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Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa
The World Bank
2006
© 2006
The World Bank
public health
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Foreword
Contributors
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Chapter 1 Changing Patterns of Disease and Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview
Florence K. Baingana and Eduard R. Bos
Approach
Conditions Not Covered in
DMSSA-1
Key Developments Since
DMSSA-1
References
Chapter 2 Levels and Trends in Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview
Jacob Adetunji and Eduard R. Bos
Indicators of Mortality Levels and Trends
Mortality Levels and Trends
References
Chapter 3 Trends in Child Mortality, 1960 to 2000
Kenneth Hill and Agbessi Amouzou
Data Sources and Methods
Results
Discussion
Appendix 3A: Methodology and Detail Results
Appendix 3B: Estimates of U5MRs and IMRs and Data Sources
References
Chapter 4 Levels and Trends of Adult Mortality
Debbie Bradshaw and Ian M. Timaeus
Sources of Data
Mortality Levels
Trends in Adult Mortality
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Causes of Death
Chalapati Rao, Alan D. Lopez, and Yusuf Hemed
Data Sources
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Population and Mortality after AIDS
Rodolfo A. Bulatao
Approach and Data
Effects on Population Size, Decomposed
Life Expectancy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Levels and Patterns of Mortality at INDEPTH Demographic Surveillance Systems
Osman A. Sankoh, Pierre Ngom, Samuel J. Clark, Don de Savigny, and Fred Binka
Levels of Mortality at INDEPTH Network Sites
INDEPTH Network Mortality Patterns
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Trends and Issues in Child Undernutrition
Todd Benson and Meera Shekar
What Causes Undernutrition?
Indicators of Child Undernutrition: Outcomes and Inputs
Status and Trends in Child Undernutrition
Discussion
References
Chapter 9 Diarrheal Diseases
Cynthia Boschi-Pinto, Claudio F. Lanata, Walter Mendoza, and Demissie Habte
Methods
Data Sources and Literature Review: Morbidity
Data Sources and Literature Review: Mortality
Data Source and Literature Review: Etiology
Reviews and Estimations
The Role of Risk Factors for Diarrheal Disease in the African Region
Some Additional Comments
The Role of Interventions to Control Diarrheal Diseases
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Developmental Disabilities
Geoff Solarsh and Karen J. Hofman
Medical and Social Models of Disability
The Changing Burden of Disease in Childhood
Prevalence and Incidence
Determinants and Risk Factors
Infection
Nutrition
Environmental Toxins
Accidents and Injuries
Interventions
Evaluation and Cost-Benefit Analyses
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Acute Respiratory Infections
Shabir A. Madhi and Keith P. Klugman
The Epidemiology of ARI and LRTI
The Impact of the HIV Epidemic on the Epidemiology of LRTI
The Etiology of LRTI
The Impact of WHO Management Strategy
The Impact of Hib Conjugate Vaccines in Preventing LRTI
The Impact of S. pneumoniae Conjugate Vaccines in Preventing Pneumonia in Children
Other Potential Intervention Strategies in Reducing the Burden of LRTI
Other Potential Ways to Prevent LRTI
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Mark A. Miller and John T. Sentz
History of Vaccination in Africa
The Vaccine-preventable Disease Burden
Future Vaccines
Vaccination Programs
Adoption of New Vaccines
Vaccination: Problems and Barriers
Financial Implications, GAVI, and the Vaccine Fund
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Tuberculosis
Christopher Dye, Anthony D. Harries, Dermot Maher, S. Mehran Hosseini, Wilfred Nkhoma, and Felix M. Salaniponi
Microbiology, Transmission, and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Malaria
Robert W. Snow and Judy A. Omumbo
Plasmodium falciparum
Distribution in Africa
Direct Malaria Mortality
Consequential Mortality
Indirect Mortality
Malaria and Poverty
Trends in Malaria Mortality
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Onchocerciasis
Uche Amazigo, Mounkaila Noma, Jesse Bump, Bruce Benton, Bernhard Liese, Laurent Yaméogo, Honorat Zouré, and Azodoga Seketeli
Transmission
The Disease Burden
The Socioeconomic Toll
Rapid Epidemiological Mapping of Onchocerciasis
Population at Risk and Population Infected
Onchocerciasis Control Programs
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Maternal Mortality
Khama O. Rogo, John Oucho, and Philip Mwalali
Measurement and Data Sources
Levels and Trends in Maternal Mortality
Causes and Correlates of Maternal Mortality
Reducing Maternal Mortality: Priority Interventions and Lessons
Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 HIV/AIDS
Souleymane Mboup, Rosemary Musonda, Fred Mhalu, and Max Essex
Development of the AIDS Pandemic
Rates of HIV/AIDS in Africa
Retroviruses
Regional Variation
Progression of Infection
Prevention
Vaccines and Microbicides
Therapy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Lifestyle and Related Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases
Krisela Steyn and Albertino Damasceno
Antenatal Influences on the Emergence of Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases
Tobacco Use
Nutrition in Transition
Aerobic Exercise
Obesity
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
HHealth Services' Requirements for the Management of NCD Risk Factors
Policy Initiatives to Promote a Healthy Lifestyle
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Diabetes Mellitus
Jean-Claude Mbanya and Kaushik Ramiaya
Sources of Data
Epidemiology of Diabetes
Prevalence and Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes
Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes
Complications of Diabetes
Mortality Associated with Diabetes
Cost of Diabetes
Strategies for Control
Diabetes Health Care
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Cancers
Freddy Sitas, Max Parkin, Zvavahera Chirenje, Lara Stein, Nokuzola Mqoqi, and Henry Wabinga
Cervical Cancer
Breast Cancer
Kaposi's Sarcoma
Stomach Cancer
Liver Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Cancer of the Esophagus
Other HIV-associated Cancers
Tobacco-related Cancers
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 21 Cardiovascular Disease
Anthony Mbewu and Jean-Claude Mbanya
The Epidemiological Transition
Sources of Data
The Changing Prevalence, Incidence, and Pattern of Cardiovascular Disease
Epidemiology of the Various CVDs
Determinants, Behaviors, and Risk Factors
Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Cure of Cardiovascular Disease
Impact on the Health Care System in Africa and Strategies for Control and Prevention
Conclusion
References
Chapter 22 Mental Health and the Abuse of Alcohol and Controlled Substances
Florence K. Baingana, Atalay Alem, and Rachel Jenkins
The Scope of Mental Disorders
Measurement and Data Sources
Epidemiology
Interventions
A Framework for Research
Policy Issues
References
Chapter 23 Neurological Disorders
Donald Silberberg and Elly Katabira
Measurement and Data Sources
Epidemiology
Etiology and Determinants
Consequences of Neurological Disorders
Resource Issues
Interventions: What Has Worked?
A Framework for Research
Policy Issues
References
Chapter 24 Violence and Injuries
Brett Bowman, Mohamed Seedat, Norman Duncan, and Olive Kobusingye
Data Sources
Intentional Injuries
Unintentional Injuries
The Experiences of South Africa and Uganda
Risk Factors
Strategies for Control: What Practices Exist?
Conclusion
References
List of Figures
Copyright © 2006
The World Bank
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