Food Irradiation 1 Wholesomeness Database
PUB:
TI: RADIOACTIVITIES PRODUCED IN FOODS BY HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRONS.
AU: Glass, Richard A.; Smith, Herbert D.
DE:
PY: 1960
PT: Progress report
LA: English
PG: viii, 122 p., illus., tables
NT: For period 15 January 1958 - 14 December 1959.
[WARNING: THIS OPTION MAY PRINT AN ENTIRE BOOK!!]
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CONTENTS
Page No.
I SUMMARY 1
II INTRODUCTION 3
A. Induced Radioactivities 4
B. Photonuclear Reactions 6
1. Electron Penetration of Foods 6
2. Nuclear Reactions Induced by Electrons
and X-rays 8
C. Methods of Approach 10
III EQUIPMENT AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 11
A. High-Energy Electron Beams 11
1. Electron Linear Accelerators 11
2. Energy Calibration 13
3, Beam-Current Monitor 18
4. Dosimetry 20
B. Irradiation Cells and Sample Treatment 25
C. Counting Equipment 28
D. Radioactivity Values and Uncertainties 33
IV MEASUREMENTS OF RADIOACTIVITIES PRODUCED IN
FOOD ELEMENTS 38
A. Aqueous Solutions of Food Elements 38
1. Two-Chamber Cell 38
2, Six-Chamber Cell 45
B. Pressed Wood (Masonite) Phantom 48
C. X-Ray Irradiations 52
D. Tritium Production 57
V MEASUREMENT OF RADIOACTIVITIES PRODUCED IN FOODS 58
A. Small Samples and Detectors: Enriched Foods 58
B. Large Samples and Detectors: Unenriched Beef 60
C. Ashing and Radiochemical Analysis of Large
Samples 66
VI CALCULATION OF RADIOACTIVITIES BY EMPIRICAL
EQUATION 70
VII CALCULATION OF RADIOACTIVITIES BY THEORETICAL
ANALYSIS (WITH COMPUTER) 76
A. Formulation of the Problem 76
B. Hand Calculation 77
C. Computer Calculations 78
iii
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CONTENTS (Cont'd. )
Page No. 0
VIII DISCUSSION OF RADIOACTIVITIES PRODUCED IN FOODS 81
A. Experimental and Calculated Results 81 r
B. Important Radioactivities and Comparison
with MPC Values 86
C. Comparisons of Radioactivities from Various
Sources 88
IX EFFECT OF FOOD-ELEMENT-ABUNDANCE VARIATIONS 91
X RADIOACTIVITIES PRODUCED IN CONTAINER MATERIALS 97
A. Plastic Container Materials 98
B. Aluminum Container Materials 101
C. Tinplate Container Materials 101
D. Effect of Containers on Radioactivities
Produced in Foods 103
XI RADIATION LEVELS AROUND IRRADIATED FOOD PACKAGES 105
A. Small Irradiated Samples 105
B. No. 10 Cans 105
C. Calculation for a Standard Pallet 111
XII CONCLUSIONS 113
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 114
APPENDIX A - Definition of Units 115
APPENDIX B - Abundances of Elements in Beef 116
BIBLIOGRAPHY 117
iv
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TABLES
v
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FIGURES
vii
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I. Summary
1
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II. Introduction
3
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A. Induced Radioactivities
4
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B. Photonuclear Reactions
6
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C. Methods of Approach
10
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III. Equipment and Experimental Procedures
A. High-Energy Electron Beams
11
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B. Irradiation Cells and Sample Treatment
25
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C. Counting Equipment
28
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D. Radioactivity Values and Uncertainties
33
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IV. Measurements of Radioactivities Produced in Food Elements
A. Aqueous Solution of Food Elements
38
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B. Pressed Wood (Masonite) Phantom
48
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C. X-Ray Irradiations
52
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D. Tritium Production
57
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V. Measurement of Radioactivities Produced in Foods
A. Small Samples and Detectors: Enriched Foods
58
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B. Large Samples and Detectors: Unenriched Beef
60
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C. Ashing and Radiochemical Analysis of Large Samples
66
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VI. Calculation of Radioactivities by Empirical Equation
70
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VII. Calculation of Radioactivities by Theoretical Analysis (with
Computer)
A. Formulation of the Problem
76
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B. Hand Calculation
77
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C. Computer Calculations
78
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VIII. Discussion of Radioactivities Produced in Foods
A. Experimental and Calculated Results
81
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B. Important Radioactivities and Comparison with MPC Values
86
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C. Comparisons of Radioactivities from Various Sources
88
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IX. Effect of Food-Element-Abundance Variations
91
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X. Radioactivities Produced in Container Materials
97
9
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A. Plastic Container Materials
98
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B. Aluminum Container Materials
C. Tinplate Container Materials
101
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D. Effect of Containers on Radioactivities Produced in Foods
103
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XI. Radiation Levels Around Irradiated Food Packages
A. Small Irradiated Samples
B. No. 10 Cans
105
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C. Calculation for a Standard Pullet
111
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XII. Conclusions
113
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
114
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Appendix A
115
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Appendix B
116
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
117
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United States Department of Agriculture
National Agricultural Library
Food and Nutrition Information Center (FNIC)
For comments and questions, contact fnic@nal.usda.gov
Updated:Jun 06, 1997