Tilt, or
Rotations

0-1Hz

Tiltmeter,

 http://www.geomechanics.
com
/products/tiltmeters.htm

 Inclinometer

 http://www.slopeindicator.
com/instruments/inclin-intro.html

Rotation from vertical in
degrees, some-
times expressed
as the sine of the angle of tilt

·          Monitoring slopes and landslides to detect zones of movement and establish whether movement is constant, accelerating, or responding to remedial measures.

·          Monitoring diaphragm walls and sheet piles to check that deflections are within design limits, that struts and anchors are performing as expected, and that adjacent buildings are not affected by ground movements.

·          Monitoring the effects of tunneling operations to ensure that adjacent structures are not damaged by ground movements.

·          Providing settlement profiles of embankments, foundations, and other structures.

·          Monitoring deformation of the concrete face of a retaining wall

(From Slope Indicator)

Settlement

0-1Hz

Settlement cells

 http://www.slopeindicator.
com/instruments/
settlementcell.html

Changes in elevation, mm or inches

·         Monitoring settlement or heave in embankments and embankment foundations.

·          Monitoring subsidence due to tunneling.

·          Monitoring consolidation under structures.

·          Monitoring settlement due to dewatering or preloading.

·          Monitoring settlement in marine fills

(From Slope Indicator)

Motion due
 to earthquakes

0-200Hz

Accelerographs

 http://www.kinemetrics.
com/etna.html

 http://www.kinemetrics.
com/qdr.html

 Structural monitoring system

http://www.kinemetrics
.com/oasis.html

Absolute acceleration, m/sec²

·          Monitor the performance of individual structures during earthquakes, such as piers, large retaining walls, and foundations

http://www.kinemetrics.com/amoes.html

·          Monitoring the performance of large structural systems during earthquakes, such as bridges

http://www.kinemetrics.com/structural.html

http://www.kinemetrics.com/namhae.html

http://www.kinemetrics.com/halkis.html

Motion due
 to blasting

1-200Hz

Blast seismograph

http://www.instantel.com/

http://vibra-tech-inc.com/products/ 

http://www.driller.com/
vms2000.html

Particle velocity, m/sec

·          Monitoring ground motion during blasting

·          http://www.geovision.com/PDF/A_Blast
Monitoring.PDF

Strains due
 to motions

0-100Hz

Strain gages

Bonded

http://www.vishay.com/
brands/measurements_
group/strain_gages/mm.htm

 Weldable

http://www.geokon.com/
straingages.htm

 http://www.jptechnologies.
com/wsgages.html

 http://pages.prodigy.net/
heatinc/

Strain,

mm/mm or in/in

·          Monitoring stresses in structural elements at critical location, both steel and concrete

·          Evaluate fatigue in structural elements

Motion due
 to construction

1-200Hz

Construction seismograph

 http://vibra-tech-inc.com/products/

 http://www.the-oza-group.com/ozahome.asp

Particle velocity, m/sec

·          Monitoring ground motion during construction operations, like pile driving

http://www.geovision.com/PDF/A_Vibration_
Monitoring.PDF

Motion due
 to ambient vibration, used to evaluate
human perception,
structural
characteristics

1-100Hz

Vibration Monitoring

 Human

http://www.bksv.com/
2506.htm

Acceleration, m/sec²

sometimes velocity, m/sec

·       Monitor construction vibrations to evaluate potential for damage to nearby structures

·          Monitor effects of roadway deterioration (such as potholes) on nearby critical processes http://www.geovision.com/PDF/A_MRI_
Vibration.PDF

ftp://ftp.kmi.com/pub/AppNotes/appnote44.pdf