Parasites

Al Sorkhy, M.K. and Z. Amr (2003). Platyhelminth parasites of some amphibians in Jordan. Turkish Journal of Zoology 27(2): 89-93. ISSN: 1300-0179.
Online: http://mistug.tubitak.gov.tr/bdyim/abs.php?dergi=zoo&rak=0201-8
Descriptors: platyhelminth parasites, amphibians, parasitological survey, Jordan.
Language of Text: English; Turkish.

Aly Khan and F.M. Bilqees (2005). A new trematode, Mehraorchis cribbi sp. nov., from the small intestine of frog. International Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2(3): 517-519. ISSN: 1810-2719.
Online: http://www.ijbbku.org
Descriptors: amphibians, frog, small intestine, trematode, Mehraorchis cribbi, Pakistan.

Barton, D.P. and J. Riley (2004). Raillietiella indica (Pentastomida) from the lungs of the giant toad, Bufo marinus (Amphibia), in Hawaii, U.S.A. Comparative Parasitology 71(2): 251-254. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: giant toad, Bufo marinus, pentastomid parasites, lung, Raillietiella indica, Hawaii.

Bentz, S., N.D. Sinnappah Kang, L.H.S. Lim, B. Lebedev, C. Combes, and O. Verneau (2006). Historical biogeography of amphibian parasites, genus Polystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae). Journal of Biogeography 33(4): 742-749. ISSN: 0305-0270.
NAL Call Number: QH1.J62
Descriptors: amphibian, parasites, Polystoma, hyloids, ranoids, phylogeny, neobatrachian parasites.

Bhutia, P.T. (2006). Trematodes of amphibian. In: J.R.B. Alfred (Editor), Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh (Part 2), State Fauna Series, Zoological Survey of India: Kolkata, p. 49-53. ISBN: 8181710878.
NAL Call Number: QL309 .F357 2006
Descriptors: amphibians, parasites, trematodes, India.

Bilqees, F.M. and Aly Khan (2003). On two new digenetic trematodes from amphibians of Sindh, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 35(3): 211-213. ISSN: 0030-9923.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P3
Descriptors: amphibians, Rana cyanophlyctis, parasite, new nematodes, new species, small intestine, Temiorchis, Loxogenes, Pakistan.

Bolek, M.G. (2006). The role of arthropod second intermediate hosts as avenues for and constraints on the transmission of frog lung flukes (Digenea: Haematoloechidae). Dissertation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln: 198 p.
Online: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/dissertations/AAI3214778/
Descriptors: frog, lung flukes, intermediate hosts, transmission, parasites.
Notes: UMI publication number: AAT 3214778.

Bolek, M.G. and J.R. Coggins (2003). Helminth community structure of sympatric eastern American toad, Bufo americanus americanus, northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, and blue-spotted salamander, Ambystoma laterale, from southeastern Wisconsin. Journal of Parasitology 89(4): 673-680. ISSN: 0022-3395.
NAL Call Number: 448.8 J824
Descriptors: toad, frog, salamander, amphibians, helminth parasites.

Bolek, M.G. and J.R. Coggins (2002). Observations on myiasis by the calliphorid, bufolucilia silvarum, in the eastern american toad (Bufo americanus americanus) from southeastern wisconsin. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38(3): 598-603. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: amphibians, toad, blow flies, myiasis, eggs, maggots, skin penetration, infection.

Bursey, C.R. and S.R. Goldberg (2007). A new species of oxyascaris (nematoda, cosmocercidae) in the costa rica brook frog, Duellmanohyla uranochroa (anura, hylidae). Acta Parasitologica 52(1): 58-61. ISSN: 1230-2821.
NAL Call Number: QL757.A27
Descriptors: amphibians, frog, Duellmanohyla uranochroa, nematode, parasite, new species, oxyascaris, Costa Rica.

Bursey, C.R., S.R.J. Telford, and S.R. Goldberg (2003). Icosiella turgeocauda n. Sp. (Nematoda: onchocercidae) and Seuratascaris numidica (nematoda: ascarididae), parasites of the frog, Rana cancrivora (anura: ranidae), from luzon, republic of the philippines. Journal of Parasitology 89(2): 342-345. ISSN: 0022-3395.
NAL Call Number: 448.8 J824
Descriptors: amphibians, frog, new species of parasites, Icosiella turgeocarda, Seuratascaris numidica, Luzon, Philippines.

Bursey, C.R., D. Vrcibradic, F.H. Hatano, and C.F.D. Rocha (2006). New genus, new species of Acanthocephala (Echinorhynchidae [Echinorhynchida]) from the Brazilian frog Hylodes phyllodes (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Journal of Parasitology 92(2): 353-356. ISSN: 0022-3395.
Descriptors: Brazilian frog, Anuracanthorhynchus tritaxisentis, new species, amphibian hosts, Hylodes phyllodes, Acanthocephala, parasites.

Cabrera Guzman, E., V. Leon Regagnon, and L. Garcia Prieto (2007). Helminth parasites of the leopard frog Rana cf. Forreri (Amphibia : Ranidae) in acapulco, guerrero, mexico. Comparative Parasitology 74(1): 96-107. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, helminth parasites, leopard frog, Mexico, Rana cf. Forreri, cestodes, nematodes, acanthocephalans.

De Martini, L., F. Oneto, M.V. Pastorino, S. Salvidio, E. Buriola, and F. Bona (2006). A non-lethal method to sample gastrointestinal parasites from terrestrial salamanders. Amphibia Reptilia 27(2): 278-280. ISSN: 0173-5373.
Descriptors: amphibians, gastrointestinal parasites, sample methods, non-lethal, terrestrial salamanders.

Doi, T. and H. Hasegawa (2006). First record of a mermithid nematode from a frog in Japan. Current Herpetology 25(1): 35-37. ISSN: 1345-5834.
Descriptors: amphibians, frog, Rana nigromaculata, parasites, mermithid nematode, infection, Japan.

dos Santos, E.M., M.d.C.N. Botelho, and J.B. de Oliveira (2002). Ectoparasitos de anfibios anuros (Anura, Bufonidae) capturados na Estacao Ecologica do Tapacura, Sao Lourenco da Mata, Pernambuco, Brasil. [Ectoparasites of Amphibians (Anura, Bufonidae) captured in the Estacao Ecologica do Tapacura, Pernambuco State, Brazil.]. Entomologia y Vectores 9(1): 105-113. ISSN: 0328-0381.
Descriptors: amphibians, amblyomma, amphibian hosts, Bufo, ectoparasite survey, Brazil, Pernambuco, Estacao Ecologica do Tapacura, ectoparasites of amphibian hosts.
Language of Text: Portuguese; Summary in English and Portuguese.

Duncan, A.E., M.M. Garner, J.L. Bartholomew, T.A. Reichard, and R.W. Nordhausen (2004). Renal myxosporidiasis in Asian horned frogs (Megophrys nasuta). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35(3): 381-386. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: amphibians, Asian horned frogs, Megophyrs nasuta, renal myxosporidiasis, parasite, kidneys, nephritis.

Dusen, S. (2007). Helminths of the two mountain frogs, banded frog, Rana camerani Boulenger, 1886 and Uludag frog Rana macrocnemis Boulenger, 1885 (Anura: Ranidae), collected from the Antalya province. Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi 31(1): 84-88. ISSN: 1300-6320.
Abstract: In this study, two mountain frogs (Rana camerani and Rana macrocnemis) were collected in the Antalya Province in south-western Turkey during 2001 and 2002 and were examined for helminths. Out of 15 Rana camerani, 10 (66.7%) were infected with 1 or more helminths and out of 20 Rana macrocnemis, 17 (85%) were infected with 1 or more helminths. The helminth fauna of Rana camerani included 4 species of which were 3 trematode species (Haplometra cylindracea, Pleurogenoides medians, Opisthioglyphe rastellus), and 1 nematode species (Cosmocerca ornata). The helminth fauna of Rana macrocnemis included 3 species with 1 trematode species (H. cylindracea), 1 nematode species (C. ornata), and 1 acanthocephalan species (Acanthocephalus ranae). H. cylindracea and C. ornata were observed in both of the mountain frogs.
Descriptors: amphibians, frogs, Rana, helminth parasites, trematode, nematode, Acanthocephala, Antalya province, Turkey.

Dusen, S. and M. Oz (2004). Helminth parasites of the tree frog, Hyla arborea (Anura: Hylidae) from Southwest Turkey. Comparative Parasitology 71(2): 258-261. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, tree frog, Hyla arborea, helminth parasites, monogenetic trematode, Turkey.

Dusen, S. and M. Oz (2006). Helminths of the marsh frog, Rana ridibunda pallas, 1771 (Anura : Ranidae), from antalya province, southwestern Turkey. Comparative Parasitology 73(1): 121-129. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, marsh frog, Rana ribidunda, helminths, infected, Turkey.

Eiras, J.C. (2005). An overview on the myxosporean parasites in amphibians and reptiles. Acta Parasitologica 50(4): 267-275. ISSN: 1230-2821.
NAL Call Number: QL757.A27
Descriptors: amphibians, reptiles, parasites, myxosporean, overview, parasite species.

Ford, T.R., D.L. Dillehay, and D.M. Mook (2004). Cutaneous acariasis in the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Comparative Medicine. 54(6): 713-717. ISSN: 1532-0820.
NAL Call Number: SF77.C65
Descriptors: African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, skin lesions, histopathology, laboratory animals, contamination, cutaneous acariasis, parasites.

Ghazi, R.R., A. Khan, and Noorun Nisa (2005). Two new species of helminth parasites from frog (Rana tigrina Daudin). Pakistan Journal of Zoology 37(2): 107-111. ISSN: 0030-9923.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P3
Descriptors: amphibians, frog, Rana tigrina, helminth parasites, two new species, Rana tigrina.

Gillilland, M.G.I. and P.M. Muzzall (2002). Amphibians, trematodes, and deformities: An overview from southern Michigan. Comparative Parasitology 69(1): 81-85. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, parasites, platyhelminthes, nematoda, amphibian hosts, host deformities, Michigan, USA, review.

Goldberg, S.R. and C.R. Bursey (2003). Helminths of the Ezo brown frog, Rana pirica (Ranidae), from Hokkaido Island, Japan. Pacific Science 57(2): 167-169. ISSN: 0030-8870.
NAL Call Number: 475 P11
Descriptors: amphibians, Exo brown frog, Rana pirica, parasites, helminths, Japan.

Goldberg, S.R., C.R. Bursey, J.D. Trujillo, and H. Kaiser (2002). Intestinal helminths of seven frog species from Trinidad and Tobago. Caribbean Journal of Science 38(1-2): 147-150. ISSN: 0008-6452.
Descriptors: frogs, Cylindrotaenia americana, Cestoda, Acanthocephala, amphibian hosts, Hyla microcephala, Trinidad, Tobago, amphibian host, prevalence.

Goldberg, S.R., C.R. Bursey, and C. Wong (2002). Helminths of the western chorus frog from eastern Alberta, Canada. Northwest Science 76(1): 77-79. ISSN: 0029-344X.
Online: https://research.wsulibs.wsu.edu
NAL Call Number: 470 N81
Descriptors: frog, amphibians, Apharyngostrigea pipientis, Choledocystus pennsylvaniensis, (digenea), Cylindrotaenia americana, (cestoda), Oswaldocruzia leidyi, Rhabdias ranae, (Nematoda), amphibian hosts, Pseudacris triseriata, new host record, amphibian host, Alberta Canada.

Gupta, N., P. Chandra and M. Bhaskar (2004). Oxysomatium in amphibians and reptiles: occurrence and adaptability. In: A. Verma (Editor), Zoology and Human Welfare, S.P. Mukherjee Government Degree College: Phaphamau, p. 367-370.
Descriptors: amphibians, Bufo melanostictus, Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Rana tigrina, reptiles, nematode parasites, Oxysomatium bareilliana, parasites.

Gupta, N. and A.W. Khan (2002). Haemogregarina bareilliana n. sp., a blood inhabiting gregarine parasite from the toad, Bufo melanostictus. Himalayan Journal of Environment and Zoology 16(1-2): 281-286. ISSN: 0970-2903.
Descriptors: amphibians, Haemogregarina bareilliana, amphibian hosts, toad, Bufo melanostictus, blood inhabiting gregarine parasite.

Hagman, M., T. Pape, and R. Schulte (2005). Flesh fly myiasis (Diptera, Sarcophagidae) in Peruvian poison frogs genus Epipedobates (Anura, Dendrobatidae). Phyllomedusa 4(1): 69-73. ISSN: 1519-1397.
Descriptors: amphibians, poison frogs, flesh fly myiasis, Diptera, Anura.

Hamann, M.I., C.E. Gonzalez, and A.I. Kehr (2006). Helminth community structure of the oven frog leptodactylus latinasus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from Corrientes, Argentina. Acta Parasitologica 51(4): 294-299. ISSN: 1230-2821.
NAL Call Number: QL757.A27
Descriptors: amphibians, oven frog, Leptodactylus latinasus, helminth communit structure, trematodes, nematodes, kidneys, small intestine, pharyngeal zone, infection, Argentina.

Hanna, A.A. and J.E. Joy (2003). Oswaldocruzia pipiens (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from the eastern american toad, Bufo americanus americanus (Salienta: Bufonidae), in West Virginia, USA. Comparative Parasitology 70(1): 92-96. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, toad, Bufo americanus americanus, parasites, Nematoda, Oswaldocruzia pipens, small intestine, West Virginia, USA.

Hasegawa, H. and M. Asakawa (2004). Parasitic nematodes recorded from amphibians and reptiles in Japan. Current Herpetology 23(1): 27-35. ISSN: 1345-5834.
Descriptors: amphibians, reptiles, nematode parasites, Japan.

Hasegawa, H., T. Doi, T. Tochimoto, and A. Myata (2002). Parasitic helminths collected from the Japanese giant salamander, Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1837) (Amphibia: Cryptobranchidae), in Japan. Comparative Parasitology 69(1): 33-42. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, salamander, Andrias japonicus, digenea, nematoda, amphibian hosts, alimentary tract survey, including parasite systematics and new host records, Japan, amphibain host, alimentary tract survey including parasite systematics and new host records.

Hsu, C.C., D.B. Carter, D.A. Williams, and C.L. Besch Williford (2004). Haematoloechus sp. infection in wild-caught northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 43(6): 14-16. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Descriptors: leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, laboratory animals, trematode infections, Plagiorchiidae, lungs.

Ikramov, E.F. and D.A. Azimov (2004). Gel'minty amfibii Ferganskoi doliny Uzbekistana. [Helminths of amphibians of the Fergana valley of Uzbekistan]. Parazitologiia 38(1): 81-87. ISSN: 0031-1847.
NAL Call Number: QL757.A1P32
Abstract: Species diversity and some ecological peculiarities of helminthes parasitizing amphibians in the Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan have been investigated. In 652 examined specimens of amphibians (Bufo viridis--237, Rana ridibunda--415 specimens), have been found 32 helminth species belonging to 26 genera of 12 families.
Descriptors: amphibians, helminths, parasitizing amphibians, Bufo, Rana, Fergana valley, Uzbekistan.
Language of Text: Russian.

Ikramov, E.F. and D.A. Azimov (2003). Two new nematode species found in amphibians and reptilians from the north part of Fergana Plain, Uzbekistan. Parazitologiya 37(6): 512-516. ISSN: 0031-1847.
NAL Call Number: QL757.A1P32
Descriptors: amphibians, parasitic nematodes, new species, taxonomy, Bufo viridis, Nematoda, reptiles, Testudo, tortoise, toad, Uzbekistan.
Language of Text: Russian; Summary in English.

Ikromov, E.F., J.A. Azimov, and Cho MyoungRae (2004). The helminth fauna of lake frog (Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771) in Ferghana Valley, Uzbekistan. Journal of Asia Pacific Entomology 7(2): 137-141. ISSN: 1226-8615.
Descriptors: amphibians, helminth fauna, lake frog, hekminth species, nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, acanthocephalans, Uzbekistan.

Jirku, M., M.G. Bolek, C.M. Whipps, J.J. Janovy, M.L. Kent, and D. Modry (2006). A new species of Myxidium (Myxosporea: Myxidiidae), from the western chorus frog, Pseudacris triseriata triseriata, and Blanchard's cricket frog, Acris crepitans blanchardi (Hylidae), from eastern Nebraska: Morphology, phylogeny, and critical comments on amphibian Myxidium taxonomy. Journal of Parasitology 92(3): 611-619. ISSN: 0022-3395.
Descriptors: chorusfrog, cricket frog, new species of Myxidium, phylogeny, morphology, Myxidium taxonomy, amphibian, comments., Nebraska, USA.

Johnson, P.T., D.R. Sutherland, J.M. Kinsella, and K.B. Lunde (2004). Review of the trematode genus Ribeiroia (Psilostomidae): ecology, life history and pathogenesis with special emphasis on the amphibian malformation problem. Advances in Parasitology 57: 191-253. ISSN: 0065-308X.
NAL Call Number: 436.8 Ad9
Abstract: Trematodes in the genus Ribeiroia have an indirect life cycle involving planorbid snails as first intermediate hosts, fishes or amphibians as second intermediate hosts and birds or mammals as definitive hosts. Although rarely pathogenic in definitive hosts, Ribeiroia infection can cause severe pathology and mortality in snails and amphibians. This group of parasites has gained notoriety for its prominent role in the recent rash of amphibian deformities in North America. Under some circumstances, these malformations may enhance parasite transmission by rendering infected amphibian hosts more susceptible to definitive host predators. However, increasing reports of malformations in North American amphibian populations emphasize the importance of understanding infection patterns. Here we review important aspects of the biology, ecology, life cycle and pathogenesis of parasites in the genus Ribeiroia and identify priorities for future research. Based on available morphological descriptions and preliminary molecular data, three species of Ribeiroia are recognized: R. ondatrae in the Americas, R. marini in the Caribbean and R. congolensis/C. lileta in Africa. We further evaluate the influence of abiotic and biotic factors in determining the intensity and prevalence of Ribeiroia infection and malformations in amphibians, highlighting the importance of habitat alteration and secondary factors (e.g. aquatic eutrophication, contaminants) in promoting infection. Although not a "new" parasite, Ribeiroia may have increased in range, prevalence, or intensity in recent years, particularly within amphibian hosts. Nevertheless, while much is known about this intriguing group of parasites, there remains much that we do not know. Particular importance for future research is placed on the following areas: evaluating the phylogenetic position of the genus, establishing the molecular mechanism of parasite-induced malformations in amphibians, isolating the drivers of parasite transmission under field conditions and studying the consequences of malformations for parasite and host populations. Investigation of these questions will benefit enormously from a multidisciplinary approach that effectively integrates parasitology, developmental biology, immunology, herpetology and aquatic ecology.
Descriptors: amphibians, Ribeiroia, bird diseases, fish diseases, host parasite relations, life cycle stages, snails, trematode infections, parasitology.

Johnson, P.T.J. and J.M. Chase (2004). Parasites in the food web: Linking amphibian malformations and aquatic eutrophication. Ecology Letters 7(7): 521-526. ISSN: 1461-023X.
NAL Call Number: QH540.E262
Descriptors: amphibians, aquatic animals, parasites, food web, malformations, emerging diseases, Ribeiroia ondatrae, aquatic eutrophication.

Johnson, P.T.J. and D.R. Sutherland (2003). Amphibian deformities and Ribeiroia infection: an emerging helminthiasis. Trends in Parasitology 19(8): 332-335. ISSN: 1471-4922.
NAL Call Number: QL757.P374
Descriptors: amphibians, deformities, emerging helminthiasis, malformed, trematode, Ribeiroia, infection, transmission.

Johnson, P.T., K.B. Lunde, D.A. Zelmer, and K. Werner (2003). Amphibian malformations and parasite infection: an emerging disease? Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts 88: 171. ISSN: 0012-9623.
Online: http://www.esapubs.org/bulletin/current/current.htm
Descriptors: amphibians, malformations, parasite infection, emerging disease, meeting.
Notes: Meeting Information: 88th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America held jointly with the International Society for Ecological Modeling - North American Chapter, Savannah, Georgia, USA; August 03-08, 2003.

Johnson, P.T.J. and K.B. Lunde (2005). Parasite infection and limb malformations: A growing problem in amphibian conservation. In: M.J. Lannoo (Editor), Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species., University of California Press.: Berkeley, CA, p. 124-138. ISBN: 0520235924.
NAL Call Number: QL644.7 .A48 2005
Descriptors: amphibians, limbs, parasites, limb malformations, diseases, amphibian declines.

Johnson, P.T.J., K.B. Lunde, E.M. Thurman, E.G. Ritchie, S.N. Wray, D.R. Sutherland, J.M. Kapfer, T.J. Frest, J. Bowerman, and A.R. Blaustein (2002). Parasite (Ribeiroia ondatrae) infection linked to amphibian malformations in the western United States. Ecological Monographs 72(2): 151-168. ISSN: 0012-9615.
NAL Call Number: 410 Ec72
Descriptors: amphibians, Ribeiroia ondatrae, amphibian hosts, relationship between infection and limb malformations, USA, west, limb malformations in amphibian hosts.

Johnson, P.T.J., K.B. Lunde, D.A. Zelmer, and J.K. Werner (2003). Limb deformities as an emerging parasitic disease in amphibians: Evidence from museum specimens and resurvey data. Conservation Biology 17(6): 1724-1737. ISSN: 0888-8892.
NAL Call Number: QH75.A1C5
Descriptors: amphibians, limbs deformities, parasitic disease, emerging parasitic disease, museum specimens, resurvey data.
Language of Text: English; Spanish.

Johnson, P.T.J., E.R. Preu, D.R. Sutherland, J.M. Romansic, B. Han, and A.R. Blaustein (2006). Adding infection to injury: synergistic effects of predation and parasitism on amphibian malformations. Ecology 87(9): 2227-2235. ISSN: 0012-9658.
Descriptors: amphibians, malformations, trematode infection, parasitic disease, infectious disease, predation, synergistic effect, parasitism.

Johnson, P.T.J. and D.R. Sutherland (2003). Amphibian deformities and Ribeiroia infection: An emerging helminthiasis. Trends in Parasitology 19(8): 332-335. ISSN: 1471-4922.
NAL Call Number: QL757.P374
Descriptors: amphibians, parasites, Ribeiroia ondatrae, infection, deformities, emerging helminthiasis.

Kalavati, C. and B. Narayana Rao (2005). Leptotheca mackenzii n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infecting the urinary bladder of the frog, Lemnectus [Limnonectes] limnocharis. Journal of Environment and Sociobiology 2(1-2): 25-32.
Descriptors: amphibians, frog, parasites, myxozoa, infection, urinary bladder.

Kardousha, M.M. (2002). Preliminary survey on parasites infecting some amphibian and reptilian species from United Arab Emirates and Qatar. Qatar University Science Journal 22: 137-151. ISSN: 1023-8948.
Descriptors: amphibian, reptilian, parasites, infecting, preliminary survey, species, United Arab Emitates, Qatar.
Language of Text: Arabic; English.

Khidr, A.A., O.A. Abu Samak, and O.M. Abd El Manem (2002). Intensity of some intestinal parasites infecting the maculated toad, Bufo regularis in Damietta Governorate, Egypt. Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology 38(D): 31-46. ISSN: 1110-5356.
NAL Call Number: QL1.E49
Descriptors: amphibians, toad, Bufo regularis, protozoa, digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, amphibian hosts, intestinal parasites prevalence, distribution within host, Egypt Damietta Governorate.
Language of Text: Arabic; English.

Kiesecker, J.M. (2002). Synergism between trematode infection and pesticide exposure: a link to amphibian limb deformities in nature? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 99(15): 9900-9904. ISSN: print: 0027-8424; online: 1091-6490.
NAL Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: The apparently rapid increase in the prevalence of amphibian limb deformities has led to substantial interest from ecologists and public health professionals. Hypotheses proposed to explain the deformities fall into two broad categories: chemical contaminants and trematode infection. Although there are convincing experimental demonstrations that certain factors can lead to some deformities, the causes for recent increases in amphibian malformation remain controversial. Moreover, no experimental studies on amphibian deformities have been conducted in the field, and no studies have attempted to examine the synergistic effects of trematode infection and exposure to chemical contaminants. Here, I present the results of field and laboratory experiments that link increased trematode infection, and increased limb deformities, to pesticide exposure. Field experiments conclusively demonstrated that exposure to trematode infection was required for the development of limb deformities in wood frogs, Rana sylvatica. However, deformities were more common at sites adjacent to agricultural runoff. Laboratory experiments corroborated the association between pesticide exposure and increased infection with pesticide-mediated immunocompetency as the apparent mechanism. Given the conservative contaminant exposure levels used [Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking water standards] and the widespread use of many pesticides, these negative impacts may help to explain pathogen-mediated amphibian declines in many regions.
Descriptors: wood frogs, Rana, trematode infections, Trematoda, water pollution, ponds, runoff, agricultural land, pesticide residues, organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, atrazine, esfenvalerate, limbs (animal), deformities, ribeiroia, telorchis, Pennsylvania.

Kirin, D. and G. Buchvarov (2002). Biodiversity of the helminths communities of acaudated amphibians (Amphibia - Ecaudata) from Bistritsa riverside (Gotse Delchev region). Experimental Pathology and Parasitology 5(8): 13-16. ISSN: 1311-6851.
Descriptors: amphibians, helminths, biodiversity, parasites, nematodes, Bistritsa riverside, Bulgaria.

Kohn, A., S.C. Cohen, and G. Salgado Maldonado (2006). Checklist of Monogenea parasites of freshwater and marine fishes, amphibians and reptiles from Mexico, Central America and Caribbean. Zootaxa 1289: 1-114. ISSN: 1175-5326.
Descriptors: amphibians, reptilians, checklists, Monogenea parasites, fresh water, marine fishes, Mexico, Central America, Caribbean.

Kuchbaev, A.E., E.B. Shakarbaev, and I.S.H. Kucharova (2002). Helminths of the amphibians in the Uzbekistan. Uzbekskii Biologicheskii Zhurnal 1: 39-43. ISSN: 0042-1685.
Descriptors: amphibians, parasites, Digenea, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, amphibian hosts, Bufo viridis, Rana ridibunda, parasite prevalence, Uzbekistan.
Language of Text: Uzbek; Summary in English and Russian.

Kuperman, B.I., V.E. Matey, R.N. Fisher, E.L. Ervin, M.L. Warburton, L. Bakhireva, and C.A. Lehman (2004). Parasites of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, in Southern California, U.S.A. Comparative Parasitology 71(2): 229-232. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, parasites, Southern California.

Kuzmin, Y., V.V. Tkach, and D.R. Brooks (2007). Two new species of Rhabdias sp. (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from the marine toad, Bufo marinus (L.) (Lissamphibia: Anura: Bufonidae), in Central America. Journal of Parasitology. 93(1): 159-165. ISSN: 0022-3395.
Abstract: Two new Rhabdias species are described from the lungs of the cane toad Bufo marinus (L.) from Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Rhabdias alabialis n. sp. differs from other known species of the genus by the remarkable morphology of its head end, i.e., the absence of lips or pseudolabia, the slitlike oral opening, and the triangular shape of the buccal capsule in apical view. Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala n. sp. is identified as a form previously known in Central and South America as Rhabdias sphaerocephala Goodey, 1924, a species initially described from toads in Europe. The new species is differentiated from R. sphaerocephala based on head-end morphology and sequences of nuclear rDNA.
Descriptors: amphibians, Bufo marinus, parasitology, Rhabditida infections, rhabditoidea classification, DNA, helminth chemistry, lung parasitology, microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, rhabditoidea anatomy, histology, genetics, ultrastructure, Costa Rica, Nicaragua.

Kuzmin, Y., V.V. Tkach, and S.D. Snyder (2003). The nematode genus Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from amphibians and reptiles of the Nearctic. Comparative Parasitology 70(2): 101-114. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, nematode, genus Rhabdias, reptiles, Nearctic.

Lainson, R., I. Paperna, and R.D. Naiff (2003). Development of Hepatozoon caimani (Carini, 1909) pessoa, de biasi & de souza, 1972 in the Caiman caiman c. Crocodilus, the frog Rana catesbeiana and the mosquito Culex fatigans. Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 98(1): 103-113. ISSN: 0074-0276.
Online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762003000100014
Descriptors: amphibians, reptiles, frog, Rana, Crocodile, Caiman, mosquito, parasite, gametocytes, blood, cysts, Hepatozoon caimani.

Lopez, L.C.S., D.A. Goncalves, A. Mantovani, and R.I. Rios (2002). Bromeliad ostracods pass through amphibian (Scinaxax perpusillus) and mammalian guts alive. Hydrobiologia 485: 209-211. ISSN: 0018-8158.
Descriptors: amphibians, tadpoles, digestive tract, Scinax perpusillus, Bromeliad ostracods, pass through gut unharmed.

Luque, J.L., A.N. Martins, and L.E.R. Tavares (2005). Community structure of metazoan parasites of the yellow Cururu toad, Bufo ictericus (Anura, Bufonidae) from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Acta Parasitologica 50(3): 215-220. ISSN: 1230-2821.
NAL Call Number: QL757.A27
Descriptors: amphibians, Bufo ictericus, toad, metazoan parasites, community structure, nematodes, digeneans, Brazil.

McAllister, C.T. and C.R. Bursey (2005). Endoparasites of the eastern narrowmouth toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis (Anura: Microhylidae), from Northwestern Louisiana and Northeastern Texas, U.S.A. Comparative Parasitology 72(1): 124-128. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, narrowmouth toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis, endoparasites, nematode, protozoan, Texas, Louisiana, USA.

McAllister, C.T. and C.R. Bursey (2004). Endoparasites of the dark-sided salamander, Eurycea longicauda melanopleura, and the cave salamander, Eurycea lucifuga (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from two caves in Arkansas, U.S.A. Comparative Parasitology 71(1): 61-66. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, dark sided salamander, Eurycea longicauda melanopleura, cave salamander, Eurycea lucifuga, endoparasites, caves, Arkansas, USA.

Mcallister, C.T. and C.R. Bursey (2003). Bothriocephalus rarus (Cestoidea: Pseudophyllidea) from the dwarf salamander, Eurycea quadridigitata (Amphibia: Caudata), in southern Arkansas, with a review of this tapeworm species in other salamander hosts. Texas Journal of Science 55(3): 277-281. ISSN: 0040-4403.
NAL Call Number: 470 T31
Descriptors: amphibians, salamander, Eurycea quadridigitata, tapeworm, hosts, Bothriocephalus rarus, cestode, Arkansas, USA.

McAllister, C.T., C.R. Bursey, S.E. Trauth, and D.B. Fenolio (2006). Helminth parasites of the grotto salamander, Eurycea spelaea (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from Northern Arkansas and Southern Missouri, U.S.A. Comparative Parasitology 73(2): 291-297. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, grotto salamander, Eurycea spelaea, helminth parasites, larvae, trematode, cestode, Arkansas, Missouri, USA.

Merila, J. and M. Sterner (2002). Medicinal leeches (hirudo medicinalis) attacking and killing adult amphibians. Annales Zoologici Fennici 39(4): 343-346. ISSN: 0003-455X.
NAL Call Number: 410 AN712
Descriptors: amphibians, parasites, medicinal leeches, Hirudo medicinalis, attacking, killing, adult amphibians.

Mitchell, J.C. (2004). Occurrence of intradermal mite, Hannemania sp. (Acarina: Trombiculidae), parasites in two species of amphibians in Virginia. Banisteria 23: 50-51. ISSN: 1066-0712.
Descriptors: amphibians, parasites, intradermal mite, Hannemania sp., Acarina, Trombiculidae, Virginia.

Perez Ponce De Leon, G., L. Garcia Prieto, and U. Razo Mendivil (2002). Species richness of helminth parasites in Mexican amphibians and reptiles. Diversity and Distributions 8(4): 211-218. ISSN: 1366-9516.
NAL Call Number: QH75.A1B573
Descriptors: amphibians, parasites, platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Hirudinea, Acanthocephala, literature review, amphibian hosts, reptilian hosts, parasite diversity, amphibian and reptilian hosts, review, Mexico.

Pessier, A.P. (2002). An overview of amphibian skin disease. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 11(3): 162-174. ISSN: 1055-937X.
NAL Call Number: SF994.2.A1S36
Descriptors: amphibians, skin diseases, overview, parasites.

Poly, W.J. (2003). Argulus ambystoma, a new species parasitic on the salamander Ambystoma dumerilii from Mexico (Crustacea: Branchiura: Argulidae). Ohio Journal of Science 103(3): 52-61. ISSN: 0030-0950.
NAL Call Number: 410 Oh3
Descriptors: amphibians, salamander, Argulus, parasite, new species, Argulus ambystoma, Ambystoma dumerilii Duges, diagnostic characters, Mexico, dorsal pore.

Pritchett, K.R. and G.E. Sanders (2007). Epistylididae ectoparasites in a colony of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 46(2): 86-91. ISSN: 1559-6109.
NAL Call Number: SF405.3.A23
Abstract: This report describes the discovery and treatment of a multiagent infection in a captive colony of adult, female Xenopus laevis. Animals were determined to be infected with Saprolegnia sp, a relatively common fungal parasite in laboratory-housed frogs, and a less common ectoparasite, Epistylis sp, that had been described only once before in frogs. We discuss the diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of Epistylis and the importance of water-quality monitoring and husbandry in the care of these research animals.
Descriptors: amphibians, African clawed frogs, ectoparasites, Epistylis, fungal parasite, Saprolegnia, laboratory housed frogs, diagnosis, patholgy, treatment.

Puga, S. and J.R. Formas (2005). Ophiotaenia calamensis, a new species of proteocephalid tapeworm from the Andean aquatic frog Telmatobius dankoi (Leptodactylidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 118(2): 245-250. ISSN: 0006-324X.
NAL Call Number: 500 W272
Descriptors: aquatic frog, Telmatobius dankoi, parasites, tapeworm, Ophiotaenia calamensis, proteocephalid, new species.

Raffel, T.R., J.R. Dillard, and P.J. Hudson (2006). Field evidence for leech-borne transmission of amphibian Ichthyophonus sp. Journal of Parasitology 92(6): 1256-1264. ISSN: 0022-3395.
Descriptors: amphibians, infection, Ichthyophonus infection, leech borne, fungal disease, transmission.

Ragoo, R.M. and I.R. Omah Maharaj (2003). Helminths of the cane toad Bufo marinus from Trinidad, West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science 39(2): 242-245. ISSN: 0008-6452.
Descriptors: cane toad, Bufo marinus, helminths, parasites, Trinidad, West Indies.

Schotthoefer, A.M., A.V. Koehler, C.U. Meteyer, and R.A. Cole (2003). Influence of Ribeiroia ondatrae (Trematoda: Digenea) infection on limb development and survival of northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens): Effects of host stage and parasite-exposure level. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81(7): 1144-1153. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, limb development, parasites, Ribeiroia ondatrae, limb development and survival, effect of host stage and parasite exposure level.
Language of Text: English; French.

Shazly, M.A.A. (2003). Erythrocytic and merogonic stages of Hepatozoon ridibundae sp. nov. infecting the Arabian ranid frogs, Rana ridibunda in Saudi Arabia with reflections on the hemogregarine complex. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 33(2): 497-516. ISSN: 1110-0583.
NAL Call Number: QL757.J65
Descriptors: ranid frogs, Rana ridibunda, amphibians, Hepatozoon ridibundae species, erythrocytic, merogonic, stages, haemogregarine complex, parasites, Saudi Arabia.

Shimalov, V.V. (2002). The helminth fauna of amphibians of open channels in meliorated regions of the Belorussian Polesie. Parazitologiya 36(4): 304-309. ISSN: 0031-1847.
NAL Call Number: QL757.A1P32
Descriptors: amphibians, helminth fauna, parasites, Belorussian Polesie, Russia.
Language of Text: Russian; Summary in English and Russian.

Smales, L.R. (2005). Acanthocephalans from some frogs and toads (Anura) and chameleons (Squamata) from Tanzania with the description of a new species. Journal of Parasitology 91(6): 1459-1464. ISSN: 0022-3395.
Descriptors: frogs, toads, chameleons, Acanthocephalans, hosts, anura, Tanzania.

Smith, K.G. (2007). Use of quantitative PCR assay for amphibian chytrid detection: Comment on Kriger et al. (2006a,b). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 73(3): 253-255. ISSN: print: 0177-5103; online: 1616-1580.
Descriptors: amphibians, parasitology, chytridiomycota, isolation, purification, mycoses, assay, polymerase chain reaction, chytridiomycota genetics, diagnosis, spores, fungal isolation.
Notes: Comment On: Dis Aquat Organ. 2006 Jul 25;71(2):141-8.

Stopper, G.F., L. Hecker, R.A. Franssen, and S.K. Sessions (2002). How trematodes cause limb deformities in amphibians. Journal of Experimental Zoology 294(3): 252-263. ISSN: 0022-104X.
NAL Call Number: 410 J825
Descriptors: amphibians, Rana, trematodes, limb deformities, cause, parasites, cysts, life cycle.

Sutherland, D. (2005). Parasites of North American frogs. In: M.J. Lannoo (Editor), Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. University of California Press.: Berkeley, CA, p. 109-123. ISBN: 0520235924.
NAL Call Number: QL644.7 .A48 2005
Descriptors: frogs, parasites, diseases, North America.

Tkach, V.V., Y. Kuzmin, and E.E. Pulis (2006). A new species of Rhabdias from lungs of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica, in North America: The last sibling of Rhabdias ranae? Journal of Parasitology. 92(3): 631-636. ISSN: 0022-3395.
Descriptors: wood frog, Rana pipiens, nematodes, parasites, Rhabdias bakeri, lungs, new species.

Veena Tandon, R. Imkongwapang, and P.K. Prasad (2005). On two new species of the trematode genera, Opisthioparorchis Wang, 1980 and Batrachotrema Dollfus and Williams, 1966 (Batrachotrematidae), with a report of a Chinese species of Opisthioparorchis from anuran amphibian hosts in India. Zoos' Print 20(6): 1883-1887. ISSN: print: 0971-6378; online: 0973-2543.
Descriptors: amphibians, frogs, trematode genera, anuran, two new species, Opisthioparorchis, Batrachotrema, India.

Whitehouse, C.A. (2002). A study of the frog lung fluke Haematoloechus (Trematoda: Haematoloechidae) collected from areas of Kentucky and Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 111(1): 67-76. ISSN: 0073-6767.
NAL Call Number: 500 IN2
Descriptors: amphibians, frogs, toads, Rana, Haematoloechus, lung fluke, study, parasite morphology, Indiana, Kentucky, USA.

Wilson, W.D., P.T.J. Johnson, D.R. Sutherland, H. Mone, and E.S. Loker (2005). A molecular phylogenetic study of the genus Ribeiroia (Digenea): Trematodes known to cause limb malformations in amphibians. Journal of Parasitology 91(5): 1040-1045. ISSN: 0022-3395.
NAL Call Number: 448.8 J824
Descriptors: amphibians, Ribeiroia, limb malformations, trematodes, cause of malformations, molecular phylogenetic study.

Wohltmann, A., J. Koehler, and P. Martin (2006). Endoparasitic mite infections of anuran amphibians from bolivian montane rain forests, with descriptions of two new Hannemania species (Acari : Parasitengona : Trombiculidae : Leeuwenhoekiinae). Organisms Diversity and Evolution 6(2): 141-150. ISSN: 1439-6092.
Descriptors: amphibians, parasites, mite infections, endoparasitc, anuran, new Hannemania species, chiggers, Bufonidae, Leptodactylidae.

Xiao, W.H., J.G. Wang, and L.X. Li (2002). Taxonomic studies of parasitic nyctotherans from Chinese Anura amphibians III. Wichtermania. Zoological Studies 41(1): 69-76. ISSN: 1021-5506.
NAL Call Number: QL307.2.C54
Descriptors: amphibians, Rana spinosa, Wichtermania granuliformis, Wichtermania reticulatis, ( heterotrichida ), amphibian hosts, Guangxi Zhuang, new species from amphibian host, China.
Language of Text: Chinese; English.

Yildirimhan, H.S., C.R. Bursey, and S.R. Goldberg (2006). Helminth parasites of the Taurus frog, Rana holtzi, and the Uludag frog, Rana macrocnemis, with remarks on the helminth community of Turkish Anurans. Comparative Parasitology 73(2): 237-248. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: Amphibians, Taurus frog, Rana holtzi, Uludag frog, Rana macrocnemis, helminth parasites, Polystoma macrocnemis, Acanthocephalus ranae, hosts, Turkey.

Yildirimhan, H.S., S.R. Goldberg, and C.R. Bursey (2006). Helminth parasites of the banded frog Rana camerani (Ranidae) from Turkey. Comparative Parasitology 73(2): 222-236. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, banded frog, Rana camerani, helminth parasites, Turkey.

Yildirimhan, H.S., F.N. Altunel, and I.H. Ugurtas (2006). Bursa, Edirne ve Sakarya'dan toplanan Hyla arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) (agac kurbagasi)'nin helmint parazitleri. [Helminth parasites of Hyla arborea (Linnaeus, 1758) (tree frog) collected from Bursa, Edirne and Sakarya.]. Turkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi 30(1): 56-58. ISSN: 1300-6320.
Descriptors: amphibians, tree frog, Hyla arborea, helminth parasites, Turkey.
Language of Text: Turkish; Summary in English and Turkish.

Yildirimhan, H.S. and E. Karadeniz (2007). Helminth parasites of the common toad, Bufo bufo (linnaeus, 1758) (Anura : Bufonidae) from northeast Turkey. Comparative Parasitology 74(1): 176-178. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, toad, Bufo bufo, helminth parasites, nematoda, acanthocephala, Turkey.

Yldrmhan, H.S., C.R. Bursey, and S.R. Goldberg (2005). Helminth parasites of the Caucasian salamander, Mertensiella caucasica, from Turkey. Comparative Parasitology 72(1): 75-87. ISSN: 1525-2647.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: amphibians, Caucasian salamander, Mertensiella caucasica , helminth parasites, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, Monogenea, Acanthcephala, Turkey.

Yoshikawa, H., K. Morimoto, M. Nagashima, and N. Miyamoto (2004). A survey of Blastocystis infection in anuran and urodele amphibians. Veterinary Parasitology 122(2): 91-102. ISSN: 0304-4017.
NAL Call Number: SF810.V4
Abstract: Blastocystis infection in amphibians was surveyed in three species of anuran and one species of urodele amphibians captured at two distinct locations in Japan. All three species of frogs were highly infected with Blastocystis, while 69 individual urodele newts, Cynopus pyrrhogaster, were negative for infection. Eleven Blastocystis isolates (47.8%) were recovered from 23 Rana nigromaculata leopard frogs. Twenty-three (92%) of 25 Rana catesbeiana bullfrogs and all (100%) of 24 Bufo japonicus japonicus toads were positive for Blastocystis. Two distinct populations of the toad and bullfrog showed a high prevalence (100 or 84.6%) of Blastocystis infection, while in two populations of the leopard frog only one population was positive for Blastocystis (84.6%). Three Blastocystis isolates from different species of the frogs were established. Since none of the three isolates could survive at 37 degrees C, a temperature tolerance assay was performed to assess the optimal growth temperature and to determine the range of non-lethal temperatures. During the exponential growth phase of 3- or 4-day cultures at 25 degrees C, three isolates were exposed to 4, 28, 31, or 34 degrees C for 3 days and then returned to 25 degrees C to monitor the cell growth. Based on the optimal growth temperatures and different ranges of temperature tolerance among the three new isolates from frogs and two known species, Blastocystis hominis and Blastocystis lapemi, it was established that the three isolates recovered from different species of frogs had different physiological features from B. hominis and B. lapemi.
Descriptors: amphibians, frogs, newts, toads, anuran, urodele, Blastocystis, infection, parasites, temperature tolerance assay, optimal growth temperature.

Zickus, T. (2002). The first data on the fauna and distribution of blood parasites of amphibians in Lithuania. Acta Zoologica Lituanica 12(2): 197-202. ISSN: 1392-1657.
Descriptors: amphibians, frogs, anura, Rana, Bufo, blood parasites, fauna, distribution, Lithuania.
Language of Text: English; Lithuanian.