CALLED, IN 1947, WE NEGOTIATED 45,000 TARIFF CONCESSIONS
           AFFECTING ONE-FIFTH OF WORLD TRADE. IN THE SIXTH ROUND, WHICH
           WAS CALLED THE KENNEDY ROUND, WE SLASHED CUSTOM DUTIES ON
           AVERAGE OF 35%. DURING THE LAST ROUND, THE URUGUAY ROUND,
           STARTING IN THE MIDDLE 1980'S, ENDING IN 1993, WE REDUCED MANY

           NONTARIFF TRADE BARRIERS. THE RESULT OF ALL THIS TRADE
           LIBERALIZATION HAS BEEN NOTHING SHORT OF ASTOUNDING, CREATING
           JOBS, EXPANDING THE WORLD ECONOMIC PIE, CREATING BETTER
           ECONOMIES IN THE ECONOMY -- OR BETTER ECONOMIES IN THE VARIOUS
           COUNTRIES AROUND THE WORLD AND ALSO ENHANCING POLITICAL
           OPPORTUNITIES. BUT MOST IMPORTANTL POLITICAL STABILITY. THE

           EXPANSION OF FREE TRADE THAT HAS FOLLOWED THIS 50-YEAR PERIOD
           OF TRADE LIBERALIZATION HAS SPURRED ONE OF THE GREATEST BURSTS
           OF WEALTH CREATION THAT THE WORLD HAS EVER SEEN. IN 1947, WHEN
           WE STARTED POST-WAR TRADE LIBERALIZATION, THE TOTAL VALUE OF
           WORLD EXPORTS WAS ABOUT $OO BILLION. TODAY THE TOTAL VALUE OF
           WORLD EXPORTS IS $7 TRILLION, MORE THAN THREE AND A HALF TIMES

           THE TOTAL ECONOMIC OUTPUT OF THE UNITED STATES. FREE TRADE HAS
           ENRICHED EVERY AMERICAN FAMILY, ACCORDING TO THE PRESIDENT'S
           OWN 1998 ECONOMIC REPORT. HE ADDED, ECONOMIC BENEFIT TO EACH
           AMERICAN THROUGH EXPANDED TRADE IS $1,000 PER YEAR, OR $4,000
           PER YEAR FOR A FAMILY OF FOUR, AS WE MEASURE FAMILIES IN
           AMERICA. THIS IS THE EQUIVALENT TO AN ANNUAL $4,000 PER FAMILY

           TAX CUT. WHERE CAN YOU GET A $4,000 TAX CUT THESE DAYS?
           EVEN THE TAX CUTS BEING DEBATED IN THE CONGRESS NOW DON'T COME
           CLOSE -- ANYWHERE'S CLOSE -- TO THIS AMOUNT OF MONEY TO ENHANCE
           FAMILY INCOME AND DISPOSABLE INCOME. MR. PRESIDENT, THE FACT
           THAT SHOWS THE BENEFITS OF FREE TRADE, THESE FACTS SEEM TO BE
           SO COMPELLING IN EXPLAINING THEM, YOU DON'T KNOW WHERE TO

           BEGIN. BUT LET ME MENTION A RECENT EXAMPLE THAT COMES FROM
           NAFTA. ACCORDING TO A SEPTEMBER 1998 REPORT PUBLISHED BY THE
           NONPARTISAN CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, APPROXIMATELY
           191,000 JOBS WERE CERTIFIED BETWEEN JANUARY 1, 1994, AND AUGUST
           12, 1998, AS POTENTIALLY SUFFERING NAFTA-RELATED JOB LOSSES.
           AFFECTING 191,000 WORKERS. NOW THAT'S ON THE NEGATIVE SIDE. NOW

           WE'VE ALWAYS SAID THAT FREE TRADE WILL CAUSE SOME JOB
           DISLOCATION. THAT'S WHY WE HAVE PROGRAMS LIKE TRADE ADJUSTMENT
           ASSISTANCE -- TRADE ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE TO EASE THE
           TRANSITION THAT'S SOMETIMES NECESSARY WHEN WE HAVE OPEN
           MARKETS. BUT ON THE POSITIVE SIDE, THERE HAS BEEN MUCH MORE
           GAINED. NOW LET'S GO BACK TO THAT CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH

           SERVICE STUDY THAT I CITED. THE NUMBER 191,000 WORKERS AFFECTED
           NEGATIVELY BY NAFTA OVER FOUR YEARS REPRESENTS LESS THAN THE
           NUMBER OF JOBS CREATED IN ANY SINGLE MONTH IN 1997. IN
           CONTRAST, THEN ON THE POSITIVE SIDE, MORE THAN ONE MILLION NEW
           JOBS WERE CREATED FROM NEW EXPORTS TO MEXICO AND CANADA AFTER
           NAFTA WAS ENACTED INTO LAW. MORE THAN ONE MILLION NEW JOBS.

           NEXT, LET'S LOOK AT THE CLAIM THAT'S MADE BY THE OPPONENTS OF
           THIS LEGISLATION, OR FREE TRADE GENERALLY, THAT IT CAUSES
           INVESTMENT TO SHIFT OVERSEAS. THAT CLAIM TOO HAS LITTLE OR NO
           MERIT. SECTION 512 OF THE NATIONAL AT THAT IMPLEMENTATION ACT
           REQUIRES THE PRESIDENT TO PROVIDE A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF
           THE OPERATION EFIKLTS OF NAFTA TO CONGRESS. SO THE -- EFFECTS
           OF NAFTA TO CONGRESS. SO THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT SHOWS THAT THE

           AMOUNT OF NEW UNITED STATES INVESTMENT IN MEXICO IS VERY LOW.
           AGAIN, THE FACT -- THE SPECIFIC FACTS ARE COMPELLING. IN 1997
           DIRECT U.S. INVESTMENT IN MEXICO WAS $5.9 BILLION COMPARED TO
           U.S. DOMESTIC INVESTMENT IN PLANT AND EQUIPMENT OF $864.9
           BILLION. IN OTHER WORDS, MR. PRESIDENT, U.S. INVESTMENT IN

           MEXICO WAS LESS THAN 1% OF ALL U.S. DOMESTIC INVESTMENT IN
           PLANT AND EQUIPMENT IN 1997. SO MUCH, MR. PRESIDENT, FOR THAT
           GIANT SUCKING SOUND THAT WE WERE SUPPOSED TO HAVE HEARD
           CONTINUOUSLY FROM THE SOUTH OF OUR BORDER. OUR FREE TRADE HAS
           BEEN SO GOOD FOR ECONOMY, AND IF ALL THESE PREDICTIONS ABOUT
           ECONOMIC DISASTER HAVEN'T COME TRUE WHEN WE HAVE LIBERALIZED
           TRADE IN THE PAST, IT'S CLEAR THAT WE SHOULDN'T FEAR TEARING

           DOWN BARRIERS AROUND THE WORLD AS WE HAVE FOR THE LAST 50 YEARS
           WITH THE GOOD RESULTS THAT WE HAVE THE 50 YEARS, WITHOUT THE
           EXPECTATION THAT THOSE BENEFICIAL IMPACTS WOULD CONTINUE. WE
           SHOULD THEN EMBRACE SUCH AN OPPORTUNITY. SO LET ME THEN GET
           SPECIFICALLY TO THE AFRICA TRADE BILL. I WANT TO SAY
           SPECIFICALLY THAT THE FEAR THAT THE AFRICA TRADE BILL WILL

           CAUSE A HUGE INFLUX OF ILLEGAL TEXTILE TRANSSHIPMENTS FROM
           ASIA, AS HAS BEEN STATED ON THE FLOOR OF THE SENATE, JUST IS
           NOT TRUE. AND I CITE THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION OF OUR
           OWN GOVERNMENT STUDY. IT LOOKED AT THE TRANSSHIPMENT ISSUE, AND
           HERE IS WHAT OUR INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION FOUND. ASSUMING
           WE WILL GET ILLEGAL TRANSITIONS IN A WORST-CASE SCENARIO, THE

           I.T.C. STUDY SHOWS THAT U.S. APPAREL SHIPMENTS WOULD DROP BY
           .1% AND RESULT IN THE LOSS OF LESS THAN 700 JOBS. AGAIN, TO PUT
           THIS NUMBER IN PERSPECTIVE, THE U.S. ECONOMY HAS CREATED ABOUT
           200,000 JOBS EACH MONTH THIS YEAR. AND REMEMBER, THE I.T.C.
           GUESSTIMATE STUDY OF 700 JOBS IS BASED ON A WORST-CASE

           SCENARIO. IT'S HIGHLY UNLIKELY THEN THAT THE SUBSAHARAN AFRICA
           WILL SEE THIS LEVEL OF EXPORT GROWTH IN THE NEAR TERM. THEY
           DON'T HAVE THE INFRASTRUCTURE. THEY DON'T HAVE THE TRAINED WORK
           FORCE. THEY DON'T HAVE GOOD TRANSPORTATION. AND BESIDES, THE
           AFRICA BILL HAS STRONG ANTITRANSSHIPMENT PROVISIONS. YOU MIGHT
           SAY WELL THEN WHY THE BIG DEAL ABOUT THE AFRICA TRADE BILL?

           BECAUSE AID -- OR TRADE IS BETTER THAN FOREIGN AID, AND BECAUSE
           WHEN YOU WANT TO BUILD UP THESE ECONOMIES OF THESE DEVELOPING
           NATIONS, YOU START SOMEPLACE. AND THIS IS HOW WE CAN BEST HELP
           THEM TO HELP THEMSELVES. PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES WILL HAVE TO
           COMMIT TO FULL COOPERATION OF THE UNITED STATES TO ADDRESS AND
           TAKE ANY NECESSARY ACTION TO PREVENT TRANSSHIPMENT. THE SPIRIT

           OF THIS LEGISLATION IS THAT THERE NOT BE TRANSSHIPMENT. IN
           ADDITION, THE U.S. CUSTOMS SERVICE HAS EFFECTIVE PROCEDURES TO
           THWART ILLEGAL TRANSSHIPMENTS AS CUSTOMS JUMP TEAMS HAVE PROVEN
           TO BE SUCCESSFUL IN DOING IN BOTH HONG KONG AND MACAW. AND
           THERE ARE MANY OTHER PROVISIONS AIMED AT PREVENTING
           TRANSSHIPMENTS. SO, MR. PRESIDENT, FREE TRADE WORKS. FREE TRADE
           CREATES JOBS AND PROSPERITY IN THE UNITED STATES. ADDING $4,000

           EVERY YEAR IN ECONOMIC BENEFITS TO EACH AMERICAN FAMILY OF
           FOUR. FREE TRADE KEEPS THE PEACE BY BUILDING INTERDEPENDENCE
           AMONG NATIONS AND BY BRINGING POLITICAL STABILITY TO NATIONS
           THAT HERETOFORE HAVE RELIED UPON DICK TAIRXT AND RELIED UPON --
           DICTATORS AND RELIED UPON GOVERNMENT-CONTROLLED ECONOMY. AND

           FINALLY, FREE TRADE WILL HELP AFRICA BREAK THE SHACKLES OF
           POVERTY BY BRINGING ECONOMIC FREEDOM TO THE MOST ECONOMICALLY
           UNFREE AND ALSO THE POOREST REGIONS IN THE WORLD. SO I URGE MY
           COLLEAGUES TO JOIN ME IN SUPPORTING THIS IMPORTANT PIECE OF
           LEGISLATION. MR. CHAIRMAN, AT THIS POINT I ASK UNANIMOUS
           CONSENT THAT THE PENDING AMENDMENT NUMBER 25 -- NO. THE PENDING
           AMENDMENT NUMBER 2335 BE TEMPORARILY LAID ASIDE IN ORDER FOR

           SENATOR REID OF NEVADA TO OFFER AN AMENDMENT. AND I FURTHER ASK
           UNANIMOUS CONSENT THAT THE -- THAT FOLLOWING THE CONCLUSION OF
           THAT AMENDMT, THE AMENDMENT NUMBERED 2335 BECOMES THE PENDING
           BUSINESS.
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: IS THERE OBJECTION?

           WITHOUT OBJECTION. MR. REID: MR. PRESIDENT?
           
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: THE SENATOR FROM NEVADA.
           

           MR. REID: I SEND AN AMENDMENT TO THE DESK.
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: THE CLERK WILL REPORT.
           

           THE CLERK: THE SENATOR FROM NEVADA, MR. REID, PROPOSES AN
           AMENDMENT NUMBERED 2336.
           

           MR. REID: MR. PRESIDENT, I ASK UNANIMOUS CONSENT THAT FURTHER
           READING OF THE AMENDMENT BE WAIVED.
           

           THE PRESIDING OFFICER: WITHOUT OBJECTION.
           

           MR. REID: MR. PRESIDENT, I WAS BORN AND RAISED IN THE SOUTHERN
           TIP OF THE STATE OF NEVADA IN A LITTLE MINING TOWN CALLED
           SEARCHLIGHT. WHEN I GREW UP, THERE WASN'T A SINGLE TELEPHONE
           ANYPLACE IN THE TOWN. NO ONE HAD A TELEPHONE. IN THE HOME THAT
           I WAS RAISED IN, THERE WAS NO HOT WATER. WE HAD NO INDOOR
           TOILETS. TOILETS WERE OUTDOOR TOILETS. IT WAS PRIMITIVE, TO SAY
           -- I WOULDN'T SAY PRIVILEGE TIM, BUT WE WEREN'T VERY MODERN

           THERE. BUT THAT'S THE WAY IT WAS WITH A LOT OF PEOPLE IN RURAL
           NEVADA AT THAT TIME. BUT, MR. PRESIDENT, TODAY IT'S HARD FOR ME
           TO COMPREHEND WHAT HAS TAKEN PLACE IN THE ADVANCEMENT OF
           SCIENCE. AT HOME IN MY -- MY COMMUTER, I GO HOME AT NIGHT TO
           SEE IF I'VE RECEIVED ANY E-MAIL. IT'S EASY TO DO ON MY
           COMPUTER. IT SAYS, "YOU'VE GOT MAIL." I OPEN THAT UP AND FIND
           OUT WHO HAS CONTACTED ME BY E-MAIL. AND IT'S LIKE MAGIC. I

           PRESS A BUTTON. I CAN REPLY TO THAT PERSON AS QUICKLY AS I CAN
           TYPE THAT MESSAGE OUT. AND THAT MESSAGE IS SENT QUICKER, OF
           COURSE, THAN THE SPEED OF LIGHT. IT'S GE. IT IS AMAZING. WE CAN
           -- YOU CAN CHECK TO FIND OUT THE WEATHER ON MY COMPUTER. YOU
           CAN COMMUNICATE TO BUY A C.D. OR ANYTHING ELSE YOU WANT ON MY
           COMPUTER. I CAN'T IMAGINE HOW THAT CAN HAPPEN, BUT IT HAPPENS.

           MR. PRESIDENT, I RISE TODAY IN TOTAL AWE OF WHAT'S HAPPENING IN
           SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN AMERICA TODAY. AND THE AMENDMENT THAT
           I'VE OFFERED IS AN AMENDMENT THAT'S CRITICAL TO MAINTAINING OUR
           NATION'S LEAD IN THE HIGH-TECH SECTOR. SPECIFIC, THIS AMENDMENT
           IS CRUCIAL TO THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY. THE INDUSTRY THAT ALLOWS
           ME TO COMMUNICATE, FOR EXAMPLE, WITH ALL FIVE OF MY CHILDREN.
           IT'S EASY TO DO. IT'S EASIER TO DO THAN SEEING IF THEY'RE HOME
           BY VIRTUE OF THE TELEPHONE. IT'S EASIER TO DO BECAUSE IT'S VERY

           CONVENIENT. THEY CAN SEND ME A MESSAGE WHEN I WANT A MESSAGE
           SENT. I CAN SEND THEM A MESSAGE WHEN I HAVE THE TIME. I CAN
           HAVE A GOOD TIME WITH MY CHILDREN OVER THE INTERNET. I SENT MY
           -- ONE OF MY BOYS WHO WAS THE ATHLETE OF THE FAMILY AN E-MAIL
           LAST WEEKEND SAYING THAT I THINK THE REDSKINS COULD DO WELL IF
           THEY GOT A NEW COACH. HE WAS AN ATHLETE, UNIVERSITY OF

           VIRGINIA. IT'S THE FIRST TIME SINCE I CAN REMEMBER THE
           UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA SOCCER TEAM HAS NOT BEEN RANKED NOT ONLY
           IN THE TOP TEN, THEY ARE NOT IN THE TOP 020. AND I SUGGESTED TO
           MY SON IT MIGHT NOT BE A BAD IDEA TO GET A NEW COACH FOR THE
           SOCCER TEAM IN VIRGINIA. MR. PRESIDENT, THIS IS DONE SO
           QUICKLY. AND HE CAN COMMUNICATE BACK TO ME WHEN HE HAS THE
           TIME. SO I RISE TODAY IN TOTAL AWE OF WHAT'S GOING ON, AS I'VE
           SAID, IN THE HIGH-TECH SECTOR. THIS AMENDMENT RELATES TO AN
           ISSUE THAT I'VE BEEN INTERESTED IN FOR QUITE A LONG TIME, AND

           PARTICULAR DONE A LOT OF WORK THIS SESSION WITH SOME OF MY
           COLLEAGUES. AND I MIGHT ADD, MR. PRESIDENT, THAT WHAT I'M
{END: 1999/10/27 TIME: 14-15 , Wed.  106TH SENATE, FIRST SESSION}