ITEMS FROM SPAIN
Universidad de Lleida and
Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (UdL-IRTA).
Center of R&D, Alcalde Rovira Roure 177, 25198, Lleida, Spain.
This is a program of research in small grains in cooperation with different seed companies. The results in recent years are indicated.
Bread wheat breeding program.
J. Lloveras and J.A. Martin-Sanchez.
Variety released: IRTA 2005. IRTA 2005, a variety selected from CIMMYT material (Entry No. 117 of 19 IBWSN), is a Chil `S' line. Compared with Anza, it is a little later and taller and similar in yield. The quality is good for the Spanish market (W about 240 and P/L = 0.9-1.0).
Durum wheat breeding program.
A. Michelena.
The durum wheat program is directed at obtaining varieties of high yield and of good quality for the different areas of Spain. During the last few years, several cultivars have been released (all of them coming from CIMMYT material).
Valira. High yield variety, later than Yavaros, with quality similar to Mexicali.
Bolo. Cycle medium to late, with special adaptation for the north of Spain and better quality than Yavaros.
Bohemia. A little earlier than Yavaros and with good quality, especially with respect to the gluten strength.
Actually, there are different lines in the official trials.

Triticale.
C. Royo.
Breeding program. Triticale varieties Trujillo, Piky, Tupi, Tabu, and Tenor have been released since 1987. All are high productivity spring types, with wide adaptation to Mediterranean conditions. Tenor is the only variety with the 2D/2R substitution. Presently, Trujillo represents 25 % of the certified triticale seed in Spain.
Uses of triticale.
Triticale for dual-purpose. The suitability of triticale for forage and grain in the same crop season has been studied over several years and environments. The effect of forage removal at the end of tillering on crop growth and development, grain yield, yield components, and grain quality has been ascertained.
Triticale for forage. The yield and quality of triticale forage at different developmental stages, from booting to grain development, is under study in a set of sites.
Triticale for poultry feeding. The nutritional value of triticale for poultry diets is being evaluated with a set of genotypes representative of the genetic variability existing at present in the species.
Grain filling in triticale. The effect of drought on triticale grain filling is being studied in a set of mutants derived from the variety Trujillo. The relationship between alpha-amylase activity in developing grains and the degree of grain shriveling is under study at present.
Publications and presentations at meetings.
Araus JL, Santiveri P, Bosch-Serra D, Royo C, and Romagosa I. 1992. Carbon isotope discrimination in ear parts of triticale: influence on grain filling. Plant Physiol 100:1033-1035.
Garcia del Moral LF, Boujenna A, Insa JA, Arbones A, and Royo C. 1994. Evaluation of a set of triticale genotypes for dual-purpose (forage and grain). Melhoramento 133(1):291-296.
Lupton FGH. 1992. Changes in varietal distribution of cereals in central and western Europe. Martin-Sanchez JA: Collaborator in the Spanish data. Agro-ecological Atlas of Cereal Growing in Europe. Vol. IV. PUDOC. Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Martinez C, Balaguer J, Sin E, and Martin-Sanchez JA. 1993. Variacion en caracteres agronomicos de plantas de triticale regeneradas a partir de cultivo "In vitro" de anteras. XXVIII Jornadas de Genetica Luso-Espanolas.
Martinez-Garcia C, Martin-Sanchez JA, and Sin E. 1992. Plant regeneration from anther culture in six hexaploid triticale varieties and their F₁-hybrids. XIII Eucarpia Congress, Angers, France.
Michelena A and Martin-Sanchez JA. 1992. Evaluacion de la calidad en colecciones de germoplasma autoctono de trigo harinero. Anales del Aula Dei 20(1-2):183-188.
Royo C. 1992. El triticale: bases para el cultivo y aprovechamiento. Ed. Mundi Prensa, Madrid. 96 pp.
Royo C and Aragay M. 1994. Forage yield and quality of triticale Trujillo. In: Triticale Topics. Inter Triticale Assoc 12:2-4.
Royo C and Insa JA. 1994. Selection criteria for dual purpose (forage and grain) triticale. Proc Eucarpia Symp on Future Prospectives of Cereal Breeding in Europe. Plantahof, Landquart, Suitzerland. 4-7 Sep 1994. Pp. 142-143.
Royo C, Insa JA, Boujenna A, Ramos JM, Montesinos E, and Garcia del Moral LF. 1994. Yield and quality of spring triticale for forage and grain as influenced by sowing date and cutting stage. Field Crops Res 37(3):161-168.
Royo C, Montesinos E, Molina-Cano JL, and Serra J. 1993.  Triticale and other small grain cereals for forage and grain in Mediterranean conditions. Grass Forage Sci 48:11-17.
Royo C, Penella E, Tribo F, and Molina-Cano JL. 1995. Aptitude of spring and winter triticale for dual purpose (forage and grain) in Mediterranean conditions. Proc 3rd Inter Triticale Symp, Lisboa, 13-17 Jun, 1994 (In press).
Royo C, Rodriguez A, and Romagosa I. 1993. Differential adaptation of complete and substituted triticale. Plant Breed 111:113-119.
Royo C and Serra J. 1993. Triticale for forage and dual-purpose in Catalonia (Spain). In: Triticale Topics. Inter Triticale Assoc No. 10.
Royo C, Soler C, and Romagosa I. 1995. Agronomic and morphologic differentiation among winter and spring triticale. Plant Breed (In press).
Santiveri P, Royo C, and Romagosa I. 1992. Rate of leaf appearance in triticale: Basis of development of a simulation model. In: Resource capture by crops. Proc 2nd Inter Easter School. University of Notttingham, U.K.
Voltas J, Santiveri P, Royo C, and Romagosa I. 1992. Rate and duration of grain filling in triticale. In: Proc 2nd European Soc Agr Cong. Warwick University, UK.
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
Departamento de Biotecnologia, E.T.S. Ing. Agronomos.- C. Universitaria, 28040,
Madrid, Spain.
A. Delibes, I. Lopez Brana, and F. Garcia-Olmedo.
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas
Serrano, 115, 28006, Madrid, Spain.

D. Romero and M.F. Andres.
Universidad de Lleida
Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (UdL-IRTA).


J.A. Martin-Sanchez, E. Sin, C. Martinez, and A. Michelena.

Transfer of genes for resistence to Heterodera avenae from two wild grasses to use in breeding wheat programs.
One dominant gene for resistance to the cereal cyst nematode (CCN), H. avenae Woll., has been transferred to different commercial bread wheat varieties. This gene was found in the H93-8 line (derived from the cross `T. turgidum/Ae. ventricosa//T. aestivum' and self-fertilized to obtain lines with 2n = 42 chromosomes). The gene, Cre2, is not allelic to Cre1 of 'Loros/Aus 10894' and confers resistance to two Spanish populations of CCN tested, four French races (Fr1 - Fr4), and the British pathotype, Ha11, but not to the Swedish pathotypes HgI and HgIII. Lines from the backcross of H93-8 as donor parent, and Yecora, Anza, and Osona as recurrent parents show a high level of resistance and are similar to the recurrent parent in morphology. These lines are being studied from an agronomical point of view.
Using cytological methods (C-banding), RFLP/isozyme analysis, and RAPDs markers, H93-8 was characterized as a disomic substitution 5A (5M^v) and 7D (7M^v). No association has been found between CCN resistance and isoenzymatic markers/RFLPs for the chromosomes 5M^v and 7M^v present in H93-8. Resistance on the 6M^v chromosome was found using wheat/Ae. ventricosa addition lines. However, no genetic markers corresponding to chromosome 6M^v were found in line H93-8.
Another source of resistance from Ae. triuncialis is being tested now. Lines obtained using Ae. triuncialis as donor species and the same bridge (T. turgidum) and recipient (T. aestivum) as before show high levels of resistance to CNN.
Cooperation with other institutions.
We are cooperating with Drs. T. Bleve-Zacheo and M.T. Melillo (CNR-Bari, Italy) in the histochemical localization of enzymes related to H. avenae resistance in wheat. We have initiated a programme to analyse the changes in enzyme activity in the resistant wheat line H93-8 during cyst nematode infection to identify biochemical markers for resistance.

Spanish populations of CCN.
Two Spanish populations of cereal cyst nematode from Santa Olalla (P₁) and Torralba de Calatrava (P₂), selected according to morphometric differences as belonging to the two groups known as true Heterodera avenae and the "Gotland strain" or "British pathotype 3" of H. avenae, were compared on the basis of pathogenicity tests and biochemical analyses (2D-PAGE protein patterns, isozymes, and RAPDs). Pathogenicity tests demonstrate that both populations belong to different resistance groups (Ha1 and Ha2). Reproducible differences in biochemical studies allow the differentiation of both populations and the establishment of their characteristic banding patterns. The results support the idea that the P₁ and P₂ populations belong to different species and explain the differences that occur between some members of the H. avenae complex.
Financial support.
This work was supported by grant AGF92-0062-Co4-03 from CICYT `Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia' of Spain.
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid

A. Delibes and I. Lopez-Brana.

Universidad de Lleida
Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries (UdL-IRTA).

J.A. Martin-Sanchez, E. Sin, C. Martinez, and A. Michelena.

Junta de Extremadura. Servicio de Investigacion Agraria.

J. del Moral and A. Mejias.

A new resistance gene to Mayetiola destructor.
This insect is an important problem in some areas of midwest Spain, such as the south of Badajoz, where decreasing yields sometimes affect more than 35 % of wheat. Line H93-33, obtained in the same way as indicated previously for H93-8 (ref. H. avenae), shows resistance to the M. destructor biotype of this area. This line has been characterized as a 4D (4M^v) substitution line using DNA markers (Xpsr144-H-4M^v, Xpct1-E-4M^v, XAdh-H-4M^v, and Xabm1-E-4M^v); isozyme markers (Acph-M^v1, AdhM^v1, and AmpM^v1); and cytological methods (C-banding). Resistance is inherited as though determined by a single dominant gene. The linkage of the gene for resistance with some 4M^v biochemical markers has been studied for use in the transfer of the gene to bread wheat. Some lines, derived from backcrosses of H93-33 with wheat, are being tested for resistance to Hessian fly.
Financial support.
This work was supported by grant AGF92-0062-Co4-03 from CICYT "Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnologia" of Spain.
Publications and presentations at meetings.
Delibes A, Romero D, Aguaded S, Duce A, Mena M, Lopez-Brana I, Andres MF, Martin-Sanchez JA, and Garcia-Olmedo F. 1993. Resistance to the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.) transferred from the wild grass Aegilops ventricosa to hexaploid wheat by a "stepping stone" procedure. Theor Appl Genet 87:402-408.
Delibes A, Lopez-Brana I, Mena M, Gallego M, Del Moral J, Martin-Sanchez JA, Martinez C, and Sin E. 1994. Transferencia y caracterizacion de un gen de resistencia al insecto Mayetiola destructor procedente de Ae. ventricosa. XXIX Jornadas de Genetica Luso-Espanolas, Lleida, Spain.
Del Moral J, Gallego M, Casado D, and Chica V. 1994. Mayetiola destructor Say. (I) Estudio sobre una plaga del insecto en trigales de Badajoz (Espana). Bol San Veg Plagas 20:187-197.
Del Moral J, Gallego M, Casado D, and Chica V. 1994. Mayetiola destructor Say. (II) Aproximacion a su ciclo biologico en Badajoz y estudio morfologico para diferenciarla de Mayetiola mimeuri Mesnil. Bol San Veg Plagas 20:199-210.
Del Moral J, Gallego M, Casado D, Chica V, Mejias A, and Chacon A. 1994. Mayetiola destructor Say. (III) Terapeutica recomendable contra plagas de este insecto en los trigales de la campina sur de Extremadura. Bol San Veg Plagas 20:211-220.
Del Moral J, Gallego M, Casado D, Chica V, Mejias A, and Chacon A. 1994. Mayetiola destructor Say. (IV) Estudio sobre la fitotecnia del cultivo de trigo relacionada con el parasito. Bol Sa Veg Plagas 20:221-227.
Lopez-Brana I, Delibes A, Mena M, Garcia-Olmedo F, Casado D, Chica V, Gallego M, Del Moral J, and Martin-Sanchez JA. 1993. Caracterizacion de una linea de trigo resistente a Mayetiola destructor obtenida a partir de un cruzamiento [(T. turgidum X Ae. ventricosa) X T. aestivum]. Congreso de la Sociedad Espanola de Bioquimica. San Sebastian.
Melillo MT, Bleve-Zacheo T, Delibes A, Lopez-Brana I, Romero D, and Andres MF. 1994. Histochemical localization of enzymes related to Heterodera avenae resistance in wheat. Nematologica (In press).
Mena M, Doussinault G, Lopez-Brana I, Aguaded S, Garcia-Olmedo F, and Delibes A. 1992. Eyespot resistance gene Pch-1 in H-93 wheat lines. Evidence of linkage to markers of chromosome group 7 and resolution from the endopeptidase locus Ep-D1b. Theor Appl Genet 83:1044-1047.
Mena M, Orellana J, Lopez-Brana I, Garcia-Olmedo F, and Delibes A. 1993. Characterization of wheat/Aegilops ventricosa introgression and addition lines with respect to the Mv genome. Theor Appl Genet 86:197-204.
Romero D, Aguaded S, Lopez-Brana I, Mena M, Delibes A, Valdeolivas A, and Garcia-Olmedo F. 1990. Transfer and characterization of genes for resistance to Heterodera avenae from Aegilops ventricosa to hexaploid wheat. Nematologica 36:388.
Romero D, Delibes A, Lopez-Brana I, Mena M, Duce A, and Andres MF. 1995. Studies of the chromosomic location of a gene conferring resistance to Heterodera avenae transferred from the wild grass to Aegilops ventricosa to hexaploid wheat. Nematologia (In press).
Romero MD, Andres MF, Lopez-Brana I, and Delibes A. 199_. Pathogenic and biochemical comparison of two spanish populations of Heterodera avenae. J Nemat (submitted).
Romero MD, Mena M, Aguaded S, Lopez-Brana I, Delibes A, Duce A, Martinez C, Sin E, Martin-Sanchez JA, and Garcia-Olmedo F. 1992. Characterization of a wheat/Aegilops substitution line resistant to Heterodera avenae and its use in a breeding programme. Nematologica 38:432-433.
Romero MD, Mena M, Aguaded S, Lopez-Brana I, Delibes A, Duce A, Martinez C, Sin E, Martin-Sanchez JA, and Garcia-Olmedo F. 1991. Transfer and characterization of genes for resistance to the cereal cyst nematode. Plant Resistance Newslet 1:28-30.