GLERL Publication Abstracts: FY 2004
Publications List Key |
Capitalized names represent GLERL authors. |
* = Not available from GLERL. |
** = Available in GLERL Library only. |
As-Salek, J. A., and D. J. SCHWAB. High frequency water level fluctuations
in Lake Michigan. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering:45-53
(2004).
During certain meteorological events, water level oscillations up
to 1.5 m with periods of less than 2 h have been observed in the Great
Lakes. The squall line events of 7-11 March 1998, 29 May-2 June 1998,
and 8-12 November 1998 in Lake Michigan, are analyzed by spectral
and analytical methods. Dominant periods of less than 2 h are identified
in the spectra of water level fluctuations and coherencies among the
spectral peaks of water levels of different station pairs are calculated
to determine whether the oscillations are localized or basin wide.
Explicit numerical calculations of normal mode periods and structures
using a Lanczos procedure show that the dominant periods in the observed
data are consistent with the structures and periods of some of the
calculated modes. The March 1998 and the November 1998 episodes show
higher surges with a gradual rise of water level, while the episode
of May 1998 shows an abrupt rise in the water level at Calumet Harbor
and about ten times higher spectral signature than the former two.
Many of the high-frequency modes have large amplitude at or near Calumet
Harbor and the periods are close to the periods of edge waves that
would be generated by a squall line similar to the May 1998 squall
line. The trapping of energy and localized higher modes in a water
body can work together to excite edge waves and localized seiches
causing abrupt water level fluctuations.
ASSEL, R. A., F. H. QUINN, and C. E. SELLINGER. Hydro-climatic factors
of the recent drop in Laurentian Great Lakes water levels. Bulletin
of the American Meteorological Society 85(8):1143-1151 (2004).
http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040017.pdf
High air temperatures resulted in unusually high evaporation rates
and decreased basin runoff, producing the largest single-year drop
in the levels of Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie in over 150 years
of record.
ASSEL, R. A., S. Drobot, and T. E. CROLEY II. Improving 30-day Great
Lakes ice cover outlooks. Journal of Hydrometeorology 5(4):713-717
(2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040016.pdf
Prediction of Great Lakes ice cover is important for winter operations
and planning activities. Current 30-day forecasts use accumulated
freezing degree-days (AFDDs) to identify similar historical events
and associated ice cover. The authors describe statistical models
that relate future ice cover to current ice cover, AFDDs, and teleconnection
indices, available on the day the forecast is made. These models are
evaluated through Monte Carlo simulation and assess the potential
of a perfect AFDD forecast in a regression between ice cover and AFDDs
between the forecast date (first day of month) and the date for which
the forecast is made (first day of next month)
ASSEL, R. A., S. Drobot, and T. E. CROLEY II. Improving monthly Great
Lakes ice cover outlooks. NOAA Technical Memorandum GLERL-129. NOAA,
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 22 pp.
(2004). ftp://ftp.glerl.noaa.gov/publications/tech_reports/glerl-129
Prediction of ice growth in the Great Lakes is important for commercial
navigation, channel maintenance, water level and flow regulation,
and winter operations planning. Current 30-day forecasts, issued on
the first of the month for the first of the following month, mainly
use forecasts of air temperature. They enable calculation of accumulated
freezing degree-days (AFDDs), which are used to identify similar historical
events and associated ice cover as a forecast. More information is
now available to ice forecasters, and we investigate its use in simple
statistical models. The information considered here is limited to
observations available at the time of a forecast, but include AFDDs,
various telecommunication indices, and current ice cover. Additionally,
the potential of AFDD forecasts is assessed in a statistical regression
between ice cover and AFDDs during the month between the time of making
the forecast and the start date of the forecast. (Actual AFDDs represent
the best we could hope to forecast and so its use reveals the potential
improvement that could be realized if a forecast of AFDD was developed.)
Likewise, the potential of a mechanistic lake thermodynamics model
is also assessed in a statistical correlation between ice cover and
model outputs.
ASSEL, R. A. Lake Erie ice cover climatology -- basin averaged ice
cover: winters 1898-2002. NOAA Technical Memorandum GLERL-128. NOAA,
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 15 pp.
(2004). ftp://ftp.glerl.noaa.gov/publications/tech_reports/glerl-128
Ice cover impacts the water balance of the lakes and lake flora
and fauna by affecting energy and mass transfers from and to the lakes.
Improved understanding of ice cover climatology is therefore needed
for an improved understanding and forecasts of the winter lake ecosystem.
The duration and extent of ice cover on the Great Lakes also has a
major impact on the economy of the region by impeding and eventually
stopping commercial navigation, interfering with hydropower production
and cooling water intakes, and damaging shore structures. Assel (2003a)
presents a climatology of Great Lakes ice cover for each Great Lake
over the winters: 1973-2002 on a nominal spatial resolution of 2.5
km grid cells. The purpose of this report is to provide a different
aspect of that climatology for Lake Erie, primarily, basin averages
of ice concentration for the east, central, and west basins of that
lake. This work is being done under the auspices of the Climatology
of the Physical Environment in Lake Erie Project and as such is part
of a coordinated effort to provide improved data for retrospective
and interdisciplinary analyses of the relative roles of physical,
chemical, and biological factors on the ecology of Lake Erie. Lake
Erie is a good candidate for this research because it has a high population
density, availability of long term data sets, a variety of physical,
chemical, and biological forcing functions (including invasive species),
and a wide variety of concerns including water quality (hypoxia/anoxia,
harmful algal blooms,) water quantity (levels), and fisheries.
ASSEL, R. A. Great Lakes monthly and seasonal accumulations of freezing
degree days -- winters 1898-2002. NOAA Technical Memorandum GLERL-127.
NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI,
36 pp. (2003). ftp://ftp.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/tech_reports/glerl-127
This is the third in a series of reports on Great Lakes freezing
degree-days (FDDs). The first and second reports included daily FDDs
and seasonal maximum FDDs at individual stations for winters 1898-1977
and 1978-1983, respectively. This report updates the daily time series
of FDDs for the winter seasons from 1984 through 2002. Results are
presented within the context of a 105-winter record of monthly and
seasonal FDDs at 18 stations around the shores of the Great Lake.
Tabulations, graphics, statistics (average, standard deviation, maximum,
minimum, ranked order), and winter severity classes are presented
for 105-winter monthly and seasonal FDDs for beginning of month (BOM)
dates at each station. A few examples of applications of these data
are discussed briefly. Electronic files of the daily FDDs (1984-2002)
and monthly and seasonal accumulation on BOM dates (1989-2002) supplement
the FDD tabulations.
Bailey, S. A., I. C. Duggin, C. D. A. vanOverdijk, T. H. JOHENGEN,
D. F. REID, and H. J. MacIsaac. Salinity tolerance of diapausing eggs
of freshwater zooplankton. Freshwater Biology 49:286-295 (2004).
http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040003.pdf
1. Many freshwater zooplankton produce diapausing eggs capable of
withstanding periods of adverse environmental conditions, such as
anoxia, drought and extreme temperature. These eggs may also allow
oligostenohaline species to survive increased salinity during periods
of tidal flux or evaporation, and here we test the ability of diapause
eggs to withstand such conditions.
2. Salinity tolerance may also enable organisms to invade new environments.
The increased rate of introduction of non-indigenous species to the
Laurentian Great Lakes since 1989, when ballast water exchange regulations
(to replace fresh/brackish water at sea with full seawater) were first
implemented for transoceanic vessels, has stimulated studies that
explore mechanisms of introduction, other than of active animals,
in ballast water. One hypothesis proposes that freshwater organisms
transported in ballast tanks as diapausing eggs may be partially responsible
for the increased rate of species introduction, as these eggs may
tolerate a wide array of adverse environmental conditions, including
exposure to saline water.
3. We collected ballast sediments from transoceanic vessels entering
the Great Lakes, isolated diapausing eggs of three species (Bosmina
liederi, Daphnia longiremis and Brachionus calyciflorus),
and measured the effect of salinity on hatching rate. In general,
exposure to salinity significantly reduced the hatching rate of diapausing
eggs. However, as nonindigenous species can establish from a small
founding population, it is unclear whether salinity exposure will
be effective as a management tool.
Bergmann, T., G. L. FAHNENSTIEL, S. E. Lohrenz, D. F. Millie, and
O. M. E. Schofield. Impacts of a recurrent resuspension event and variable
phytoplankton community composition on remote sensing reflectance. Journal
of Geophysical Research 109(C10S15):12 (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040014.pdf
In order to characterize the impact of turbidity plumes on optical
and biological dynamics, a suite of environmental parameters were
measured in southern Lake Michigan during the springtime recurrent
sediment plume. In-water measurements of inherent optical properties
(IOPs) were entered into the Hydrolight 4.2 radiative transfer model
and the output was compared with measured apparent optical properties
(AOPs) across a wide range of optical conditions. Hydrolight output
and measured underwater light fields were then used to clarify the
effects of the sediment plume on primary production, phytoplankton
community composition, and nearshore remote sensing ocean color algorithms.
Our results show that the sediment plume had a negligible effect on
the spectral light environment and phytoplankton physiology. The plume
did not significantly alter the spectral quality of available light
and did not lead to light limited phytoplankton populations compared
to non-plume conditions. Further, the suspended sediment in the plume
did not seriously impact the performance of ocean color algorithms.
We evaluated several currently employed chlorophyll algorithms and
demonstrated that the main factor compromising the efficacy of these
algorithms was the composition of phytoplankton populations. As phycobilin-containing
algae became the dominant species, chlorophyll algorithms that use
traditional blue/green reflectance ratios were compromised due to
the high absorption of green light by phycobilin pigments. This is
a notable difficulty in coastal areas, which have highly variable
phytoplankton composition and are often dominated by sharp fronts
of phycobilin and non-phycobilin containing algae.
Bronte, C. R., M. P. Ebener, D. R. Schreiner, D. S. DeVault, M. M.
Petzold, D. A. Jensen, C. Richards, and S. J. LOZANO. Fish community
change in Lake Superior, 1970-2000. Canadian Journal of Fisheries
and Aquatic Sciences 60:1552-1574 (2003). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2003/20030016.pdf
Changes in Lake Superior’s fish community are reviewed from
1970 to 2000. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake
whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) stocks have increased
substantially and may be approaching ancestral states. Lake herring
(Coregonus artedi) have also recovered, but under sporadic
recruitment. Contaminant levels have declined and are in equilibrium
with inputs, but toxaphene levels are higher than in all other Great
Lakes. Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control, harvest
limits, and stocking fostered recoveries of lake trout and allowed
establishment of small nonnative salmonine populations. Natural reproduction
supports most salmonine populations, therefore further stocking is
not required. Nonnative salmonines will likely remain minor components
of the fish community. Forage biomass has shifted from exotic rainbow
smelt (Osmerus mordax) to native species, and high predation
may prevent their recovery. Introductions of exotics have increased
and threaten the recovering fish community. Agencies have little influence
on the abundance of forage fish or the major predator, siscowet lake
trout, and must now focus on habitat protection and enhancement in
nearshore areas and prevent additional species introductions to further
restoration. Persistence of Lake Superior’s native deepwater
species is in contrast to other Great Lakes where restoration will
be difficult in the absence of these ecologically important fishes.
Chen, C., L. Wang, J. Qi, H. Liu, J. W. Budd, D. J. SCHWAB, D. BELETSKY,
H. A. VANDERPLOEG, B. J. EADIE, T. H. JOHENGEN, J. Cotner, and P. J.
Lavrentyev. A modeling study of benthic detritus flux's impacts on heterotrophic
processes in Lake Michigan. Journal of Geophysical Research
109(C10S11):13 (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040013.pdf
Effects of sediment resuspension-induced benthic detrital flux on
the heterotrophic part of the microbial food web in Lake Michigan
were examined using a threedimensional (3-D) coupled biological and
physical model. The model was driven by the realistic meteorological
forcing observed in March 1999. Wind-induced surface wave dynamics
were incorporated into the physical model to generate the bottom flux.
The model-generated benthic detrital flux was assumed to be proportional
to the difference between model-calculated and critical stresses at
the bottom. The model results indicate that detrital flux at the bottom
was a key factor causing a significant increase of phosphorus and
detritus concentrations in the nearshore region of the springtime
plume. Inside the plume the sediment-resuspended bottom detritus flux
could directly enhance heterotrophic production, while outside the
plume, detrital flux from river discharge might have a direct contribution
to the high abundance of bacteria and microzooplankton in the nearshore
region. Model-data comparison on cross-shore transects near Chicago,
Gary, St. Joseph, and Racine suggests that other physical and biological
processes may play a comparative role as the bottom detritus flux
in terms of the spatial distribution of bacteria and microzoplankton.
A more complete microbial food web model needs to be developed to
simulate the heterotrophic process in southern Lake Michigan.
Chen, C., L. Wang, R. Ji, J. W. Budd, D. J. SCHWAB, D. BELETSKY, G.
L. FAHNENSTIEL, H. A. VANDERPLOEG, B. J. EADIE, and J. Cotner. Impacts
of suspended sediment on the ecosystem in Lake Michigan: A comparison
between the 1998 and 1999 plume events. Journal of Geophysical Research
109(C10S05):18 (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040012.pdf
The impact of a reflective, recurrent coastal resuspension plume
on the lower trophic food web system in Lake Michigan was examined
using a 3-D coupled physical and biological model. Numerical experiments
were conducted for the March 1998 and 1999 plume events. The comparison
between modeling results of these 2 years shows that the spatial distributions
of the biological fields (i.e., phosphorus, phytoplankton, detritus,
etc.) were closely coupled to the physical environment associated
with wind-induced threedimensional circulation and mixing. The influence
of uspended sediment plumes on the lake ecosystem was reflected in
heterotrophic (secondary) production rather than in the autotrophic
(primary) production. Nutrients were maintained through nutrient release
from suspended sediments within the plume, while it was supplied by
current advection and diffusion in the interior. The cross-shore flux
of nutrients was driven by episodic wind events with a period of about
5–7 days. The flux was offshore during northerly winds and onshore
during southerly winds. Comparisons between energy fluxes among biological
variables suggest that the microbial loop (detritus-heterotrophic
bacteria and microzooplankton) played an important role in the ecosystem
dynamics during plume events. Bacteria were good competitors with
phytoplankton for inorganic phosphorus and were also a key supporter
for growth of microzooplankton inside and outside the plume. As a
result, the lower food web system could be divided into two decoupled
loops: (1) detritus-bacteria-microzooplankton-large zooplankton and
(2) nutrient-phytoplanktondetritus.
CROLEY, T. E. II. Spatially distributed model of interacting surface
and groundwater storage. Proceedings, World Water and Environmental
Resources Congress, Salt Lake City, UT, June 27-July 1, 2004. Environmental
Water Resources Institute, American Society of Civil Engineers, 10 pp.
(2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040020.pdf
NOAA’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL)
developed their Large Basin Runoff Model (LBRM) as a serial and parallel
cascade of linear reser-voirs representing moisture storages within
a watershed. Each reservoir represents a moisture storage: surface,
upper soil zone, lower soil zone, and groundwater zone. GLERL adapted
the LBRM from its lumped-parameter definition for an entire water-shed
to a two dimensional representation of the flow cells comprising the
watershed. This involved changes to the model structure to apply it
to the micro scale as well as organization of watershed cells and
an implementation of spatial flow routing.
EADIE, B. J., S. A. LUDSIN, D. J. SCHWAB, and J. DePinto. Lake Erie
Research Planning Workshop. NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research
Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, March 4-5, 2004, 28 pp. (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040046.pdf
A report from the Presidents Committee on Environmental and Natural Resources
on ecological forecasting (CENR, 2001) stressed the nation’s need
for developing forecasts of ecological change. To meet this need, NOAA
has proposed development of an Ecological Forecasting Service for coastal
managers (NOAA, 2003), that would formalize partnerships among all NOAA
line offices, universities, and other federal agencies). Both documents
identify the widespread societal and economic value that such ecological
forecasts could provide to the country, including 1) improved decision-making
for coastal stewardship, 2) mitigation of potentially hazardous human
activities, 3) reduced impacts of natural hazards, 4) enhanced communication
between scientists and managers, and overall, 5) more effective prioritization
of science, particularly across disciplines. The long-term goal of these
efforts is to produce improved and enhanced ecosystem forecasts (both
ecological and environmental) that would benefit coastal communities,
including the Great Lakes. Some environmental forecasting already exists
(e.g. Great Lakes Forecast System - http://coastwatch.glerl.noaa.gov/)
providing forecasts of lake thermal structure, wind fields, and waves.
Enhanced ecosystem forecasts would predict patterns of biological and
chemical variables as well as physical and human-induced changes (extreme
natural events, climate change, land and resource use, pollution, invasive
species, fisheries impacts and interactive effects) to the system across
a variety of spatial and temporal scales
Gardner, W. S., P. J. Lavrentyev, J. F. CAVALETTO, M. J. McCarthy,
B. J. EADIE, T. H. JOHENGEN, and J. B. Cotner. Distribution and dynamics
of nitrogen and microbial plankton in southern Lake Michigan during
spring transition 1999-2000. Journal of Geophysical Research
109(C03007):16 pp. (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040005.pdf
[1] Ammonium and amino acid fluxes were examined as indicators of
N and microbial food web dynamics in southern Lake Michigan during
spring. Either 15NH4 + or a mixture of 15N-labelled amino acids (both
at 4 mM N final concentration) was added to Lake Michigan water. Net
fluxes were measured over 24 h under natural light and dark conditions
using deck-top incubators and compared to microbial food web characteristics.
Isotope dilution experiments showed similar light and dark NH4 + regeneration
rates at lake (6 versus 5 nM N h 1) and river-influenced (20 versus
24 nM N h 1) sites. Ammonium uptake rates were similar to regeneration
rates in dark bottles. Dark uptake (attributed mainly to bacteria)
accounted for 70% of total uptake (bacteria plus phytoplankton) in
the light at most lake sites but only 30% of total uptake at river
influenced sites in or near the St. Joseph River mouth (SJRM). Cluster
analysis grouped stations having zero, average, or higher than average
N-cycling rates. Discriminant analysis indicated that chlorophyll
concentration, oligotrich ciliate biomass, and total P concentration
could explain 66% of N-cycling rate variation on average. Heterotrophic
bacterial N demand was about one third of the NH4 + regeneration rate.
Results suggest that, with the exception of SJRM stations, bacterial
uptake and protist grazing mediated much of the N dynamics during
spring transition. Since NH4 + is more available to bacteria than
NO3, regenerated NH4 + may have a strong influence on spring, lake
biochemical energetics by enhancing N-poor organic matter degradation
in this NO3 -replete ecosystem.
GREAT LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY. Lake level modeling
under climate change. NOAA, Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory,
Ann Arbor, MI, 2 pp. color brochure (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/brochures/climatemodeling/climatemodeling.pdf
Global warming is anticipated to have an influence on the water
budget of the Great Lakes—the runoff of the drainage basin,
direct precipitation onto the lakes, and evaporation from the lake
surfaces. Global Climate Models generally show increased precipitation
due to global warming, but the warming itself leads to increased evaporation
from both land and lake. Whether increased precipitation or increased
evaporation dominates determines the net effect on lake water supply
and lake levels.There are two different modeling approaches that have
been used by GLERL scientists for determining this net effect.
HAWLEY, N. A comparison of suspended sediment concentrations measured
by acoustic and optical sensors. Journal of Great Lakes Research
30(2):301-309 (2004).
Simultaneous acoustic and optical measurements of suspended sediment
concentration were made during five deployments in southern Lake Michigan.
The sensors gave similar results when bottom resuspension was the
main cause of changes in suspended sediment concentration, but during
the stratified period, when a nepheloid layer was present and large-scale
zooplankton movement occurred, the sensors gave quite different results.
Since the two types of sensors are most sensitive to particles of
different sizes, the simultaneous deployment of acoustic and optical
sensors may allow the response of different sized particles to similar
forcings to be identified. Care, however, must be taken when comparing
suspended sediment concentrations derived from optical and acoustic
observations.
HAWLEY, N. Response of the benthic nepheloid layer to near-inertial
waves in southern Lake Michigan. Journal of Geophysical Research
109(C04007):14 (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040007.pdf
Time series measurements of water transparency, water temperature,
and current velocity were made at a station located in 58 m of water
in southern Lake Michigan during the summer of 1995. Currents generated
by near-inertial internal waves are correlated with variations in
the thickness and in the vertical distribution of suspended sediment
in the benthic nepheloid layer. Although a direct causal link between
internal wave action and changes in the nepheloid layer could not
be established, the data suggest that local resuspension by shoaling
internal waves maintains the layer during the stratified period. The
origin and maintenance of the benthic nepheloid layer is most likely
the result of local resuspension due to a combination of internal
wave action and longer-term processes.
HAWLEY, N., B. M. Lesht, and D. J. SCHWAB. A comparison of observed
and modeled surface waves in southern Lake Michigan and the implications
for models of sediment resuspension. Journal of Geophysical Research
109(C10S03):11 (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040015.pdf
Subsurface pressure sensors were used to make measurements of surface
waves during 18 deployments in southern Lake Michigan between 1998
and 2000. Most of the observations were made during the unstratified
period (November–May) in water depths between 10 and 55 m. The
observations (as well as those obtained from the National Data Buoy
Center (NDBC) buoy 45007, which is located in the middle of the southern
basin of the lake) were compared to the results obtained from the
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL)-Donelan wave
model implemented on a 2-km grid. The results show that the wave model
does a good job of calculating the wave heights, but consistently
underestimates the wave periods. In over 80% of the cases the bottom
stresses calculated from both the observations and the wave model
results agree as to whether or not resuspension occurs, but over 70%
of this agreement is for cases when resuspension does not occur; both
stresses predict resuspension about 6% of the time. Since the bottom
stresses calculated from the model results are usually lower than
those calculated from the observations, resuspension estimates based
on the wave model parameters are also lower than those calculated
from the observed waves.
Hedges, K. J., S. A. LUDSIN, and B. J. Fryer. Effects of ethanol preservation
on otolith microchemistry. Journal of Fish Biology 64:923-937
(2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040004.pdf
Solution-based inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry was
used to examine the effects of exposure time to ethanol (0, 1, 3,
9, 27 and 81 days) and ethanol quality (ACS- v. HPLC grade) on strontium
(Sr) and barium (Ba) concentrations in sagittal otoliths of hatchery-raised
and wild-caught young-of-the-year walleye Stizostedion vitreum. No
effect of either attribute on Sr and Ba concentrations were detected,
indicating that metabolically inert elements that replace calcium
in the calcium carbonate matrix (e.g. Sr and Ba) are not influenced
by storage in 95% ethanol.
Holcombe, T. L., L. L. Taylor, D. F. REID, J. S. Warren, P. A. VINCENT,
and C. E. Herdendorf. Revised Lake Erie postglacial lake level history
based on new detailed bathymetry. Journal of Great Lakes Research
29(4):681-704 (2003).
Holocene lake level history and paleogeography of Lake Erie are
re-interpreted with theaid of new bathymetry, existing water budget
data, and published information. Morphology and elevation of present
and former shoreline features (sand ridges, forelands, spits, bars,
and fans) record the waterlevel at which they were formed. Of eighteen
such features observed in Lake Erie, six occur nearshore and were
formed at or near present lake level, and twelve features apparently
formed at lower lake levels. It seems likely that lake level fell
below the level of the outlet sill during the 9-6 ka climate optimum,
when warmer and drier conditions prevailed. During such times lake
level likely rose and fell as controlled by the water budget, within
a window of constraint imposed by increases and decreases in evaporation,
which would have varied directly with lake surface area. Near Buffalo,
possible shoreline features occurring 3-6 km offshore at depths of
9-12 m could have formed at lower lake levels. Annual water volumes
in each term of the water budget, (runoff, precipitation, and evaporation)
are large relative to the volumetric capacity of Lake Erie itself.
Such events as introduction of even a modest amount of upper Great
Lakes water, or the onset of cooler and less dry climate conditions,
could cause significant, rapid, lake level rise. Schematic reconstructions
illustrate changing paleogeography and a Holocene lake level history
which has varied with: blocking! unblocking of outlet sills; erosion
of outlet sills; distance from outlet sills; differential isostatic
rebound; upper Great Lakes drainage flowing into or bypassing the
lake;and climate-driven water budget of the Lake Erie drainage basin.
Hornbuckle, K. C., G. L. Smith, S. M. Miller, B. J. EADIE, and M.
B. LANSING. Magnitude and origin of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and
dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) compounds resuspended in southern
Lake Michigan. Journal of Geophysical Research 109(C05017):10
(2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040006.pdf
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT) compounds are introduced into the water as a result of large-scale
storms and sediment resuspension in the southern basin of Lake Michigan.
Settling and suspended sediments, as well as air and water samples,
were collected in southern Lake Michigan over a 12 month period. Analysis
of contaminant fluxes on settling particles shows that approximately
370 kg of PCBs and 110 kg of DDT compounds are resuspended in southern
Lake Michigan during a single basin-wide event (January 1999). Examination
of contaminant signals indicates strong regional and temporal source-receptor
relationships between settling, suspended, and surficial sediments.
The settling, suspended, and bottom surficial sediments in the shallow
waters of the southern coastal region are enriched in lower molecular
weight PCBs. The sediments in the water column and on the lake bottom
in the deeper regions are enriched in higher molecular weight PCBs.
Furthermore, falling sediments collected in the deeper regions of
the lake are enriched in 4,40-DDT. The unique contaminant signal in
deep water regions is surprising and suggests a source/receptor relationship
among the bottom sediments and the sediments suspended and settling
above them.
Hook, T. O., E. S. Rutherford, S. J. Brines, D. J. SCHWAB, and M.
J. McCORMICK. Relationship between surface water temperature and Steelhead
distributions in Lake Michigan. North American Journal of Fisheries
Management 24:211-221 (2004).
Salmonines support valuable recreational fisheries and are the predominant
predatorsin the open waters of the Great Lakes, yet the spatial distributions
of salmonines in these systemshave not been fully documented. We analyzed
the horizontal distributions of steelhead Oncocrhynchus mykiss
in Lake Michigan from 1992 to 1997 and related these distributions
to mean surface temperature and temperature variation. We used angler
catch rate data from Lake Michigan natural resources agencies to index
the spatial and temporal distributions of steelhead and obtained surface
water temperature data from advanced very-high-resolution radiometer
satellite imagery through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's
CoastWatch Program. During most months, steelhead catch rates were
negatively related to surface temperature and were highest in areas
of high temperature variation (i.e., vertical thermal fronts and upwelling
zones) where thermal conditions and prey densities may have been optimal
for growth. Our results demonstratehow remotely sensed and creel survey
data can be integrated to allow for more effective exploitation and
management of lakewide fish stocks while enabling researchers to generate
and test hypotheses regarding the spatial distributions of fish populations.
Hwang, H., S. W. Fisher, K. Kim, and P. F. LANDRUM. Comparison of
the toxicity using body residues of DDE and select PCB congeners to
the midge Chironomus riparius, in partial-life cycle tests.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 46:32-42
(2004).
Due to the long time course required to achieve steady state with
highly lipophilic contaminants such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls),
data derived from short-term toxicity tests may lead to an erroneous
interpretation of hazard. In addition, PCBs bioaccumulated over time
can cause sublethal impairments in organisms at concentrations much
lower than required for mortality. Here, the body residues of 1,1
-dichloro-2,2-bis-p-chlorophenyl ethane (DDE) and select PCB congeners
associated with a spectrum of chronic effects in the midge, Chironomus
riparius, were evaluated. The route of exposure was ingestion
of the PCB-contaminated alga, Chiorella vulgarus, and trout
chow loaded with the selected test compound. Two separate exposures
of midges were performed. In the first experiment, midges were exposed
from the second instar to the pupal stage. In the second exposure,
midges were exposed from the second instar to the adult stage. A variety
of sublethal endpoints was monitored, including developmental time
within a stadium, body weight, and fecundity for the female adult.
The dose was assessed as the whole body residue concentration of the
contaminant. Overall, the midge concentration increased with increasing
exposure concentration in algae and trout chow. Body weight at the
end of each stadium was the assessment parameter that was least significantly
affected among the test endpoints monitored. In contrast, a significant
increase in development time was the endpoint that was most frequently
observed in response to contaminant exposure. Reduction in fecundity
was found only for DDE-exposed midges. These data, in which chronic
endpoints are related to body residues, suggest that body residues
will be useful in defining sublethal hazards of DDE and some PCB congeners.
Kerfoot, W. C., J. W. Budd, B. J. EADIE, H. A. VANDERPLOEG, and M.
AGY. Winter storms: sequential sediment traps record Daphnia ephippial
production, resuspension, and sediment interactions. Limnology and
Oceanography 49(4, part 2):1365-1381 (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040018.pdf
For species that do not over-winter, an essential part of the life
cycle is the production of diapausing eggs. We use sequential sediment
traps in southern Lake Michigan (1997–2000) to capture settling
Daphnia ephippia and sediments, characterizing ephippial
production and sediment interactions during hazardous conditions.
Each year, there was an enormous pulse of D. mendotae ephippia
(ca. 7.2 3 1013 ephippia, 1.2 3 1014 diapausing eggs) that coincided
with autumn population decline. Most ephippia settled through the
water column, although a few were captured at the water surface and
blown shoreward. The duration and amplitude of the autumn ephippial
fluxes were similar among years. Ephippial production was positively
correlated with water column depth, a consequence of Daphnia
spatial abundance. In contrast, resuspension of ephippia was inversely
related to water column depth and spatially complex, influenced by
waves, coastal currents, and offshore gyre circulation. Large winter
storms created nearshore sediment plumes, could resuspend vast numbers
of ephippia (e.g., 10 March 1998 storm; 1.9 3 1012 ephippia and 3.1
3 1012 diapausing eggs), and were important in the formation of ‘‘egg
banks.’’ Almost all newly produced and resuspended diapausing
eggs came from D. mendotae, with very few from two other
species (D. retrocurva, D. dentifera) that dominated waters
12 yr ago. These observations suggest a relatively short relaxation
time for species cycling out of egg banks in Lake Michigan (10 yr),
due in part to (1) differential resuspension of unconsolidated versus
consolidated sediments and (2) the spatially restricted nature of
‘‘high-sedimentation’’ zones. Our study is
the first use of sequential sediment traps to document diapause egg
production.
Krause, A. E., K. A. FRANK, D. M. MASON, R. E. Ulanowicz, and W. W.
Taylor. Compartments revealed in food-web structure. Nature
426:282-285 (2003). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2003/20030014.pdf
Compartments in food webs are subgroups of taxa in which many strong
interactions occur within the subgroups and few weak interactions
occur between the subgroups. Theoretically, compartments increase
the stability in networks1–5, such as food webs. Compartments
have been difficult to detect in empirical food webs because of incompatible
approaches or insufficient methodological rigour. Here we show that
a method for detecting compartments from the social networking science
identified significant compartments in three of five complex, empirical
food webs. Detection of compartments was influenced by food web resolution,
such as interactions with weights. Because the method identifies compartmental
boundaries in which interactions are concentrated, it is compatible
with the definition of compartments. The method is rigorous because
it maximizes an explicit function, identifies the number of nonoverlapping
compartments, assigns membership to compartments, and tests the statistical
significance of the results. A graphical presentation reveals systemic
relationships and taxaspecific positions as structured by compartments.
From this graphic, we explore two scenarios of disturbance to develop
a hypothesis for testing how compartmentalized interactions increase
stability in food webs.
Kukkonen, J., P. F. LANDRUM, S. Mitra, D. C. GOSSIAUX, J. Gunnarson,
and D. Weston. The role of desorption for describing the bioavailability
of select PAH and PCB congeners for seven laboratory-spiked sediments.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(8):1842-1851 (2004).
Lumbriculus variegatus and Diporeia spp. were
exposed to two contaminant pairs 3H-benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 14C-2,4,5,2949,59-hexachlorobiphenyl
(HCBP), and 3H-pyrene (PY) and 14C-3,4,39,49-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCBP)
sorbed to each of seven field-collected sediments of varying composition.
Toxicokinetic coefficients, bioaccumulation factors (BAF), and biota-sediment
accumulation factors ([BSAF], BAF normalized to the organism lipid
content and sediment organic carbon content) were determined. The
contaminant desorption rates from sediments were measured with a Tenax
resin extraction technique. The desorption rate constants for rapid,
slow, and very slow contaminant compartments and the fractions of
contaminant in each compartment were compared with the toxicokinetic
coefficients, BAF, and BSAF to describe contaminant behavior across
sediments, among compounds, and between species. The best description
of the bioavailability was the log BSAF regressed against the fraction
rapidly desorbed (Frapid) across all sediments and compounds for both
species, r2 5 0.67 and 0.66 for L. variegatus and Diporeia,
respectively. Use of a calculated fraction desorbed in 6 h or 24 h,
which has been suggested as a surrogate for Frapid, did not produce
as predictive a regression because of uneven desorption in a fixed
duration for each compound among the sediments. Thus, Frapid provided
a good surrogate for the bioavailability of the sediment-sorbed contaminant
as represented by BSAF across seven sediments and four compounds with
predictions within a factor of approximately two of the measured value.
Kukkonen, J. V. K., P. F. LANDRUM, S. Mitra, D. C. GOSSIAUX, J. Gunnarson,
and D. Weston. Sediment characteristics affecting the desorption kinetics
of select PAH and PCB congeners for seven laboratory-spiked sediments.
Environmental Science and Technology 37:4656-4663 (2003).
Measures of desorption are currently considered important as potential
surrogates for bioaccumulation as measures of the bioavailability
of sediment-sorbed contaminants. This study determined desorption
rates of four laboratory spiked compounds, benzo[ a]pyrene (BaP),
2,4,5,2',4',5'- hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP), 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
(TCBP), and pyrene (PY), to evaluate the effect of sediment characteristics.
The compounds were sorbed onto seven sediments with a broad range
of characteristics. Desorption was measured by Tenax-TA extraction
from aqueous sediment suspensions. Desorption rates were modeled using
an empirical three compartment model describing operationally defined
rapid, slow, and very slow compartments. The sediments were characterized
for plant pigments, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), lipids,
NaOH extractable residue, lignin, amino acids, soot carbon, andparticle
size fractions. Desorption from the rapid compartment for each of
the planar compounds BaP, PY, and TCBP was significantly correlated
to sediment characteristics that could be considered to represent
younger (i.e., less diagenetically altered) organic matter, e.g.,
plant pigment, lipid, and lignin contents. However, for these compounds
there were no significant correlations between desorption and OC,
TN, soot carbon, or amino acid contents. HCBP desorption was different
from the three planar molecules. For HCBP, the flux from the rapid
compartment was negatively correlated (0.1 > p> 0.05) with the
OC content of the sediment. Overall, HCBP desorption was dominated
by the amount of OC and the particle size distribution of the sediments,
while desorption of the planar compounds was dominated more by the
compositional aspects of the organic matter.
LANDRUM, P. F., M. Leppanen, S. D. ROBINSON, D. C. GOSSIAUX, G. A.
Burton, M. Greenburg, J. V. K. Kukkonen, B. J. EADIE, and M. B. LANSING.
Effect of 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl on the reworking behavior of
Lumbriculus variegatus exposed to contaminated sediment. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 23(1):178-186 (2004).
The reworking response (bioturbation) of the oligochaete Lumbriculus
variegatus was measured by following the burialrate and spread
of a 137Cs marker layer translating worm activity into a biological
burial rate (Wb) and a biological diffusion rate constant (Db) for
surficial sediment mixing. Reworking was measured at 10 and 22°C
in two sediments: a reference site sediment dosed with 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl
(TCBP) and a field-collected sediment from a polychlorinated biphenyl
(PCB)-contaminated site in Dicks Creek (DCC, Middletown, OH, USA).
The body residue associated with response to TCBP also was determined.
Reduction in the temperature from 22 to 10°C reduced both W5 and
Dh by a factor of approximately two. The internal TCBP concentration
to reduce the Wh by 50% was 96 nmol/g (95% CI 45-225 nmol/g) and 124
nmollg (40-547 nmol/g) (28 and 36 pg/g) wet weight at 22 and 10°C,
respectively, and was independent of temperature. The Wb for the DCC
sediment was lower than observed for the highest TCBP treatment. The
internal body residue for total PCB for worms exposed to DCC sediment
was 20-fold lower than TCBP in worms exposed to the lowest TCBP treatment
on a molar basis. Comparing body residues of total PCB to TCBP assumes
that the PCB congeners act additively on a molar basis. The DCC site
contained a higher proportion of coarse material and a lower organic
carbon concentration. The difference in sediment characteristics was
assumed to be responsible for differences in the Wb.
LANDRUM, P. F., J. A. Steevens, D. C. GOSSIAUX, M. McELROY, S. ROBINSON,
L. Begnoche, S. Chernyak, and J. Hickey. Time-dependent lethal body
residues for the toxicity of pentachlorobenzene to Hyalella azteca.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(5):1335-1343 (2004).
The study examined the temporal response of Hyalella azteca
to pentachlorobenzene (PCBZ) in water-only exposures. Toxicity was
evaluated by calculating the body residue of PCBZ associated with
survival. The concentration of PCBZ in the tissues of H. azteca
associated with 50% mortality decreased from 3 to 0.5 umol/g over
the temporal range of 1 to 28 d, respectively. No significant difference
was observed in the body residue calculated for 50% mortality when
the value was determined using live or dead organisms. Metabolism
of PCBZ was not responsible for the temporal response because no detectable
PCBZ biotransformation occurred over an exposure period of 10 d. A
damage assessment model was used to evaluate the impact and repair
of damage by PCBZ on H. azteca. The toxicokinetics were determined
so that the temporal toxicity data could be fit to a damage assessment
model. The half-life calculated for the elimination of PCBZ averaged
approximately 49 h, while the value determined for the half-life of
damage repair from the damage assessment model was 33 h.
LANDRUM, P. F., M. Leppanen, S. D. ROBINSON, D. C. GOSSIAUX, G. A.
Burton, M. Greenberg, J. V. K. Kukkonen, B. J. EADIE, and M. B. LANSING.
Comparing behavioral and chronic endpoints to evaluate the response
of Lumbriculus variegatus to 3,4,3',4',-terachlorobiphenyl
sediment exposures. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
23(1):187-194 (2004).
The response of Lumbriculus variegatus to 3,4,3',4-tetrachlorohiphenyl
(TCBP) was examined with feeding behavior and changes in carbon assimilation
by using stable carbon isotopes at 22 and 10°C. The classical
measure of feeding behavior determined on a subset of sediment for
which the biological burial rate was determined in a companion study
allowed direct method comparison. This comparison helped address relationships
between biological burial rate, feeding rate, and bioaccumulation.
The change in stable isotope composition reflects the total metabolic
activity by measuring carbon assimilation rate and was compared to
feeding rate, biological burial rate (as determined in the companion
study), and reproduction. Decreasing the temperature from 22 to 10°C
resulted in a twofold reduction in feeding rate and carbon assimilation.
The fractional decline in feeding rate relativeto the control mimicked
the decline in the biological burial rate with increasing TCBP concentration
that was found in the companion study. The bioaccumulation factor
declined with increasing TCBP sediment concentration, tracking the
feeding rate decline. Stable isotope measures showed differences in
metabolic rates between the exposure temperatures but did not distinguish
a metabolic ratechange at 22°C among TCBP treatments. Likewise,
reproduction declined from 22 to 10°C, with no reproduction at
10°C. Like the stable isotope measure, no dose response was found
among TCBP treatments at 22°C. The reduction in carbon assimilation
ratetracked the reduction in reproduction with lower temperature.
Leppanen, M. T., P. F. LANDRUM, J. V. K. Kukkonen, M. S. Greenerg,
G. A. Burton Jr., S. D. ROBINSON, and D. C. GOSSIAUX. Investigating
the role of desorption on the bioavailability of sediment-associated
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in benthic invertebrates. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry 22(12):2861-2871 (2003).
Only a fraction of all sediment-associated hydrophobic organic contaminants
are bioavailable, and a simple Tenax® extraction procedure may
estimate this fraction. Bioavailability is assumed to coincide with
the rapidly and, possibly, slowly desorbing sediment-associated contaminant.
River sediment was spiked with radiolabeled ('4C) and nonradiolabeled
('2C) 3,4,3',4'-tetraehlorobiphenyl (TCBP), and desorption kinetics
using Tenax extraction were obtained at 10°C and 22°C. Bioaccumulation
was measured in Lumbriculus variegatus, Chironomus tentans, and Hyalella
azteca. Desorption of TCBP was triphasic at 22°C and slowed
at 10°C to show only biphasic kinetics. The rapidly desorbing
fractions decreased with increasing TCBP sediment concentration. The
biota sediment accumulation factors, biota accumulation factors, and
sediment clearance coefficients (ks) also decreased with increasing
sediment TCBP concentration. The rapidly plus slowly desorhing fractions
and the total TCBP desorbed when 99.9% of the rapidly desorbing fraction
had desorbed were used to estimate bioavailable TCBP. These Tenax-based
fractions didnot explain the decreasing bioavailability with increasing
TCBP load. Several factors, such as animal behavior and TCBP water
solubility limitations, were evaluated to explain the concentration
effect, but the most likely cause was severe diffusion limitations
in whole sediment that were not predicted by the fully mixed Tenax
extraction. Therefore, desorbing fractions determined by Tenax extraction
overestimated the bioavailable fractions in sediments.
LESHKEVICH, G. A., and S. V. Nghiem. Recent anomalies in Great Lakes
ice cover based on statistical analysis and observation. 2004 IEEE International
Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Anchorage, AK, September 20-24,
2004. IEEE, 1 pp. (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040022.pdf
The Laurentian Great Lakes, the world's largest freshwater surface
with a drainage basin extending 1110 km north-south and 1390 km east-west,
have a combined surface area of about 245,000 km2, a combined volume
of approximately 22,800 km2, and contribute significantly to economic
and social activities of North America. The Great Lakes region provides
20% of the United States gross national product and is where one in
eight Americans live. Ice cover in the Great Lakes, the most obvious
seasonal transformation in the physical characteristics of the lakes,
has a major impact on the regional climate, local commerce, and public
safety. Lake ice is a sensitive index of regional winter climate.
LIU, P. C., and U. F. Pinho. Freak Waves -- More frequent than rare!
Annales Geophysicae 22:1839-1842 (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040008.pdf
Contrary to the widely held notion that considers the occurrence
of freak waves in the ocean as being rare, from an examination of
five years of wave measurements made in the South Atlantic Ocean,
we found the occurrence of freak waves is actually more frequent than
rare.
LOFGREN, B. M. Global warming effects on Great Lakes water: More precipitation
but less water? Proceedings, 18th Conference on Hydrology, 84th Annual
Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, Seattle, WA, January
11-15, 2004. American Meteorological Society, 3 pp. (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040002.pdf
The question of the net effect of global warming, and of other changes
in climate on water resources can often be more complex than is indicated
by individual simple measures. The dimensions of total precipitation,
evapotranspiration, soil moisture, runoff, and net basin supply can
interact in ways that are not related at a simple intuitive level.
Different methodologies of modeling these variables can yield different
results. But some simple conservation laws can help in creating a
qualitative sense of how the water cycle of continents and oceans
are constrained, how this is likely to change with increased greenhouse
gas concentrations, and how this might play out in the case of the
water supply of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Some simple conservation
laws will be presented in qualitative form in section 2. Section 3
will summarize some contrasting results derived from different methods
for determining the effect of global warming on Great Lakes net basin
supply and water levels. Relations will be drawn using the simple
conservation laws to help explain the different results that come
of using different methodologies.
LOZANO, S. J., and T. F. NALEPA. Disruption of the benthic community
in Lake Ontario. In State of Lake Ontario (SOLO) - Past, Present,
and Future. M. M. (Ed.). Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management
Society, 305-322 (2003).
The benthic macroinvertebrate community of the Great Lakes is dominated
by a few species of organisms. The cold-stenotherm association includes
Oligochaeta, Sphaeriidae, and Diporeia spp. (Cook and Johnson,
1974), an association that reflects an oligotrophic condition. In
general, total abundance of invertebrates declines with depth and
distance from shore (Nalepa and Thomas, 1976). Two species of oligochaetes,
Stylodrilus heringianus and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri,
are found throughout the offshore regions and may account for 10-20%
of the total benthic population density (Mozley and Howmiller, 1977).
Members of the bivalve family Sphaeriidae are usually found in waters
less than 90 meters and account for 5-15% of the total benthic population
density. The amphipod, Diporeia spp. (formerly Pontoporeia
hoyi), is the most abundant macroinvertebrate (Mozley and Howmiller,
1977; Nalepa, 1991) in the Great Lakes. In deeper water habitats,
it accounts for 40-70% of the total density of benthic organisms below
the summer thermocline (Nalepa, 1991), reaching greatest densities
at depths of 30 to 60 m.
Marvin, C., S. Painter, D. Williams, V. Richardson, R. Rossmann, and
P. L. VAN HOOF. Spatial and temporal trends in surface water and sediment
contamination in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Environmental Pollution
129:131-144 (2004).
Data from recent sediment and surface water surveys have been collated
and mapped to illustrate the spatial distribution of contaminants
across the entire Great Lakes basin. Information from historical surveys,
together with data from surface water monitoring programs in three
major connecting channels, has also been collated in order to evaluate
temporal trends. In general, Lakes Superior and Michigan exhibited
the lowest levels of sediment contamination while Lake Ontario had
the highest. Contaminants such as y-HCH (lindane) and dieldrin were
ubiquitous in surface waters across the entire basin, which was indicative
of atmospheric sources. The distribution of other compounds including
hexachlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene and mirex indicated the presence
of local sources within the watersheds of the connecting channels.
Surficial sediment contamination was found to have decreased markedly
since the late 1960s and 1970s. Similarly, surface water contamination
decreased over the period 1986-1997 with concentrations of dieldrin,
hexachlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene and mirex reduced by over 50%.
However, the spatial distributions of both sediment and surface water
contamination indicate that further effort is warranted in reducing
local sources of contaminants, particularly in Lake Ontario.
McCarty, H. B., J. Schofield, K. Miller, R. N. Brent, P. L. VAN HOOF,
and B. J. EADIE. Results of the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study: Polychlorinated
biphenyls and trans-nonachlor data report. EPA 905 R-01-011. U.S. EPA
Great Lakes National Program Office, Chicago, IL 60604, 300 pp. (2004).
http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040021.pdf
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Great Lakes National
Program Office (GLNPO) and its partners instituted the Lake Michigan
Mass Balance (LMMB) Study to measure and model the concentrations
of representative pollutants within important compartments of the
Lake Michigan ecosystem. The goal of the LMMB Study was to develop
a sound, scientific base of information to guide future toxic load
reduction efforts at the Federal, State, Tribal, and local levels.
Objectives of the study were to: 1. Estimate pollutant loading rates,
2. Establish a baseline to gauge future progress, 3. Predict the benefits
associated with load reductions, and 4. Further understand ecosystem
dynamics. The LMMB Study measured the concentrations of mercury, polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), transnonachlor, and atrazine in the atmosphere,
tributaries, lake water, sediments, and food webs of Lake Michigan.
This document summarizes the PCB and trans-nonachlor data collected
as part of the LMMB Study, and is one in a series of data reports
that documents the project.
McGeehin, J., G. S. burr, G. Hodgins, S. J. Bennett, J. A. ROBBINS,
N. R. MOREHEAD, and H. Markewich. Stepped-combustion 14C dating of bomb
carbon in lake sediment. Radiocarbon 46(2):893-900 (2004).
In this study, we applied a stepped-combustion approach to dating
post-bomb lake sediment from north-central Mississippi. Samples were
combusted at a low temperature (400 °C) and then at 900 °C.
The CO, was collected separately for both combustions and analyzed.
The goal of this work was to develop a methodology to improve the
accuracy of 14C dating of sediment by combusting at a lower temperature
and reducing the amount of reworked carbon bound to clay minerals
in the sample material. The 4C fraction modem results for the low
and high temperature fractions of these sediments were compared with
well-defined '37Cs determinations made on sediment taken from the
same cores. Comparison of "bomb curves" for '4C and '37Cs
indicate that low temperature combustion of sediment improved the
accuracy of 4C dating of the sediment. However, fraction modem results
for the low temperature fractions were depressed compared to atmospheric
values for the same time frame, possibly the result of carbon mixing
and the low sedimentation rate in the lake system.
Messick, G. A., H. A. VANDERPLOEG, J. F. CAVALETTO, and S. S. Tyler.
Histological characteristics of abnormal protrusions on copepods from
Lake Michigan. Zoological Studies 43(2):314-322 (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040019.pdf
Abnormal protrusions have been observed on crustacean zooplankton
species from Lake Michigan since 1994. Copepods collected from 1994
to 2000 were assayed for the prevalence of protrusions, and histologically
characterized for various morphologies. Protrusions occurred more
frequently on nauplii than on copepodites or adults. Most protrusions
were located laterally on the copepod body. External shapes and surfaces
of the protrusions varied from smoothly rounded to bossulated and
amorphous. Protrusions had diverse histological characteristics. Necrotic
tissue was present in 58% of protrusions. Some protrusions had hyaline,
crystal-like structures either on the surface or embedded within tissues
of the protrusion. Nearly 40% contained what appeared to be herniated
host tissue. A few copepods (3%) had elongated, symmetrical, somewhat
transparent gross protrusions that were histologically identified
as ellobiopsid parasites. Other protrusions had a histology that suggested
ellobiopsid parasites such as a bossulated, bud-like external morphology
or a smoothly rounded covering. Additionally, round structures observed
within protrusions were similar to sporulation bodies of ellobiopsid
parasites. It is unlikely that these protrusions were due to fixation
artifacts or were caused by diatoms puncturing copepods in the collection
devices. A few protrusions were obvious ellobiopsid parasites, but
the histology of most protrusions is not consistent or obvious enough
to allow identification of a plausible etiological agent.
Messick, G. A., R. M. Overstreet, T. F. NALEPA, and S. Tyler. Prevalence
of parasites in amphipods Diporeia spp. from Lakes Michigan
and Huron, USA. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 59:159-170 (2004).
http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040047.pdf
Amphipods of Diporeia spp. have declined considerably during
the last decade in the Great Lakes. We examined the possibility that
disease may be affecting these populations. A histological survey
assessed the parasites in species of Diporeia within Lakes Huron and
Michigan, USA, and the host response to some of them and to unknown
factors. Amphipods were found to have an intranuclear inclusion body,
and were hosts to a rickettsia-like organism, fungi, a haplosporidian,
a microsporidian, epibiotic ciliates, a gregarine, a cestode, acanthocephalans
and nodule formations. Epibiotic ciliates were most common (37% prevalence
of infection), but a microsporidian (3.8%), a rickettsia-like organism
(1.6%), fungi, including a yeast-like organism (1.3%), worms (1.3%),
and a haplosporidian (0.7%) are likely associated with mortalities
or detrimental effects on the host. The role these agents may have
played in the decline of Diporeia spp. in the Great Lakes
over the last decade is not clear. Interrelationships with the dynamics
of various physical and biological factors such as high sedimentation,
diminished food supplies, and virulent parasites could synergistically
cause the decline in Diporeia spp. populations in Lakes Michigan
and Huron.
MILLER, G. S. Mysis vertical migration in Grand Traverse
Bay, Lake Michigan, observed by an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler.
Journal of Great Lakes Research 29(3):427-435 (2003).
The acoustic return signal from Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers
(ADCP) moored in Traverse Bay during a 90-day summer period showed
a rapid 5-10 dB increase about 1/2 hour after sun-set and a similar
decrease 1/2 hour before sunrise. The pattern is characteristic of
zooplankton die! vertical migration, most likely Mysis relicta.
These are the first reported observations of freshwater invert-ibrate
migrations using ADCP backscatter. A 15-20 m thick sound scattering
layer also persistedthroughout the summer. This layer, constrained
between the 6°C and 10°C isotherms, generally followedthe
internal thermocline fluctuations. These backscatter data demonstrate
that determining characteristics of diel migration, and monitoring
zooplankton temporal and spatial variability are possible using ADCPs.
Millie, D. F., G. L. FAHNENSTIEL, S. E. Lohrenz, H. J. Carrick, T.
H. JOHENGEN, and O. M. E. Schofield. Physical-biological coupling in
southern Lake Michigan: Influence of episodic sediment resuspension
on phytoplankton. Aquatic Ecology 37:393-408 (2003). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2003/20030034.pdf
The influence of episodic, sediment resuspension on phytoplankton
abundance/volume and composition, the photosynthetic maximum rate
(PBmax) and efficiency (aB), and chlorophyll-specific growth (uChl)
was evaluated during the spring isothermal period in southern Lake
Michigan (Laurentian Great Lakes, USA). Resuspension altered the nutrient
and light climate of nearshore waters; light attenuation (Kd) and
phosphorus concentrations corresponded (p <- 0.0001 and p <-
0.001, respectively) with concentrations of suspended particulate
matter SPM. Phytoplankton cell volume and diatom cell abundance and
volume were not associated with SPM concentrations (p > 0.05).
Diatom composition displayed spatial dissimilarities corresponding
with resuspension (p <- 0.001); small centric diatoms exhibiting
meroplanktonic life histories and pennate diatoms considered benthic
in origin were most abundant within SPM-impacted, nearshore waters
whereas taxa typically comprising assemblages in optically-clear,
offshore waters and the basin-wide, spring bloom were not. Values
of PBmax and aB corresponded (p <- 0.0001) with both Kd coefficients
and SPM concentrations, potentially reflecting increased light harvesting/utilization
within impacted assemblages. However, integral production was inversely
associated with Kd coefficients and SPM concentrations (p < 0.0001)
and photosynthesis was light-limited or nearly so for most assemblages.
Although uChl values corresponded with Kd coefficients (p <- 0.05),
values were quite low (x¯ +- S.E., 0.10 +- 0.004 d–1) throughout
the study. Most likely, distinct rate processes between SPM- and nonimpacted
assemblages reflected short-term compositional and corresponding physiological
variations due to infusion of meroplankton and/or tributary-derived
phytoplankton. Overall, resuspension appears to have little, if any,
long-term impact upon the structure and function of the lake’s
phytoplankton.
Neilson, M. A., D. S. Painter, G. Warren, R. A. Hites, I. Basu, D.
V. C. Weseloh, D. M. Whittle, G. Christie, R. Barbiero, M. Tuchman,
O. E. Johannsson, T. F. NALEPA, T. A. Edsall, G. Fleischer, C. Bronte,
S. B. Smith, and P. C. Baumann. Ecological monitoring for assessing
the state of the nearshore and open waters of the Great Lakes. Environmental
Monitoring and Assessment 88:103-117 (2003).
The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement stipulates that the Governments
of Canada and the United States are responsible for restoring and
maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the
waters of the Great Lakes Bain Ecosystem. Due to varying mandates
and areas of expertise, monitoring to assess progress towards this
objective is conducted by a multitude of Canadian and U.S. federal
and provincial/state agencies, in cooperation with academia and regional
authorities. This paper highlights selected long-term monitoring programs
and discusses a number of documented ecological changes that indicate
the present state of the open and nearshore waters of the Great Lakes.
Nghiem, S. V., G. A. LESHKEVICH, and B. W. Stiles. Wind fields over
the Great Lakes measured by the SeaWinds scatterometer on the QuikSCAT
satellite. Journal of Great Lakes Research 30(1):148-165 (2004).
http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040045.pdf
This paper demonstrates the utility of satellite scatterometer measurements
for wind retrieval over the Great Lakes on a daily basis. We use data
acquired by the Sea Winds Scatterometer on the QuikSCAT (QSCAT) satellite
launched in June 1999 to derive wind speeds and directions over the
lakes at a resolution of 12.5 km, which is two times finer than the
QSCAT standard ocean wind product at a resolution of 25 km. To evaluate
QSCAT performance for high-resolution measurements of lake wind vectors,
we compare QSCAT results with Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System
(GLCFS) nowcast wind fields and with standard QSCAT measurements of
ocean wind vectors. Although the satellite results over the Great
Lakes are obtained with an ocean model function, QSCAT and GLCFS wind
fields compare well together for low to moderate wind conditions (4-32
knots). For wind speed, the analysis shows a correlation coefficient
of 0.71, a bias of 2.6 knots in mean wind speed difference (nowcast
wind is lower) with a root-mean-square (rms) deviation of 3.8 knots.
For wind direction, the correlation coefficient is 0.94 with a very
small value of 1.3° in mean wind direction bias and an rms deviation
of 38° for all wind conditions. When excluding the low wind range
of 4-12 knots, the rms deviation in wind direction reduces to 22°.
Considering QSCAT requirements designed for ocean wind measurements
and actual evaluations of QSCA Tperformance over ocean, results for
high-resolution lake wind vectors indicate that QSCA T performs well
over the Great Lakes. Moreover, we show that wind fields derived from
satellite scatterometer data before, during, and after a large storm
in October 1999, with winds stronger than 50 knots, can monitor the
storm development over large scales. The satellite results for storm
monitoring are consistent with GLCFS nowcast winds and lake buoy measurements.
A geophysical model function can be developed specifically for the
Great Lakes using long-term data from satellite scatterometers, to
derive more accurate wind fields for operational applications as well
as scientific studies.
PICHLOVA, R., and Z. Brandl. Predatory impact of Leptodora kindtii
on zooplankton community in the Slapy Reservoir. Hydrobiologia
504:177-184 (2003).
The predatory impact of Leptodora kindtii on the zooplankton
community of Slapy Reservoir (Czech Republic) was studied using data
from regular sampling carried out in 1996-1997. Seasonal changes of
abundance and biomass of Leptodora, that directly influence predatory
impact, were analyzed and related to both abiotic and biotic parameters.
The data suggest that Leptodora can influence the zooplankton community,
but only in limited periods during the summer season, with the most
pronounced impact in August. Leptodora can apparently accelerate the
summer decline of spring cladoceran species, although it does not
trigger the shift to summer species.
POTHOVEN, S. A., G. L. FAHNENSTIEL, and H. A. VANDERPLOEG. Spatial
distribution, biomass, and population dynamics of Mysis relicta
in Lake Michigan. Hydrobiologia 522:291-299 (2004).
The abundance, biomass, and life history traits of Mysis relicta
were evaluated in the spring, summer, and autumn of 2000 at 8 nearshore
(45 m) and 8 offshore (75-110 m) stations throughout central and southern
Lake Michigan. Abundance was also evaluated on a smaller scale during
June 2000 at 4 nearshore and 4 offshore stations in southeastern Lake
Michigan. For large-scale sampling, the abundance of M. relicta did
not differ among locations in the spring. In the summer and autumn
the abundance of M. relicta was similar among offshore stations
withthe exception of one station each season; for nearshore stations,
abundance was generally highest off Pentwater, Michigan. The abundance
of mysids was not consistently high for central or southern basin
sites, although overall biomass was higher in the southern basin each
season. Abundance of Mysis was positively correlated with
bottom depth, but not with bottom water temperature, surface water
temperature, or mean chlorophyll concentration. Within the smaller
region in southeast Lake Michigan, the abundance of M. relicta
differed among locations for both nearshore and offshore stations.
Brood size and size of reproductive females did not differ among lake
widelocations, but the proportion of females with broods and the size
distribution of M. relicta did.
RAIKOW, D. F. Food web interactions between larval bluegill (Lepomis
macrochirus) and exotic zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha).
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61(3):497-504
(2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040009.pdf
Food web interactions between native larval bluegill (Lepomis
macrochirus), exotic invasive zebra mussels
(Dreissena polymorpha), and zooplankton were examined with
a mesocosm experiment. Hatchling larval bluegill collected from nests
were reared in the presence of size-structured populations of zebra
mussels in 1500-L limnocorrals suspended in an artificial pond for
2 weeks. Chlorophyll a, other limnological variables, and
zooplankton abundance and biomass (including copepod nauplii and rotifers)
were monitored over time. During their first 2 weeks of life, larval
fish reared in the presence of mussels grew 24% more slowly than fish
reared alone. Differential growth rates can be explained by competition
between mussels and bluegill for food in the form of microzooplankton.
Also likely was an indirect competition via starvation of the zooplankton
community as zebra mussels consumed phytoplankton. Either direct or
indirect trophic competition between zebra mussels and obligate planktivores
may result in ecological harm as zebra mussels spread throughout inland
lakes of North America.
Rao, Y. R., M. J. McCORMICK, and C. R. Murthy. Circulation during
winter and northerly storm events in southern Lake Michigan. Journal
of Geophysical Research 109(C1):C01010 (2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040001.pdf
Moored observations of winds, currents, and temperature made off
the southeastern Lake Michigan shore during 1998 to 2000 winter-spring
periods are studied to describe the mean winter circulation and episodic
circulation during northerly storms in Lake Michigan. Late winter-spring
sediment plumes in southeastern Lake Michigan were attributed to these
episodic circulation features. The winter-spring currents in southeastern
Lake Michigan are quite depth independent, and the mean currents flow
predominantly alongshore and toward the north. The observed currents
show the signature of a forced two-gyre circulation in the southeastern
basin. The interannual variability of mean and fluctuating currents
is mainly due to the variability of prevailing wind-forcing. The intermittent
episodic circulation influenced by northerly storms causes significant
asymmetry to the mean circulation. During northerly storm episodes,
the mean current speeds increased significantly, and the currents
within 10 km of shore followed the surface wind stress, while farther
offshore the circulation was oppositely directed. During these episodes
it is also observed that the combination of directly wind-forced currents
and northward propagating vorticity wave generates significant offshore
transport in this region.
REID, D. F. NOAA National Center for Research on Aquatic Invasive
Species. NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor,
MI, (color brochure) 2 pp. (2003). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/brochures/NCRAIS/NCRAIS.pdf
Aquatic invasive species (AIS) are a global problem that threaten
the economic security of the United States by changing and reducing
the beneficial uses that society makes of coastal ecosystems and by
adding to the time and cost of conducting commerce and trade related
to coastal ecosystems. AIS will frustrate NOAA’s strategic goal
of developing ecosystem forecast capabilities and improving ecosystem-based
management. In order to maximize the effectiveness and benefits of
NOAA’s research investments towards understanding, preventing,
responding to, and managing AIS invasions in U.S. coastal ecosystems,
the NOAA National Center for Research on Aquatic Invasive Species
was established in July 2003. The Center is administratively housed
at the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) in Ann
Arbor, Michigan, and functions in conjunction with the newly created
NOAA Invasive Species Program managed at NOAA headquarters in Silver
Spring, Maryland.
Rohli, R. V., S. A. Hsu, B. M. LOFGREN and M. R. Binkley. Bowen ratio
estimates over Lake Erie. Journal of Great Lakes Research 30(2):241-251
(2004).
Estimates of the ratio of sensible heat flux to latent heat flux
(the Bowen ratio) are derived for Lake Erie based on the method introduced
by Roll (1965), using hourly automated observations of lake and air
temperatures for Buoy 45005 for the period 1992-1997 (May through
November). Roll's method computes B as the product of the drag coefficient
(which varies by atmospheric stability class) and the ratio of the
difference between lake temperature (Tea) and air temperature (Tair),
to the sea-air vapor pressure difference. diurnal latter can be estimated
empirically as a function of Tsea and dew point temperature (Td).
In the diurnal cycle, B usually peaks in the afternoon hours and tends
to increase as the warm season proceeds. Specifically, during unstable
atmospheric conditions, ? varies from approximately .15 to .30, and
during times of high static stability, B tends to have near-zero to
slightly negative values. Results allow for an improved understanding
of turbulent energy fluxes from a large water body, which may affect
other processes, such as ice cover, evaporation rates, and contaminant
advection.
Roy, D., G. D. Haffner, and S. B. BRANDT. Estimating fish production
potentials using a temporally explicit model. Ecological Modeling 173:241-257
(2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040011.pdf
A temporally explicit model is developed to predict the growth rate
potential of fish in response to temporal fluctuations in both prey
availability and temperature structure of the water column at both
long (seasonal) and short (daily) time scales. The model was tested
in a 20m water column in Lake Ontario using chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytcsha) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) as predator
and prey species, respectively. Prey availability was assessed using
acoustic techniques, while temperature was measured with a temperature–depth
profiler. Chinook growth rate potential was significantly greater
during June than during other sampled months. The latter months supported
little to no chinook growth potential as a result of low overlap in
conditions supporting growth. On a diel scale, chinook growth rate
potential was typically greater during crepuscular and night periods
than during the day. Results reveal that both short and long term
variability of prey density and thermal structure impose stringent
limits to fish growth potential and production, and that fish grow
well only over finite periods. The temporally explicit model provides
quantitative predictions of fish production potential as influenced
by temporal changes in habitat quality and/or climatic conditions.
In light of recent modifications to both local and regional climate
conditions, and the localised nature of fish harvesting practices,
this model can assist in setting realistic production estimates and
future potential harvesting quotas.
SANO, L. L., M. A. Mapili, A. Krueger, E. Garcia, D. C. GOSSIAUX,
K. Phillips, and P. F. LANDRUM. Comparative efficacy of potential chemical
disinfectants for treating unballasted vessels. Journal of Great
Lakes Research 30(1):201-216 (2004).
The release of ballast water from transoceanic vessels is a major
vector for the introduction of nonindigenous species into the Laurentian
Great Lakes. This study assessed the effectiveness of treating unballasted
transoceanic vessels using three different biocides: glutaraldehyde
plus a surfactant adjuvant (Disinfekt 1000®), sodium hypochiorite
(NaOCl), and SeaKleenTM (menadione and menadione metabisulfIte 2:8).
Efficacy against several classes of aquatic organisms was evaluated
using 24 h acutetoxicity experiments and 11 day ballast tank simulation
experiments. The results indicate substantial, compound-specific variations
in organism sensitivity. For water-only exposures, NaOCZ and SeaKleenTM
were most effective: NaOC1 had the lowest LC90 (90% lethal concentration
value) for the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus (1.0 mg
L-1), while SeaKleenTM had the lowest LC90 for the amphipod Hyalella
azteca (2.5 mg L-1). Sediments profoundly affected efficacy,
particularly for NaOC1: At a 1:4 sediment-water ratio, the estimated
LC90 for L. variegatus was > 2,000 mg L-1. Sediment quality
also impacted efficacy: Sediments with higher organic carbon content
typically required greater biocide concentrations to achieve comparable
toxicity. Efficacy was further evaluated with 11 day bioassays using
sedimentsfrom unballasted vessels. Results indicated that NaOCl and
Disinfekt 1000® were more effective than predicted based on small
scale sediment-water exposures. Overall, the data suggest that although
NaOC1 may be effective under water-only conditions, the higher concentrations
required in the presence of sediments may cause corrosion problems
for ballast tanks. Because of this, less reactive, non-oxidizing biocides
such as SeaKleenTM and Disinfekt 1000® may be better candidates
for treating sedimented tanks.
SANO, L. L., R. A. Moll, A. M. KRUEGER, and P. F. LANDRUM. Assessing
the potential efficacy of Glutaraldehyde for biocide treatment of un-ballasted
transoceanic vessels. Journal of Great Lakes Research 29(4):545-557
(2003).
Treating the ballast water of oceanic vessels with a biocide is
one potential management strategy to reduce the number of nonindigenous
species released into the Laurentian Great Lakes from NOBOB (no ballast
on board) vessels. To evaluate biocide effectiveness, glutaraldehyde,
a five-carbon dialdehyde widely used for its antimicrobial properties,
was investigated. Biocide effectiveness was assessed for various organisms
using 24 h acute toxicity bioassays in water-only and water-sediment
environments. Acute studies indicate a 24 h LC90 value of 100 mg glutaraldehyde
L-1 or less for most of the freshwater organisms tested. The main
exception was the freshwater amphipod, Hyalella azteca, which
was much more resistant to glutaraldehyde (24 h LC90 = 550 mg glutaraldehyde
1r1; 95% CI: 476-681). Biocide efficacy was also evaluated in water-sediment
exposures. The presence of a test sediment (3% organic carbon) greatly
increased lethal concentration estimates for the oligochaete Lumbriculus
variegatus, but not for H. azteca. The 24 h LC90 for
L. variegatus varied depending on the water-sediment ratio,
and ranged from 61 mg glutaraldehyde L-1 (95% CI 52-78) for an 8:1
water-sediment ratio to 356 mg glutaraldehyde L-1 (95% CI 322-423)
for a 2:1 water-sediment ratio. This indicates that the amount of
sediments present in NOBOB vessels may have a significant impact on
biocide efficacy. Experiments using material from actual NOBOB vessels
generally corroborated data from the water-sediment experiments and
suggest a potential treatment concentration of approximately 500 mg
glutaraldehyde L-1for short exposure periods (e.g., 24 h).
SCHWAB, D. J., and D. BELETSKY. Relative effects of wind stress curl,
topograph, and stratification on large scale circulation in Lake Michigan.
Journal of Geophysical Research 108(C2):26-1 to 26-6 (2003).
http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2003/20030018.pdf
This paper uses the results from two multiseason numerical model
simulations of Lake Michigan hydrodynamics to examine the relative
effects of wind stress curl, topography, and stratification on large-scale
circulation. The multiseason simulations provide a period long enough
to encompass the full range of atmospheric and thermal conditions
that can occur in the lake. The purpose of this paper is to diagnose
the relative importance of various mechanisms responsible for the
large-scale circulation patterns by analyzing the vorticity balance
in the lake on a monthly timescale. Five different model scenarios
are used to isolate the predominant mechanisms: (1) baroclinic lake,
spatially varible wind stress; (2) barotropic lake, spatially variable
wind stress; (3) baroclinic lake, spatially uniform wind stress; (4)
baritropic lake, spatially uniform wind stress; and (5) barotropic
lake, linearized equations, spatially uniform wind stress. By comparing
the results of these five model scenarios it is shown that the cyclonic
wind stress curl in the winter and the effect of baroclinicity in
the summer are primarily respnsible for the predominantly cyclonic
flow in the lake. Topographic effects are as important but are not
as significant as wind stress curl and baroclinic effects. Nonlinear
effects are much smaller.
Thayer, G. W., T. A. McTigue, R. J. Bellmer, F. M. Burrows, D. H.
MERKEY, A. D. Nickens, S. J. LOZANO, P. F. Gayaldo, P. J. Polmateer,
and P. T. Pinit. Science-based restoration monitoring of coastal habitats.
Volume One: A framework for monitoring plans under the Estuaries and
Clean Waters Act of 2000 (Public Law 160-457). NOAA Coastal Ocean Program,
Decision Analysis Series No. 23, Volume 1. NOAA, Coastal Ocean Program,
Silver Spring, MD, 116 pp. (2003). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2003/20030013.pdf
or
http://coastalscience.noaa.gov/ecosystems/estuaries/restoration_monitoring.html
Science-Based Restoration Monitoring of Coastal Habitats, Volume
One: A Framework for Monitoring Plans Under the Estuaries and Clean
Waters Act of 2000 (Public Law 160-457), is a guidance manual that
provides technical assistance, outlines necessary steps, and provides
useful tools for the development and implementation of sound scientific
monitoring of coastal restoration efforts. This document is a result
of the Estuary Restoration Act (ERA), Title I of the Estuaries and
Clean Waters Act of 2000. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA) was tasked with providing guidance for the development and
implementation of restoration monitoring for projects funded under
the Act. In addition to it’s usefulness to restoration practitioners
undertaking ERA projects, this document has broad application and
will assist in the monitoring of coastal restoration projects regardless
of their funding source.The manual represents the first of a two volume
series. This first volume contains a background on restoration and
monitoring, stages of a restoration and monitoring plans, how to create
a monitoring plan, and important information that should be considered
when monitoring specific habitats. The second volume, to be published
in 2004, provides detailed information on the habitats, an inventory
of coastal restoration monitoring programs, a review of monitoring
techniques manuals and quality control/quality assurance documents,
an overview of governmental acts affiliated with monitoring, a cost
analysis of monitoring expenses, a glossary of terms, and a discussion
of socioeconomic issues affiliated with coastal habitat restoration.
VANDERPLOEG, H. A. Ecological forecasting of impacts of ponto-caspian
species in the Great Lakes: Describing, understanding, and predicting
a system in transition. In Ecological Forecasting: New Tools for
Coastal and Marine Ecosystem Management. N. Valette-Silver and
D. Scavia (Eds.). NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 1, Silver Spring,
MD, 81-84 (2003). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2003/20030015.pdf
This paper summarizes results relevant to ecological forecasting
from a study that described, explained, and predicted Great Lakes
ecosystem impacts of six Ponto-Caspian (the region including the Caspian,
Black, and Azov Seas) endemic species of mussels, crustaceans, and
fishes that recently invaded the Great Lakes via ballast water (Vanderploeg
et al. 2002). These are the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha),
the quagga mussel (D. bugensis), the predatory cladoceran
(Cercopagis pengoi), the benthic amphipod (Echinogammarus
ischnus), the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), and the tubenose
goby (Proterorhinus marmoratus). The ecology, and possible
mechanisms of ecosystem impact were reviewed for each species using
information from a variety of studies and sites, including the Great
Lakes. This information was combined with experiments and monitoring
on the Great Lakes to describe ecosystem change, the underlying invader
species mechanisms of impact, and predict future changes.
Zhulidov, A. V., D. F. Pavlov, T. F. NALEPA, G. H. Scherbina, D. A.
Zhulidov, and T. U. Gurtovaya. Relative distributions of Dreissena
bugensis and Dreissena polymorpha in the lower Dan River,
Russia. International Review of Hydrobiology 89(3):326-333
(2004). http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/pubs/fulltext/2004/20040010.pdf
A survey was conducted in the lower Don River system in Russia to
confirm the presence of Dreissena bugensis, and to compare
its distribution relative to that of Dreissena polymorpha.
In 1999 and 2001–2002, dreissenid mussels were collected at
15 sites in the main river, in connecting reservoirs, and in a major
tributary, the Manych River. Collections were made near stations where
long-term monitoring data on total mineral (sum of principal ions)
and calcium content were available. Both dreissenid species were found
at all sites, with D. bugensis comprising 4–75% of
all dreissenids at individual sites. D. bugensis was relatively
more abundant than D. polymorpha in the Manych River where
total mineral and calcium content was significantly higher than in
the Don River, suggesting the two species may have different calcium
requirements. Examination of archived samples indicated that D.
bugensis was present in the Don River system as early as the
1980s, presenting the unresolved enigma of why D. bugensis
has not displaced D. polymorpha as the dominant species as
typically found over shorter time periods in other water bodies.
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