Abollo, E., A. Lopez, C. Gestal, P. Benavente, and S. Pascual (1998). Long-term recording of gastric ulcers in cetaceans stranded on the Galician (NW Spain) coast. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 32(1): 71-73. ISSN: 0177-5103.
Descriptors: stomach ulcers, disease prevalence, wild animals, parasites, helminths, Anisakis simplex, dolphins, Cetacea, Delphinus.
Aguilar, R., R.G. Moreno Navarrete, G. Salgado Maldonado, and B. Villa Ramirez (2001). Gastrointestinal helminths of spinner dolphins Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828) (Cetacea: Delphinidae) stranded in La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Comparative Parasitology 68(2): 272-274. ISSN: 1049-233X.
NAL Call Number: QL392.J68
Descriptors: new geographic records, new host records, Acanthocephala, Anisakis, Bolbosoma, Cestoda, Digenea, Stenella, Zalophotrema, dolphins, strandings.
Andrade, A.L., M.C. Pinedo, and A.S. Barreto (2001). Gastrointestinal parasites and prey items from a mass stranding of false killer whales, Pseudorca crassidens, in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology 61(1): 55-61. ISSN: 1519-6984.
Abstract: The gastrointestinal tract of 14 false killer whales, 6 males and 8 females, stranded in June 1995 in southern Brazil, with total standard lengths from 338 to 507 cm, were analysed for endoparasites and food items. A pregnant female had a male foetus of 77.5 cm. Parasites were found in all 14 false killer whales. The nematode Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) was found in the stomach of 57% of the animals and the acanthocephalan Bolbosoma capitatum (Linstow, 1889) Porta, 1908 was present in the intestine of all specimens and showed densities up to 600 m-1. An unidentified cestode (Tethrabothridae) was found also in the intestines of 14% of the individuals. The high infections of B. capitatum and A. simplex were not directly related with the cause of death. In the stomachs of four females, beaks of at least eight specimens of the oceanic and epipelagic species Ommastrephes bartramii (Lesueur, 1821) were found, with mantle lengths ranging from 189.8 to 360.9 mm. The distribution of O. bartramii in the coast of Rio Grande do Sul is consistent with false killer whales feeding in continental shelf waters.
Descriptors: dolphins parasitology, food preferences, gastrointestinal diseases, helminthiasis, animal parasitology, helminths isolation and purification, Acanthocephala isolation and purification, Brazil, Cestoda isolation and purification, dolphins physiology, gastrointestinal diseases parasitology, Nematoda isolation and purification.
Andre, M., A. Supin, E. Delory, C. Kamminga, E. Degollada, and J.M. Alonso (2003). Evidence of deafness in a striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba. Aquatic Mammals 29(1): 3-8. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Stenella coeruleoalba, sound reception, deafness, Mediterranean Sea, Spain, stranding record and evidence of deafness.
Anonymous (2004). The Death of Cetaceans Through the Use of LFA Sonar in Naval Military Manoeuvres, Oceana: Brussels, 13 p.
Descriptors: Cetacea, disturbance by man, low frequency active sonar used in naval maneuvers, mortality, physical pollution, naval sonar, sound, low frequency active sonar, marine zones, mortality and strandings associated with low frequency active sonar used in naval maneuvers.
Anonymous. (2001). Joint Interim Report: Bahamas Marine Mammal Stranding Event of 15-16 March 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce & U.S. Navy, 59 p.
Abstract: Overview On March 15 and 16, 2000, a multi species, mass stranding of 17 cetaceans was discovered in the Northeast and Northwest Providence Channels of the Bahamas Islands (a mass stranding is defined as two or more animals). Seven of the animals are known to have died, ten other animals were returned to the water alive. A comprehensive investigation into all possible causes of the stranding was quickly launched. Based upon necropsies of the dead animals it was preliminarily determined that they had experienced some sort of acoustic or impulse trauma that led to their stranding and subsequent death. Detailed microscopic studies were initiated to identify the mechanism by which this acoustic or impulse source caused trauma. Most, but not all, lines of investigation have now been completed. Based on the way in which the strandings coincided with ongoing naval activity involving tactical mid-range frequency sonar use in terms of both time and geography, the nature of the physiological effects experienced by the dead animals, and the absence of any other acoustic sources, the investigation team concludes that tactical mid-range frequency sonars aboard U.S. Navy ships that were in use during the sonar exercise in question were the most plausible source of this acoustic or impulse trauma. This sound source was active in a complex environment that included the presence of a strong surface duct, unusual underwater bathymetry, intensive active use of multiple sonar units over an extended period of time, a constricted channel with limited egress, and the presence of beaked whales that appear to be sensitive to the frequencies produced by these sonars. The investigation team concludes that the cause of this stranding event was the confluence of the Navy tactical mid-range frequency sonar and the contributory factors noted above acting together. Combinations of factors different from this one may be more or less likely to cause strandings. Research should focus on identifying problematic combinations so they can be avoided. The actual mechanisms by which these sonar sounds could have caused animals to strand, or their tissues to be damaged, have not yet been revealed, but research is under way. This research, along with other research on the impacts of sonar sounds on marine mammals, increased knowledge of marine mammal densities, increased knowledge of causes of beaked whale strandings, increased knowledge of beaked whale anatomy, physiology and medicine, and further research on sonar propagation, will provide valuable information for determining which combinations of factors are most likely to cause another mass stranding event. SURTASS LFA, another Navy sonar, had no involvement in this event. This report reviews the evidence that led to the above conclusions, describes a program of research aimed at answering the outstanding questions on the impacts of tactical mid-range frequency sonar, and lists interim mitigation measures for future sonar operations. All technical terms used in this report are defined in a Glossary at the end. This is an interim report; Conclusions and Recommendations appearing here could change somewhat as final results become available. The major findings of each part of the investigation are summarized below.
Descriptors: Cetacea, disturbance by man, tactical mid range frequency naval sonar, physical pollution, naval sonar, sound, tactical mid range frequency sonar, Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, strandings associated with naval sonar.
Anonymous (1974). Stranded whales in Britain. Nature (London) 250(5464): 288.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: stranded, whales, Britain.
Barnett, J. (2001). Diagnostic assessment of cetacean strandings. In: Zoo & Exotic Diagnostics. Proceedings of the Autumn Meeting 2001, British Veterinary Zoological Society, November 10, 2001-November 11, 2001, Royal Veterinary College, Potters Bar, British Veterinary Zoological Society: London, p. 33-34. 54 p.
Descriptors: Cetacea, diagnostic techniques, stranded specimens, assessment.
Bastos, B.L., R. Maia Nogueira, G.d.O. Norberto, S.C. Borocco, and J.E. Guimaraes (2004). Hemograma e determinacao de ALT, AST, creatinina e glicose em golfinho-de-dentes-rugosos, Steno bredanensis, Lesson, 1828, encalhado em Salvador, Bahia. [Blood cells count and serum analysis of ALT, AST, creatinine and glucose of a rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis, Lesson, 1828, found stranded in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil]. Ars Veterinaria 20(2): 207-211. ISSN: 0102-6380.
Descriptors: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood chemistry, case reports, creatinine, eosinophils, erythrocytes, glucose, hematology, hemoglobin, leukocytes, leukopenia, polycythaemia, reticulocytes, dolphins.
Language of Text: English and Spanish.
Beck, K.M., P. Fair, W. McFee, and D. Wolf (1997). Heavy metals in livers of bottlenose dolphins stranded along the South Carolina coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(9): 734-739. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: heavy metals, South Carolina, dolphins, water pollution, wild animals, toxicology, liver, America, body parts, Cetacea, digestive system, dolphins, elements, mammals, metallic elements, North America, pollution, south eastern states, southern states, USA, wildlife, Tursiops truncatus.
Berrow, S. (2001). White-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus (Gray). Irish Naturalists' Journal 26(12): 477. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: Lagenorhynchus acutus, skull, north east Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, Clare, record and morphological observations, skull specimen.
Berrow, S. and M.L. Dalebout (2002). Cuvier's whale Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier. Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(4): 167-168. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Ziphius cavirostris, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Clare, Doonbeg, stranding record.
Berrow, S. and J. Storer (2001). Cuviers beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier. Irish Naturalists' Journal 26(12): 475-476. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: Ziphius cavirostris, north east atlantic, Republic of Ireland, Clare, stranding record and observations.
Borrell, A. and A. Aguilar (1990). Loss of organochlorine compounds in the tissues of a decomposing stranded dolphin. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45(1): 46-53. ISSN: 0007-4861.
NAL Call Number: RA1270.P35A1
Descriptors: dolphins, aquatic environment, pollution, organochlorine compounds, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, environment, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, organic compounds, organic halogen compounds, vertebrates.
Borrens, M., J.M. Bouquegneau, and C. Joiris. (1990). Pathologic, microbiologic and toxicologic findings on porpoises stranded along the Belgian seashore. Proceedings of the 7th Congress of the Federation of Asian Veterinary Associations (FAVA). Bangkok (Thailand), November 4, 1990-November 7, 1990, Chonburi (Thailand), Royal Thai Veterinary Medical Association, Bangkok (Thailand): Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok (Thailand), p. 422-432. ISBN: 974-578-204-1.
Descriptors: aquatic mammals, Pinnipedia, Cetacea, parasitology, lesions, pollution, mercury, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, Carnivora, elements, heavy metals, metallic elements.
Bossart, G.D., R. Meisner, R. Varela, M. Mazzoil, S.D. McCulloch, D. Kilpatrick, R. Friday, E. Murdoch, B. Mase, and R.H. Defran (2003). Pathologic findings in stranded Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Florida Scientist 66(3): 226-238. ISSN: 0098-4590.
NAL Call Number: 500 F66
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, diseases and disorders, mortality, lagoon habitat, north Atlantic, USA, Florida, Indian River Lagoon, stranding records and pathology.
Bouquegneau, J.M., V. Debacker, S. Gobert, and J.P. Nellissen (1997). Toxicological investigations on four sperm whales stranded on the Belgian coast: inorganic contaminants. Bulletin De L' Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie (Belgium). Bulletin Van Het Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut Voor Natuurwetenschappen - Biologie 67(Suppl.): 133. ISSN: 0374-6429.
NAL Call Number: QH301.I48
Abstract: Nine heavy metals have been analysed in the liver, muscle and kidneys of sperm whales that stranded on the Belgian coast, November 18, 1994. The concentrations of most of the studied inorganic contaminants except mercury and cadmium - were low. The mercury content of the tissues was high, but in the range of those found in sperm whales previously described in the literature, as shown by Joiris et al. (this volume), and most of the mercury was found under an inorganic form. We found a close correlation between the mercury and selenium contents of the livers, which strongly suggests that the pollutant was detoxified under the tiemannite form, and therefore was not potentially toxic for the animals. On the contrary, cadmium was found in high concentrations, which was expectable owing to the normal diet of the species (cephalopods), but twice those previously described in the literature for sperm whales. Moreover, the metal was not found, as it is generally the case, to be bound to metallothioneins (a protein well known for its protective effect against heavy metals toxicity) and therefore may have contributed to the debilitation of the animals.
Descriptors: Physeter, beaches, postmortem examination, heavy metals, detoxification, liver, North Sea, Atlantic Ocean, biological analysis, body parts, Cetacea, digestive system, eastern Atlantic, elements, histocytological analysis, mammals, marine areas, metallic elements, North Atlantic, northeast Atlantic, physiographic features, processing, whales.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Notes: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the Symposium "The North Sea Sperm Whales, One Year After" Held in Koksijde (Belgium) on the Anniversary of the Stranding of Four Sperm Whales on the Belgian Coast, Koksijde Belgium, Nov. 16-18, 1995.
Bryden, M.M. (1999). Stranded whales. Australian Veterinary Journal 77(1): 30-31. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: Cetacea, animal behavior, death, etiology, stranding.
Bustamante, P., C. Garrigue, L. Breau, F. Caurant, W. Dabin, J. Greaves, and R. Dodemont (2003). Trace elements in two odontocete species (Kogia breviceps and Globicephala macrorhynchus) stranded in New Caledonia (South Pacific). Environmental Pollution 124(2): 263-71. ISSN: 0269-7491.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E52
Abstract: Liver, muscle and blubber tissues of two short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and two pygmy sperm whales(Kogia breviceps) stranded on the coast of New Caledonia have been analysed for 12 trace elements (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu. Fe, organic and total Hg, Mn, Ni, Se, V, and Zn). Liver was shown to be the most important accumulating organ for Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Se, and Zn in both species, G. macrorhynchus having the highest Cd, Hg, Se and Zn levels. In this species, concentrations of total Hg are particularly elevated, reaching up to 1452 microg g(-1) dry wt. Only a very low percentage of the total Hg was organic. In both species,the levels of Hg are directly related to Se in liver. Thus, a molar ratio of Hg:Se close to 1.0 was found for all specimens, except for the youngest K. breviceps. Our results suggest that G. macrorhynchus have a physiology promoting the accumulation of high levels of naturally occurring toxic elements. Furthermore, concentrations of Ni, Cr and Co are close to or below the detection limit in the liver and muscles of all specimens. This suggests that mining activity in New Caledonia, which typically elevates the levels of these contaminants in the marine environment, does not seem to be a significant source of contamination for these pelagic marine mammals.
Descriptors: dolphins metabolism, environmental pollutants analysis, trace elements analysis, whales metabolism, adipose tissue chemistry, food chain, liver chemistry, muscles chemistry, New Caledonia.
Cabezon, O., E. Obon, F. Alegre, S. Pont, and M. Domingo (2000). Interpretation of skin lesions in stranded cetaceans. European Research on Cetaceans 14: 263-264. ISSN: 1028-3412.
Descriptors: Cetacea, skin, parasites diseases and disorders, injuries, Mediterranean Sea, west, skin lesions interpretation, stranded individuals.
Casinos, A. and J. Bou (1980). On a massive stranding of short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846, on Margarita Island (Venezuela). Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (32): 145-148. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: stranding, short finned pilot whale, Venezuela, Globicephala.
Cendrero, O. (1976). Aparicion de cetaceos varados en playas de Santander [Espana]. [Findings of Cetacea stranded in beaches of Santander [Spain]]. Boletin Seccion Biologica. Sociedad Espanola De Historia Natural (Spain) 74: 183-184.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 SO18
Descriptors: Cetacea, stranded, beaches, Spain, findings.
Language of Text: English and Spanish summaries.
Centro Studi Cetacei (2004). Cetacei spiaggiati lungo le coste italiane. XVII. Rendiconto 2002 (Mammalia). [Cetaceans stranded in Italy. XVIII. 2003 (Mammalia)]. Atti Della Societa Italiana Di Scienze Naturali e Del Museo Civico Di Storia Naturale in Milano 145(1): 155-169. ISSN: 0037-8844.
Abstract: During 2002 the "Center for Cetaceans Studies" of the Italian Society of Natural Sciences collected data concerning 146 cetacean specimens which were found stranded, rammed or incidentally caught along the coasts of Italy. These included: 3 Balaenoptera physalus; 6 Physeter macrocephalus; 1 Kogia sima; 2 Ziphius cavirostris; 3 Globicephala melas; 4 Grampus griseus; 6 Steno bredanensis; 31 Tursiops truncatus; 2 Delphinus delphis; 56 Stenella coeruleoalba and 32 unidentified cetaceans.
Descriptors: Cetacea, Mediterranean Sea, Italy, stranding records.
Language of Text: Italian, with English and Italian summaries.
Childerhouse, S. (2004). Cetacean research in New Zealand 2002/03. DOC Science Internal Series 158: 1-21. ISSN: 1175-6519.
Abstract: This report summarises cetacean (i.e. whale and dolphin) research undertaken in New Zealand over the period from April 2002 to March 2003, with statistical information for the 2002 calendar year. The report covers cetacean research undertaken by a wide range of researchers including government, university, and non-governmental agencies and individuals. Information presented includes details of species studied, strandings, summaries of collections and of catalogues, research projects undertaken, samples collected, and publications resulting from research. Data are included from 25 species, from 8 different institutions/agencies and over 40 researchers. Although this is a comprehensive collection of research reported for 2002/03, it does not include all cetacean research carried out in New Zealand.
Descriptors: Cetacea, literature review, South Pacific, New Zealand, research review.
Chiu, J.T., W.C. Yang, L.S. Chou, and C.H. Chi (2002). Hemotological, pathological and clinical investigation of stranded cetaceans in Taiwan. Taiwan Veterinary Journal 28(1): 64-73. ISSN: 1682-6485.
NAL Call Number: SF604.C54
Descriptors: cardiac disorders, heart disease, dehydration, metabolic disease, gastrointestinal disorders, digestive system disease, malnutrition, nutritional disease, pulmonary disorders, respiratory system disease, clinical features, hematological features, nutrition supplementation, pathological features, rehydration, sea water inhalation, stranded animal management, stress reduction, cetaceans.
Chui, J.T., W.C. Yang, L.S. Chou, and C.H. Chi (2002). Hemotological, pathological and clinical investigation of stranded cetaceans in Taiwan. Taiwan Veterinary Journal 28(1): 64-73. ISSN: 1682-6485.
NAL Call Number: SF604.C54
Descriptors: Cetacea, blood, hematology, diseases and disorders, west Pacific, Taiwan, hematological, pathological and clinical investigation of live stranded specimens.
Clayton, T. (2001). Sperm whale Physeter catodon (Meyen). Irish Naturalists' Journal 26(12): 475. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: sperm whale, Physeter catodon, north east Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, Kerry, stranding records, observations.
Cordes, D.O. (1982). The causes of whale strandings. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 30(3): 21-24. ISSN: 0048-0169.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N483
Abstract: Strandings of cetaceans (whales and dolphins) is probably the result of a sequence of events rather than a simple cause-and-effect relationship. Strandings of solitary animals are more common than massed and generally thought to be due to severe disease. Mass strandings (three to several hundred individuals) are less common, but very spectacular. Mass strandings are considered to be due to a complex of factors in which behavioural factors are probably important, severe disease making an unimportant, or negligible contribution. There may be interaction of physical conditions (weather, tides, currents, coastline) and biological conditions (predators, feeding, disturbance of echolocation and disease) which result in stranding. One postulated reason for stranding is that it is dependent on instinctive behaviour, deeply located in subcortical areas of the brain, which provokes cetaceans to seek refuge ashore when under stress.
Descriptors: strandings, whale, causes, sequence of events, disease, stress, behavioral factors, physical conditions.
Cornaglia, E., L. Rebora, C. Gili, and G. Di Guardo (2000). Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies on cetaceans found stranded on the coast of Italy between 1990 and 1997. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series A 47(3): 129-142. ISSN: 0931-184X.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Z5
Descriptors: Stenella coeruleoalba, Tursiops truncatus, Cetacea, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, wild animals, diseases, incidence, surveys, species differences, parasitoses, Italy, Mediterranean Sea, Grampus griseus.
Das, K. Les echouages de cetaces: une meprise magnetique? [Stranding of cetaceans: a magnetic mistake?]. Cahiers D'Ethologie Fondamentale Et Appliquee, Animale Et Humaine (Belgium) 16(1): 126-130. ISSN: 0778-7103.
Descriptors: Cetacea, magnetic field, orientation, senses, marine environment, aquatic environment, environmental factors, environments, mammals, physical phenomena, physiological functions.
Das, K., U. Siebert, M. Fontaine, T. Jauniaux, L. Holsbeek, and J.M. Bouquegneau (2004). Ecological and pathological factors related to trace metal concentrations in harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from the North Sea and adjacent areas. Marine Ecology Progress Series 281: 283-295. ISSN: 0171-8630.
NAL Call Number: QH541.5.S3M32
Abstract: There is growing concern about the health status of the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena in the North Sea and adjacent areas. The interaction between toxicological results (Zn, Cd, Cu, Fe, Se, Hg), stable isotope data ([delta]13C and [delta]15N) and the most common pathological findings, namely emaciation and lesions of the respiratory system, were investigated in 132 porpoises collected along the coasts of northern France, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, Iceland and Norway between 1994 and 2001. The body condition of harbour porpoises stranded on the French, Belgian and German coasts was poor compared to that of by-catch individuals from Iceland and Norway, as reflected by blubber thickness and hepatic to total body-mass ratio. High Zn and Hg concentrations were observed in some porpoises collected along the southern North Sea coast compared to by-catch individuals from Iceland, Norway and the Baltic Sea. Increasing Zn levels were observed with deteriorating health condition (emaciation and bronchopneumonia), while Hg increases were not significant. The increases were not related to shrinking liver mass which remained unchanged. These observations indicate a general redistribution of trace metals within the organs (muscles and blubber to liver), as a result of protein and lipid catabolism. Muscle [delta]13C and [delta]15N values remained unchanged with deteriorating body condition. Cd concentrations were associated only with age and low [delta]15N values, indicating that high Cd concentrations in Iceland and Norway porpoises may be partly diet-related, i.e. a result of Cd contaminated prey.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, inorganic substances, stable isotope levels, pollutants, diseases and disorders, metal pollution, metals, heavy metal levels, North Sea, heavy metal and stable isotope levels, ecological and pathological implications.
Di Guardo, G., U. Agrimi, L. Morelli, G. Cardeti, G. Terracciano, and S. Kennedy (1995). Post mortem investigations on cetaceans found stranded on the coasts of Italy between 1990 and 1993. Veterinary Record 136(17): 439-442. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: Cetacea, animal diseases, postmortem examinations, disease surveys, pathology, viral diseases, parasitoses, bacterial diseases, Italy.
Di Guardo, G., G. Marruchella, M. Affronte, V. Zappulli, and C. Benazzi (2005). Heterotopic kidney tissue in the lung of a free-living common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Veterinary Pathology 42(2): 213-214. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: A spontaneous case of renal heterotopia involving the lung parenchyma of a free-living, adult, female common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), which was found stranded alive on the North Adriatic Sea coast of Italy, is reported in this study. The lesion, slightly visible from the macroscopic point of view, had the histologic appearance of a "foreign tissue island," which was poorly demarcated from the surrounding pulmonary tissue. Within Such an island, several regularly shaped and apparently mature kidney glomeruli and tubules could be observed, with no evidence of secondary tissue reaction. To the best of our knowledge, this should be the first description of heterotopic kidney tissue Occurrence in the lung of any domestic or wild animal species.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, diseases and disorders, renal heterotopia, Mediterranean Sea, Adriatic Sea, intrapulmonary heterotopic kidney tissue, case report.
Domeneghini, C., P. Massoletti, and S. Arrighi (1997). Localization of regulatory peptides in the gastrointestinal tract of the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba (Mammalia: Cetacea). An immunohistochemical study. European Journal of Histochemistry 41(4): 285-300. ISSN: 1121-760X.
Abstract: Samples of oesophagus, first, second and third stomach, duodenal ampulla, proximal intestine and distal intestine including rectum were obtained from striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) stranded along Italian coasts, fixed in formalin and used for immunohistochemistry. The possible presence of neuropeptides and the biogenic amine serotonin was investigated by a labelled streptavidin-biotin method. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, metenkephalin-, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)/bombesin-, and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities were present in the submucosal as well as the myenteric plexuses, even with differences of distribution in the various organs. Vasoactive intestinal poly-peptide (VIP)-like immunoreactivity was detected in the submucosal plexus, whereas beta-endorphin- and leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactivities were shown in the myenteric plexus only. NPY-, substance P-, CGRP- and VIP-like-immunoreactivities were also observed in perivascular nerve fibres. In addition, VIP-, GRP- and somatostatin-like immunoreactivities were detected in myelinated nervous bundles. These were localized in the submucosal and muscular layers all along the gastrointestinal tract, and possibly sustain an exceptionally rapid response of the target structures. It is note-worthy that peptidergic axons in the wall of the gut of the majority of mammals are unmyelinated. A somatostatin-like peptide was identified in epithelial cells only in the second stomach, whereas in terrestrial mammals this endocrine cell type occurs widely. Immunoreactivity to serotonin was never detected, and this is a further difference in comparison with the majority of other mammals.
Descriptors: digestive system chemistry, dolphins anatomy and histology, dolphins metabolism, immunohistochemistry methods, peptides analysis, digestive system anatomy and histology, peptides immunology, staining and labeling methods.
Eades, R. and L. Mander (2005). Stranding of a bottle-nosed dolphin on the upper Humber. Yorkshire Naturalists Union Bulletin 43: 8-11. ISSN: 0265-6833.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, North Sea, United Kingdom, England, upper Humber, stranding record.
Evans, K., M. Hindell, and G. Hince (2004). Concentrations of organochlorines in sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) from Southern Australian waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48(5-6): 486-503. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Abstract: Concentrations of DDTs, PCBs and HCHs were measured in sperm whales involved in two mass stranding events on the west coast of Tasmania, Australia in February 1998. DDTs and PCBs were present in all samples analysed, while only three contained HCHs. The relationships between organochlorines, sex, age and reproductive groups were marked by high variability. Differences in organochlorine concentrations were observed between animals from the two stranding sites and discussed in light of the ecology of this species. Concentrations of all pollutants were stratified throughout the vertical aspect of the blubber and possible reasons for and the implications of this are discussed. Concentrations of compounds were higher than those documented in this species in the Southern Hemisphere previously, although were relatively lower than those documented in the Northern Hemisphere. However, comparisons were confounded by spatial and temporal differences. Continued monitoring of marine mammals throughout this region in a co-coordinated, standardized manner is essential for establishing definite temporal and spatial variations in pollutant concentrations.
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus, pollutants, chemical pollution, chemical factors, south Pacific, Australia, Tasmania, organochlorine concentrations.
Evans, P.G.H. (1997). Ecology of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the Eastern North Atlantic, with special reference to sightings and strandings records from the British Isles. Bulletin De L' Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie (Belgium). Bulletin Van Het Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut Voor Natuurwetenschappen - Biologie 67(Suppl.): 133. ISSN: 0374-6429.
NAL Call Number: QH301.I48
Abstract: The sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus is a common large odontocete inhabiting deep oceans throughout the world where it feeds primarily upon cephalopods, particularly large squid. Human exploitation of the species has occurred on a large scale between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. Although modern whaling concentrated upon other species like the large rorquals, as new uses were discovered for sperm oil, sperm whale catches increased from the 1950s for a period of about twenty years. After imposing increasingly restrictive catch limits, the IWC banned pelagic catches worldwide in 1979, whilst the remaining coastal fisheries closed during the 1980s. Sperm whales are seasonal breeders but with a prolonged mating season. Females and breeding schools remain in low latitudes throughout the year, whereas adult males join these groups only intermittently and mainly during the breeding season. Outside this period, adult males tend to move into high latitudes in summer remaining there between July and December before returning south again. In Northern Europe, the greatest number of sperm whale records come from the British Isles. In past decades, virtually all sperm whale records around the British Isles were lone, mature males. However, since the mid-1970s, accompanying a marked increase in the number of strandings recorded, there has also been a significant increase in the frequency of animals measuring less than 14 m, with one-third measuring less than 12 m and therefore likely to be sexually immature. Over this same period, groups numbering from three to eleven individuals including subadults have been recorded. Three possible explanations for the recent increase in strandings are: that a greater number of sperm whales are entering the region; there has been a recent increase in mortality (perhaps human induced); or both factors may be operating: a greater number of overwintering whales are becoming exposed to an energy demand from food shortage leading to higher mortality which might be exacerbated by other factors such as contaminants. At present, there is no strong evidence that contaminant burdens are directly responsible for any of the recent strandings. The most parsimonious explanation is that the cessation in the late 1970s-early 1980s of hunting pressure, which traditionally concentrated upon males, has enabled sperm whale populations to recover, at the same time exposing pubertal males to greater competition for females from other males. This may have forced an increasing number of adolescent and young adult males to leave the breeding groups and to move into high latitudes where some have remained for extended periods, running into a seasonal shortage of food by late autumn.
Descriptors: Physeter, beaches, behavior, death, hunting, international law, body measurements, North Atlantic, British Isles, Atlantic Ocean, Cetacea, developmental stages, Europe, law, mammals, marine areas, physiographic features, Western Europe, whales.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Notes: Meeting Information: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the Symposium "The North Sea Sperm Whales, One Year After" Held in Koksijde (Belgium) on the Anniversary of the Stranding of Four Sperm Whales on the Belgian Coast, Koksijde Belgium, Nov. 16-18, 1995.
Ewing, R., J. Zaias, M.A. Stamper, G.D. Bossart, and J.P. Dubey (2002). Prevalence of Sarcocystis sp. in stranded Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38(2): 291-296. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: clinical aspects, disease prevalence, epidemiology, Lagenorhynchus, Sarcocystis.
Fei, A.C.Y., D.S. Lin, T.M. Wu, P.H. Mar, and Y.M. Pong (2004). Endoparasites of cetaceans stranded along coasts of Taiwan and Penghu. Bioformosa 39(2): 49-53. ISSN: 1684-0925.
Abstract: We surveyed the parasites on 16 species of 205 dead whales and dolphins stranded along the coasts of Taiwan and Penghu. Eighty four specimens (41%) representing 15 species had endoparasitic infections. Helminthes included 2 genera of acanthocephalans, 3 genera of cestodes, 4 genera of nematodes, and 4 genera of trematodes. The worms were isolated from stomach, intestines, liver, fat tissue, or frontal sinus of the cetaceans. The highest infection rates were by nematodes, Anisakis sp., in 60 cetaceans (29.3%); followed by cestodes Phyllobothrium sp. in 14 (6.8%). Among the parasites, the nematodes Anisakis sp. and Pseudoterranova sp. (1.5%), and the acanthocephalans Bolbosoma sp. (2.9%) are important zoonoses. Anisakis sp., especially, are of public health importance because of the high rates of infection. The prevalence of Anisakis sp. larval infection among 10 species of sea-water fishes (10 fish in each species) was as high as 54%. This is the first record of endoparasite biodiversity among the diverse assemblage of cetaceans from Taiwan and Penghu.
Descriptors: Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, Acanthocephala, mammalian hosts, Cetacea, endoparasites of stranded hosts, north Pacific, Taiwan and Penghu Island, endoparasites of stranded mammalian hosts, survey.
Fernandez, A., J.F. Edwards, F. Rodriguez, A. Espinosa de los Monteros, P. Herraez, P. Castro, J.R. Jaber, V. Martin, and M. Arbelo (2005). "Gas and fat embolic syndrome" involving a mass stranding of beaked whales (family Ziphiidae) exposed to anthropogenic sonar signals. Veterinary Pathology 42(4): 446-457. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: A study of the lesions of beaked whales (BWs) in a recent mass stranding in the Canary Islands following naval exercises provides a possible explanation of the relationship between anthropogenic, acoustic (sonar) activities and the stranding and death of marine mammals. Fourteen BWs were stranded in the Canary Islands close to the site of an international naval exercise (Neo-Tapon 2002) held on 24 September 2002. Strandings began about 4 hours after the onset of midfrequency sonar activity. Eight Cuvier's BWs (Ziphius cavirostris), one Blainville's BW (Mesoplodon densirostris), and one Gervais' BW (Mesoplodon europaeus) were examined postmortem and studied histopathologically. No inflammatory or neoplastic processes were noted, and no pathogens were identified. Macroscopically, whales had severe, diffuse congestion and hemorrhage, especially around the acoustic jaw fat, ears, brain, and kidneys. Gas bubble-associated lesions and fat embolism were observed in the vessels and parenchyma of vital organs. In vivo bubble formation associated with sonar exposure that may have been exacerbated by modified diving behavior caused nitrogen supersaturation above a threshold value normally tolerated by the tissues (as occurs in decompression sickness). Alternatively, the effect that sonar has on tissues that have been supersaturated with nitrogen gas could be such that it lowers the threshold for the expansion of in vivo bubble precursors (gas nuclei). Exclusively or in combination, these mechanisms may enhance and maintain bubble growth or initiate embolism. Severely injured whales died or became stranded and died due to cardiovascular collapse during beaching. The present study demonstrates a new pathologic entity in cetaceans. The syndrome is apparently induced by exposure to mid-frequency sonar signals and particularly affects deep, long-duration, repetitive-diving species like BWs.
Descriptors: beaked whales, sonar signal, stranded, sonar, Canary islands, embolism, lesions, hemorrhage, gas bubble, fat embolism.
Frantzis, A. (1998). Does acoustic testing strand whales? Nature (London) 392(6671): 29. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: acoustic stimulation, military science, whales, sound.
Furtado Neto, M.A.A., E.L. Queiroz, A.N. Zerbini, and S.M. Carr (1998). Uso de sequencias do mtDNA para identificacao de um exemplar de golfinho rotador, Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828), encalhado no Estado da Bahia, Brasil. [Identifying a spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828), stranded in Bahia state, Brazil, using mtDNA sequences]. Arquivos De Ciencias Do Mar 31(1-2): 83-91. ISSN: 0374-5686.
Descriptors: dolphins, identification, molecular genetics, DNA, Bahia, acids, America, Brazil, Cetacea, genetics, mammals, nucleic acids, nucleic compounds, organic acids, South America.
Language of Text: English and Portuguese summaries.
Gonzalez, L., I.A. Patterson, R.J. Reid, G. Foster, M. Barberan, J.M. Blasco, S. Kennedy, F.E. Howie, J. Godfroid, A.P. MacMillan, A. Schock, and D. Buxton (2002). Chronic meningoencephalitis associated with Brucella sp. infection in live-stranded striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Journal of Comparative Pathology 126(2-3): 147-152. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: Stenella coeruleoalba, meningoencephalitis, chronic course, Brucella, infections, abnormal behavior, antibodies, serology, immunohistochemistry, antigens, Scotland.
Goodall, R.N.P. (1978). Report on the small cetaceans stranded on the coasts of Tierra del Fuego [Algentina]. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (30): 197-230. ISSN: 0549-5717.
Descriptors: small cetaceans, stranded, Tierra del Fuego.
Language of Text: English and Spanish summaries.
Grau, E., S. Filella, J.A. Raga, and A. Raduan (1986). Cetaceos varados en las costas del Mediterraneo iberico, durante los anos 1980-1981. [Cetaceans stranded on the Mediterranean coast of Spain during the years 1980-1981]. Miscellania Zoologica (Barcelona) 10: 353-358. ISSN: 0211-6529.
NAL Call Number: QL1.M87
Descriptors: Cetacea, Mediterranean Sea, Spain, Atlantic Ocean, Europe, mammals, marine areas, vertebrates, western Europe.
Language of Text: English summary.
Green, G.A., R. Cardwell, and M.S. Brancato (1997). Comment on "Elevated accumulation of tributyltin and its breakdown products in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) found stranded along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts". Environmental Science and Technology 31(10): 3032-3034. ISSN: 0013-936X.
NAL Call Number: TD420.A1E5
Descriptors: pollution, organotin compounds, residues, toxic substances, causes of death, marine environment, dolphins, mammals.
Greenwood, A.G. and D.C. Taylor (1980). Humane handling of stranded cetaceans. Veterinary Record 106(15): 345. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: Cetacea, animal diseases therapy, animal husbandry.
Guarda, F., E. Bollo, E. Ferrero, and C. Gili (1992). Neuropatologia dei delfini spiaggiati. Contributo casistico. [Neuropathology in stranded dolphins. Report of the cases]. Obiettivi E Documenti Veterinari 13(11): 43-46. ISSN: 0392-1913.
Abstract: Two cases of nervous lesions detected in stranded dolphins in Liguria (Italy) are described. The first subject showed an abscess, while the second - few scattered foci of malacia. Immunohistochemical staining for morbilliviruses showed negative results. The cases reported represent a further contribution to the neuropathology of stranded dolphins. ITALIANO: Gli autori descrivono due casi di lesioni riscontrate in delfini spiaggiati sulle coste della Liguria. Il primo caso era rappresentato da un ascesso, mentre nel secondo soggetto sono stati evidenziati focolai di malacia disseminati. Le colorazioni immunoistochimiche per Morbillivirus sono risultate negative. I casi riportati rappresentano un contributo allo studio delle lesioni nervose in delfini spiaggiati.
Descriptors: dolphins, nervous system diseases, viroses, lesions, morbillivirus, postmortem examination, veterinary services, Liguria, biological analysis, Cetacea, Europe, histocytological analysis, Italy, mammals, Mediterranean countries, organic diseases, paramyxoviridae, professional services, viruses, western Europe.
Language of Text: English and Italian summaries.
Guardo, G. Di, U. Agrimi, L. Morelli, G. Cardeti, G. Terracciano, and S. Kennedy (1995). Post mortem investigations on cetaceans found stranded on the coasts of Italy between 1990 and 1993. Veterinary Record 136(17): 439-442.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: coasts, Italy, parasitoses, viroses, morbillivirus, pneumonia, enteritis, hepatitis, dolphins, whales, aquatic mammals, pathology, postmortem examination, Cetacea, disease surveys, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, biological analysis, digestive system diseases, Europe, histocytological analysis, infectious diseases, intestinal diseases, liver diseases, mammals, Mediterranean countries, organic diseases, paramyxoviridae, physiographic features, respiratory diseases, surveys, viruses, Western Europe, marine mammals.
Guardo, G.Di, A. Corradi, U. Agrimi, N. Zizzo, L. Morelli, A. Perillo, L. Kramer, E. Cabassi, and S. Kennedy (1995). Neuropathological lesions in cetaceans found stranded from 1991 to 1993 on the coasts of Italy. European Journal of Veterinary Pathology 1(2): 47-51.
NAL Call Number: SF769.E76
Descriptors: wild animals, lesions, diseases, encephalitis, nervous system diseases, Toxoplasma, morbillivirus, Stenella coeruleoalba, dolphins, whales.
Guclusoy, H., N. Veryeri, and S. Cirik (2004). Cetacean strandings along the coast of Izmir Bay, Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East 33: 163-168. ISSN: 0939-7140.
Abstract: The present paper provides information on the stranding of cetaceans in Izmir Bay, Aegean Sea, between 1992 and 2004. The data were collected opportunistically during sightings and stranding data collection for Monk Seals. A total of 12 cetaceans, namely Bottle-nosed Dolphin, Tursiops truncatus (n=6), Common Dolphin, Delphinus delphis (n=3), - reported for the first time - and Striped Dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba, (n=3) were found to be stranded.
Descriptors: Cetacea, Mediterranean Sea, Turkey, Izmir Bay, stranding records.
Guglielmini, C., A. Zotti, D. Bernardini, M. Pietra, M. Podesta, and B. Cozzi (2002). Bone density of the arm and forearm as an age indicator in specimens of stranded striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Anatomical Record 267(3): 225-30. ISSN: 0003-276X.
Descriptors: bone density, dolphins, forelimb growth and development, age determination by skeleton methods, age distribution, densitometry, x-ray, forelimb metabolism, Mediterranean Sea.
Hasselmeier, I., K.F. Abt, D. Adelung, and U. Siebert (2004). Stranding patterns of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the German North and Baltic seas: when does the birth period occur? Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6(3): 259-263. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Abstract: Stranded harbour porpoises were analysed to investigate differences in stranding patterns along the North and Baltic Sea coasts of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. A total of 1,015 stranded or bycaught harbour porpoises were recorded between 1990-2000. Most of the stranded animals were found during the summer months: in the North Sea, the peak occurred in the months of June and July, whereas in the Baltic most of the porpoises were found in July and August. Strandings of mature females (> 3.9 years) and young animals (< 1 year) were positively correlated during the summer months. No significant correlation between mature males and young porpoises nor between mature males and females was observed. By using a non-parametric procedure, a birth period for the North Sea population between 6 June and 16 July was calculated, with 27 June as the mean date of birth. In the Kiel Bight population, births were assumed to take place one month later than in the North Sea.
Descriptors: marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, biogeography, population studies, reproduction, birth period, stranding pattern.
Hayteas, D.L. and D.A. Duffield (1997). The determination by HPLC of PCB and p,p'-DDE residues in marine mammals stranded on the Oregon coast, 1991-1995. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(10): 844-848.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: aquatic animals, mammals, measurement, HPLC, seals, sealions, DDT, analytical methods, aquatic organisms, Carnivora, Cetacea, chromatography, dolphins, mammals, organic halogen compounds, organochlorine compounds, Pinnipedia, marine mammals, determination, Grampus griseus, Phocoenoides dalli, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Delphinus delphis, Phoca vitulina, Zalophus californians, Eumetopias jubatus, Mirounga angustirostris, Phocoena Phocoena, Stenella coeruleoalba, Mesoplodon stejnegeri, DDE.
Hernandez, G.V. (2002). Contents of the digestive tract of a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) stranded in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, central east Atlantic). Bulletin of Marine Science 71(1): 367-369. ISSN: 0007-4977.
Descriptors: behavior, marine ecology, epipelagic zones, intestinal contents, marine mammal strandings, parasitism, false killer whale, stomach.
Jauniaux, T., L. Brosens, E. Jacquinet, D. Lambrigts, M. Addink, C. Smeenk, and F. Coignoul (1998). Postmortem investigations on winter stranded sperm whales from the coasts of Belgium and the Netherlands. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34(1): 99-109. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Physeter catodon, body condition, sperm whales, stranded, postmortem.
Jauniaux, T., L. Brosens, E. Jacquinet, D. Lambrigts, and F. Coignoul (1997). Pathological investigations on sperm whales stranded on the Belgian and Dutch coasts. Bulletin De L' Institut Royal Des Sciences Naturelles De Belgique Biologie (Belgium). Bulletin Van Het Koninlijk Belgisch Instituut Voor Natuurwetenschappen - Biologie 67(Suppl.): 133. ISSN: 0374-6429.
NAL Call Number: QH301.I48
Abstract: On November 18, 1994, four sperm whales were discovered dead on the Belgian coast, and on January 12, 1995 three live sperm whales stranded on the Dutch coast. Necropsies were conducted following a standardized procedure and samples were collected. Two Belgian sperm whales had a severe weight deficit and the Dutch sperm whales had reductions in blubber thickness. Agonal lesions such as visceral passive congestion and lung edema were due to the stranding. Significant lesions included acute ulcerations of the skin and acute to subacute ulcerative stomatitis. Severe diffuse subacute to chronic ulcerative external otitis was noted in four animals. Progressive weakness and/or potential alterations of echolocation might have predisposed these sperm whales to visit shallow waters - strong social cohesion and complex coastal topography along the Dutch and Belgian coasts being the final factors leading to the stranding.
Descriptors: Physeter, beaches, death, postmortem examination, stomatitis, otitis, skin diseases, lesions, behavior, North Sea, Netherlands, Belgium, Atlantic Ocean, biological analysis, Cetacea, developmental stages, digestive system diseases, ear diseases, Eastern Atlantic, Europe, histocytological analysis, mammals, marine areas, mouth diseases, North Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, organic diseases, physiographic features, Western Europe, whales.
Language of Text: English and French summaries.
Notes: Meeting Information: Proceedings of the Symposium "The North Sea Sperm Whales, One Year After" Held in Koksijde (Belgium) on the Anniversary of the Stranding of Four Sperm Whales on the Belgian Coast, Koksijde Belgium, Nov. 16-18, 1995.
Jauniaux, T., G. Charlier, M. Desmecht, and F. Coignoul (1998). Lesions of morbillivirus infection in a fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) stranded along the Belgian coast. Veterinary Record 143(15): 423-424. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: Balaenopteridae, morbillivirus, lesions, histopathology, case reports, Belgium, fin whale.
Jauniaux, T., D. Petitjean, C. Brenez, M. Borrens, L. Brosens, J. Haelters, T. Tavernier, and F. Coignoul (2002). Post-mortem findings and causes of death of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded from 1990 to 2000 along the coastlines of Belgium and northern France. Journal of Comparative Pathology 126(4): 243-253. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: Phocoena, postmortem examinations, causes of death, lesions, coasts, animal diseases, incidence, histopathology, estuaries, Belgium, France, North Sea.
Jepson, P.D., M. Arbelo, R. Deaville, I.A. Patterson, P. Castro, J.R. Baker, E. Degollada, H.M. Ross, P. Herraez, A.M. Pocknell, F. Rodriguez, F.E. Howie, A. Espinosa, R.J. Reid, J.R. Jaber, V. Martin, A.A. Cunningham, and A. Fernandez (2003). Gas-bubble lesions in stranded cetaceans. Nature (London) 425(6958): 575-6. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: Cetacea, decompression sickness pathology, decompression sickness, liver pathology, sound adverse effects, Atlantic Ocean, decompression sickness diagnosis, dolphins, gases analysis, military science, porpoises, whales.
Notes: Comment In: Nature. 2003 Oct 9;425(6958):549.
Jepson, P.D., P.M. Bennett, R. Deaville, C.R. Allchin, J.R. Baker, and R.J. Law (2005). Relationships between polychlorinated biphenyls and health status in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in the United Kingdom. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24(1): 238-48. ISSN: 0730-7268.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E58
Abstract: To investigate possible relationships between polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure and infectious disease mortality in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in United Kingdom waters, summed blubber concentrations of 25 chlorobiphenyl congeners (sigma25CB) in healthy harbor porpoises that died of acute physical trauma (mainly by-catch; n = 175) were compared with sigma25CB values in animals that died of infectious disease (n = 82). The infectious disease group had significantly greater sigma25CB values (mean, 27.6 mg/kg lipid) than the physical trauma group (mean, 13.6 mg/kg lipid; p < 0.001). This association occurred independently of other potentially confounding variables, including age, sex, two indices of nutritional status, season, region, and year found. Total blubber PCB levels (as Aroclor 1254) were also calculated, enabling direct comparison with a proposed threshold for adverse health effects (including immunosuppression) in marine mammals of 17 mg/kg lipid. In porpoises with total PCB levels greater than 17 mg/kg lipid (n = 154), total PCB levels were significantly higher in the infectious disease group compared to the physical trauma group (p < 0.001). This association was no longer significant in porpoises with total PCB levels of less than 17 mg/kg lipid (n = 103; p > 0.55). These findings are consistent with a causal (immunotoxic) relationship between PCB exposure and infectious disease mortality, and they provide a framework for future quantitative risk-assessment analyses of porpoise populations of known size and PCB exposure.
Descriptors: adipose tissue chemistry, communicable diseases, polychlorinated biphenyls analysis, polychlorinated biphenyls toxicity, porpoises physiology, analysis of variance, behavior, animal, case control studies, communicable diseases immunology, communicable diseases mortality, disease susceptibility chemically induced, disease susceptibility, Great Britain, health status, nutritional status, porpoises immunology, porpoises metabolism, seasons, water pollutants, chemical analysis, water pollutants, chemical toxicity.
Jepson, P.D., P.M. Bennett, R. Deaville, C.R. Allchin, J.R. Baker, and R.J. Law (2005). Relationships between polychlorinated biphenyls and health status in harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded in the United Kingdom. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24(1): 238-248. ISSN: 0730-7268.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E58
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics, biogeography, population studies, immune system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, infection, marine ecology, pollution, toxicology, infectious disease, mortality, trauma, injury, mortality, ecotoxicology, health status, immunosuppression, immunotoxic relationship, nutritional status, stranding.
Kannan, K., K. Senthilkumar, B.G. Loganathan, S. Takahashi, D.K. Odell, and S. Tanabe (1997). Elevated accumulation of tributyltin and its breakdown products in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) found stranded along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts. [Erratum: Aug 1997, v. 31 (8), p. 2444.]. Environental Science and Technology 31(1): 296-301. ISSN: 0013-936X.
NAL Call Number: TD420.A1E5
Descriptors: bottlenose dolphins, stranded, tributyltin, accumulation, breakdown, Tursiops truncatus.
Kannan, K. and S. Tanabe (1997). Response to comment on "elevated accumulation of tributyltin and its breakdown products in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) found stranded along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts". Environental Science and Technology 31(10): 3035-3036. ISSN: 0013-936X.
NAL Call Number: TD420.A1E5
Descriptors: bottlenose dolphins, stranded, tributylin, accumulation, response.
Notes: Original article published in this journal January 1997, v. 31 (1), p. 296-301.
Kemper, C.M., A. Flaherty, S.E. Gibbs, M. Hill, M. Long, and R.W. Byard (2005). Cetacean captures, strandings and mortalities in South Australia 1881-2000, with special reference to human interactions. Australian Mammalogy 27(1): 37-47. ISSN: 0310-0049.
Abstract: This study summarizes 660 events involving captured, live-stranded and dead cetaceans in South Australia between 1881 and 2000. Emphasis is placed on records (n = 361) during 1985-2000 when an active necropsy programme was underway. Average number of events per year was 30.4 and the most common species were the short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Records were assigned to nine categories of circumstance/cause of death. Summarizing the total database, 60% were unknown circumstance, 22% not obviously anthropogenic, 13% unintentional human-related and 5% intentional human-related. In the data set of records for 1985-2000, 50% were unknown, 25% were not obviously anthropogenic, 20% were unintentional human-related and 5% were intentional killings. Non-anthropogenic circumstances included neonatal deaths, live strandings, significant diseases, shark attacks and choking. Cornynebacterium ulcerans is recorded for the first time in a cetacean. Unintentional circumstances included entanglement in fishing and aquaculture equipment (17% of necropsied carcasses from 1985-2000) and boat strikes. Intentional human-related circumstances were captures for live display and illegal killing. Five percent of the necropsied carcasses during 1985-2000 were attributed to shootings or stabbings/spearings. There is need for a formal reporting procedure for marine mammal deaths and human interaction involving injury and for steps to be taken to reduce human impacts.
Descriptors: Cetacea, disturbance by man, parasites diseases and disorders, mortality, south Indian Ocean, Australia, South Australia, captures, live and dead stranding records and necropsy results, long term review.
King, J.K. (2003). Whale standings: reasons, rescues and rationale. Australian Biologist 16(2): 78-90. ISSN: 1030-6234.
Descriptors: Cetacea, conservation measures, rescue of stranded individuals or groups, parasites, diseases and disorders, injuries, mortality, climate and weather, magnetism, magnetic fields, South Indian Ocean, South Pacific, Australia, strandings, reasons, consequences and responses, discussion.
Kirkwood, J.K., P.M. Bennett, P.D. Jepson, T. Kuiken, V.R. Simpson, and J.R. Baker (1997). Entanglement in fishing gear and other causes of death in cetaceans stranded on the coasts of England and Wales. Veterinary Record 141(4): 94-98. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: marine mammals, Cetacea, fishing gear, causes of death, postmortem examinations, fish diseases, England, Wales.
Kuehl, D.W., R. Haebler, and C. Potter (1994). Coplanar PCB and metal residues in dolphins from the U.S. Atlantic coast including Atlantic bottlenose obtained during the 1987/88 mass mortality. Chemosphere 28(6): 1245-1253.
NAL Call Number: TD172.C54
Descriptors: wild animals, poisoning, toxicology, water pollution, mortality, metals, biphenyl, dolphins, animals, aromatic compounds, aromatic hydrocarbons, Cetacea, dolphins, hydrocarbons, mammals, pollution, wildlife, Tursiops truncatus, Delphinus delphis, Lagenorhynchus acutus.
Lair, S., P. Beland, S. De Guise, and D. Martineau (1997). Adrenal hyperplastic and degenerative changes in beluga whales. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33(3): 430-7. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Thirty stranded beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St. Lawrence Estuary (Quebec, Canada) population and five animals from the Hudson Bay aboriginal hunt (North-west Territories, Canada) were examined. Twenty one animals from the St. Lawrence Estuary had mild to severe adrenal lesions and four whales from the Hudson Bay population were affected by minimal adrenal changes. Cortical hyperplasia was observed in 24 adult beluga whales all from the St. Lawrence Estuary. Bilateral cortical cysts and cellular vacuolar degeneration were observed in the adrenal glands of 19 beluga whales from both populations. The cysts, filled with a cortisol-rich liquid, were present in both sexes. Beluga whales with adrenal cysts were significantly older than animals without cysts, and the severity of the lesions increased with age. Nodular hyperplasia of the medulla was observed in seven of the beluga whales, all from the St. Lawrence Estuary population. All lesions could be part of a normal aging process. The adrenocortical lesions might be due to stress or adrenocorticolytic xenobiotics, while the medullary hyperplasia might be caused by hypoxia or exposure to estrogenic xenobiotics.
Descriptors: adrenal gland diseases, adrenal glands pathology, whales, adrenal gland diseases epidemiology, adrenal gland diseases pathology, hyperplasia, Northwest Territories epidemiology, prevalence, Quebec epidemiology, risk factors.
Law, R.J., C.R. Allchin, B.R. Jones, P.D. Jepson, J.R. Baker, and C.J.H. Spurrier (1997). Metals and organochlorines in tissues of a Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) and a killer whale (Orcinus orca) stranded in the United Kingdom. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(3): 208-212.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: metals, whales, side effects, pollution, aquatic mammals, organochlorine compounds, residues, Cetacea, pesticides, United Kingdom, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, British Isles, Europe, mammals, organic halogen compounds, Western Europe, nontarget effects, marine mammals, Mesoplodon densirostris, Orcinus orca.
Law, R.J., R.L. Stringer, C.R. Allchin, and B.R. Jones (1996). Metals and organochlorines in sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus [P. catodon]) stranded around the North Sea during the 1994/1995 winter. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32(1): 72-77.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: side effects, aquatic animals, insecticides, residues, pesticides, heavy metals, North Sea, marine areas, whales, organochlorine compounds, animals, aquatic organisms, Atlantic Ocean, Cetacea, Eastern Atlantic, elements, mammals, marine areas, metallic elements, North Atlantic, Northeast Atlantic, organic halogen compounds, pesticides, whales, nontarget effects, marine animals, Physeter catodon.
Lynch, F. and D.C. Cotton (2003). White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray. Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(6): 240. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Lagenorhynchus albirostris, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Leitrim, Tullaghan Bay, new stranding record.
Mackey, E.A., R.D. Oflaz, M.S. Epstein, B. Buehler, B.J. Porter, T. Rowles, S.A. Wise, and P.R. Becker (2003). Elemental composition of liver and kidney tissues of rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 44(4): 523-32. ISSN: 0090-4341.
NAL Call Number: TD172.A7
Abstract: On December 14, 1997, 62 rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) stranded on Cape San Blas, on the Florida coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Approximately 30 animals died either on the beach or in rehabilitation facilities. Two were successfully rehabilitated and released. Liver, kidney, blubber, and muscle tissues were collected from 15 animals that died on the beach. Portions of the liver and kidney from each dolphin were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to determine mass fractions of 37 elements. Levels of several electrolytes (Na, Cl, K, Br, Rb, I, Cs) and of the essential trace elements Fe, Cu, and Zn in both tissues were similar to those found in other Odontoceti. Mass fractions of Ca ranged from 60 mg/kg to 1,200 mg/kg (wet mass basis), indicating significant inhomogeneity in the kidney tissues of several animals. Necropsy reports noted that the kidneys of many of these animals contained fibrous nodules. The measured Ca inhomogeneity may be due to mineralization of the fibrous kidney tissue. Hepatic levels of Hg and Se were at the high end of the ranges generally found in livers of other Odontoceti and were slightly higher in animals with fibrous kidneys than in the others. Mass fractions of Se, Ag, and Hg in liver tissues increased with the size and age of the animals indicating accumulation of these elements in the liver with age. Results also indicate that Se and Hg accumulate in rough-toothed dolphin kidney. Accumulation of these elements with age has been reported commonly for marine mammals and other species.
Descriptors: aging metabolism, dolphins metabolism, kidney chemistry, liver chemistry, water pollutants, chemical analysis, adipose tissue chemistry, adipose tissue metabolism, electrolytes analysis, electrolytes pharmacokinetics, kidney metabolism, liver metabolism, mass fragmentography, metals, heavy analysis, metals, heavy pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, trace elements analysis, trace elements pharmacokinetics, water pollutants, chemical pharmacokinetics.
Mackey, M., E. Viney, and M. Viney (2002). Pygmy sperm whale Kogia breviceps (De Blainville). Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(4): 164-165. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Kogia breviceps, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Mayo, Bertragh Beach, stranding record.
MacLeod, C.D., G.J. Pierce, and M.B. Santos (2004). Geographic and temporal variations in strandings of beaked whales (Ziphiidae) on the coasts of the UK and the Republic of Ireland from 1800-2002. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6(1): 79-86. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Abstract: This study analyses published records of beaked whale strandings from the coasts of the UK and the Republic of Ireland between 1800 and 2002. Strandings of northern bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus) were lowest in April and highest in September. The number of strandings between months differed significantly from an even spread over all months of the year, with more strandings between July and October. Most strandings in late summer and autumn occurred on North Sea coasts and their stomach contents included the squid Gonatus fabricii. which is found only in more northern waters. This suggests that these whales may be migrating southward at this time of year. Most strandings of Sowerby's beaked whales (Mesoplodon bidens) also occurred in late summer and autumn, although this was not significant. Strandings of Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) occurred almost exclusively on the Atlantic coasts of the UK and in Ireland. There were significantly more Cuvier's beaked whale strandings than expected in January and February and in June and July. A Cuvier's beaked whale which stranded in northern Scotland in February contained similar prey to two whales stranded in north-western Spain at the same time of year, suggesting this animal could have been feeding in more southern waters prior to stranding. Seasonal patterns of strandings of nor-them bottlenose and Cuvier's beaked whales were significantly different with more of the former stranding in August to October and more of the latter from November to July. This is consistent with a hypothesis of temporal segregation between the two species to reduce potential competition for prey.
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, biosynchronization, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, geographical variation, migration, seasonal pattern, strandings, temporal variation.
Malakoff, D. (2001). Marine mammals. Scientists use strandings to bring species to life. Science 293(5536): 1754-7. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: autopsy, death, dolphins physiology, seals, earless physiology, whales physiology, accidents mortality, animal diseases, animal welfare economics, bathing beaches, ecosystem, euthanasia, life cycle stages, rescue work economics, United States.
Maldini, D., L. Mazzuca, and S. Atkinson (2005). Odontocete stranding patterns in the main Hawaiian Islands (1937-2002): how do they compare with live animal surveys? Pacific Science 59(1): 55-67. ISSN: 0030-8870.
NAL Call Number: 475 P11
Abstract: In this study we (1) synthesized 65 yr of odontocete stranding data around the main Hawaiian Islands (1937-2002); (2) analyzed stranding patterns and trends over time; and (3) compared occurrence patterns based on sightings of live animals with stranding data and evaluated the compatibility of these data sets. From 1937 to 2002, 202 odontocete strandings were recorded by the National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Regional Office. Strandings increased through time due to increased reporting effort and occurred throughout the year. The four most common of 16 species reported were Kogia spp. (18%), spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) (15%), striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) (11%), and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) (10%). The highest proportion of strandings was recorded on O'ahu (48%), followed by Maui/Lana'i (24%), Kaua'i (12%), Hawai'i (11%), and Moloka'i (5%). Comparison with four previously published live animal survey studies suggests that stranding records are a good indicator of species composition and yield reasonable data on the frequency of occurrence of species in the region they cover.
Descriptors: Odontoceti, ecological techniques, north Pacific, Hawaii, stranding records and patterns, review and comparison with live animal surveys.
Mawson, A.R. (1978). Whale strandings: hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses 4(3): 273-6. ISSN: 0306-9877.
Abstract: The hypothesis is presented that whales become stranded inadvertently as a consequence of seeking stimulation. The animals enter shallow water in order to roll over, bask, and rub themselves in the sand, and are trapped by the receding tide. It suggested that stimulation-seeking behavior (and stranding) reflects a general sympathetic nervous system response which may be due to a number of factors such as pain, discomfort, reproductive state, and other biorhythmic changes.
Descriptors: behavior, animal physiology, Cetacea physiology, whales physiology, arousal physiology, sensation physiology, sex behavior, animal physiology, sympathetic nervous system physiology.
McManus, T.J., D.L. Obendorf, and B.L. Munday (1982). Recent whale strandings in Tasmania. Australian Veterinary Journal 59(5): 164. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: whale, strandings, Tasmania, Australia.
Mendez, L., S.T. Alvarez Castaneda, B. Acosta, and A.P. Sierra Beltran (2002). Trace metals in tissues of gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) carcasses from the Northern Pacific Mexican Coast. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44(3): 217-21. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Abstract: Samples of liver, lung, heart, muscle, and blubber tissue from the carcasses of juvenile gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) found stranded on the coast off the Sea of Cortez, Mexico were analyzed for a range of trace metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Cd). The highest concentrations of copper, iron, zinc, and manganese were found in liver; nickel and lead in heart, and cadmium in kidney. In all tissues analyzed, iron, zinc and copper were present in the highest concentrations; however, some whales also showed high levels of cadmium in the kidney which could be related to their diet. Elevated concentrations of copper were found only in the liver of one whale. In general, where low levels of iron were found in the liver, they were associated with poor nutrition. Lead, nickel, manganese and zinc levels in liver were within the normal range, indicating that these whales had not been exposed to high levels of these metals.
Descriptors: metals analysis, water pollutants, chemical analysis, whales metabolism, kidney chemistry, liver chemistry, Mexico, myocardium chemistry, organ specificity, seawater.
Mohl, B. (2001). Sound transmission in the nose of the sperm whale Physeter catodon. A post mortem study. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 187(5): 335-40. ISSN: 0340-7594.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J68
Abstract: During a sperm whale stranding at Romo, the Wadden Sea, Denmark, on 4 December 1997, we were notified in time to start acoustic transmission measurements in the spermaceti complex 1 h after the specimen was seen alive. Frequency-modulated sound pulses, sweeping from 30 kHz to 10 kHz in 25 ms, were injected at the frontal surface at two positions: at the distal sac, and at the center of the junk (a compartmentalized structure below the spermaceti organ). A hydrophone next to the projector served as receiver. The analyses of the recordings show a repetitive, decaying reflection pattern at both projection sites, reminiscent of the multi-pulse click peculiar to sperm whales, although with minor differences in the duration of the intra-click intervals. This experimental evidence supports the Norris and Harvey (1972) theory of click generation in the spermaceti organ. Accordingly, the click is composed of a primary event, followed by a train of reflected pulses, spaced by the time required for the event to travel back and forth between air sacs (reflectors) at each end of the organ. The results also show that the junk readily transmits sound and probably is in acoustic contact with the spermaceti organ.
Descriptors: echolocation physiology, whales physiology, fatty acids physiology, fatty alcohols, nose anatomy and histology, nose physiology.
Murray, T. and S. Murphy (2003). Common dolphin Delphinus delphis L. strandings on the Mullet Peninsula. Irish Naturalists' Journal 27(6): 240-241. ISSN: 0021-1311.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland, County Mayo, Mullet Peninsula, live stranding records.
Nambu, H., M. Nishioka, S. Sekiya, K.T. Yamada, and M. Ota (2004). Stranding records of cetaceans in the Toyama Bay, during the year 2003. Bulletin of the Toyama Science Museum 27: 75-78. ISSN: 0387-9089.
Descriptors: Cetacea, north Pacific, Japan, Honshu, Toyama Bay, stranding records.
Needham, D.J. (1993). Cetacean strandings. In: Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine, p. 415-425.
NAL Call Number: SF996.Z66 1999
Descriptors: veterinarians, legislation, animal welfare, Physeter catodon, Cetacea.
Norman, S.A., C.E. Bowlby, M.S. Brancato, J. Calambokidis, D. Duffield, P. Gearin, T.A. Gornall, M.E. Gosho, B. Hanson, J. Hodder, S.J. Jeffries, B. Lagerquist, D.M. Lambourn, B. Mate, B. Norberg, R.W. Osborne, J.A. Rash, S. Riemer, and J. Scordino (2004). Cetacean strandings in Oregon and Washington between 1930 and 2002. Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6(1): 87-99. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Abstract: The Northwest Region (NWR) Marine Mammal Stranding Network was created in the early 1980s to provide a consistent framework in which to collect and compile data about marine mammal strandings in Oregon and Washington. The NWR includes the nearshore waters and 4,243km (2,632 n.miles) of coastline. For the years 1930-2002, there were 904 stranding events, representing 951 individual animals and 23 species: 4 species of balaenopterids, 1 eschrichtiid, 2 physeterids, 4 ziphiids, 10 delphinids and 2 phocoenids. Gender was determined for 343 males and 266 females. Only one mass stranding was recorded (sperm whales: 1979). A few species comprised the majority (71%) of stranding events in the NWR: harbour porpoise (34%), gray whales (23%), Dall's porpoise (12%) and Pacific white-sided dolphins (4%). There was a steep increase (511%) in the number of stranding reports beginning in the 1980s with over 86% of all records occurring during the last two decades (1980s and 1990s). The general trend of increased reported strandings during the last two decades corresponds to the formation of a formal stranding network and a heightened interest and dedication by the public and government agencies in reporting and documenting strandings. For all events combined, the primary stranding peak was April-July. Since stranding recoveries depend heavily on reports from the general public, most stranding records were in summer when more people are present along the coastline. Individual species or species groups showed varying levels of conformity to this overall seasonal trend. The value and limitations of the use of strandings data in a management context are discussed.
Descriptors: Cetacea, conservation measures, north Pacific, USA, Oregon and Washington, stranding records 1930 2002, analysis and management use.
Ohizumi, H. and T. Kishiro (2003). Stomach contents of a Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) stranded on the central Pacific Coast of Japan. Aquatic Mammals 29(1): 99-103. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Cephalopoda, mammalian predators, Ziphius cavirostris, prey composition, stranded specimen, west Pacific, Japan, Honshu, Shizuoka, Yaizu, stranded mammalian predator prey composition.
Oosterbaan, A. and K. Camphuysen (2004). Bruinvisstrandingen op Texel. [Strandings of harbour porpoises on Texel]. Zeepaard 64(6): 186-189. ISSN: 0926-3497.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, population structure, North Sea, Netherlands, West Frisian Islands, texel, stranding records, population structure and seasonal character significance.
Parsons, E.C., G.D. Bossart, and R.E. Kinoshita (1999). Postmortem findings in a finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) calf stranded in Hong Kong. Veterinary Record 144(3): 75-6. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: bacterial infections, parasitic diseases, animal pathology, porpoises blood, porpoises microbiology, porpoises parasitology, autopsy, bacterial infections pathology, Hong Kong.
Parsons, E.C. and T.A. Jefferson (2000). Post-mortem investigations on stranded dolphins and porpoises from Hong Kong waters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36(2): 342-56. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Abstract: Stranded cetaceans reported from the territorial waters of Hong Kong during the period May 1993 to March 1998 were examined to establish factors that may have contributed to their death. During the current study, 28 Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphins (Sousa chinensis), 32 finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides), and four bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were necropsied. Bacteria (15 species) were isolated from nine animals. Of these bacteria, 47% were of possible fecal origin reflecting the high level of sewage contamination in Hong Kong's waters. One finless porpoise displayed wounds caused by a shark attack, and two female finless porpoises presented prolapsed uteri. At least 10 finless porpoises showed evidence of moderate to heavy lungworm infections (Halocercus pingi), and this appears to have been a factor contributing to death in at least six animals. Evidence suggesting blunt traumatic injury (probably caused by boat collisions) was found in six cetaceans (three finless porpoises and three hump-backed dolphins). Signs of fishery-related mortality were detected in at least nine animals (six hump-backed dolphins, two finless porpoises, and one bottlenose dolphin). Of these two human-caused mortality types, pre-existing disease or bacterial infection were detected in 29% of cases. Results indicate that human factors may have played a significant role in the death of at least 15 animals (32% of hump-backed dolphins, 15% of finless porpoises, and 25% of bottlenose dolphins).
Descriptors: cause of death, dolphins injuries, porpoises injuries, autopsy, Hong Kong, uterine prolapse mortality, uterine prolapse, wounds and injuries etiology, wounds and injuries mortality, wounds and injuries.
Parsons, E.C., R.M. Overstreet, and T.A. Jefferson (2001). Parasites from Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) stranded in Hong Kong. Veterinary Record 148(25): 776-80. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: Between 1993 and 1998, 28 Indo-Pacific hump-backed dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and 32 finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocoenoides) stranded in Hong Kong territorial waters were examined postmortem for parasites. The nematode Halocercus pingi was discovered in the lungs of one hump-backed dolphin and in 10 finless porpoises, typically within abscesses or granulomata, and they were frequently accompanied by a catarrhal exudate and lesions characteristic of pneumonia. Seven of the 10 finless porpoises were calves with substantial lungworm infections, and three were neonates with visible fetal folds and umbilical remnants, suggesting that H pingi is transferred to the neonate before birth or during lactation. Electron micrographs of H pingi should allow the nematode to be identified by other researchers. An ectoparasitic stalked barnacle (Xenobalanus globicipitis) was recovered from a finless porpoise, the first time that this species of barnacle has been recorded in Hong Kong's territorial waters.
Descriptors: dolphins parasitology, Nematoda isolation and purification, nematode infections, pneumonia, porpoises parasitology, Hong Kong, Nematoda ultrastructure, nematode infections parasitology, nematode infections pathology, pneumonia parasitology, pneumonia pathology, Thoracica classification.
Parsons, E.C.M. and T.A. Jefferson (2000). Post-mortem investigations on stranded dolphins and porpoises from Hong Kong waters. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 36(2): 342-356. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: trauma, parasitoses, mortality, pathology, bacterial diseases, wild animals, marine mammals, causes of death, Delphinidae, Phocoenidae, Nematoda, Tursiops truncatus.
Perillo, A., N. Zizzo, N. Ungaro, A. Troncone, V. de Zio, and L. Rositani (2001). Patoliga dell'apparato respiratorio dei cetacei. [Pathologies of respiratory system in cetaceans]. Natura (Milan) 90(2): 133-143. ISSN: 0369-6243.
Descriptors: Cetacea, respiratory system, pathologies, diseases and disorders, mortality, Mediterranean Sea, Italy, Apulia, strandings, respiratory system pathologies.
Language of Text: Italian.
Pierce, G.J., M.B. Santos, R.J. Reid, I.A.P. Patterson, and H.M. Ross (2004). Diet of minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata in Scottish (UK) waters with notes on strandings of this species in Scotland 1992-2002. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84(6): 1241-1244. ISSN: 0025-3154.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 M331
Abstract: During 1992-2002 approximately 110 strandings of minke whales Balaenoptera acutorostrata were recorded in Scotland (UK). Most strandings were recorded between April and November, with a peak of strandings of males in July and August. There were two length modes at 4-6 m and 7-10 m. Stomach contents samples were obtained from ten animals. The diet comprised mainly sandeels (Ammodytidae, around two-thirds of the diet by number or weight) and clupeids (herring Clupea harengus and sprat Sprattus sprattus). Results on diet are consistent with results front whaling catches in the North Sea. The possibility that minke whales compete with fisheries is discussed.
Descriptors: Pisces, mammalian predators, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, predator diet composition, north Atlantic, United Kingdom, Scotland, mammalian predator diet composition.
Preau, C. and R. Duguy (1989). Pathologie cardiaque dans un echantillon de dauphins echoues sur les cotes de France. [Heart pathology in dolphins stranded on the coasts of France]. Mammalia 53(3): 441-449. ISSN: 0025-1461.
NAL Call Number: 410 M31
Descriptors: dolphins, heart diseases, France, coasts, postmortem examination, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, diagnosis, diseases, Europe, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, organic diseases, physiographic features, vertebrates, western Europe.
Language of Text: French and English summaries.
Price, M.C., G.J. Macdonald, S.L. Graham, and E.J. Kirk (1984). Treatment of a strandling whale (Kogia breviceps). New Zealand Veterinary Journal 32(3): 31-33. ISSN: 0048-0169.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N483
Abstract: A stranded young pygmy sperm whale was nursed for four days in a pool, fed an artificial diet via a stomach tube and injected intramuscularly with antibiotics and corticosteroids. Initially unable to maintain her balance or to swim, she showed progressive improvement and by the third day could swim and dive quite strongly. Early on the fifth day her condition rapidly worsened and she died. An autopsy revealed extensive deep bruising in the head and mid-abdominal regions consistent with injuries sustained during the stranding.
Descriptors: pygmy sperm whale, stranded, stomach tube, diet, balance, autopsy, bruising, head, abdominal.
Rancurel, P. (1974). Echouage en masse du cetace Peponocephala electra aux Nouvelles-Hebrides. [Stranding in large numbers of the whale Peponocephala electra in the New Hebrides]. Biological Conservation 6(3): 232-234.
NAL Call Number: S900.B5
Descriptors: whale, stranding, large numbers, New Hebrides, Peponocephala electra.
Rey, J.C. and J.M. Rey (1979). Cetaceos varados en la costa surmediterranea espanola -mar de Alboran- durante los anos 1975, 1976 y 1977. [Stranded cetaceans in the Spanish southmediterranean coast -Alboran sea- during the years 1975, 1976 and 1977]. Boletin Seccion Biologica. Sociedad Espanola De Historia Natural (Spain) 77(3-4): 505-510. ISSN: 0366-3272.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 SO18
Descriptors: cetaceans, stranded, Alboran Sea, south Mediterranean, Spain.
Language of Text: English and Spanish summaries.
Rogan, E., J.R. Baker, P.D. Jepson, S. Berrow, and O. Kiely (1997). A mass stranding of white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus acutus) in Ireland: biological and pathological studies. Journal of Zoology (London) 242(2): 217-227. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: wild animals, dolphins, Ireland, British Isles, Cetacea, dolphins, Europe, mammals, Western Europe, wildlife, Lagenorhynchus acutus.
Rogan, E., R. Penrose, I. Gassner, M.J. Mackey, and P. Clayton (2001). Marine mammal strandings a collaborative study for the Irish Sea. Maritime Ireland Wales INTERREG Report 8: 1-53. ISSN: 1393-9025.
Descriptors: Dermochelys coriacea, north Atlantic, Republic of Ireland and Wales, Irish Sea, stranding records comment.
Ruelas Inzunza, J. and F. Paez Osuna (2002). Distribution of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in selected tissues of juvenile whales stranded in the SE Gulf of California (Mexico). Environment International 28(4): 325-9. ISSN: 0160-4120.
NAL Call Number: TD169.E54
Abstract: With the aim of knowing the concentration and distribution of essential and nonessential metals in selected tissues of whales, analysis of Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn were carried out in kidney, liver and muscle of the gray whale Eschrichtius robustus and the sperm whale Physeter catodon. Whales were found stranded in the southeast Gulf of California. Individuals were in a juvenile stage; mean length of whales was 9.3 m for E. robustus and 7 m for P. catodon. Sequence of metal concentrations was Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Cd>Pb in E. robustus, and Fe>Zn>Cu>Cd>Mn>Pb in P. catodon. In E. robustus, highest concentrations of Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn (17.2, 19.6, 0.9 and 388 microg g(-1), respectively) were measured in liver, Cd (5.7 microg g(-1)) in kidney and Fe (1009 microg g(-1)) in muscle. In P. catodon, the highest levels of Cu, Fe and Pb (48.6, 5200 and 4.2 microg g(-1), respectively) were found in liver, Cd and Zn (94 and 183 microg g(-1)) in kidney and Mn (8 microg g(-1)) in muscle. Metal concentrations reported here were not considered to contribute to the stranding of specimens.
Descriptors: metals, heavy pharmacokinetics, whales, cause of death, kidney chemistry, liver chemistry, metals, heavy analysis, Mexico, mortality, muscle, skeletal chemistry, tissue distribution.
Sheldrick, M.C., P.J. Chimonides, A.I. Muir, J.D. George, R.J. Reid, T. Kuiken, A.C. Iskjaer, and A. Kitchener (1994). Stranded cetacean records for England, Scotland and Wales, 1987-1992. Investigations on Cetacea 25(0): 259-283. ISSN: 1010-3635.
Descriptors: development, ecology, environmental sciences, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, reproductive system, reproduction, systematics and taxonomy, gender, total length.
Siciliano, S., M.C. de Oliveira Santos, A.F. Vicente, F.S. Alvarenga, E. Zampirolli, J.J. Lailson Brito, A.F. Azevedo, and J.L.A. Pizzorno (2004). Strandings and feeding records of Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) in south-eastern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84(4): 857-859. ISSN: 0025-3154.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 M331
Abstract: Information on Balaenoptera edeni strandings along the Brazilian south-east coast and feeding associations with other marine vertebrates are reported. A total of 19 strandings were observed from 1972 to 2003 along [approximately]1200 km of coast. Strandings were evenly distributed among seasons with no distinguishable peaks. Besides the stranding data, opportunistic observations on Bryde's whales engaged in feeding activities were reported from nine cruises along Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro State coasts (22-24[degree]S). Bryde's whales were observed preying on Brazilian sardines (Sardinella brasiliensis) in at least three events, and possibly two others. Associations with other marine vertebrates were observed, and included dolphin fish (Coryphaena hippurus), little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), unidentified sharks, terns (Sterna hirundinacea, Sterna spp.), brown boobies (Sula leucogaster), frigate birds (Fregata magnificens), parasitic jaeger (Stercorarius cf. parasiticus), albatrosses (Thalassarche spp.), and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Stranding data and on-board observations support the hypothesis that Bryde's whales are common in coastal waters of south-eastern Brazil.
Descriptors: Pisces, feeding behavior, associations, Balaenoptera edeni, feeding associations, south Atlantic, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo, feeding associations with mammals.
Siebert, U., A. Wunschmann, R. Weiss, H. Frank, H. Benke, and K. Frese (2001). Post-mortem findings in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the German North and Baltic Seas. Journal of Comparative Pathology 124(2-3): 102-114. ISSN: 0021-9975.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: Phocoena, animal diseases, postmortem examinations, causes of death, lesions, pathology, pneumonia, parasitoses, bacterial diseases, Baltic Sea, North Sea.
Silva, M.A. and M. Sequeira (2003). Patterns in the mortality of common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) on the Portuguese coast, using stranding records, 1975-1998. Aquatic Mammals 29(1): 88-98. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, fishing and fisheries, fishery bycatch, population dynamics, mortality, north east Atlantic, Portugal, distribution and population dynamics, fishery bycatch and stranding records implications.
Simoni, P., D. Zambelli, D. Boscolo, U. Agrimi, and D.G. Guardo (2000). Quadri anatomo-istopatologici ed ultrastrutturali di cetacei spiaggiati sulle coste italiane. [Anatomohistopathological and ultrastructural aspects of stranded cetaceans from the Italian coast]. Selezione Veterinaria (Suppl.): s323-s325. ISSN: 0037-1521.
Descriptors: pathology, diseases, Cetacea, Tursiops truncatus, Stenella coeruleoalba.
Slip, D.J., G.J. Moore, and K. Green (1995). Stomach contents of a southern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon planifrons, stranded at Heard Island. Marine Mammal Science 11(4): 575-584. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, digestive system, ingestion and assimilation, nutrition, systematics and taxonomy, geographic distribution, Heard Island.
Smeenk, C. (2003). Strandingen van Cetacea op de Nederlandse kust in 1993-1997. [Cetacea stranded on the Dutch coast in 1993-1997]. Lutra 46(1): 45-64. ISSN: 0024-7634.
Abstract: As a sequel to earlier reviews, stranding records of Cetacea on the Dutch coast reported over the years 1993-1997 are enumerated here. In 1993, the National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, Leiden, received the following records: 29 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), 8 white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), 1 striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), 1 unidentified dolphin and 2 bottlenose whales (Hyperoodon ampullatus). For 1994: 38 harbour porpoises, 7 white-beaked dolphins, 1 unidentified dolphin, 1 sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and 1 minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). For 1995: 31 harbour porpoises, 6 white-beaked dolphins, 2 unidentified dolphins and 3 sperm whales (in one stranding event). For 1996: 33 harbour porpoises, 10 white-beaked dolphins, 1 striped dolphin, 1 Sowerby's beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens), 1 minke whale and 1 unidentified cetacean. For 1997: 41 harbour porpoises, 2 white-beaked dolphins, 1 striped dolphin and 5 sperm whales (during 2 stranding events: 1 and 4 animals, respectively). Two earlier records are corrected: an animal found in 1987 and reported as common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) was re-identified as striped dolphin. An animal from 1990 reported as bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) was re-identifed as long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas). A review of publications dealing with research on stranded Cetacea in the Netherlands and published during the period 1995-2003 is given.
Descriptors: Cetacea, North Sea, Netherlands, stranding records, 1993-1997.
Stein, J.E., K.L. Tilbury, J.P. Meador, J. Gorzelany, G.A.J. Worthy and M.M. Krahn (2003). Ecotoxicological investigations of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) strandings: accumulation of persistent organic chemicals and metals. In: J.G. Vos, G.D. Bossart, M. Fournier and T.J. O'Shea (Editors), Toxicology of Marine Mammals. New Perspectives: Toxicology and the Environment, Taylor & Francis: London & New York, p. 458-488. ISBN: 0415239141.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.T685 2003
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, pollutants, chemical pollution, chemical factors, north west Atlantic, USA, metals and persistent organic chemicals, accumulation.
Stoneburner, D.L. (1978). Heavy metals in tissues of stranded short-finned pilot whales. Science of the Total Environment 9(3): 293-297.
NAL Call Number: RA565.S365
Descriptors: heavy metals, short finned pilot whales, stranded, tissues.
Language of Text: English summary.
Struntz, W.D.J., J.R. Kucklick, M.M. Schantz, P.R. Becker, W.E. McFee, and M.K. Stolen (2004). Persistent organic pollutants in rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) sampled during an unusual mass stranding event. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48(1-2): 164-173. ISSN: 0025-326X.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: Steno bredanensis, pollutants, mortality, mass stranding event, chemical pollution, chemical factors, Gulf of Mexico, USA, Florida, St. Joseph State Park, persistent organic pollutants, sampling during mass stranding event.
Taubenberger, J.K., M.M. Tsai, T.J. Atkin, T.G. Fanning, A.E. Krafft, R.B. Moeller, S.E. Kodsi, M.G. Mense, and T.P. Lipscomb (2000). Molecular genetic evidence of a novel morbillivirus in a long-finned pilot whale (Globicephalus melas). Emerging Infectious Diseases 6(1): 42-5. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: A long-finned pilot whale with morbilliviral disease was stranded in New Jersey. An immunohistochemical stain demonstrated morbilliviral antigen. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for morbillivirus P and N genes was positive. Novel sequences most closely related to, but distinct from, those of dolphin and porpoise morbilliviruses suggest that this virus may represent a third member of the cetacean morbillivirus group.
Descriptors: morbillivirus genetics, whales virology, genes, viral, immunohistochemistry, morbillivirus infections pathology, morbillivirus infections, morbillivirus infections virology.
Turnbull, B.S. and D.F. Cowan (1998). Myocardial contraction band necrosis in stranded cetaceans. Journal of Comparative Pathology 118(4): 317-327.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: necrosis, myocardium, heart diseases, dolphins, whales, wild animals, pathology, body parts, cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular system, Cetacea, dolphins, heart, mammals, muscles, musculoskeletal system, organic diseases, whales, wildlife, Tursiops truncatus, Lagenodelphis hosei, Stenella coeruleoalba, Stenella attenuata, Globicephala macrorhynchus, Steno bredanensis, Physeter catodon, Pseudorca crassidens, Mesoplodon europaeus.
Uchida, K., M. Muranaka, Y. Horii, N. Murakami, R. Yamaguchi, and S. Tateyama (1999). Non-purulent meningoencephalomyelitis of a Pacific striped dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens): The first evidence of morbillivirus infection in a dolphin at the Pacific ocean around Japan. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 61(2): 159-162. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: On March 22, 1998, a mature, male hyposthenic Pacific striped dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) was stranded at Aoshima Beach in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan.A necropsy performed 14 hr after death revealed mild diffuse congestion and edema of the leptomeninges and mild pulmonary atelectasis.Histopathologically, non-purulent inflammatory were observed throughout the cerebrum, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord.Hematoxylin and eosin stain revealed no viral inclusion bodies.Immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody against nucleoprotein of canine distemper virus (CDV-NP) revealed a number of CDV-NP-positive granular deposits in the cytoplasm and cell processes of the degenerating or intact neurons.The present paper is a first report of spontaneously occurred morbillivirus infection in a dolphin at the Pacific Ocean around Japan.
Descriptors: dolphins, encephalitis, meningitis, morbillivirus, infection, Pacific Ocean, Japan, Asia, Cetacea, disease transmission, East Asia, mammals, marine areas, nervous system diseases, organic diseases, paramyxoviridae, pathogenesis, viruses.
Language of Text: English summary.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. (1989). Mass Mortality of Bottlenose Dolphins in 1987-88: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, First Session on the Conclusions of the Clinical Investigation of the 1987-88 Mass Mortality of the Bottle-Nose Dolphins Along the United States Central and South Atlantic Coasts, May 9-10, 1989, Vol. Serial no. 101-20, U.S. G.P.O. Washington [D.C. (USA)]. 302 p.
NAL Call Number: KF27.M474 1989c
Descriptors: dolphins, mortality, water pollution, Cetacea, mammals, pollution.
Notes: Printed for the use of the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries.
Valdez Marquez, M., M. Lares, V. Camacho Ibar, and D. Gendron (2004). Chlorinated hydrocarbons in skin and blubber of two blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) stranded along the Baja California coast. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 72(3): 490-495. ISSN: 0007-4861.
NAL Call Number: RA1270.P35A1
Descriptors: Balaenoptera musculus, pollutants, skin, dermis, blubber, north Pacific, Mexico, Baja California, chlorinated hydrocarbons content, blubber and skin, stranded specimens.
Walker, R.J., E.O. Keith, A.E. Yankovsky, and D.K. Odell (2005). Environmental correlates of cetacean mass stranding sites in Florida. Marine Mammal Science 21(2): 327-335. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, ocean environment, mass stranding.
Walsh, M.T., R.Y. Ewing, D.K. Odell and G.D. Bossart (2001). Mass strandings of cetaceans. In: CRC Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine, 2nd edition, p. 83-96.
NAL Call Number: SF997.5.M35C73 2001
Descriptors: animal behavior, Cetacea, strandings.
Wapstra, J.E. (1991). Dolphin stranding due to killer whales. Tasmanian Naturalist No. 107: 5-7. ISSN: 0819-6826.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, Tursiops truncatus, conservation measures, human intervention to avoid mass stranding, mammalian predators, Orcinus orca, prey stranding relationship, Tasmania, west Pacific, Australia, stranding record, Orcinus orca predation relations and conservation.
Watanabe, M., K. Kannan, A. Takahashi, B.G. Loganathan, D.K. Odell, S. Tanabe, and J.P. Giesy (2000). Polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane, and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol in livers of small cetaceans stranded along Florida coastal waters, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(6): 1566-1574. ISSN: 0730-7268.
NAL Call Number: QH545.A1E58
Descriptors: organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, concentration, liver, Cetacea, coastal areas, Florida.
Wiley, D.N., R.A. Asmutis, T.D. Pitcford, and D.P. Gannon (1995). Standing and mortality of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae, in the mid-Atlantic and southeast United States, 1985-1992. U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service Marine Fishery Bulletin 93(1): 196-205. ISSN: 0090-0656.
NAL Call Number: 157.5 B87
Descriptors: climatology, marine ecology, systematics and taxonomy, wildlife management, conservation, distribution, migration, seasonality.
Wood, C.M. and E.S. Van Vleet (1996). Copper, cadmium and zinc in liver, kidney and muscle tissues of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) stranded in Florida. Marine Pollution Bulletin 32(12): 886-889.
NAL Call Number: GC1000.M3
Descriptors: copper, cadmium, zinc, liver, dolphins, Florida, water pollution, toxicology, residues, wild animals, America, body parts, Cetacea, digestive system, dolphins, elements, heavy metals, mammals, metallic elements, North America, pollution, south eastern states, southern states, transition elements, USA, wildlife, Tursiops truncatus.
Wright, A.J. (2005). Lunar cycles and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) strandings on the north Atlantic coastlines of the British Isles and eastern Canada. Marine Mammal Science 21(1): 145-149. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus, physical factors, lunar cycle, north Atlantic, British Isles and Canada, strandings, lunar cycle correlations.