Aquatic Life Benchmark Table

The aquatic life benchmarks (for freshwater species) provided in the table below are based on toxicity values reviewed by EPA and used in the Agency’s most recent risk assessments developed as part of the decision-making process for pesticide registration. The Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) in EPA relies on studies required under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) as well as a wide range of environmental laboratory and field studies available in the public scientific literature to assess environmental risk. Aquatic life benchmarks represent the most sensitive toxicity endpoint for a given taxa (for example, freshwater fish) of all scientifically acceptable toxicity data available to EPA. OPP uses these aquatic benchmarks in risk assessments developed for pesticides.

Relationship to Ambient Water Quality Criteria

Both OPP and EPA’s Office of Water (OW) have responsibilities for evaluating aquatic toxicity data to assess the ecological effects of chemicals in surface water. Effects assessments under both program offices are developed with high quality data and employ parallel but somewhat different rigorously peer-reviewed assessment methods.

OW uses aquatic toxicity data to develop ambient water quality criteria that can be adopted by states and tribes to establish water quality standards under the Clean Water Act.
OPP uses aquatic toxicity data in ecological risk assessments for large numbers of pesticide registration and reregistration decisions under FIFRA.
Both the OW and OPP methods assess and characterize effects to protect aquatic communities.

The table below provides aquatic toxicity benchmarks, a reference for the most recent risk assessment conducted by OPP for each pesticide, and ambient water quality criteria, if available.

Use of Aquatic Life Benchmarks

Comparing a measured concentration of a pesticide in water with an aquatic life benchmark can be helpful in interpreting monitoring data, and to identify and prioritize sites and pesticides that may require further investigation. The methods used by OPP for developing pesticide ecological risk assessments are described in detail in "Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency" (PDF) (92 pp, 627KB, About PDF).

As explained, OPP risk assessments use these aquatic benchmarks. The benchmarks, which are based on the most sensitive aquatic toxicity data of the distribution, are estimates of the concentrations below which pesticides are not expected to harm aquatic life. OPP may further refine a risk assessment using the full distribution of toxicity data for a given species using point estimates or species sensitivity distribution approaches that may include probabilistic methods.

OPP and OW are actively working together to harmonize the high quality, peer-reviewed scientific approaches that now underlie both programs. A harmonized approach will result in consistent tools and approaches for all stakeholder communities to use in ensuring the protection of aquatic ecosystems.

(Revised table to be posted by February 2009)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Chloroacetanilides
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Alachlor	900	187	1,600	110	1.64	—	—	USEPA (1998a)
Metolachlor	1,950	780	12,550	—	—	—	—	USEPA (1995a)
Propachlor	85	—	395	—	13.5	—	—	USEPA (1998b)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Amides
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Napropamide	3,200	—	7,150	—	3,400	—	—	USEPA (2005a)
Pronamide (Propyzamide)	36,000	—	2,800⁸	—	760	—	—	USEPA (1994a)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Anilides
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Propanil	1,150	9.1	600	86.0	16	110	—	USEPA (2003a)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Carbamates
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Carbaryl	125¹⁰	210¹⁰	2.55	1.5	1,100	—	—	USEPA (2003b, 2004a)
Carbofuran	44	5.7	1.115	0.75	—	—	—	USEPA (2005b)
Methiocarb	218	50	3.5	0.10	—	—	—	USEPA (1994b)
Propoxur (Baygon)	1,850	—	5.5	—	—	—	—	USEPA (1997a)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Carbamates
(Oxime Carbamate)
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Aldicarb	26	0.46	10	1.0	50,000⁸	—	—	USEPA (2005c)
Aldicarb sulfone	21,000	—	140	—	—	—	—	USEPA (2005c)
Aldicarb sulfoxide	3,570	—	21.5	—	—	—	—	USEPA (2005c)
Methomyl	265	57	4.4	0.4⁸	—	—	—	USEPA (1998c)
Oxamyl	2,100	770	90	180⁹	—	—	—	USEPA (1999a)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Carbamates
(Thiocarbamates)
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Butylate	105	210⁹	5,950	—	—	—	—	USEPA (1993a)
Cycloate	2,250	—	1,300	—	—	—		USEPA (2004b)
EPTC	7,000	—	3,250	—	1,360	5,600	—	USEPA (1999b)
Molinate	105	210⁹	170	340⁹	220	3,300	—	USEPA (2001a)
Pebulate	3,150	—	3,315	—	230	1,800	—	USEPA (1999c)
Thiobencarb	280	—	50	1.0	17	770	—	USEPA (1997b)
Triallate	600	38	45.5	13	120	—	—	USEPA (2000a)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Benzoic acid esters
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Dicamba	14,000¹¹	—	17,300¹¹	—	61 ¹¹	> 3,250¹¹	—	USEPA (2005d)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Benzoic acid esters
(Chlorobenzoic)
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Dacthal (DCPA)	15,000	—	13,500	—	11,000⁸	11,000⁸	—	USEPA (1998d)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Chlorophenoxy acids
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
2,4-D	50,500¹¹	14,200¹¹	12,500¹¹	16,400¹¹	3,880¹¹	299.2¹¹	—	USEPA (2004c)
2,4-DB	1,000¹¹	—	7,500¹¹	—	932¹¹	—	—	USEPA (2004d)
MCPA	380¹¹	12,000¹¹	90¹¹	11,000¹¹	160¹¹	20¹¹	—	USEPA (2004e)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Phenoxybutyric alkali salt or ester
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
MCPB	1,950	—	25,000	—	380	210	—	USEPA (2005e)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Dinitroanilines
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Benfluralin	15.85	1.9	1,090	15.5¹²	100⁸	—	—	USEPA (2004f)
Ethalfluralin	16	0.4	30	24	25	—	—	USEPA (1995b)
Oryzalin	1,440	220	700	—	42	15.4	—	USEPA (1994c)
Pendimethalin	69	6.3	140	14.5	5.4	12.5	—	USEPA (1997c)
Trifluralin	20.5	1.14	280	2.4	7.52	43.5	—	USEPA (1996a)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Benzothiadiazole
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Bentazon	50,000⁸	—	50,000⁸	—	4,500	5,350	—	USEPA (1994d)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Pyridazinone
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Norflurazon	4,050	770	7,500⁸	1,000	13	86	—	USEPA (1996b)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Nitrophenyl Ether
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Acifluorfen	15,500	1,500¹³	14,050	—	265,000⁸	378,000	—	USEPA (2000b)
Oxyfluorfen	100	38	40	13	0.29	—	—	USEPA (2002a)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Picolinic Acid
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Picloram	6,500	550	34,150	11,800	4,900	—	—	USEPA (1995c)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Organochlorines
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
gamma-HCH (lindane degradate)	0.85	1.7⁹	0.5	1⁹	—	—	—	USEPA (2001b)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Chlorpyridine
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Triclopyr	180¹⁴	104,000^8,14	850¹⁴	80,700¹⁴	100¹⁴	880¹⁴	—	USEPA (1998e)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Organothiophosphates
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Azinphos-methyl (Guthion)	0.18	0.36⁹	0.08	0.16⁹	—	—	—	USEPA (2005f)
Chlorpyrifos	0.9	0.57	0.05	0.04	140	—	—	USEPA (2000c, 2002b)
Diazinon	45	0.55¹⁰	0.1^10,15	0.17¹³	3,700	—	—	USEPA (2000d, 2004g)
Dimethoate	3,000	430	21.5	40	—	—	—	USEPA (1999e)
Disulfoton	19.5	39⁹	1.95	0.037	—	—	—	USEPA (2000e)
Ethoprop (Ethoprophos)	150	24	22	0.8	8,400	—	—	USEPA (1999f)
Malathion	2	4⁹	0.25	0.06	—	—	—	USEPA (2000f)
Parathion (Ethyl parathion)	9	0.19¹²	0.02	0.002	—	—	—	USEPA (1999g)
Parathion-methyl (Methyl parathion)	500	80¹³	0.07	0.02	5,300	—	—	USEPA (2003c)
Phorate	0.5	1⁹	0.30	0.21	1,300	—	—	USEPA (1998f, 1999h)
Terbufos	0.385	0.77⁹	0.1	0.030	—	—	—	USEPA (1999i)
Tribufos	122.5	—	13.5	2	148	—	—	USEPA (1996c)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Organothiophosphates
(Phenyl Organothiophosphate)
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Profenophos	12.5	2	0.45	0.2	—	—	—	USEPA (1998g)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Nitrile
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Bromoxynil	11.5	9	5.5	2.5	51	219	—	USEPA (1998h)
Chlorothalonil	11.5	3	34	39	190	—	—	USEPA (1999d)
Dichlobenil	2,465	330¹³	1,850	560	1,000	30	—	USEPA (1998i)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Pyrethroids
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
cis-Permethrin	0.395¹⁶	0.30¹⁶	0.0195^{10, 16}	0.039^{10, 16}	—	—	—	USEPA (2005g)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Sulfite esters
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Propargite	15.5¹⁰	16¹⁰	37	9	19.4	75,000	—	USEPA (2000g)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Triazines
(Symmetrical)
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Ametryn	1,800	700	14,000	240	3.67	10		USEPA (2005h)
Atrazine	2,650	62	360	62	32	18	17.5	USEPA (2003d, 2003e)
Simazine	3,200	960	500	1,000⁹	36	140	—	USEPA (2005i, 2005j)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Triazines
(Triazinone)
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Metribuzin	21,000	3,000	2,100	1,290	8.7	130	—	USEPA (1998j)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Uracils
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Bromacil	18,000	—	60,500	—	6.8	—	—	USEPA (1996d)
Terbacil	23,100	—	31,500	—	11	140	—	USEPA (1998k)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Ureas
Phenylurea
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Diuron	355	26	80	160⁹	2.4	—	—	USEPA (2003f)
Fluometuron	320	—	110	—	30	220	—	USEPA (2005k)
Linuron	1,500	42¹³	60	120⁹	67	—	—	USEPA (1995d)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Ureas
Thiodiazolurea
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Tebuthiuron	53,000	9,300	148,500	21,800	50	135	—	USEPA (1994e)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Halogenated Aliphatic
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Methyl bromide	1,950	100	1,300	—	—	—		USEPA (2005l)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Glycine derivative
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Glyphosate	42,450	> 25,700	27,500	> 50,000	850	21,500	—	USEPA (1993b)

Aquatic Life Benchmarks (µg / L)
Conazole
Pesticide compound (synonym)	Acute fish¹	Chronic fish²	Acute invertebrates³	Chronic invertebrates⁴	Acute nonvascular plants⁵	Acute vascular plants⁶	Chronic aquatic community⁷	References
Propiconazole	425	95	2,400	205	93	4,828	—	USEPA (2006)

Top of page

¹ Benchmark = Toxicity value x LOC. For acute fish, toxicity value is generally the lowest 96-hour LC50 in a standardized test (usually with rainbow trout, fathead minnow, or bluegill), and the LOC is 0.5.
² Benchmark = Toxicity value x LOC. For chronic fish, toxicity value is usually the lowest NOEAC from a life-cycle or early life stage test (usually with rainbow trout or fathead minnow), and the LOC is 1.
³ Benchmark = Toxicity value x LOC. For acute invertebrate, toxicity value is usually the lowest 48- or 96-hour EC₅₀ or LC₅₀ in a standardized test (usually with midge, scud, or daphnids), and the LOC is 0.5.
⁴ Benchmark = Toxicity value x LOC. For chronic invertebrates, toxicity value is usually the lowest NOAEC from a life-cycle test with invertebrates (usually with midge, scud, or daphnids), and the LOC is 1.
⁵ Benchmark = Toxicity value x LOC. For acute nonvascular plants, toxicity value is usually a short-term (less than 10 days) EC₅₀ (usually with green algae or diatoms), and the LOC is 1.
⁶ Benchmark = Toxicity value x LOC. For acute vascular plants, toxicity value is usually a short-term (less than 10 days) EC50 (usually with duckweed) and the LOC is 1.
⁷ Exceedance of this benchmark concentration, as an average for any 60-day period, could cause community-level effects based on changes in plant community diversity and indirect effects on fish and aquatic invertebrates.
⁸ Because the underlying toxicity value is a "greater-than" value (such as >265,000), this benchmark may overestimate toxicity.
⁹ The chronic benchmark is based on the acute toxicity value (which was lower than the lowest available chronic toxicity value), and therefore may underestimate chronic toxicity.
¹⁰ Although the underlying acute toxicity value is greater than or equal to the chronic toxicity value, the acute benchmark is lower than the chronic benchmark because acute and chronic toxicity values were multiplied by LOC values of 0.5 and 1, respectively.
¹¹ Original toxicity values are in micrograms of acid equivalents per liter. For 2,4-D and 2,4-DB, the toxicity values selected were the lowest available values for the acid or salt forms. For MCPA, acute toxicity values were the lowest for the acid, salt or ester forms, and chronic toxicity values were the lowest of the acid and salt forms. For Dicamba the toxicity values were the lowest of the acid or salt forms. (Selection was consistent with risk quotients in the cited USEPA references.)
¹² This benchmark has greater uncertainty than usual because of methods used or conditions in the underlying toxicity study.
¹³ Because the underlying toxicity value is a "less-than" value (such as <1,500), this benchmark may underestimate toxicity.
¹⁴ The acute toxicity values were the lowest of the acid, salt or ester forms, and the chronic toxicity values were the lowest of the acid and salt forms of triclopyr. (Selection was consistent with risk quotients in the cited USEPA reference.)
¹⁵ During public comment on draft ambient water-quality criteria, which are under development by USEPA, public comment noted an atypical distribution of the acute toxicity data for diazinon. If data from the second most sensitive study were used (USEPA, 2000 risk assessment), rather than the most sensitive study, then the benchmark would change from 0.1 to 0.4 µg/L.
¹⁶ Toxicity values and benchmarks apply to permethrin. Because NAWQA measures only the cis isomer of permethrin in water, comparison with benchmarks may underestimate potential toxicity.

Top of page

Definitions

EC₅₀ = 50 percent effect concentration
LC₅₀ = 50 percent lethal concentration
LOC = level of concern
NOAEC = no-observed-adverse-effects concentration
µg/L = microgram per liter
— = no benchmark available

Top of page

References for Aquatic Life Benchmarks

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998a, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) alachlor: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-98-020 December 1998.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1995a, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) metolachlor: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-95-006 April 1995.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005a, EFED risk assessment for napropamide reregistration eligibility document, Environmental fate and effects science chapter for napropamide, Appendix E: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2004-0162, Document Number 0011.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1994a, Reregistration eligibility decision for pronamide, list A, case 0082: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998b, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) propachlor: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-98-015 November 1998.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2003a, Reregistration eligibility decision for propanil (N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)propanamide), List A, Case 0226: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005c, Revised EFED risk assessment for the aldicarb reregistration eligibility document May 31, 2005: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0163, Document Number 0005.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1993a, R.E.D. Facts, Reregistration eligibility decision document, butylate, list A, case 0071: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-93-014 September 1993.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2003b, Environmental fate and ecological risk assessment for the re-registration of carbaryl: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2003-0101, Document Number 0005.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2004a, Interim reregistration eligibility decision for carbaryl (revised October 22, 2004), list A, case 0080: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005b, Reregistration eligibility science chapter for carbofuran, environmental fate and effects chapter, June 3, 2005, Appendix 1, Carbofuran deterministic environmental risk assessment: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0162, Document Number 0006.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1999b, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) EPTC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-99-006 December 1999.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1994b, Reregistration eligibility decision document, methiocarb, list A, case 0577: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998c, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) methomyl: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-98-021 December 1998.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2001a, Revised EFED reregistration eligibility chapter for molinate, Appendix C, ecological toxicity assessment: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1999a, Oxamyl reregistration eligibility document environmental fate and effects chapter, Appendix D, Details of supporting ecological toxicity studies: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency November 9, 1999.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1999c, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) pebulate: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-99-005 November 1999.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1997a, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) propoxur: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-97-009 August 1997

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1997b, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) thiobencarb: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-97-013 December 1997.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2000a, Reregistration eligibility document for triallate, environmental fate and effects chapter: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998d, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) DCPA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-98-005 November 1998.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2004c, Environmental Fate and Effects Division's risk assessment for the reregistration eligibility document for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), Appendix C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2004-0167, Document Number 0003.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2004d, Environmental Fate and Effects Division revised risk assessment for 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyric acid (2,4-DB) and dimethylamine 4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) butyrate (2,4-DB DMAS) reregistration eligibility document July 20, 2004, Appendix C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2004-0220, Document Number 0009.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2004e, Environmental Fate and Effects Division's risk assessment for the reregistration eligibility document for 2-methyl-4chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), Appendix D, Ecological hazard data: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2004-0156, Document Number 0006.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2004f, Reregistration eligibility decision for benfluralin: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-04-012 (July 2004).

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1995b, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) ethalfluralin: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-95-001 March 1995.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1994c, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) oryzalin: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-94-016 September 1994.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1997c, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) pendimethalin: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-97-007 June 1997.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1996a, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) trifluralin: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Special Review and Reregistration Division, EPA 738-R-95-040.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1994d, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) bentazon: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-94-029 September 1994.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1996b, Reregistration eligibility decision, norflurazon, list A, case 0229: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2000b, Environmental risk assessment, reregistration of sodium acifluorfen for uses on soybeans, peanuts and rice, Appendix D: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency June 8, 2000.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1995c, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) picloram: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-95-019 August 1995.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1999d, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) chlorothalonil: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-99-004 April 1999.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998i, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) dichlobenil: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-98-003 October 1998.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2001b, Lindane RED chapter: environmental fate and ecological risk assessment: seed treatment, Appendix I, Ecological effects data revised December 20, 2001: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998e, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) triclopyr: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-98-011 November 1998.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005f, Azinphos methyl insecticide: ecological risk assessment for the use of azinphos methyl on caneberries, cranberries, peaches, potatoes, and southern pine seeds (group 2 uses): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0061, Document Number 0027.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2000c, EFED risk assessment for reregistration eligibility science chapter for chlorpyrifos, fate and environmental risk assessment chapter: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency June 2000.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2002b, Interim reregistration eligibility decision for chlorpyrifos: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-01-007 February 2002.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2000d, Environmental risk assessment for diazinon: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2004g, Interim reregistration eligibility decision diazinon: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-04-006 May 2004.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2000e, Second revised environmental fate and effects assessment [disulfoton]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Fate and Effects Division August 26, 2000.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1999f, Errata sheet for EFED's ethoprop RED chapter dated October 5, 1998, environmental risk assessment for ethoprop: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Fate and Effects Division.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2000f, Malathion reregistration eligibility document, environmental fate and effects chapter, revised November 9, 2000: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1999g, EFED RED chapter for ethyl parathion (revised September 13, 1999): U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2003c, Interim reregistration eligibility decision for methyl parathion: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-01-007 February 2002.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998f, Preliminary environmental fate and effects assessment, EFED science chapter for phorate RED August 7, 1998: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Fate and Effects Division.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1999h, Revised environmental fate and effects assessment, outline of section C, Environmental assessment [phorate] September 14, 1999: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1999i, Revised environmental fate and effects assessment [terbufos], section 4, Ecological toxicity data: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency September 14, 1999: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998h, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) bromoxynil: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-98-013 December 1998.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005g, EFED revised risk assessment for the reregistration eligibility decision on permethrin after error corrections comments from the registrant, Phase I, Appendix E: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances July 12, 2005, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2004-0385, Document Number 0014.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2000g, Environmental Fate and Effects Division science chapter for reregistration eligibility decision for propargite, Appendix 2, June 7, 2000: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2003d, Interim reregistration eligibility decision for atrazine, case no. 0062: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticide Programs, Special Review and Reregistration Division.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2003e, Atrazine MOA Ecological Subgroup-recommendations for aquatic community level of concern (LOC) and method to apply LOC(s) to monitoring data, final report, October 22, 2003: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2003-0367, Document Number 0007.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998j, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) metribuzin: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-97-006 (February 1998).

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005i, Interim reregistration eligibility decision, environmental fate and effects chapter, environmental fate and ecological risk assessment for simazine: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0151, Document Number 0006.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005j, Environmental fate and ecological risk assessment, simazine, Appendix E - submitted ecological effects data: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0151, Document Number 0011.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1996d, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) bromacil: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-96-013 August 1996.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998k, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) terbacil: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-97-011 January 1998.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2003f, Reregistration eligibility decision for diuron, list A, case 0046: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Special Review and Reregistration Division.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005k, Environmental fate and effects science chapter, environmental fate and ecological risk assessment for re-registration of fluometuron (PC 035503), February 22, 2005, Appendix E, Ecological effects data: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2004-0372, Document Number 0009.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1995d, Reregistration eligibility decision (RED) linuron: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-95-003 March 1995.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1994e, Reregistration eligibility decision, tebuthiuron, list A, case 0054: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Special Review and Reregistration Division.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2004b, Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Clycloate, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-04-014, September 30, 2004

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005d, EFED Reregistration Chapter For Dicamba/Dicamba Salts, August 31, 2005: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Public Docket Number EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0479, Document Number 0008.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2002a, Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Oxyfluorfen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, EPA 738-R-02-014, October 2002

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1999e, Revised Environmental Fate and Effects Assessment; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, February 4, 1999 (released 12/20/1999). Docket ID number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0084

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1996c, Tribufos Preliminary Environmental Risk Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division. November 8, 1996

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1998g, Revised Environmental Fate and Effects Assessment for Profenofos, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, December 18, 1998.

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005h, Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for Ametryn, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. EPA 738-R-05-006, September 2006

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005l, Revised Draft Methyl Bromide Environmental fate and Ecological Risk Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Docket ID number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0123. Document ID number 0029, 6/24/2005

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 1993b, Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), Glyphosate, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances. EPA 738-R-93-014, September 1993

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2005e, Environmental Fate and Ecological Risk Assessment for the Registration of MCPB and MCPB Sodium for use on peas, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Docket ID number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0263. Document ID number 0008, 10/20/2005

USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), 2006, Environmental Fate Effects Division Risk Assessment for Reregistration of Propiconazole, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Docket ID number: EPA-HQ-OPP-2005-0497. Document ID number 0012, posted 2/15/2006

Top of page

Publications | Glossary | A-Z Index | Jobs

Aquatic Life Benchmark Table

Aquatic Life Benchmarks

Relationship to Ambient Water Quality Criteria

Use of Aquatic Life Benchmarks

Definitions

References for Aquatic Life Benchmarks

References for Aquatic Life Benchmarks

Local Navigation