Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission TRMM homepage


  • Kandel, R., M. Viollier, P. Raberanto, J. Ph. Duvel, L. A. Pakhomov, V. A. Golovko, A. P. Trishchenko, J. Mueller, E. Raschke, R. R. Stuhlmann, International ScaRaB Scientific Working Group (ISSWG), 1998: The ScaRaB Earth Radiation Budget Dataset. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 765–783.

  • Karyampudi, V. Mohan, George S. Lai, John Manobianco, 1998: Impact of Initial Conditions, Rainfall Assimilation, and Cumulus Parameterization on Simulations of Hurricane Florence (1988). Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 126, No. 12, pp. 3077–3101.

  • Katsaros, Kristina B., Robert A. Brown, 1991: Legacy of the Seasat Mission for Studies of the Atmosphere and Air-Sea-Ice Interactions. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 72, No. 7, pp. 967–967.

  • Kawanishi, T., H. Kuroiwa, M. Kojima, K. Oikawa, T. Kozu, H. Kumagai, K. Okamoto, M. Okumura, H. Nakatsuka, and K. Nishikawa, 2000: TRMM precipitation radar. Remote Sensing and Applications: Earth, Atmosphere and Oceans: Vol. 25, pp. 969-972.

  • Kedem, Benjamin, Harry Pavlopoulos, Xiaodong Guan, David A. Short, 1994: A Probability Distribution Model for Rain Rate. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 1486–1493.

  • KEDEM B, CHIU LS, NORTH GR, 1990: ESTIMATION OF MEAN RAIN RATE - APPLICATION TO SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES, 95: (D2) 1965-1972.

  • KEDEM B, CHIU LS, 1987: ARE RAIN RATE-PROCESSES SELF-SIMILAR? WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH, 23: (10) 1816-1818.

  • KEDEM B, CHIU LS, 1987: ON THE LOGNORMALITY OF RAIN RATE, PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 84: (4) 901-905.

  • Kedem, B., R. Pfeiffer, D. A. Short, 1997: Variability of Space–Time Mean Rain Rate. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 443–451.

  • Keenan, T.D., J. McBride, G. Holland, N. Davidson, B. Gunn, 1989: Diurnal Variations during the Australian Monsoon Experiment (AMEX) Phase II. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 117, No. 11, pp. 2535–2553.

  • Keenan, Thomas D., Steven A. Rutledge, 1993: Mesoscale Characteristics of Monsoonal Convection and Associated Stratiform Precipitation. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 121, No. 2, pp. 352–374.

  • Keenan, T., K. Glasson, F. Cummings, T. S. Bird, J. Keeler, J. Lutz, 1998: The BMRC/NCAR C-Band Polarimetric (C-POL) Radar System. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 871–886.

  • Keenan, Tom D., Michael J. Manton, Greg J. Holland, Bruce R. Morton, 1989: The Island Thunderstorm Experiment (ITEX)—A Study of Tropical Thunderstorms in the Maritime Continent. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 70, No. 2, pp. 152–159.
  • Min-Jeong Kim, James A. Weinman and Robert A. Houze. 2004: Validation of Maritime Rainfall Retrievals from the TRMM Microwave Radiometer. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 847–859.

  • David E. Kingsmill, Sandra E. Yuter, Andrew J. Heymsfield, Peter V. Hobbs, Alexei V. Korolev, Stith Jeffrey L, Aaron Bansemer, Julie A. Haggerty and Arthur L. Rangno. 2004: TRMM Common Microphysics Products: A Tool for Evaluating Spaceborne Precipitation Retrieval Algorithms. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 43, No. 11, pp. 1598–1618.


  • Kinter, J.L., J. Shukla, 1990: The Global Hydrologic and Energy Cycles: Suggestions for Studies in the Pre-Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Period. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 181–271.

  • Y.-M. Kodama, T. Yamada, 2005: Detectability and configulation of tropical cyclone eyes over the western North Pacific in TRMM PR and IR observations. Monthly Weather Review, 133(8), 2213-2226.

  • Y.-M. Kodama, A. Ohta, M. Katsumata, S. Mori, S. Satoh, and H. Ueda, 2005: Seasonal transition of predominant precipitation type and lightning activity over tropical monsoon areas derived from TRMM observations. Geophysical Research Letters, 32, L14710, doi:10.1029/2005GL022986.


  • Kodama, Yasu-Masa, 1999: Roles of the Atmospheric Heat Sources in Maintaining the Subtropical Convergence Zones: An Aqua-Planet GCM Study. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences: Vol. 56, No. 23, pp. 4032–4049.

  • Kostinski, Alexander B., John M. Kwiatkowski, A.R. Jameson, 1993: Spaceborne Radar Sensing of Precipitation above an Ocean Surface: Polarization Contrast Study. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 736–751.

  • Kozu T., S. Satoh, H. Hanado, T. Manabe, M. Okumura, K. Okamoto, and T. Kawanishi, 2000: Onboard surface detection algorithm for TRMM precipitation radar. IEICE Transactions on Communications: Vol. E83B, pp. 2021-2031.

  • Kozu, Toshiaki, Toshio Iguchi, 1999: Nonuniform Beamfilling Correction for Spaceborne Radar Rainfall Measurement: Implications from TOGA COARE Radar Data Analysis. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Vol. 16, No. 11, pp. 1722–1735.

  • Krajewski, Witold F., James A. Smith, 1991: On the Estimation of Climatological Z–R Relationships. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 30, No. 10, pp. 1436–1445.

  • Krajewski, W.F., E.N. Anagnostou 1996, and G.J. Ciach, Effects of the radar observation process on inferred rainfall statistics, Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmosphere, 101(D21), 26493-26502, .

  • Krajewski, W.F., Kruger, A., and V. Nešpor 1998, Experimental and numerical studies of small-scale rainfall measurements and variability, Water Science and Technology, 37(11), 131-138, .

  • Krajewski, Witold F., Mark L. Morrissey, James A. Smith, David T. Rexroth, 1992: The Accuracy of the Area-Threshold Method: A Model-based Simulation Study. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 31, No. 12, pp. 1396–1406.

  • Krajewski, Witold F., R. Raghavan, V. Chandrasekar, 1993: Physically Based Simulation of Radar Rainfall Data Using a SpaceńTime Rainfall Model. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 268–283.

  • Krishnamurti, T. N., C. M. Kishtawal, 2000: A Pronounced Continental-Scale Diurnal Mode of the Asian Summer Monsoon. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 128, No. 2, pp. 462–473.

  • Krishnamurti, T. N., C. M. Kishtawal, D. W. Shin, C. Eric Williford, 2000: Improving Tropical Precipitation Forecasts from a Multianalysis Superensemble. Journal of Climate: Vol. 13, No. 23, pp. 4217–4227.

  • Kubota, T., S. Shige, H. Hashizume, K. Aonashi, N. Takahashi, S. Seto, M. Hirose, Y. N. Takayabu, K. Nakagawa, K. Iwanami, T. Ushio, M. Kachi, and K. Okamoto, 2007: Global Precipitation Map using Satelliteborne Microwave Radiometers by the GSMaP Project : Production and Validation, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 45(7), 2259-2275.


  • Kumagai, Hiroshi, Robert Meneghini, Toshiaki Kozu, 1993: Preliminary Results from Multiparameter Airborne Rain Radar Measurement in the Western Pacific. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 431–444.

  • Kumagai, H., K. Nakamura, H. Hanado, K. Okamoto, N. Hosaka, N. Miyano, T. Kozu, N. Takahshi, T. Iguchi, and H. Miyauchi, 1996: CRL airborne multiparameter precipitation radar (CAMPR): System description and preliminary results. IEICE Transactions on Communications: Vol. E79B, pp. 770-778.

  • Kummerow, Christian, 1998: Beamfilling Errors in Passive Microwave Rainfall Retrievals. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 356–370.

  • Kummerow, C., W.S. Olson, and L. Giglio, 1996: A simplified scheme for obtaining precipitation and vertical hydrometeor profiles from passive microwave sensors. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing: Vol. 34, pp. 1213-1232.

  • Kummerow, Christian, Ida M. Hakkarinen, Harold F. Pierce, James A. Weinman, 1991: Determination of Precipitation Profiles from Airborne Passive Microwave Radiometric Measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 148–158.

  • Kummerow, Christian, Louis Giglio, 1994: A Passive Microwave Technique for Estimating Rainfall and Vertical Structure Information from Space. Part I: Algorithm Description. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 3–18.

  • Kummerow, Christian, Louis Giglio, 1994: A Passive Microwave Technique for Estimating Rainfall and Vertical Structure Information from Space. Part II: Applications to SSM/I Data. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 19–34.

  • Kummerow, Christian, Louis Giglio, 1995: A Method for Combining Passive Microwave and Infrared Rainfall Observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 33–45.

  • Kummerow, Christian, Robert A. Mack, Ida M. Hakkarinen, 1989: A Self-Consistency Approach to Improve Microwave Rainfall Rate Estimation from Space. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 28, No. 9, pp. 869–884.

  • Kummerow, Christian, William Barnes, Toshiaki Kozu, James Shiue, Joanne Simpson, 1998: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Sensor Package. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 809–817.

  • Kummerow, C., J. Simpson, O. Thiele, W. Barnes, A. T. C. Chang, E. Stocker, R. F. Adler, A. Hou, R. Kakar, F. Wentz, P. Ashcroft, T. Kozu, Y. Hong, K. Okamoto, T. Iguchi, H. Kuroiwa, E. Im, Z. Haddad, G. Huffman, B. Ferrier, W. S. Olson, E. Zipser, E. A. Smith, T. T. Wilheit, G. North, T. Krishnamurti, K. Nakamura, 2000: The Status of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) after Two Years in Orbit. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 39, No. 12, pp. 1965–1982.

  • Lee R.B., B.R. Barkstrom, H.C. Bitting, D.A.H. Crommelynck, J. Paden, D.K. Pandey, K.J. Priestley, G.L. Smith, S. Thomas, K.L. Thornhill, and R.S. Wilson, 1998: Prelaunch calibrations of the Clouds and Earth's Radian Energy System (CERES) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and Earth Observing System morning (EOS-AM) spacecraft thermistor bolometer sensors. Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing: Vol. 36, pp. 1173-1185.

  • Lee III, Robert B., Bruce R. Barkstrom, G. Louis Smith, John E. Cooper, Leonard P. Kopia, R. Wes Lawrence, Susan Thomas, Dhirendra K Pandey, Dominique A.H. Crommelynck, 1996: The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Sensors and Preflight Calibration Plans. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 300–313.

  • Lee, Thomas F., 2000: Nighttime Observation of Sheared Tropical Cyclones Using GOES 3.9-m Data. Weather and Forecasting: Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 759–766.

  • Lau, K.M., C.H. Sui, W.K. Tao, 1993: A Preliminary Study of the Tropical Water Cycle and its Sensitivity to Surface Warming. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 74, No. 7, pp. 1313–1322.

  • Lau, K.-M., P. J. Sheu, S. Schubert, D. Ledvina, H. Weng, 1996: Evolution of Large-Scale Circulation during TOGA COARE: Model Intercomparison and Basic Features. Journal of Climate: Vol. 9, No. 5, pp. 986–1003.

  • Lau, K. M., Yihui Ding, Jough-Tai Wang, Richard Johnson, Tom Keenan, Robert Cifelli, John Gerlach, Otto Thiele, Tom Rickenbach, Si-Chee Tsay, Po-Hsiung Lin, 2000: A Report of the Field Operations and Early Results of the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society: Vol. 81, No. 6, pp. 1261–1270.

  • Ji Li and Kenji Nakamura. 2005: Vertical Distribution of the Mirror Image Returns Observed by TRMM PR and Estimated for a 35-GHz Radar. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Vol. 22, No. 11, pp. 1829–1837.

  • Li, Qihang, Rafael L. Bras, Daniele Veneziano, 1996: Analysis of Darwin Rainfall Data: Implications on Sampling Strategy. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 372–385.


  • Liao, L., R. Meneghini, and T. Iguchi, 1999: Simulations of mirror image returns of air/space-borne radars in rain and their applications in estimating path attenuation. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing: Vol. 37, pp. 1107-1121.

  • Liberti,G.L. and F.Cheruy: (2006) Tropospheric dryness and clouds over tropical Indian Ocean Atmos. Res.. 82, 276-293

  • Lim, Hyo-Suk, C.E. Graves, G.R. North, T.T. Wilheit, 1995: Rainfall Estimation from ESMR-5 Measurements and Application to El Niño. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 391–403.

  • Lim, H.S., and D.S. Han, 1996: An approach to remedy beam filling error of TMI by the use of VIRS measurements. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan: Vol. 74, pp. 415-423.

  • Lin, Xin, David A. Randall, Laura D. Fowler, 2000: Diurnal Variability of the Hydrologic Cycle and Radiative Fluxes: Comparisons between Observations and a GCM. Journal of Climate: Vol. 13, No. 23, pp. 4159–4179.

  • Bing Lin, Bruce A. Wielicki, Patrick Minnis, Lin Chambers, Kuan-Man Xu, Yongxiang Hu, and Alice Fan, 2006: The Effect of Environmental Conditions on Tropical Deep Convective Systems Observed from the TRMM Satellite Journal of Climate Volume 19, Issue 22 (November 2006) pp. 5745-5761


  • List, Roland, 1988: A Linear Radar Reflectivity–Rainrate Relationship for Steady Tropical Rain. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences: Vol. 45, No. 23, pp. 3564–3572.

  • Chuntao Liu, Edward J. Zipser, and Stephen W. Nesbitt, 2007: Global Distribution of Tropical Deep Convection: Different Perspectives from TRMM Infrared and Radar Data Journal of Climate Vol 20, Issue 3 (February 2007) pp. 489-503

  • Liu, Hongping, V. Chandrasekar, 2000: Classification of Hydrometeors Based on Polarimetric Radar Measurements: Development of Fuzzy Logic and Neuro-Fuzzy Systems, and In Situ Verification. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 140–164.

  • Li, Xiang, Sundar A. Christopher, Joyce Chou, Ronald M. Welch, 2000: Estimation of Shortwave Direct Radiative Forcing of Biomass-Burning Aerosols Using New Angular Models. Journal of Applied Meteorology: Vol. 39, No. 12, pp. 2278–2291.

  • Li, Xiaofan, C.-H. Sui, K.-M. Lau, M.-D. Chou, 1999: Large-Scale Forcing and Cloud–Radiation Interaction in the Tropical Deep Convective Regime. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences: Vol. 56, No. 17, pp. 3028–3042.

  • Manuel Lonfat, Frank D. Marks Jr. and Shuyi S. Chen. 2004: Precipitation Distribution in Tropical Cyclones Using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager: A Global Perspective. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 132, No. 7, pp. 1645–1660.


  • Lopez, Joseph W., Lakshmi H. Kantha, 2000: A Data-Assimilative Numerical Model of the Northern Indian Ocean. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Vol. 17, No. 11, pp. 1525–1540.

  • Lucas, Christopher, Edward J. Zipser, 2000: Environmental Variability during TOGA COARE. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences: Vol. 57, No. 15, pp. 2333–2350.

  • Lucas, Christopher, Edward J. Zipser, Brad S. Ferrier, 2000: Sensitivity of Tropical West Pacific Oceanic Squall Lines to Tropospheric Wind and Moisture Profiles. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences: Vol. 57, No. 15, pp. 2351–2373.

  • Lynn, Barry H., Wei-Kuo Tao, Peter J. Wetzel, 1998: A Study of Landscape-Generated Deep Moist Convection. Monthly Weather Review: Vol. 126, No. 4, pp. 928–942.

  • Lyu, Cheng-Hsuan, William L. Barnes, Robert A. Barnes, 2000: First Results from the On-Orbit Calibrations of the Visible and Infrared Scanner for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 385–394.


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