light microscope. The anal tubercles and associated structures of each species are described and compared. The presence of what appears to be vestiges of an anal cleft in Paratachardina is interpreted as suggesting the possible evolution of the lac insects from a lecanoid ancestor that possessed an anal cleft. The results provide an easier interpretation of these characters under the light microscope.

Mahdihassan, S. 1923. Classification of lac insects from a physiological standpoint. Journal of the Science Association, Maharajah's College, Vizianagaram 1: 47-99. [Mahdih1923]
Notes: Detailed discussion of various phases of the classification of six lac insect species from India and South East Asia. Proposes the following new taxa: Lakshadia, which is an unjustified replacement name for Kerria; Lakshadia indica, which is an unjustified replacement name for Coccus lacca Kerr; Lakshadia nagoliensis [[ SIC, not nagolensis]]; Lakshadia sindica ; Lakshadia chinensis; Lakshadia mysorensis and Lakshadia communis.

Mahdihassan, S. 1961. Lakshadia nagoliensis as compared with L. communis. Zoologischer Anzeiger. Jena 167: 115-126. [Mahdih1961]
Notes: Detailed comparisons of some structures in 2 "species" of lac insects.

Mahdihassan, S. 1963. The development of the adult female lac cell. EOS 39: 423-435. [Mahdih1963]
Notes: Detailed descriptions are given for Lakshadia communis on Guazuma tomentosa in Bangalore India.

Mehandale, A.R., Rama Rao, A.V., Shaikh, I.N. & Vankataraman, K. 1968. Desoxyerythrolaccin and laccaic acid D. Tetrahedron Letters No. 18: 2231-2234. [MehandRaSh1968]
Notes: The chemical constituents of Erythrolaccin, the main pigment of seed lac (stick-lac from which the water-soluble has been removed) is discussed.

Miller, N.C.E. 1937. Lac in Malaya, Part II. An account of attempts to propagate Laccifer lacca (Kerr) in Malaya. Dept. Agric. S.S. and F.M.S., Science Ser. 19: 1-22. [Miller1937NCE]
Notes: N/A

Mishra, Y.D. & Bhattacharya, A. 1995. Improvement in lac cultivation techniques to evolve management practices of kusmi lac insect for brood and sticklac production on dusum and ber. Annual Report of the Indian Lac Research Institute 1995/96: 6-8. [MishraBh1995]
Notes: Brief description of research at the Indian Lac Research Institute, Division of Lac Production.

Mishra, Y.D., Bhattacharya, A. & Naqvi, A.H. 1996. Effect of plant differences in the initial mortality of lac insect Kerria lacca Kerr. Indian Forester 122: 189-190. [MishraBhNa1996]
Notes: K. lacca thrives on a number of host plants but almost always with a mortality of 75-90%; investigation of heritability is advised.

Mishra, Y.D., Bhattacharya, A., Singh, B.P. & Agarwal, S.C. 1995. Occurrence of trivoltine lac insects on Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. in coastal West Bengal. Annual Report of the Indian Lac Research Institute 1995/96: 28-29. [MishraBhSi1995]
Notes: Brief description of research at the Indian Lac Research Institute, Division of Lac Production.

Mishra, Y.D., Bhattacharya, A., Singh, B.P. & Agarwal, S.C. 1996. Occurrence of trivoltine lac insects on Samania saman (Jacq.) Merr. in coastal West Bengal. Insect Environment 2: 54-55. [MishraBhSi1996]
Notes: The first occurrence of three generations of Kerria sp. in a year was recorded in the Midnapur district of West Bengal, India. The insect thrived on Sammania saman (Albizia saman), a fast-growing shade tree.

Mishra, Y.D., Bhattacharya, A., Sushil, S.N., Sharma, K.K. & Jaiswal, A.K. 1995. Efficacy of some insecticides against Eublemma amabilis Moore, a major predator of lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.). Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 19: 351-355. [MishraBhSu1995]
Notes: Tested chemicals include Chlorpyrifos, Quinalphos, Malathion, dichlorvos and enosulafan.

Mishra, Y.D., Bhattacharya, A. & Sushil, S.N. 1997. Effect of some systemic fungicides on the nymphs of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.), for their protection against fungal infection. Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 21: 291-293. [MishraBhSu1997]
Notes: Measures for the control of fungal infections in cultures of Kerria lacca were determined using fungicides. Carbendazim (at 125, 250 and 500 ppm) and aureofungin (at 50, 100 and 200 ppm) were evaluated on the kusmi strain of K. lacca under laboratory conditions. A highly significant reduction in the mortality of second-instar nymphs was recorded at all fungicide concentrations. Nymphal mortality was reduced by 82.9% by aureofungin and 75.4% by carbendazim, even at the lowest concentrations. The reduction in mortality was attributed to a suppression of several saprophytic and possibly some entomogenous fungi associated with K. lacca.

Mishra, R.C., Naqvi, M.L., Bhagat, M.L. & Rayudu, B.S. 1995. Control of enemies of lac insect. Annual Report of the Indian Lac Research Institute 1995/96: 14-15. [MishraNaBh1995]
Notes: Brief description of research at the Indian Lac Research Institute, Division of Lac Production.

Mishra, Y.D. & Sushil, S.N. 2000. A new trivoltine species of Kerria Targioni-Tozzetti (Homoptera: Tachardiidae) on Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken from eastern India. Oriental Insects. New Delhi (34): 215-220. [MishraSu2000]
Notes: A new trivoltine lac insect species, Kerria sharda, sp. nov. (Homoptera: Tachardiidae) infesting Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken is reported from eastern ghat region of Orissa, India. It differs from the closest species K. albizzae (Green), by having marginal ducts numbering 24-30 in each of 6 clusters, subequal branchial and supra-anal plates and 3-4 segmented antennae, as against 10-15 marginal ducts, branchial plate longer than supra anal plate and 2 segmented antennae of albizzae.

Mishra, Y.D., Sushil, S.N., Bhattacharya, A. & Sharma, K.K. 1995. Morphometric differences between strains of Indian lac insects. Annual Report of the Indian Lac Research Institute 1995/96: 28-29. [MishraSuBh1995]
Notes: Brief description of research at the Indian Lac Research Institute, Division of Lac Production.

Mishra, Y.D., Sushil, S.N., Bhattacharya, A. & Sharma, K.K. 1998. Morphometric differences between strains of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.). Journal of Insect Science 11(2): 171-172. [MishraSuBh1998]
Notes: The study revealed that the two strains, i.e. rangeeni and kusumi of Indian lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr.) are distinct and identifiable on the basis of significant variations in their morphometric characters, viz. branchia, dorsal spine and pedicel.

Mishra, Y.D., Sushil, S.N., Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, S. & Mallick, A. 2000. Genetic variations in some productivity linked traits of female lac insects, Kerria spp. (Homoptera: Tachardiidae). Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 24(2): 121-124. [MishraSuBh2000]
Notes: Lac insect stocks collected from different localities and host plant species were studied for their performance in respect of five productivity linked female traits, viz., life period, fecundity, dry cell weight, diameter of the cell, and rate of sticklac production during the rainy crop season on Flemingia macrophylla by determining intertrait correlation for the former four traits as well as estimating genetic variance and heritability (in a broad sense) for all the five traits. A highly significant positive correlation between the cell weight and life period, cell weight and diameter of cell, fecundity and diameter of cell, as well as life period and diameter of cell was established. On the other hand, non significant correlation of fecundity with cell weight and life period was recorded.

Mishra, Y.D., Sushil, S.N., Chakrabarty, P.K., Bhattacharya, A. & Kumar, S. 2000. Estimating stick lac productivity of lac on ber, Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk. through regression model. Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 24(4): 343-348. [MishraSuCh2000]
Notes: For developing multiple regression model for estimating stick lac productivity of lac insect stocks, a multiple regression analysis was conducted by taking density of settlement, per cent initial mortality, sex ratio, female population, mean live cell weight, resin per female, dry cell weight, density at crop maturity, and life period as independent variables; and sticklac productivity as dependent variable. Out of 51 values of correlation coefficient obtained, 24 revealed highly significant positive and 3 significant negative values while the remaining were non-significant. The multivariate equation derived from only four independent variables i.e. from resin per female, dry cell weight, density at crop maturity, and life period was the most efficient and convenient model for estimating lac productivity to the tune of 97.76% (R super(2)) accuracy.

Mishra, Y.D., Sushil, S.N., Kumar, S. & Bhattacharaya, A. 2000. Variability in lac productivity and related attributes of Kerria spp. (Homoptera: Tachardiidae) on ber (Zizyphus mauritiana). Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 24(1): 19-26. [MishraSuKu2000]
Notes: Naturally occurring eleven lac insect stocks of Kerria spp. were studied on ber, (Zizyphus mauritiana) for their performance with respect to ten productivity linked characters, viz., density of settlement, per cent initial mortality, sex-ratio, number of females/cm2 at sexual maturity, live cell weight, dry cell weight, resin/female, number of females at crop maturity, life period, and sticklac productivity in terms of sticklac output/meter/day. Estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variance, genotypic coefficient of variance, heritability and genetic advance calculated were found to be in the range of 18.26 to 61.31, 18.00 to 58.92, 0.57 to 0.99, and 5.65 to 14.99, respectively. The productivity of lac ranged from 0.214 to 0.670 g/day/meter in the case of stock nos. LR-5101 and LR-5316, respectively. Of the former aforesaid nine parameters, resin output per female was the highest and sex ratio the lowest value of genotypic correlation coefficient to the extent of 0.9889 and 0.0630, respectively, with productivity of lac.

Mishra, Y.D., Sushil, S.N., Sharma, K.K., Bhattacharya, A. & Jaiswal, A.K. 1996. Efficacy of selected organophosphorus insecticides for control of Chrysopa madestes (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) - a serious sporadic predator of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr). New Agriculturist 7: 17-20. [MishraSuSh1996]
Notes: Dichlorvos and malathion were evaluated against eggs and different larval instars of C. madestes. Application of insecticides directly to eggs did not affect egg hatchability. The larval instars were exposed to filter paper impregnated with insecticides for 6 h, continuously and transferred to clean petri dishes subsequently for 24 h observation. The three instars showed different susceptibility to various concentrations of the insecticides tested. Dichlorvos at 0.03% was found most suitable for control of the predator.

Misra, C.S. 1923. The cultivation of lac in the plains of India (Tachardia lacca, Kerr). Bulletin (Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa) (No. 142; replaces No. 28): 83 pp. [Misra1923]
Notes: Lac cultivation, life history, life cycle, enemies, cost and yield, manufacture and use of shellac, and uses of lac dye.

Misra, A.B. 1930. On a collection of lac insects from northern India. Bulletin of Entomological Research 21: 161-164. [Misra1930]
Notes: Describes and keys 6 new species of Laccifer.

Misra, A.B. 1930a. On the post-embryonic development of the female lac insect, Laccifer lacca, Kerr (Hem.-Coccidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 21: 455-467. [Misra1930a]
Notes: Describes changes in external and internal morphology of different stages.

Negi, P.S., Misra, M.P. & Gupta, S.N. 1930. Ants and the lac insect (Laccifer lacca). Journal, Bombay Natural History Society 34: 182-188. [NegiMiGu1930]
Notes: Eight species of ants are listed here, in addition to those previously recorded. A brief description of the relations of various species of ants to the lac insect is given. Ants in general are not injurious to the lac insect, but some species undoubtedly pick up the crawling lac larvae and the male insects. At the same time, all of them are useful to the lac insect as they remove the excreted "honeydew", which otherwise mixed with dust in the absence of rains is likely to block the respiratory organs of the lac insect, and cause its death by suffocation. In addition, many of them and especially Camponotus compressus and S. geminata, help the lac insect by feeding on the larvae of the predator moths. The use of cheap molasses is suggested to prevent the access of ants to the lac insect in places where they are suspected of being harmful chiefly during larval and male emergence.

Niranjan Prasad, Panday, S.K., Kumar, K.K. & Bhagat, M.L. 2006. Design and development of power operated roller type lac scraper. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America 37(1): 35-37. [NiranjPaKu2006]
Notes: Lac is the hardened resin secreted by the tiny lac insect [Kerria lacca]. Lac insects thrive only on certain trees called lac hosts. Butea monosperma (Palas), Zizyphus mauritiana (Ber) and Schleichera oleosa (Kusum) are the major lac hosts used in India. Lac cultivation involves five major operations which are pruning, inoculation, used up broodlac (phunki) removal, harvesting and lac scraping. Mostly, lac cultivation operations are carried out manually with the aid of locally manufactured traditional tools. Manual lac scraping is a very slow and tedious process. In one method, farmers sit on the ground in a group and scrape lac with the traditional tools like a small scraping knife (dauli) and sickle. In another method, farmers remove lac encrustation by beating lac sticks with bamboo sticks. One person scrapes 5-10 kg of lac in a day. As scraping is done on the ground, unwanted foreign materials like sand, soil, and wooden twigs find their way into scraped lac, reducing the price to farmers and creating problems during lac processing in industries. In order to increase the output and reduce the drudgery of lac production, a simple power operated roller type lac scraper was designed and developed. The machine consists of a scraper, separation screen, feed hopper, drive mechanism and machine frame. The machine scrapes lac under the action of shear and compressive forces. One person operates the machine and scrapes approximately 13.5 kg lac stick h SUP -1 with a scraping efficiency of 95%.

Olivier, G.A. 1791. Cochenille. Coccus. Genre d'insectes de la première section de l'ordre des Hemiptères. 85-100 In: G.A. Olivier (ed.)., Encyclopedie methodique. , Paris. [Olivie1791]
Notes: Discusses 19 scale insects under assignment to Coccus.

Prasad, N., Jaiswal, A.K. & Kumar, K.K. 2004. Energy requirement in lac production. AMA, Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America 35(1): 54-58. [PrasadJaKu2004]
Notes: Lac is a natural resin secretion and protective covering of tiny lac insects Kerria lacca which is produced mainly in India, Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar and China. Butea monosperma (palas), Zizyphus mauritiana [Ziziphus mauritiana] (ber) and Schleichera oleosa (kusum) are the major commercial lac host trees in India. Mostly it is the tribals in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Gujarat and Assam that undertake the production. Approximately three million people are engaged in the production of lac in India. On an average, India produces 18 thousand tonnes of lac per year. It is an export-oriented product. Some 80% of the country's total production is exported that earns approximately 16-22 million US dollars as foreign exchange annually. Lac production involves a very simple operation that does not require any skill and requires less time than other agricultural operations. The pruning of host trees, bundling of broodlac twigs, tying of broodlac on trees for infestation, removal of used up broodlac sticks (phunki) from trees, harvesting of crop and lac scraping are the basic operations in lac production. These operations are carried out manually with the help of locally available traditional tools. The energy requirements in the production of lac from palas, ber and kusum were 11.68, 3.33 and 4.71 GJ/t in the first year and 10.25, 2.94 and 4.00 GJ/t in the subsequent years. The specific energy requirements in lac production from different lac hosts are comparable with specific energy requirements in the production of paddy, maize, wheat and gram. However, the returns from per tonne of lac is several times higher than the returns from the crops cited above. Human energy only is the input used in lac production unlike crop production where, apart from human energy, animal, mechanical and electrical energies and a variety of services such as post-harvest technology are used. With a view to meeting an increased demand for lac in the global market (being a natural and an eco-friendly product) and to generate additional employment, lac production should be promoted.

Ramakrishna Ayyar, T.V. 1921a. A check list of the Coccidae of the Indian region. Proceedings of the Entomology Meetings. India 4: 336-362. [Ramakr1921a]
Notes: List of 369 scale insects, at least 8 manuscript names, with citation, host and locality data for each.

Ramani, R. & Sharma, K.K. 1991. A review of some genetical aspects of lac insects. Annals of Entomology 9(2): 47-53. [RamaniSh1991]
Notes: Abstract: Lac insect taxonomy (Tachardiidae (=Kerriidae)), chromosome system and evolution in relation to other scale insect groups; sex determination and gene expression; scope of genetic improvement of lac resin color.

Ramani, R. & Sharma, K.K. 1995. Breeding superior lac insects for colour and resin productivity. Annual Report of the Indian Lac Research Institute 1995/96: 19-20. [RamaniSh1995]
Notes: Brief description of research at the Indian Lac Research Institute, Division of Lac Production.

Roxburgh, W. 1791. Chermes lacca. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 81: 228-235. [Roxbur1791]
Notes: Description of lac insect and various observations on biology and lac dye and lac resin.

Saha, S.K., Jaiswal, A.K. & Singh, B.H. 2000. Forecasting of lac yield from insect culture on Butea monosperma (Lam.) for rainy season crop. Shashpa 7(2): 125-132. [SahaJaSi2000]
Notes: Important lac yield affecting biometrical attributes for the rainy season crop of rangeeni lac on Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. were identified. Out of 14 characters considered in the present study, a significant and positive correlation was found with yield and length of lac insect settlement per shoot, number of shoots with lac culture per tree, volume occupied by a hundred lac insects, number of living female insects per sq. cm, amount of broodlac input, height of host crown, number of lac insects settled per sq. cm, number of stumps per tree and number of living lac insects per sq. cm in decreasing order of magnitude. The forecast model, retaining the amount of broodlac used, number of shoots with lac culture and length of lac insect settled per shoot revealed 57 per cent variation in lac yield. The model developed showed that a forecast of lac yield per tree is possible once lac insects Kerria lacca Kerr are established on shoots. This period corresponds to the 2-3 weeks after raising the culture or the the 10 weeks before harvesting.

Sequeira, V. & Bezkorowajnyj, P.G. 1998. Improved management of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub for lac production. Forest Ecology and Management 102: 225-234. [SequeiBe1998]
Notes: Lac, a natural resin produced by the lac insect Kerria lacca, is an important income-generating non-wood forest product in India, although production and export has declined over the last 50 years, partly due to large fluctuations in prices and supply and partly due to increasing competition with Thailand. It is expected that the potential for lac production could increase with India's recent changes in forest policy which encourage the natural regeneration of degraded lands. A review is presented of improved management systems for lac production on Butea monosperma, which is the most important lac host tree in India, and is prevalent in degraded areas of the sub-Himalayan plains. The review briefly describes traditional management systems, and gives an account of the 3 operational stages of the improved system - pruning of host plants, inoculation with broodlac, and harvesting and storage of sticklac at crop maturity.

Sharma, K.K. 1991. Laboratory rearing of Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Tachardiidae) on the fruits of pumpkin, Cucurbita moschata. Current Science 61(8): 544-545. [Sharma1991]
Notes: Abstract: Indian lac insect, known for the commercial value of its secretions such as resin, wax and dye, requires plant hosts for its propagation; attempts to rear it on synthetic diet have been unsuccessful; in this experiment, they have been reared on pumpkin for the first time.

Sharma, K.K. 1997. Occurrence of lac insect on Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merrill. Insect Environment 3: 29. [Sharma1997]
Notes: Thevetia peruviana was recorded as a new food plant of Kerria lacca at Hisar, Haryana, India.

Sharma, K.K., Bhattacharya, A. & Sushil, S.N. 1999. Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca, as an important source of honeydew. Bee World 80(3): 115-118. [SharmaBhSu1999]
Notes: Scale insects are notorious pests but humans have successfully exploited some of them to their advantage. The Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Homoptera) is one such insect which is purposely cultured in some Asian countries such as India, Thailand, China and Vietnam for its various products of commercial importance (resin, wax and dye).

Sharma, K.K., Jaiswal, A.K., Bhattacharya, A., Mishra, Y.D. & Sushil, S.N. 1997. Emergence profile and relative abundance of parasitoids associated with Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) Indian Journal of Ecology 24(1): 17-22. [SharmaJaBh1997]
Notes: Fourteen species of parasitoids under 13 genera representing ten families were found associated with lac insect. Of these, Aprostocetus (Tetrastichus) purpureus and Tachardiaephagus tachardiae constituting 55.82 and 28.37%, respectively, of the total population of parasitoids, were the most abundant. Among the beneficial fauna, only Bracon greeni was of some significance, accounting for 5.37% of the total population.

Sharma, K.K., Jaiswal, A.K. & Kumar, K.K. 1999. Biological control in lac cultivation - limitations and prospects. Journal of Insect Science 12(2): 95-99. [SharmaJaKu1999]
Notes: Lac (Kerria lacca) is an important cash crop grown in India and more than 80% lac produced is exported. However, its production in the country has remained unstable particularly during the last 30 years, varying widely between 38.8 thousand tons in 1968 to 9.1 thousand tons in 1979 due to various reasons. Important among these is damage caused by insect enemies. Chemical control of these pests, though quite successful, is undesirable due to possible residue hazards as the lac and the dye obtained from this insect can be used in coating, perfumery, textile industry and many other similar applications. Biological control in lac cultivation in the past was not successful because studies centered mostly around only two predators namely, Eublemma amabilis and Pseudohypatopa pulverea and damage caused by parasitoids of lac insect remained unattended as it was considered negligible. Further, no attempt was made to tap naturally available parasitoids. The status of some insects associated with lac still remained doubtful and lastly little information was available on influence of host on its biotic complex. The feasibility of successful biological control of lac insect enemies in the light of new findings is discussed.

Sharma, K.K., Jaiswal, A.K. & Kumar, K.K. 2000. A new record of Bracon brevicornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) as a parasitoid of Eublemma amabilis Moore -- a major predator of lac insect, Kerria lacca Kerr. Journal of Applied Zoological Research 11(2-3): 156. [SharmaJaKu2000]
Notes: This paper is thought to be the first report of larval parasitism of Eublemma amabilis by Bracon brevicornis.

Sharma, K.K., Jaiswal, A.K. & Kumar, K.K. 2001. New record of fungi associated with Indian lac insect Kerria lacca. Indian Journal of Entomology 63(3): 369-371. [SharmaJaKu2001]
Notes: This paper presents a new record of three fungi associated with Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca. These fungi belonging to family Eurotiaceae/Aspergillaceae were Aspergillus awamori, A. terricola and Penicillium citrinum.

Sharma, K.K., Kumari, K. & Kumar, M. 2005. Analysis of factors responsible for low yield of lac in India. Journal of Applied Zoological Research 16(1): 95-96. [SharmaKuKu2005]
Notes: Though a single lac insect (Kerria lacca) has a potential to multiply by 250 times in one generation, actual seed (broodlac) to yield (lac-produced) ratio is very low. Single cell cultures maintained on Flemingia macrophylla in the laboratory yielded 56-175 times more lac that was reduced to 45-50 times in the field. When the mode of infestation was changed to mass inoculation and the scale of operation was increased, the yield was drastically reduced to 3, 4 and 7 times of the input on Butea monosperma, F. macrophylla and Ziziphus mauritiana, respectively, for rangeeni strain; and 5, 9 and 14 times, respectively, on F. macrophylla, Z. mauritiana and Schleichera oleosa for kusmi strain during rainy/winter season crop under field condition. With up scaling of lac culture operations, quantitative and qualitative loss of broodlac, damage due to pests and management of lac insect population on the host plant became critical factors affecting adversely the lac crop.

Sharma, K.K. & Ramani, R. 1997. Suitability of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poir) fruits for laboratory rearing of two strains of (Coccoidea: Tachardiidae) Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.). Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 21: 169-174. [SharmaRa1997]
Notes: The two strains i.e., rangeeni and kusmi of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.) were successfully grown on fruits of pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata). Life period was favorably reduced from 184.9 and 109.6 to 154.3 and 100.9 days, respectively for kusmi and rangeeni strains. Amount of resin secreted by the insects decreased on pumpkin. The reduction was larger in kusmi (36.9%) as compared to rangeeni (27.5%). Mortality of lac insects on pumpkin was almost doubled. The insect completed its life cycle satisfactorily providing viable progeny without much effect on fertility. The two strains showed differential behaviour with respect to amount of resin secreted, mortality inflicted and total life period when cultured on pumpkin.

Sharma, K.K. & Ramani, R. 2001. Parasites effected reduction in fecundity and resin yield of two strains of Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca. Indian Journal of Entomology 63(4): 456-459. [SharmaRa2001]
Notes: The damage caused by parasites on K. lacca was investigated. During the rainy season, the fecundity and resin production of two K. lacca strains (Kusmi and Rangeeni), were adversely affected. Although no significant difference in the size of healthy and parasitized K. lacca cells was recorded, the quantity of the resin produced declined by 17.92% and 17.44%, while the fecundity decreased by 32.55% and 34.71%, for Kusmi and Rangeeni strains, respectively. The incidence of parasitism in female K. lacca was 28.13% and 32.18% for Kusmi and Rangeeni strains, respectively. No inter-strain differences due to parasitism were observed.

Signoret, V. 1869. [Essay on the gall forming insects (Homoptera - Coccidae) - 2nd Part.] Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères - Coccides) 2e partie. (In French). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 8: 829-876. [Signor1869]
Notes: N/A

Signoret, V. 1874. [Essay on the gall forming insects (Homoptera - Coccidae) - 12th Part.] Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères - Coccides), 12e partie. (In French). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (serie 5) 4: 87-106. [Signor1874]
Notes: Redescriptions of 4 genera and 5 species in Lecanides, and of Carteria and C. lacca.

Signoret, V. 1877 (1876). [Essay on gall-forming scale insects (HOmoptera - Coccidae), 18th part.] Essai sur les cochenilles ou gallinsectes (Homoptères - Coccides), 18e et dernière partie. (In French). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (serie 5) 6: 591-676. [Signor1877]
Notes: Discusses 3 genera, 9 species of Brachyscelides; gives 15 additions or corrections to monograph; discusses 58 unplaced species; presents systematic catalog and indices of all genera and all species of Coccidae [=Coccoidea of current usage] described until 1877.

Signoret, V. 1886c. Tachardia Blanchard n. n. (In French). Annales de la Société Entomolgique de France, Bulletin Entomologique (serie 6) 6: lxii. [Signor1886c]
Notes: [Tachardia Blanchard n. n. in place of Carteria Signoret (preoccupied in Protozoa).]

Singh, B.P., Mishra, Y.D., Kumar, P., Srivastava, S.C. & Sushil, S.N. 2001. Effect of plant densities and fertilizer levels on plant growth and lac yield of Acacia auriculaeformis (Benth.) A. Cunn. (Akashmani). Indian Journal of Forestry 24(2): 166-170. [SinghMiKu2001]
Notes: A study was conducted in a sandy clay loam soil in Ranchi, Bihar, India to determine the proper spacing and fertilizer rates for the harvested biomass and lac production of Acacia auriculiformis (by Kerria lacca) during the winter crop season. The treatments used in the study include: 3 planting spacing (2.0 x 1.8, 3.0 x 2.7 and 4.0 x 3.6 m); and 4 levels of fertilizers (0:0:0, 25:50:10, 50:100:20 and 75:150:30 g/plant of N:P2O5:K2O). Various plant densities had no adverse effect of plant growth attributes as well as yield index. However, maximum values were obtained in case of lowest plant density except for plant height and total shoot length attributes. Application of fertilizers resulted to a significant increase in plant growth attributes except for plant height and canopy spread. Significant differences were also recorded in the yield index with increasing levels of fertilizers, but brood lac yield and stick lac yield was at par in all fertilizer rates. The results also indicate that a planting spacing of 2.0 x 1.8 m with a fertilizer level of 50:100:20 N:P2O5:K2O g/plant could produce the highest brood and scraped lac per plant and may be considered for raising plantations of A. auriculiformis for lac production as well as harvested biomass with increased productivity.

Singh, B.P., Mishra, Y.D., Sushil, S.N., Kumar, P. & Srivastava, S.C. 2001. Estimation of broodlac, sticklac and biomass yield of Acacia auriculaeformis (Benth.) A. Cunn. (Akashmani) - a potential lac host. Indian Journal of Forestry 24(4): 490-493. [SinghMiSu2001]
Notes: Results are presented of correlation and regression analyses conducted on the relationship between plant height, basal girth, girth at breast height, mean canopy spread, number of secondary branches, lac insect [Kerria lacca] coverage at maturity and broodlac used for inoculation to develop prediction models for broodlac, sticklac and biomass yield of Acacia auriculiformis.

Speight, M.R. 2001. Insect diversity and livelihoods. 231-269 In: Koziell, I. & Saunders, J. (Eds.), Living Off Biodiversity: Exploring Livelihoods and Biodiversity Issues in Natural Resources Management. International Institute for Environment and Development, London. 269 pp. [Speigh2001]
Notes: [With additional material and editing by Blench, R. and Bourn, D.] This paper examines insect biodiversity and the ways (both beneficial and detrimental) in which insects affect livelihoods. Causes of change in insect diversity are then examined and ways to manage insect diversity are explored. The section called Gaz, cochineal and lac production discusses Dactylopius coccus and Laccifer (=Kerria lacca.

Srivastava, B.K. 1964. Pests of pulse crops. 83-91 In: Pant, N.C., Chief Editor., Entomology in India ["A special number of the Indian Journal of Entomology"]. The Entomological Society of India, New Delhi. 529 pp. [Srivas1964]
Notes: Ceroplastodes cajani, Drosicha stebbingi, Lecanium longulum, Margarodes niger and Tachardia lacca are mentioned as minor pests of Cajanus cajan.

Srivastava, S.C., Kumar, P., Mishra, Y.D. & Jaiswal, A.K. 1998. Estimation of kusmi winter crop sticklac yield from Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) O'Ktze based on plant and insect characters of Kerria lacca (Kerr.). Indian Journal of Forestry 21: 1, 9-12. [SrivasKuMi1998]
Notes: Plant and insect characters affecting the yield of the kusmi sticklac crop on Flemingia macrophylla in the winter season were investigated in 3-yr-old plants at the Indian Lac Research Institute, Bihar. The plants were pruned to 6 inches above ground level in January-February, and tillers and new shoots allowed to develop until July; they were then inoculated with broodlac at 100 g/plant. Three plant characters (height, total number of shoots and inoculable shoots) and 3 insect characters (length of coverage by crawlers on twigs, settlement density and mortality) were recorded at the time of inoculation and after 4 wk. The yield of sticklac was significantly related to the number of inoculable shoots and length of crawler coverage per plant, and the density of settlement on shoots, but not to any of the other characters investigated.

Srivastava, S.C., Kumar, P. & Saha, D. 2002. In-vitro callus development for organogenesis in lac host plants. (In English; Summary In Hindi). Indian Forester 128(3): 325-328. [SrivasKuSa2002]
Notes: Plant parts like seed cotyledons and axillary buds of lac, a versatile biodegradable natural resin secreted by a group of tiny scaled insects called Kerria lacca, host plants such as Flemingia macrophylla, Albizia lucida, Ziziphus sp., F. semialata [F. macrophylla], and Schleichera oleosa were cultured under different auxin (2,4-D) concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0 ppm) to determine their ability to produce callus. In most cases, 2,4-D concentrations at 4-10 ppm resulted in maximum callus development. Results indicate the possibility of improvement in lac host plant through biotechnology. Further studies on organogenesis and regeneration into complete plantlets are suggested.

Subbarayudu, B. & Ram, R.L. 1997. Distribution of host plants of the lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.). Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 21: 187-192. [SubbarRa1997]
Notes: A survey of the host plants of the Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca, was carried out during 1995-96 in Bihar, India. The survey showed that host plants belonged to 32 genera and 53 species.

Sun, Y.Y., Li, K. & Chen, X.M. 2003. [Status and prospects of Schleichera oleosa's propagation.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Scientia Silvae Sinicae 39(5): 129-132. [SunLiCh2003]
Notes: The physiology, biology and ecology of some host plants of lac insect [Kerria lacca] including Schleichera oleosa, is presented. The propagation potential of S. oleosa in China is discussed.

Sushil, S.N., Bhattacharya, A., Jaiswal, A.K. & Kumar, P. 2002. Predatory response of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) against lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr.). Journal of Applied Zoological Research 13(1): 100-101. [SushilBhJa2002]
Notes: A number of insect predators and parasitoids are reported to cause severe damage to lac crops. C. carnea is the most widely used beneficial predator in India, and its predatory response against the lac insect, Kerria lacca was studied during July to October 2000, under laboratory conditions and in the field using lac insect colonies on Flemingia macrophylla. The predator, when offered early instar K. lacca nymphs in the laboratory, fed on these insects, but failed to complete its life cycle. In the field, C. carnea did complete development, but the prolonged larval period indicates that lac insects are not the preferred prey. However, caution must be observed in the use of C. carnea in lac-growing areas -- particularly when the lac crop is in its early stage.

Sushil, S.N., Bhattacharya, A., Mishra, Y.D. & Kumar, P. 2000. Parasitising efficiency of some egg parasitoids against Eublemma amabilis Moore (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): a serious lac insect predator. Journal of Applied Zoological Research 11(2-3): 152-154. [SushilBhMi2000]
Notes: Five hymenopterous egg parasitoids viz., Trichogramma brasiliense, Trichogramma chilonis, Trichogramma pretiosum, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae and Telenomus remus were screened against Eublemma amabilis, a serious predator of lac insects (Kerria lacca), to assess their parasitizing efficiency under laboratory conditions. Trichogramma brasiliense showed significantly high parasitization (43.74%) followed by Trichogramma chilonis (21.49%), Trichogramma pretiosum (20.88%), Trichogrammatoidea bactrae (20.85%) and Telenomus remus (7.73%).

Sushil, S.N., Mishra, Y.D., Bhattacharya, A., Jaiswal, A.K. & Sharma. 1997. Safety of endosulfan and dichlorvos to four parasitoids of lac insect predators. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems 3: 39-41. [SushilMiBh1997]
Notes: The toxicity of endosulfan and dichlorvos to Pristomerus sulci, Brachymeria tachardiae, Elasmus claripennis and Bracon greeni was studied in the laboratory. These species are parasitoids of Pseudohypatopa pulverea and Eublemma amabilis which are predators of Kerria lacca. One-day-old adult parasitoids were introduced to treated glass vials at 25 plus or minus 2 deg C and 70-75% RH. Endosulfan (0.05%) was toxic to all the parasitoids tested, causing up to 100% mortality within 1 h. Dichlorvos (0.03%) was less toxic, but mortality after 24 h varied from 16.6% for B. greeni to 76.6% for E. claripennis.

Sushil, S.N., Mishra, Y.D., Bhattacharya, A. & Kumar, P. 1999. Screening of some egg parasitoids against Pseudohypatopa pulverea (Meyr.) (Lepidoptera: Blastobasidae): A serious predator of lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr). Journal of Entomological Research. New Delhi 23(4): 365-368. [SushilMiBh1999]
Notes: Five hymenopterous egg parasitoids, viz., Trichogramma brasiliensis, T. chilonis, T. pretiosum, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae (Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus remus (Scelionidae) were screened against Pseudohypatopa pulverea, a serious predator of lac insect, for assessing their parasitising efficiency. The maximum parasitisation was observed in the case of T. brasiliensis (56.73%) and lowest by T. remus (17.56%). The emergence of the adult parasitoids from the parasitised eggs was maximum in T. pretiosum (75.00%) followed by T. chilonis (72.85%), T. brasiliensis (66.04%), T. bactrae (34.70%) and lowest by T. remus (43.75%). All the five parasitoids appeared to be promising for the biological control of the predator.

Takahashi, R. 1941. Lacciferidae of Siam (Homoptera). Transactions of the Formosa Natural History Society 31: 138-141. [Takaha1941]
Notes: Laccifer siamensis n. sp.; 3 other lac scale insects discussed.

Takahashi, R. 1949. (In Japanese). In: , The lac insect, with results of cultivation in Formosa. Japan Shellac Industries Ltd., Osaka, Japan. 76 pp. [Takaha1949]
Notes: N/A

Tanaka, T. 1997. Reproductive and neurobehavioural effects of lac dye administered in the diet to mice. Food Additives and Contaminants 14(4): 373-380. [Tanaka1997]
Notes: N/A

Tandon, P.L., Ballal, C.R., Jalali, S.K. & Rabindra, R.J. (Eds.) 2003. In: , Biological Control of Lepidopteran Pests. Proceedings of the Symposium of Biological Control of Lepidopteran Pests, July 17-18, 2002, Bangalore, India Society for Biocontrol Advancement, Bangalore, India. iii + 354 pp. [TandonBaJa2003]
Notes: These proceedings contain 4 sections (predators, parasitoids, pathogens and biointensive pest management) discussing papers on the biological control of lepidopteran pests. One paper containing scale information is: Relative efficacy of some Trichogramma spp. for management of lepidopteran predators of lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) under field conditions (Bhattacharya et al.).

Tao, C.C.C. 1999. List of Coccoidea (Homoptera) of China. Special Publication (Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute) No. 78: 1-176. [Tao1999]
Notes: Species from 15 families listed -- Monophlebidae, Margarodidae, Ortheziidae, Pseudococcidae, Eriococcidae, Kermesidae, Asterolecaniidae, Phoenicoccidae, Kerridae, Aclerdidae, Coccidae, Conchaspidae, Beesoniidae and Diaspididae. Distribution within China and hosts given.

Targioni Tozzetti, A. 1884. Relazione intorno ai lavori della R. Stazione di Entomologia Agraria di Firenze per gli anni 1879-80. Article V. - omotteri. (In Italian). Annali di Agricoltura. (Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio). Firenze, Roma 1884: 383-414. [Targio1884]
Notes: Discusses or describes 23 scale insects, including Pulvinaria linearis n. sp.; lists 12 useful scale insects; proposes Kerria in place of Carteria.

Thakur, T., Jain, D. & Shaw, S.S. 2006. Api and lac culture: a boon for tribal farmers of Chhattisgarh, India. Plant Archives 6(1): 79-82. [ThakurJaSh2006]
Notes: Honey bee (mainly Apis cerana indica and A. mellifera) culture and lac (a secretion of Laccifer lacca [Kerria lacca]) production by tribal farmers in Chhattisgarh, India, are described. The coupe system of lac production, which is more sustainable than the traditional method, is discussed.

Thamas, M. & Gupta, B.S. 2003. [First report of termite damage on lac.] (In Hindi; Summary In English). Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika 18(1/2): 77-79. [ThamasGu2003]
Notes: To provide an additional source of income to CDR farmers in Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh, India, lac cultivation has been promoted in the region since 1997. However, in September 2000, termite damage to lac and lac insects [Kerria lacca] were recorded in Shahdol. In five lac-growing villages, the damage to lac crop was 5.80-11.70%. Termite damage was recorded only on young bushes of Butea monosperma, but grown trees were free from termite damage. This is thought to be the first report of termite predation on lac.

Thomas, M. 2003. Lac cultivation for sustainable forest management. Vaniki Sandesh 27(2/3): 24-27. [Thomas2003]
Notes: This paper provides information on the technical aspects of lac (resinous secretion from the specialized lac glands of Kerria lacca) and its cultivation for sustainable forest management in Madhya Pradesh, India. Topics covered include: the properties of shellac, and lac cultivation techniques.

Tulsyan, G.P. & Bose, K.C. 1970. Structural transformations in the testis of Laccifer lacca Kerr (Lacciferidae: Coccoidea). Zoologischer Anzeiger 185: 99-106. [TulsyaBo1970]
Notes: Structure and development of the male reproductive organs of Laccifer lacca have been studied in four generations each of the two local strains kusami and rangmee. Gross observations of the gonads and associated structures through the developmental stages revealed that the testes shrink in the (pre-imaginal pseudo-pupal) stage and ultimately degenerate being replaced by the vesicular seminales which store the sperm bundles in the adult insect and have been termed as pseudo-testes because of their location and apparent resemblance with the testes in other insects. Histological structure of the pseudo-testes exhibits a close resemblance with that of the nymphal vesicular seminales and a marked difference from that of the nymphal testes. Histological studies also suggest the presence of special nutritive cells in the vesicular seminales and a secretory role of the epithelial wall of the latter. The early senescence of the testes has been correlated with the short life span of the adult insect. Accordingly the germ cells undergo an early and rapid multiplication, growth and differentiation.

Varshney, R.K. 1966. The Indian lac insect -- a change in nomenclature (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Indian Journal of Entomology 28: 116-118. [Varshn1966]
Notes: Indicates valid name for insect is Kerria lacca (Kerr); 18 other species cataloged under genus Laccifer by Kapur now form new combinations in gen. Kerria; change of higher group names to Tachardiidae, Tachardiinae, Tachardiini, and Tachardii are attributed to Cockerell 1901.

Varshney, R.K. 1970. Lac literature. A bibliography of lac insects and shellac. Shellac Export Promotion Council, Calcutta, India. i-vi + 216 pp. [Varshn1970]
Notes: Cites 2606 articles; subject index includes references in taxonomy.

Varshney, R.K. 1974. New species and subspecies of lac insects (Homoptera: Tachardiidae). (In English; Summary In English). Entomologists' Newsletter 4(4): 23 [Varshn1974]
Notes: N/A

Varshney, R.K. 1977 (1976). Taxonomic studies on lac insects of India. Oriental Insects. Supplement. 5: 1-97. [Varshn1977]
Notes: Taxonomic characters of female, classification, nomenclature and distribution are discussed. Keys to subfamilies and genera and a check-list of world species are provided, reporting 8 genera (Kerria, Metatachardia, Tachardiella, Austrotachardiella, Austrotachardia, Tachardina, Afrotachardina and Paratachardina) and 71 species. New species are Kerria brancheata, K. chamberlini, K. nepalensis and Paratachardina mithila. Paratachardina silvestrii and Kerria sindica have been redescribed. Subspecies, lectotypes, and paralectotypes have been designated.

Varshney, R.K. 1978. Composition of the honeydew excreted by the lac insect Kerria lacca (Kerr) (Homoptera: Coccoidea) II. Carbohydrates. Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India 1: 95-98. [Varshn1978]
Notes: Detected four carbohydrates and one oligosaccharide by means of paper partition chromatography.

Varshney, R.K. 1984b. A review of the family Tachardiidae (Kerriidae) in the Orient (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Oriental Insects. New Delhi 18: 361-384. [Varshn1984b]
Notes: Key to subfamilies, genera and subgenera; Kerria (Chamberlinia) n. subgenus; list of species; taxonomic notes; information on occurrence, diagnostic characters, nomenclature and classification of the family.

Varshney, R.K. 1997. An up-to-date list of the lac insects of the world. Proceedings of the National Seminar: Lac Industry -- Challenges and Solutions 27-31. [Varshn1997]
Notes: [Conference held June 14-15, 1996.] Checklist of 85 species from 9 genera of lac insects, Kerriidae, of the world.

Varshney, R.K. 2000. First authentic record of the lac insect from Gujarat. Bionotes 2(2): 27. [Varshn2000]
Notes: Distribution of and notes on Kerria lacca.

Varshney, R.K. & Ganguly, G. 1972. Studies on the Malpighian tubes of the lac insect, Kerria lacca (Kerr) [Homoptera: Tachardiidae] and their relation with lac-dye. Journal of the Zoological Society of India 24(2): 195-201. [VarshnGa1972]
Notes: Specimens collected from Ficus carica, F. religiosa, Cajanus cajan and Moghania macrophylla; chromatographic analysis showed a positive relationship between the agueous solution of lac-dye and the malpighian tubes; however, the dye is not excreted out but stored in the tubes, as the honeydew drops are colorless.

Varshney, R.K. & Srivastava, P.N. 1989. Amino acid and carbohydrate constituents of the Indian lac insect, Kerria lacca (Homoptera: Tachardiidae) at different stages of development. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (N.S.) 25(3): 380-382. [VarshnSr1989]
Notes: Abstract: 4-17 amino acids identified & correlated with developmental stages of lac insect. Keywords: chemistry.

Wada, K., Koda, T. & Aoki, H. 2005. Analytical and preparative separation of Kaoliang and Lac colors by pH-zone-refining CCC.OU Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 28(12/13): 2097-2106. [WadaKoAo2005]
Notes: [3rd International Conference on Countercurrent Chromatography, CCC 2004, Tokyo, Japan, 28-31 August, 2004. Cazes, J. (Ed.)] The natural colouring agents Kaoliang (from Sorghum nervosum [Sorghum bicolor] seed coat) and Lac (from Laccifer lacca [Kerria lacca]) colours were separated using pH-zone-refining countercurrent chromatography (pH-z-CCC) on an analytical or preparative scale. The main components of Kaoliang colour have been reported to be apigeninidin and luteolinidin, however, the structures of other compounds present in the colour have not been elucidated as it is difficult to separate the compounds using conventional chromatographic techniques. Therefore, the separation of this colour was performed by pH-z-CCC that isolated three compounds. LC/MS and SUP 1 H-NMR analyses were used to determine the structures established as a halogenated phenyl compound, p -coumaric acid and methylated apigenin. Lac colour mainly consists of four anthraquinone derivatives, named laccaic acid A, B, C, and E. These four laccaic acids were separated on a large scale by pH-z-CCC. The purified Lac colour (1 g) was submitted to pH-z-CCC with tridodecylamine as a ligand, and produced 790, 41, 109 and 6 mg laccaic acid A, B, C, and D, respectively, with a minimum purity of 96%.

Walker, F. 1852. List of the specimens of homopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum, Part IV. British Museum (Natural History), London. 1188 pp. [Walker1852]
Notes: Lists 134 scale insects including 9 described as new, in 10 genera, with citations for described ones and general locality for each.

Wallert, A. 1986. Fluorescent assay of quinone, lichen and redwood dyestuffs. Studies in Conservation 31: 145-155. [Waller1986]
Notes: This paper includes a discussion of Coccus cacti, C. fragariae, C. lacca, Dactylopius coccus, Kermes vermilio, Porphyrophora hamelii and P. polonica.

Wen, H.C., Lu, F.M., Hao, H.H. & Liou, T.D. 2002. [Insects pests and their injuries and control on longan in Southern Taiwan.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Journal of Agricultural Research of China 51(3): 56-64. [WenLuHa2002]
Notes: Surveys of insects and other pests on longan were carried out from 1996 to 2001 in southern Taiwan. A total of 59 species of insect pests and 18 species, including two species of mites and two species of snails, were found to be new records in Taiwan. Among them, the mango aphid (Greenidea mangiferae), litchi fruit borer (Conopomorpha sinensis), longan psyllid (Neophacopteron auporine), kerria insect or lac insect (Kerria lacca), pink wax scale (Ceroplastes rubens) and termite (Odontotermes formosanus) were considered as economically important. This report describes the symptom of their injuries and percentage of infestation. Chemical trails showed that 90% methomyl WP, 80% fenthion EC, 3% carbosulfan G and 5% fonofos G, and 40.8% chlorpyrifos EC were very effective for controlling longan psyllid, litchi fruit borer, lac insect, and termites, respectively.

Wong, C.Y., Chen, S.P. & Chou, L.Y. 1999. (In Chinese). In: , [Guidebook to Scale Insects of Taiwan.] Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan. 98 pp. [WongChCh1999]
Notes: 101 species reviewed from Margarodidae, Pseudococcidae, Kerridae, Asterolecaniidae, Coccidae and Diaspididae.

Wouters, J. & Verhecken, A. 1989a. The coccid insect dyes: HPLC and computerized diode-array analysis of dyed yarns. (In English; Summary In French, German). Studies in Conservation 34: 189-200. [WouterVe1989a]
Notes: The quantitative determination of selected dyestuff components by high performance liquid chromatography, diode-array detection and post-run data manipulation was used to recognize dyes on historic yarns prepared from Dactylopius coccus, Kermes vermilio, Kerria lacca, Porphyrophora hameli and P. polonica.

Xie, Y.P., Xue, J.L., Zhang, Y.F. & Zheng, L.Y. 2004a. [A review on waxy secretions of scale insects and their chemical composition.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Entomological Knowledge 41(6): 512-518. [XieXuZh2004a]
Notes: The waxy secretions of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea) and their chemical composition are reviewed. The contents include: the main types of the wax covers of the scale insect; the major methods used for studying the chemistry of waxy secretions; the species of the scale insects whose waxes have been studied; the main chemical composition such as waxes, hydrocarbons, resinous materials or terpenoids, pigments and interior honeydew are emphasized. Finally, the significance and application prospects of the waxes of scale insects are discussed in three aspects, such as to further develop the waxes of the scale insects as an important biological resource; to search for some new pesticides active against the scale insects; to develop biological control through application of some chemical components as infochemicals for inducing the natural enemies and to study the chemical classification of the scale insects by using the waxes as chemical characters.

Yang, P.Z., Li, K., Sun, Y.Y. & Chen, Y.Q. 2005. [A study on afforestation and utilization of kusum as a lac host.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Forest Research 18(2): 204-208. [YangLiSu2005]
Notes: A study was conducted on the sowing technology, afforestation, branch utilization and biological characteristics of Schleichera oleosa as lac (Kerria lacca) host. The results showed that seed germination rate could be increased by removing the capsule. Seedlings were raised in March and planted at the beginning of monsoon (June and the first 10 days of July) in Yunnan Province, China. The land suitable for the tree should be deep and loose soil, and good drainage condition such as in the mid- and low area of hillside. Afforestation effect could be better if the tree was planted at the south side of the hill. Young sapling could grow better with scarification, weeding and fertilizer application. S. oleosa was the best host tree for K. lacca and the output of lac was stable during winter and summer. It was also a favourable tree species for keeping brood and producing lac.

Yang, C.Y., Zhang, J.Y. & Cai, J. 1998. [Study on the adaptability response between lac insect and its host tree.] (In Chinese; Summary In English). Forest Research 11(6): 647-651. [YangZhCa1998]
Notes: Root secretion of the host tree and the quality of the lac produced are used as indexes based on which a study on the inter-adaptability between the lac insect and its host tree is further conducted. According to the result, a decrease in the amount bu an increase in the variety of amino acid in the secretion is observed in the host tree. Meanwhile, a significant difference in the composition of the lac is also observed on the lac insects of different host trees. The fact that lac is the secretion of lac insect shows that insects of the same species tend to develop different physiological bents.

Zhou, C.H., Li, Z.H., Zhang, J.Y., Gu, Y., Yang, S.Y. & Zong, X.X. 2001. Traditional and alternative uses of pigeonpea in China. International Chickpea and Pigeonpea Newsletter No.8: 55-57. [ZhouLiZh2001]
Notes: The traditional and potential uses of pigeon pea in China are reviewed. The use of pigeon pea in mass rearing of lac insect, fuel production, soil conservation, fodder and feed production, folk medicine, and as a food source is discussed.

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