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1. Effects of the Build-Up and Resetting of Auditory Stream Segregation on Temporal Discrimination (EJ804710)
Author(s):
Roberts, Brian; Glasberg, Brian R.; Moore, Brian C. J.
Source:
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, v34 n4 p992-1006 Aug 2008
Pub Date:
2008-08-00
Pub Type(s):
Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Peer-Reviewed:
Yes
Descriptors: Intervals; Auditory Discrimination; Auditory Stimuli; Time Perspective; Auditory Perception; Young Adults; Perception Tests
Abstract: The tendency to hear a tone sequence as 2 or more streams (segregated) builds up, but a sudden change in properties can reset the percept to 1 stream (integrated). This effect has not hitherto been explored using an objective measure of streaming. Stimuli comprised a 2.0-s fixed-frequency inducer followed by a 0.6-s test sequence of alternating pure tones (3 low [L]-high [H] cycles). Listeners compared intervals for which the test sequence was either isochronous or the H tones were slightly delayed. Resetting of segregation should make identifying the anisochronous interval easier. The HL frequency separation was varied (0-12 semitones), and properties of the inducer and test sequence were set to the same or different values. Inducer properties manipulated were frequency, number of onsets (several short bursts vs. one continuous tone), tone:silence ratio (short vs. extended bursts), level, and lateralization. All differences between the inducer and the L tones reduced temporal discrimination thresholds toward those for the no-inducer case, including properties shown previously not to affect segregation greatly. Overall, it is concluded that abrupt changes in a sequence cause resetting and improve subsequent temporal discrimination. (Contains 4 footnotes and 4 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
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2. Change Deafness and the Organizational Properties of Sounds (EJ804709)
Gregg, Melissa K.; Samuel, Arthur G.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, v34 n4 p974-991 Aug 2008
Descriptors: Cues; Familiarity; Infants; Auditory Perception; Auditory Stimuli; Perception Tests; Hearing (Physiology); Spatial Ability; Time Perspective; Change; Undergraduate Students; Auditory Discrimination; Recognition (Psychology)
Abstract: Change blindness, or the failure to detect (often large) changes to visual scenes, has been demonstrated in a variety of different situations. Failures to detect auditory changes are far less studied, and thus little is known about the nature of change deafness. Five experiments were conducted to explore the processes involved in change deafness by measuring explicit change detection as well as auditory object encoding. The experiments revealed that considerable change deafness occurs, even though auditory objects are encoded quite well. Familiarity with the objects did not affect detection or recognition performance. Whereas spatial location was not an effective cue, fundamental frequency and the periodicity/aperiodicity of the sounds provided important cues for the change-detection task. Implications for the mechanisms responsible for change deafness and auditory sound organization are discussed. (Contains 10 figures, 3 tables, and 2 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
3. Is the Linguistic Content of Speech Less Salient than Its Perceptual Features in Autism? (EJ783923)
Jarvinen-Pasley, Anna; Pasley, John; Heaton, Pamela
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, v38 n2 p239-248 Feb 2008
2008-02-00
Descriptors: Autism; Linguistics; Children; Language Acquisition; Cognitive Processes; Language Processing; Models; Verbal Stimuli; Control Groups; Language Tests; Perception Tests; Speech Tests
Abstract: Open-ended tasks are rarely used to investigate cognition in autism. No known studies have directly examined whether increased attention to the perceptual level of speech in autism might contribute to a reduced tendency to process language meaningfully. The present study investigated linguistic versus perceptual speech processing preferences. Children with autism and controls were tested on a quasi-open-format paradigm, in which speech stimuli contained competing linguistic and perceptual information, and could be processed at either level. Relative to controls, children with autism exhibited superior perceptual processing of speech. However, whilst their tendency to preferentially process linguistic rather than perceptual information was weaker than that of controls, it was nevertheless their primary processing mode. Implications for language acquisition in autism are discussed. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
4. Characterizing Observers Using External Noise and Observer Models: Assessing Internal Representations with External Noise (EJ783752)
Lu, Zhong-Lin; Dosher, Barbara Anne
Psychological Review, v115 n1 p44-82 Jan 2008
2008-01-00
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes; Experiments; Visual Perception; Cognitive Measurement; Models; Observation; Theories; Perception Tests; Measurement Techniques
Abstract: External noise methods and observer models have been widely used to characterize the intrinsic perceptual limitations of human observers and changes of the perceptual limitations associated with cognitive, developmental, and disease processes by highlighting the variance of internal representations. The authors conducted a comprehensive review of the 5 most prominent observer models through the development of a common formalism. They derived new predictions of the models for a common set of behavioral tests that were compared with the data in the literature and a new experiment. The comparison between the model predictions and the empirical data resulted in very strong constraints on the observer models. The perceptual template model provided the best account of all the empirical data in the visual domain. The choice of the observer model has significant implications for the interpretation of data from other external noise paradigms, as well as studies using external noise to assay changes of perceptual limitations associated with observer states. The empirical and theoretical development suggests possible parallel developments in other sensory modalities and studies of high-level cognitive processes. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
5. The Intermixed-Blocked Effect in Human Perceptual Learning Is Not the Consequence of Trial Spacing (EJ783133)
Mitchell, Chris; Nash, Scott; Hall, Geoffrey
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, v34 n1 p237-242 Jan 2008
Descriptors: Stimuli; Associative Learning; Learning Theories; Males; Females; Animals; Discrimination Learning; Experimental Psychology; Perception Tests
Abstract: A robust finding in humans and animals is that intermixed exposure to 2 similar stimuli (AX/BX) results in better discriminability of those stimuli on test than does exposure to 2 equally similar stimuli in 2 separate blocks (CX_DX)--the intermixed-blocked effect. This intermixed-blocked effect may be an example of the superiority of spaced over massed practice; in the intermixed, but not the blocked exposure regime, each presentation of a given stimulus (e.g., AX) is separated from the next by the presentation of its partner (BX). Two experiments with human participants replicated the intermixed-blocked effect and showed that the effect was not due to the spacing of exposure trials. A mechanism for the intermixed-blocked effect is proposed, which combines theories from associative learning and memory. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
6. Tactile Perception in Adults with Autism: A Multidimensional Psychophysical Study (EJ782378)
Cascio, Carissa; McGlone, Francis; Folger, Stephen; Tannan, Vinay; Baranek, Grace; Pelphrey, Kevin A.; Essick, Gregory
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, v38 n1 p127-137 Jan 2008
Descriptors: Autism; Stimuli; Comparative Analysis; Control Groups; Perception Tests; Tactual Perception
Abstract: Although sensory problems, including unusual tactile sensitivity, are heavily associated with autism, there is a dearth of rigorous psychophysical research. We compared tactile sensation in adults with autism to controls on the palm and forearm, the latter innervated by low-threshold unmyelinated afferents subserving a social/affiliative submodality of somatosensation. At both sites, the groups displayed similar thresholds for detecting light touch and innocuous sensations of warmth and cool, and provided similar hedonic ratings of the pleasantness of textures. In contrast, increased sensitivity to vibration was seen in the autism group on the forearm, along with increased sensitivity to thermal pain at both sites. These findings suggest normal perception along with certain areas of enhanced perception in autism, consistent with previous studies. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
7. Infant Manual Exploration of Composite Substrates (EJ777421)
Fontenelle, Sarah A.; Kahrs, Bjorn Alexander; Neal, S. Ashley; Newton, A. Taylor; Lockman, Jeffrey J.
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, v98 n3 p153-167 Nov 2007
2007-11-00
Descriptors: Infants; Problem Solving; Perception Tests; Tactual Perception; Motor Development; Perceptual Development; Adjustment (to Environment)
Abstract: Everyday environments, even small regions within reach, vary dramatically in terms of material composition. Adapting one's manual behavior to such transitions can be considered to be an important element of skilled action. To investigate the origins of this ability, we presented 8-month-olds (n=24) and 10-month-olds (n=24) hard or soft objects on a composite tabletop substrate that was half rigid and half flexible. Results indicated infants explored the objects selectively and geared their manual behaviors, with or without an object in hand, to the particular substrate they contacted. More broadly, the study suggests that infant manual exploration is flexible even in the face of abrupt transitions in material structure. Such flexibility may support early attempts at problem solving and tool use. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
8. Differences in African-American and European-American Students' Engagement with Nanotechnology Experiences: Perceptual Position or Assessment Artifact? (EJ771636)
Jones, M. Gail; Tretter, Thomas; Paechter, Manuela; Kubasko, Dennis; Bokinsky, Alexandra; Andre, Thomas; Negishi, Atsuko
Journal of Research in Science Teaching, v44 n6 p787-799 Aug 2007
2007-08-00
Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
Descriptors: Cultural Differences; Student Attitudes; Racial Differences; Secondary School Students; African American Students; White Students; Technology Education; Perceptual Development; Perception Tests; Self Evaluation (Individuals); Portfolio Assessment; Cognitive Style
Abstract: This study examined middle and high school students' perceptions of a weeklong science experience with nanotechnology and atomic force microscopy. Through an examination of student self assessments and their writing, the study allowed us to examine some of the issues that may contribute to discrepancies that are seen between European-American and African-American students in science. The results of the study showed that after instruction, African-American students were significantly more likely to agree with the statement that "science involves mostly memorizing things and getting the right answer," than European-American students. In addition, European-American students were significantly more likely to write their newspaper stories from a first person perspective than their African-American peers. The results are discussed in light of the assessment task, students' interpretations of formal writing, cultural differences in the use of language in writing, and possible cultural differences in students' perceptions of the science experience. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
9. The Rhythm Aftereffect: Support for Time Sensitive Neurons with Broad Overlapping Tuning Curves (EJ768829)
Becker, Mark W.; Rasmussen, Ian P.
Brain and Cognition, v64 n3 p274-281 Aug 2007
Descriptors: Stimuli; Intervals; Multisensory Learning; Neurology; Brain; Music; Perception Tests; Auditory Stimuli; Visual Stimuli; Time Factors (Learning)
Abstract: Ivry [Ivry, R. B. (1996). The representation of temporal information in perception and motor control. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 6, 851-857.] proposed that explicit coding of brief time intervals is accomplished by neurons that are tuned to a preferred temporal interval and have broad overlapping tuning curves. This proposal is analogous to the orientation selective cells in visual area V1. To test this proposal, we used a temporal analog to the visual tilt aftereffect. After adapting to a fast auditory rhythm, a moderately fast test rhythm (400ms between beats) seemed slow and vice versa. If the speed of the adapting rhythm was made too disparate from speed of the test rhythm the effect was diminished. The effect occurred whether the adapting and test stimuli were presented to the same or different ears, but did not occur when an auditory adapting rhythm was followed by a visual test rhythm. Results support the proposition that explicit time information is coded by neural units tuned to specific temporal intervals with broad overlapping tuning curves. In addition, it appears that there is a single timing mechanism for each incoming sensory mode, but distinct timers for different modes. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
10. Emotion Perception in Asperger's Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism: The Importance of Diagnostic Criteria and Cue Intensity (EJ767558)
Mazefsky, Carla A.; Oswald, Donald P.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, v37 n6 p1086-1095 Jul 2007
2007-07-00
Descriptors: Perception Tests; Cues; Asperger Syndrome; Autism; Comparative Analysis; Emotional Response; Human Body; Nonverbal Communication; Measures (Individuals); Cognitive Processes
Abstract: This study compared emotion perception accuracy between children with Asperger's syndrome (AS) and high-functioning autism (HFA). Thirty children were diagnosed with AS or HFA based on empirically supported diagnostic criteria and administered an emotion perception test consisting of facial expressions and tone of voice cues that varied in intensity. Participants with AS and the typically developing standardization sample of the emotion perception instrument had the same mean emotion perception accuracy, whereas participants with HFA performed significantly worse. Results also provided preliminary evidence for a difference in accuracy perceiving low-intensity tone of voice cues between participants with HFA and AS. Future research to build on these initial findings should include attention to tone of voice, underlying processing, and cue intensity. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
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