United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center

Information Resources on Tigers, Panthera tigris: Natural History, Ecology, Conservation, Biology, and Captive Care April 2006 AWIC Resource Series No. 34     Compiled by: Jean Larson Animal Welfare Information Center USDA, ARS, NAL 10301 Baltimore Avenue Beltsville, MD 20705 Contact us : http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php

Policies and Links

Introduction

About this Document

Bibliography:

Prehistoric, Progenitors

Biogeography

Natural History, Habits, Behaviors, and Reproduction in the Wild

Tigers in Society and Religion

Trade Concerns, Tissue Identification, and Laws

Conservation, Population Studies, Reserves

Genetics, Genetic Diversity

Captive Care, Husbandry, Breeding, and Behavior

Physiology, Anatomy, Structure, and Reproduction

Diseases, Abnormalities, Veterinary Care

TAXONOMY

Tigers belong to the Class Carnivora; the Family Felidae; The Subfamily Pantherae, the Genus Panthera, and the species tigris.  In this document these animals will be referred to as Panthera tigris. 

Tigers (and all other carnivores) descended from civet-like animals called miacids.  Miacids lived when the dinosaurs roamed the earth--about 60 million years ago.   Miacids were small mammals, with long bodies and short flexible limbs.  Over several millions of years they evolved into several hundred different species, including cats, bears, dogs and weasels.  Approximately 37 cat species exist today, including the tiger.  Note:  Sabre-tooth tigers are not the ancestors of today's tigers.  Saber-toothed cats were members of a separate branch of feline type animals that became extinct many millions of years ago.

There are a number of subspecies of tigers that have been identified and they are as follows:

Currently living populations:

Bengal tiger:  Panthera tigris tigris
Indochinese tiger:  Panthera tigris corbetti
Siberian (Amur) tiger:  Panthera tigris altaica
South China tiger:  Panthera tigris amoyensis
Sumatran tiger:  Panthera tigris sumatrae

Recently extinct subspecies:

            Caspian tiger:  Panthera virgila

            Javan tiger:  Panthera sandaica

            Balinese tiger:  Panthera balica

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VARIOUS LIVING SUBSPECIES

Some general characteristics of tigers

Tigers have historically lived in a wide variety of climates and habitats from Turkey east to China and from Siberia south to the Indonesian islands.  They are the largest of the cats living on earth today. 

After about 103 days of gestation, female tigers of all the subspecies produce a litter of between 1 and 5 cubs (2-3 is average).  At 8 weeks, cubs start learning to hunt with their mother.   By 6 months they have learned the basics of killing animal.  It will be about 1 ½ years before they can really hunt and sustain themselves on their own. 

Because these cats are so large, they require large species of prey animals.  As you imagine, tigers naturally travel over large areas in search of prey.  As the human population of the world and fragmentation of forests and wild lands continues, tigers are colliding with humans and losing the battle for wild places with enough large prey animals to sustain them.   Tigers are also being killed for their spectacular fur coats and for Asian medicinal products.

Bengal tiger, Royal Bengal tiger, and Indian tiger:  Panthera tigris tigris

The Bengal tiger is the more numerous of tigers.  It is estimated that between 3,000 and 5,000 still live in the wild.  They eat mostly the larger species of deer and cattle type animals.

The average weight of females is 220-350 pounds.  Males weight about twice as much 420-570 pounds.  The length of tigers is about 8-8 ½ feet for females, but males can grow to slightly over 10 feet.  They range over 10-39 square kilometers (3.9–15 square miles) for females and 30-105 square kilometers (11.7–40.5 square miles) for males.

Only Bengal tigers have been found with the white color coat.  It has been determined that some individuals carry a recessive gene for a white coat color.  Note that the white colored animals are not albinos.

The Bengal tiger lives in a wide range of habitats, including the high altitude, cold, coniferous Himalayan forests, the steaming mangroves of the Sunderbans, the swampy reed lands, the scorched hills of the Indian peninsula, the lush wet forests of Northern India, and the arid forests of Rajasthan.  Their range is in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Myanmar.  

Indochinese tiger:  Panthera tigris corbetti

It is suspected that there are between 1,200 and 1,800 Indochinese tigers roaming the remote forests in hilly to mountainous terrain, much of which lies along the borders between countries.  Access to these areas is often restricted, so very little is known about wild Indochinese tigers.  It is known that they eat larger prey such as wild pigs, deer and cattle. 

The Indochinese subspecies is smaller and darker than the Bengal.  The females weigh between 220-290 pounds and are about 7 ½ feet long.  The males weigh about 330-430 pounds and grow to between 8 ½ feet to about 9 ½ feet.  Their optimum habitat is probably about 39 square miles. 

It is reported that the have shorter narrower stripes on their coat. These tigers live mostly in Thailand, but are found in southern China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, and peninsular Maylasia.

Siberian tiger, Amur tiger, Ussuri tiger, Manchurain tiger, North-East China tiger:  Panthera tigris altaica

Researchers believe that there are only about 360–406 Siberian tigers--now referred to as the Amur tigers--in the wild..  They are the largest of the tigers and considered to be the largest cat existing in the world today.  They mainly eat wild boar and elk.  The average weight of the females is between 220-368 pounds.   A female’s length varies from about 8 to 9 feet.  Male Amur tigers are much heavier and average between 420-675 pounds.  A male’s length can be from 8 feet 8 inches to 10 feet 9 inches!

These tigers also have the largest home range needs.  A female will range from 39 to over 150 square miles and the males can range from 300-390 square miles.   Such large ranges reflect the fact that their prey is unevenly distributed and moves seasonally.

You can certainly recognize that this cat is a tiger but it does have some coat color differences from the Indian tigers that we see most commonly in zoos.  The Amur tiger’s coat is a pale orange color with brown widely spaced stripes.  Another unique coat characteristics are a large thick white neck ruff, white chest and white underbelly.

Amur tigers live in the in the birch, evergreen and scrub oak forests and eat wild boar, deer and elk.  They are found mostly in eastern Russia but have been seen in some parts of northeastern China and northern North Korea.

South China tiger,  Amoy tiger, Chinese tiger:  Panthera tigris amoyensis

The South China tiger is considered to be the ancestor of all the tiger subspecies. This tiger is viewed as the most critically endangered of all the living tiger subspecies.   It is projected that there are currently only about 20-30 individuals in the wild.  Very little is known about the lives and habits of these rare animals. In the wild, they are known to eat cattle, deer and pigs. Although the other subspecies are found in zoos around the world, the South China tiger is found mostly in zoos in China.  

A female of this subspecies on average weighs between 221 and 254 pounds while the male is somewhat heavier at 287 to 386 pounds.  In length the females are said to range from 7 feet 3 inches to 8 feet.  The males range from 7 feet 7 inches to 8 feet 6 inches. 

The coat color is similar to the other Asian tigers, but they have very short, broad stripes spaced far apart compared to those of Bengal and Siberian tigers.

As you might expect from the name, the South China tiger is found in southern regions of central and eastern China .

Sumatran tiger:  Panthera tigris sumatrae

The Sumatran tiger is the smallest of the living tiger subspecies.  Approximately 400 wild Sumatran tigers are living today, primarily in the five national parks on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.  As with other Asian tigers, the Sumatran is at the top of the island food chain and eats wild pig, big deer (called rusa) and muntjak, a small barking deer.

An average female only weighs165-243 pounds and is about 7 to 7 ½ feet long.  The males only weigh 220-300 pounds. Their length can vary between 7 to 8 ½ feet.  The specific range size of this tiger is not known, but there appear to be 4-5 tigers per 39 square miles in the low lands were food is plentiful.  In the mountain forests, there are fewer tigers as the prey is less abundant.  

The Sumatran has the darkest colored coat of all tigers.  It has beautiful broad, black stripes that are often double and closely spaced.  The forelegs are stripped as well.

The Sumatran tiger is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra in habitat that ranges from low-land forest to sub-mountain and mountain forest with some peat-moss forest.

RECENTLY EXTINCT SUBSPECIES

Sadly, three tiger subspecies are considered to have become extinct in the past 70 years of the 20^th Century.  They are: the Caspian tiger, the Javan tiger, and the Balinese tiger.

Caspian tiger:  Panthera virgila

The Caspian tiger once ranged over large parts of the Middle East. It was probably extinct in the 1950's when there was a concerted land reclamation project in an area of Russia where in the 1940's the populations were the highest. The Russian military were successful in killing the tigers found in this area. This curious subspecies (technical name Panthera tigris virgata) was once the western-most of all wild tiger subspecies. Its home range included Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and portions of Russia. These are the tigers that lent their imagery to the many tiger-laden artistic representations of the mighty Ottoman and Persian Empires. These tigers were adapted to inhabit this very arid region.  There have been recent reports of large cat sightings close to the Caspian Sea coast where the border of Iran and Turkmenistan meet. The Tiger Foundation, in collaboration with Boomiran - an Iranian nature conservation NGO - is currently conducting a on-site investigation of these reports and, preparing an extensive report on the Caspian tiger's likely extinction.

Javan tiger:  Panthera sandaica

The Javan tiger ranged on the Indonesian island of Java.  The last documented sighting was in 1972.  No individual animals exist in the wild or in captivity.  It is presumed to be extinct as there have been no official sightings in 50 years.  There are photographs and pelts in existence.

Similar to the Sumatran and Bali subspecies of tiger, the Javan tiger, Panthera tigris sondaica, was uniquely isolated in both geographic and political terms to a single water-locked island.  John Seidensticker and his Indonesian colleague Ir. Suyono conducted the first comprehensive field research on the island of Java in the mid-1970's. At that time, few tigers could be found on the island, and trends in the decline indicated the likely extinction of the subspecies within a decade-due completely to the corruption of their habitat by the population crush of humans. (Java, with an area of 132,000 kilometers and a population in excess of 130 million people, is the most densely populated island on Earth).  There are still leopards on Java and the big cats signs of pug marks and tree scratches have been attributed to these animals by The Tiger Foundation.

In genetic terms, the Javan tiger could have supplied an opportunity for research as valuable as that of the Bali and Sumatran subspecies, had any of its progeny survived. The classifications used to categorize tigers by subspecies were implemented long before the details of genotyping were refined to the degree they have been today. Furthermore, the burgeoning field of genetic analysis had not achieved the techniques necessary to take full advantage of the animal's uniqueness before its demise. The relational proximity between the Sumatran, Javan and Bali tigers might have provided unique insights into the effectiveness of our subspecies identification techniques; techniques essential in the application of conservation strategies.

Balinese tiger:  Panthera balica

The Balinese tiger once lived on the island of Bali, where the last tiger was believed to have been killed in 1937.  Research shows that there are no known photos of a live Balinese tiger.  Since Bali is such a small island, this population was probably the first to be held in captivity. Sadly, the only known item remaining of this animal is one 1925 photograph of a dead animal hanging from a pole!

Like its neighbors on the islands of Java and Sumatra, the Balinese tiger (technical name Panthera tigris balica) benefited, to a degree, by virtue of its geographic isolation. These tigers were only found in the wild on the tiny Indonesian island of Bali. As with many species that adapt to islands, these tigers were reported to have been smaller, darker, and have a greater density of thinner stripes than their cousins.

CONCERNS FOR SURVIVAL

In the wild

The status of the big cats in the wild is dire!   A century ago there were estimated to be 100,000 tigers in the wild and now there are probably fewer that 5-6,000 remaining.   As a result, tigers are listed as an Endangered Species by the US. Fish and Wildlife Service of the Interior Department and the IUCN Red Date Book.  It is an Appendix I species under CITES. 

There is continued pressure due to population expansion into the tiger’s habitat as well as the loss of larger prey species.  There is continued poaching for tiger skins for a variety of reasons as well as tiger parts such as teeth, bone and other body parts that are used in Oriental medicines.  It is a very sad commentary that these magnificent animals are exploited for medicines and aphrodisiacs.  Other factors that threaten tigers are introduced diseases from domestic animals.  There is a current fear about the effects of highly pathogenic avian flu viruses on both wild and captive tiger populations since these viruses have been shown to infect cats.

In captivity—zoos, circuses, private collections

As the reader is probably aware, there are many animals that are held in captive situations.  Many US zoos are involved in the North American Tiger Species Survival Plan (SSP).  The plan is for the management of three subspecies—the Amur, Sumatran, and Indochinese tigers.  The South China and the Bengal tigers are not managed by the SSP.  Tigers in Europe are managed by the European Survival Plan (EEP) and in India by the Indian Zoo Association.

The US conservation program is trying to maximize genetic diversity.  There are have been successful assisted reproduction techniques (in vitro fertilization and artificial insemination) used to produce viable cubs.  These techniques will be used for both captive and wild species.

The Tiger Global Conservation Strategy (Tiger GCS) is integrating all regional programs on a global level.  Projects supported on a global level. Projects supported at this level include several in Indochina and Indonesia--developing studbooks, establishing masterplans, training zoo staff in veterinary medicine, reproduction, husbandry, and data management. 

The American Zoo Association (AZA) issued an opinion to accredited member zoos stating that handling big cats in public areas is not appropriate.  The organization feels that such activities are of little educational value, and can encourage private ownership.  These are wild animals and should be shown as such.

Conservation efforts

Conservation efforts for wild tigers under the Tiger SSP include field studies to determine population numbers, understand their natural history, identify conservation needs, and define human/animal conflicts. Education efforts to stop poaching and the improvement of parks and reserves are also focus efforts.

Other groups taking a active role in trying to protect the wild tigers are the Hornocker Wildlife Institute-Wildlife Conservation Society (HWI-WCS) and the Tigris Society. These groups are working on population studies, better protection via laws and law enforcement projects for the Amur tigers.

IN SUMMARY 

Tigers are such beautiful and magnificent animals that the real possibility of having any individuals and subspecies sink into extinction is indeed a tragedy!! What a terrible loss for us all if that happens.   It is hoped that what man has the ability to destroy, he can also work hard to ensure its survival.  Since education is always such an important part of conservation strategies, it is hoped that this information resource will in some small part help save some of these magnificent animals!  We must all do our part to help.

Resource materials used in the introduction:

Bernhard Grizmeks; Schlager, Neil; Olendorf, Donna; McDade, Melissa C. American Zoo and Aquarium Association.  Grizmeks Animal Life Encyclopedia 2^nd Edition.  Gale Publishers. Detroit, Michigan. 2003. 14:369-381. Note:  Volume 14 on mammals was edited by M. Hutchins, D.G. Kleiman, V. Geist, and M.C. McDade and published in 2004.  The volumes contain color illustrations and maps. 

http://www.felidtag.org/pages/educational/factsheets/tiger.htm

http://www.felidtag.org/pages/Reports/Protocol/zoo_standards_for_keeping_large_.htm

http://www.worldwildlife.org/tigers/

http://www.savethetigerfund.org/Content/NavigationMenu2/Community/TigerSubspecies/AmurSiberianTigers/default.htm

Other Web resources to explore:

For resources in addition to those above, an internet search with the terms “tigers and conservation” will find many additional sites.

http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/  The site has many photos and covers a variety of topics such as: coloration, myths and facts, habits, subspecies, characteristics, behaviors, etc.  

http://www.savethetigerfund.org This site covers a variety of topics including a bibliography that contains articles from newspapers, magazines and journals.

http://www.worldwildlife.org/tigers/  This site from the World Wild Life Fund contains information on the endangered status of tigers.  It has an interesting series of photos taken by a camera trap in Indonesia.

http://www.sandiegozoo.org/animalbytes/t-tiger.html  The San Diego Zoo is one of the few zoos that have the Indochinese subspecies of tigers.  The site contains photos and a short description of the subspecies of tigers.  Also included is information on the endangered status of these animals in the wild, discussions of efforts to save them, video footage, and recordings of their vocalizations.   

http://www.siberian-tigers.com/siberian-tigers-links.htm  The site contains a short description of the animal and many links to organizations that support conservation.

http://www.iranzoo.net/tiger/tiger.html This Iranian site has information about the Caspian tiger subspecies and where it lived in that area. Also included is a rare photo of a dead tiger of this subspecies.

http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/caspiantiger.htm The information on this site gives a short history of the planned elimination of the Caspian tigers in the Russian area as a land reclamation project. There is additional information on the possible sighting of this animal in Turkey in the later 1970’s.

About this Document

There have been a number of decisions made regarding the topics that are included in this publication. In most cases, the topics are related to the whole animal: biology, behavior, nutrition, feeds, reproductive physiology and the birth process, breeding and genetics, diseases, disease organisms, external and internal parasites, hand rearing, veterinary care, etc.  Since there is a very concerted effort to house, breed and raise these animals in a variety of captive situations, you will find numerous papers on that topic.  Although the papers selected are mostly related to the biology and husbandry/care of the tiger, there are also papers on the economics and sociological aspects related to tiger conservation efforts and natural reserves and the role of tigers in the lives of the local people.

The information in this document was extracted primarily from a variety of resources and is quite comprehensive.  The published sources of most of the information include:  journal articles, books, book chapters, conference papers, and reports.  Abstracts are included when available.  Some credible World Wide Web resources are also listed. All references for materials in the National Agricultural Library (NAL) collection include the NAL call number for ease when requesting photocopies or interlibrary loans. Please see http://www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml for lending and document delivery information and costs.

The document is broken into topical sections, arranged by publication year and alphabetically by author within each year.  There is no index.  It is expected that by searching with key words, the user will find what is of interest.  Although much of the information is in English there is a significant amount of this material in Chinese, Russian and other languages. References include materials published from 1993-2005.

Please send your comments, information, or suggestions to:

The Animal Welfare Information Center
10301 Baltimore Ave.
Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA
Contact us: http://www.nal.usda.gov/awic/contact.php
Tel: 301-504-6212
Fax: 301-504-7125

Prehistoric, Progenitors

2004

Anton, Mauricio; Salesa, Manuel J.; Pastor, Juan Francisco; Sanchez, Israel M.; Fraile, Susana; Morales, Jorge.  Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae).  Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.  2004 February; 140(2): 207-221.  ISSN:  0024-4082.

NAL call no.:  410.9 L64

Descriptors:  Machairodontinae, evolution of fossil taxa, mastoid anatomy, predatory behavior, feeding behaviour, implications of extant taxa regarding the saber-toothed cats, Panthera leo, Panthera tigris, Puma concolor, skeletal musculature, large interoventrally projected mastoid process in pantherines, skull structure, functional morphology, saber-tooth mastoid morphology implies larger and longer-fibered atlanto-mastoid muscles, saber-tooth musculature related to head flexing motion.

Luo, Shu Jin; Kim, Jae Heup; Johnson, Warren E.; van der Walt, Joelle; Martenson, Janice; Yuhki, Naoya; Miquelle, Dale G.; Uphyrkina, Olga; Goodrich, John M.; Quigley, Howard B.; Tilson, Ronald; Brady, Gerald; Martelli, Paolo; Subramaniam, Vellayan; McDougal, Charles; Hean, Sun; Huang, Shi Qiang; Pan, Wenshi; Karanth, K. Ullas; Sunquist, Melvin; Smith, James L. D.; O'Brien, Stephen J.  Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (Panthera tigris).  PLoS Biology.  2004; 2(12): 2275-2293. eISSN: 1545-7885; ISSN: 1544-9173.

URL:  http://www.plosbiology.org

NAL call no.:  QH301.P56

Descriptors:  various tiger subspecies, Panthera tigris, Panthera tigris tigris, Panthera tigris altaica, Panthera tigris amoyensis, Panthera tigris corbetti, Panthera tigris jacksoni, Panthera tigris sumatrae, species evolutionary history, methods to identify subspecies, vouchers specimens used, blood, skin, hair, skin biopsies, 134 individuals, 3 molecular markers, (1) 4.0 kb of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence, (2) allele variation in the nuclear major histocompatibility complex class II DRB gene, and (3) composite nuclear microsatellite genotypes based on 30 loci, sub-species differences found, common ancestor. 

2003

Wilkinson, David M.; O'Regan, Hannah J.  Modelling differential extinctions to understand big cat distribution on Indonesian islands.  Global Ecology and Biogeography.  2003 November; 12(6): 519-524.  ISSN:  1466-822X.

NAL call no.:  QH84.G56

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, leopards, Panthera pardus, differential extinction rates, island populations, mathematical models, VORTEX population model, data on populations from literature, tigers less prone to losses than leopards, biogeography, animals lost after end of last glaciation period, Java, Sumatra, Bali, Indonesia. 

2001

Groiss, Josef Th.  Der Hoehlentiger in der Franken Alb.  [The cave tiger in the Franconian Alb.]  Geologische Blaetter fuer Nordost Bayern und angrenzende Gebiete.  2001 Jun; 51(1-2): 107-118.  ISSN:  0016-7797.  Note:  In German.

Descriptors:  tigers, prehistoric species, fossils, Europe. 

1999

Kitchener, Andrew C.  The fossil tigers.  In:  John Seidensticker; Sarah Christie; Peter Jackson (Editors).  Riding the Tiger:  Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes.  Cambridge University Press.  Cambridge, New York & Melbourne.  1999: 341-342.  ISBN:  0521640571. 

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, fossil records, Cenozoic era, Paleartic region, Asia, Orient.

Return to Contents

Biogeography

2003

Wilkinson, David M.; O'Regan, Hannah J.  Modelling differential extinctions to understand big cat distribution on Indonesian islands.  Global Ecology and Biogeography.  2003 Nov.; 12(6): 519-524.  ISSN:  1466-822X.

NAL call no.:  QH84.G56

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, leopards, Panthera pardus, differential extinction rates, island populations, mathemetical models, VORTEX population model, data on populations from literature, tigers less prone to losses than leopards, biogeography, animals lost after end of last glaciation period, Java, Sumatra, Bali, Indonesia. 

2002

Anonymous.  Is the South China tiger extinct in the wild?  Cat News.  2002 Autumn; 37: 9-10.  ISSN:  1027-2992.  

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris amoyensis, evidence for probable extinction in wild, China.

2000

Kirilyuk, Vadim; Puzansky, Valery N.  The Amur tiger makes a surprise reappearance. Russian Conservation News.  2000 Summer; 23: 22-23.  ISSN:  1026-6380.

Descriptors:  Amur tigers, Panthera tigris altaica, sightings, endangered species, possible appearance in previous habitat, Chita Oblast, Russia.

Kitchener, Andrew C.; Dugmore, Andrew J.  Biogeographical change in the tiger, Panthera tigris.  Animal Conservation.  2000 May; 3(2): 113-124.  ISSN:  1367-9430. 

NAL call no.:  QH75.A1A54

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, endangered status, conservation measures, strategy development, implications of subspeciation extent, number of subspecies, speciation, population genetics, historical zoogeographical change data, historical changes, conservation issues, Asia.

1999

Kitchener, Andrew C.  Tiger distribution, phenotypic variation and conservation issues.  In: Seidensticker, John; Christie, Sarah; Jackson, Peter (Editors).  Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes.  Cambridge University Press.  Cambridge, New York & Melbourne.  1999: 19-39.  ISBN:  0521640571.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, phenotypic characteristics, size, body and skull measurements, color, markings, wild animals, individual variations, population distribution, phenotypic variation, conservation concerns, strategies based on variations, Palearctic regions. 

Meijaard, Erik.  The Bornean tiger; speculation on its existence.  Cat News.  1999 Spring; 30: 12-15.  ISSN:  1027-2992. 

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, possible native species in Borneo, introduction at some point, discussion of reports, validity of sightings, Borneo. 

Rabinowitz, Alan.  The status of the Indochinese tiger: separating fact from fiction. In:  John Seidensticker; Sarah Christie; Peter Jackson (Editors).  Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes.  Cambridge University Press.  Cambridge, New York & Melbourne.  1999: 148-165.  ISBN:  0521640571. 

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris corbetti, endangered status, population levels, population declines, conservation, conservation measures, recommendations, habitat management, status, human/animal conflicts, habitat management, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Peninsular Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indochina.

Wentzel, Joelle; Stephens, J. Claiborne; Johnson, Warren; Menotti Raymond, Marilyn; Pecon Slattery, Jill; Yuhki, Naoya; Carrington, Mary; Quigley, Howard B.; Miquelle, Dale G.; Tilson, Ronald; Manansang, Jansen; Brady, Gerald; Zhi, Lu; Wenshi, Pan; Shi Qiang, Huang; Johnston, Leslie; Sunquist, Mel; Karanth, K. Ullas; O'Brien, Stephen J.  Subspecies of tigers: molecular assessment using 'voucher specimens' of geographically traceable individuals.  In:  John Seidensticker; Sarah Christie; Peter Jackson (Editors).  Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes.  Cambridge University Press.  Cambridge, New York & Melbourne.  1999: 40-49.  ISBN:  0521640571. 

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris ssp., subspecies identification, implication of allozyme variations, molecular genetics, mitochondrial DNA, subspecies differences, biochemical differences, voucher specimens of known geographical origin, gene flow, oriental regions.

1998

Ganguli-Lachungpa, Usha.  On the occurrence of the tiger Panthera tigris in Sikkim.  Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.  1998 April; 95(1): 109-110.  ISSN:  0006-6982. 

NAL call no.:  513 B63

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, historical records, occurrences, Sikkim.

Koshkarev, Evgeny.  New evidence of tiger in Transbaikalia.  Cat News.  1998 Autumn; 29: 11-12.  ISSN:  1027-2992. 

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, tiger populations, re-established populations, recent records, Transbaikalia, Russia.

Matyushkin, E.N.  Amurskii Tigr v Rossii. Bibliograficheskii Spravochnik 1925-1997.  [The Amur Tiger in Russia. An Annotated Bibliography 1925-1997.]  WWF Russia; Moscow.  1998.  416 pp.  ISBN:  5900230155. 

Descriptors:  Amur tigers, Panthera tigris altaica, various topics, conservation, annotated bibliography, Russia.

1997

Buzas, B.; Farkas, B.  An additional skull of the Bali tiger, Panthera tigris balica (Schwarz) in the Hungarian Natural History Museum.  Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica.  1997; 11: 101-105.  ISSN:  0230-9017. 

NAL call no.:  QL1.M572

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris balica, skull, new museum specimen, morphology, zoology, size measurements, Hungarian Natural History Museum collection and exhibitions, new locality record, Gondol, Bali, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia.

1995

Ghosh, A.K.; Zoological Survey of India.  Fauna of Indravati Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh.  Fauna of Conservation Areas; 6.  Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.  1995.  107 pp., chiefly col. ill., maps. 

NAL call no.:  QL309.F375 1995

Descriptors:  zoological survey, Panthera tigris, Indravati Tiger Reserve, wildlife reserves, habitat survey, Indravati Tiger Reserve, India.

Ghosh, A.K.; Ghosh, R.K.; Zoological Survey of India.  Fauna of Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh.  Fauna of Conservation Areas; 7.  Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.  1995.  117 pp., [3] p. of plates: col. ill., maps. 

NAL call no.:  QL309.F376 1995

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, animal survey, zoology, Kanha Tiger Reserve India.

Ghosh, A.K.; Zoological Survey of India. Fauna of tiger reserve: Sunderbans, Manas, Palamau, Simlipal.  Fauna of Conservation Areas; 8.  Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta.  1995.  127 pp., 1 map. 

NAL call no.:  QL309.F384 1995

Descriptors:  zoological survey fauna, wildlife refuges, Panthera tigris, habitat survey, tiger reserve, India.

Return to Contents

Natural History, Habits, Behaviors, and Reproduction in the Wild

2005

Ashwani, Kumar; Luna, R.K.  Retrospective study on reproductive patterns of large wild cats in captivity.  Zoos' Print Journal.  2005; 20(1): 1749-1750.  ISSN:  0971-6378.

Descriptors:  Panthera tigris, tigers, Panthera leo, lions, Panthera pardus, leopards, reproductive patterns, breeding programs, endangered species, fecundity, litter size, reproduction rates, wild animals, conservation, zoo animals, zoological gardens, India. 

2004

Huang, Xiang Yun; Hu, De Fu; Tang, Xiao Ping; Wang, Zhi Chen; Liu, Wei Shi.  [Field survey of south China tigers and their habitat evaluation in Hupingshan National Reserve.]  Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College.  2004; 21(2): 180-184.  ISSN:  1000-5692.  Note:  In Chinese with an English summary. 

Descriptors:  Panthera tigris, tiger survey, transect sampling, trail monitoring, infrared automatic photo taking, no exact evidence of South China tiger found, nature reserves, possible re-introduction of species, Hupingshan National Reserve, China.

Karanth, K. Ullas; Nichols, James D.; Kumar, N. Samba; Link, William A.; Hines, James E. Tigers and their prey: predicting carnivore densities from prey abundance.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.  2004 April 6; 101(14): 4854-4858.  ISSN:  0027-8424.

NAL call no.:  500 N21P

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, prey species requirements, distribution, population levels, densities, mechanistic model, landscape-scale field study, 11 ecologically diverse sites, functional relationship between large predators and prey, macro-ecological science, India.

Pradhan, M.S.; Ramakrishna.  Mammal species profile of Melghat Tiger Reserve, Amravati District, Maharashtra State.  Tigerpaper (Bangkok).  2004 January-March; 31(1): 7-10.  ISSN:  1014-2789.

NAL call no.:  QL84.5.A1T53

Descriptors:  mammals, species profiles, annotated faunal list, Melghat Tiger Reserve, India.

Reddy, Harsha S.; Srinivasulu, C.; Rao, K. Thulsi.  Prey selection by the Indian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in Nagarjunasagar Srisailam Tiger Reserve, India.  Mammalian Biology: Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde.  2004; 69(6): 384-391.  ISSN:  1616-5047.

NAL call no.:  QL700.Z4

Descriptors:  Panthera tigris tigris, tiger’s prey selection behaviors, tropical dry deciduous forest, herbivore depleted habitats with high livestock pressures, prey distribution, herbivore sightings survey, scats survey, prey kills survey, chital, Axis axis, wild boar, Sus scrofa, sambar, Rusa unicolor, preferentially kill smaller prey and avoid livestock.

2003

Bagchi, S.; Goyal, S.P.; Sankar, K.  Prey abundance and prey selection by tigers (Panthera tigris) in a semi-arid, dry deciduous forest in western India.  Journal of Zoology.  2003; 260(3): 285-290.  ISSN:  0952-8369.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, food habits, prey abundance, semi-arid deciduous forest, line transects, analysis of scats, chital, Axis axis, langur, Presbytis entellus, sambar, Cervus unicolor, nilgai, Boselaphus tragocamelus, wild pig, Sus scrofa, chinkara, Gazella bennetti, domestic livestock, population densities, wildlife conservation, Ranthambhore National Park, western India.

Coggins, Chris. The Tiger and the Pangolin: Nature, Culture, and Conservation in China. University of Hawaii Press; Honolulu.  2003.  339 pp., [8] p. of plates: ill. (some col.), map.  ISBN: 0824825063.

NAL call no.:  QH77.C6C64  2003

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, pangolins, historical review, nature conservation, endangered wildlife conservation, ecology, China. 

Huang, Xiangyun; Hu, Defus; Liu, Weishi; Muntifering, Jeff.  [Field survey on South China Tigers and their habitat evaluation in Yihuang Provincial Reserve in Jiangxi Province.]  Journal of Beijing Forestry University.  2003 July; 25(4): 54-58.  ISSN:  1000-1522.  Note:  In Chinese with a Chinese and English summary.

Descriptors:  Panthera tigris amoyensis, field population survey, wild tiger conservation measures, habitat evaluation, Yihuang Provincial Reserve Jiangxi Province, China.

Srinivasulu, I.F.S.  Dynamics of tiger sighting in Nagarahole National Park.  Myforest.  2003; 39(1): 1-5.

Descriptors:  tigers, survey of sightings, various impacts, seasonal changes, thickness of undergrowth, tourist pressure, Nagarahole National Park, India.

Srivastava, S.S.; Singh, L.A.K.  Status of wild dog (Cuon alpinus) in Similipal and possible impacts of 'village dogs'.  Zoos' Print.  2003; 18(10): 18-21.  ISSN:  0971-6378.

Descriptors:  dholes, domestic dogs, impact on ecology, domestic dogs effects on wild herbivores and tigers, Panthera tigris, effects on biodiversity conservation, interspecific competition, stray animals, wildlife parks, Similipal Tiger Reserve, India.

2002

Biswas, S.; Sankar, K.  Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India.  Journal of Zoology (London).  2002 March; 256(3): 411-420.  ISSN:  0952-8369. 

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, chital, Axis axis, Sambar, Cervus unicolor, langur, Presbytis entellus, pig, Sus scrofa, domestic livestock, prey food preferences, prey species availability, density and biomass, dry deciduous forest, scat analysis and line transect technique, conservation implications, long term tiger reserve possibilities for Pench National Park, Central India.

Coggins, Chris.  The Tiger and the Pangolin: Nature, Culture, and Conservation in China.  University of Hawaii Press; Honolulu.  2002.  339 pp.  ISBN:  0824825063. 

NAL call no.:  QH77.C6C64  2003

Descriptors:  tiger, Panthera tigris, pangolin, species natural history, relationships with humans, conservation, comprehensive zoology, conservation, historical information, China.

Karanth, K. Ullas; Chundawat, Raghunandan S.  Ecology of the tiger: implications for population monitoring.  In:  K. Ullas Karanth; James D. Nichols (Editors).  Monitoring Tigers and Their Prey: A Manual for Researchers, Managers and Conservationists in Tropical Asia.  Center for Wildlife Studies; Karnataka.  2002: 9-21.  ISBN:  8190144219.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, natural history, ecology, population monitoring, overview.

Karanth, K. Ullas; Kumar, N. Samba.  Field surveys: assessing relative abundance of tigers and prey.  In:  K. Ullas Karanth; James D. Nichols (Editors).  Monitoring Tigers and Their Prey: A Manual for Researchers, Managers and Conservationists in Tropical Asia.  Center for Wildlife Studies; Karnataka.  2002: 71-85.  ISBN:  8190144219.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, mammalian predators, field survey methods for predator and mammalian prey relative abundances assessment.

Karanth, K. Ullas; Kumar, N. Samba; Chundawat, Raghunandan.  Field surveys: assessing spatial distributions of tigers and prey.  In:  K. Ullas Karanth; James D. Nichols (Editors).  Monitoring Tigers and Their Prey: A Manual for Researchers, Managers and Conservationists in Tropical Asia.  Center for Wildlife Studies; Karnataka.  2002: 39-50.  ISBN:  8190144219.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, mammalian predators, prey and predator spatial distribution assessments, field survey protocols. 

Karanth, K. Ullas; Nichols, James D.; Sen, P.K.; Rishi, Vinod.  Monitoring tigers and prey: conservation needs and managerial constraints.  In:  K. Ullas Karanth; James D. Nichols (Editors).  Monitoring Tigers and Their Prey: A Manual for Researchers, Managers and Conservationists in Tropical Asia.  Center for Wildlife Studies; Karnataka.  2002: 1-8.  ISBN:  8190144219.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, mammalian predators, predator/prey monitoring, conservation needs and managerial constraints.

Kumar, M. Ananda; Singh, Mewa; Srivastava, Sanjay K.; Udhayan, A.; Kumara, H.N.; Sharma, A.K.  Distribution patterns, relative abundance and management of mammals in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India.  Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.  2002 August; 99(2): 184-210.  ISSN:  0006-6982.

NAL call no.:  513 B63

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, elephants, guar, sambar, muntjac, pigs, chital, leopards, palm civets, giant squirrels, macaques, languor, preferred habitats, habitat relationships, different vegetation types, direct sightings, signs, tracks, seasonal effects, conservation implications, Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, India. 

Liu, Zhen Sheng; Li, Feng; Teng, Li Wei; Zhou, Xiao Yu.  [Time budget of semifree-ranging Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica).]  Zoological Research.  2002 October; 23(5): 389-393.  ISSN:  0254-5853.  Note:  In Chinese with a Chinese and English summary.

NAL call no.:  QL1.T58

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris altaica, semi-free animals, activity patterns, time budget, behavior observations, behavior patterns, observations, Amur Tiger Park, Heilongjiang, China.

 Rahul R.; Goel, Shantanu S.; Ranade, Sachin P.; Jog, Maithili M.; Watve, Milind G.  Patterns in abundance and diversity of faecally dispersed parasites of tiger in Tadoba National Park, central India.  BMC Ecology.  2002 May 8; 2(6 Cited June 18, 2002). ISSN:  1472-6785. 

URL:  http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6785/2/6

NAL call no.:  QH540.B63

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, internal parasites, Digenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, parasite life cycle, mammalian hosts, fecally dispersed parasite, abundance and diversity patterns, community structure, Maharashtra, Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, India.

Nichols, James D.; Karanth, K. Ullas  Statistical concepts: assessing spatial distributions.  In: K. Ullas Karanth; James D. Nichols (Editors).  Monitoring Tigers and Their Prey: A Manual for Researchers, Managers and Conservationists in Tropical Asia.  Center for Wildlife Studies; Karnataka.  2002: 29-38.  ISBN:  8190144219.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, wild animals, population density measurements, comprehensive zoology, mathematical techniques, statistics, relative abundance indices.

Nichols, James D.; Karanth, K. Ullas.  Statistical concepts: estimating absolute densities of tigers using capture-recapture sampling.  In:  K. Ullas Karanth; James D. Nichols (Editors).  Monitoring Tigers and their Prey: A Manual for Researchers, Managers and Conservationists in Tropical Asia.  Center for Wildlife Studies; Karnataka.  2002: 121-137.  ISBN:  8190144219.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, wild animals, capture/recapture sampling methods, population density measurement, absolute densities estimation, statistical concepts, mathematical statistical techniques.

Nichols, James D.; Karanth, K. Ullas.  Statistical concepts: indices of relative abundance.  In:  K. Ullas Karanth; James D. Nichols (Editors).  Monitoring Tigers and Their Prey: A Manual for Researchers, Managers and Conservationists in Tropical Asia.  Center for Wildlife Studies; Karnataka.  2002: 61-69.  ISBN:  8190144219.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, wild animals, population density measurements, comprehensive zoology, mathematical techniques, statistics, relative abundance indices.

Sankar, K.; Johnsingh, A.J.T.  Food habits of tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (Pantherapardus) in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India, as shown by scat analysis.  Mammalia.  2002; 66(2): 285-289.  ISSN:  0025-1461.

NAL call no.:  410 M32

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, leopards, Panthera pardus, feeding behavior, prey preferences, wild animals, Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India.

Stith, Bradley M.; Kumar, N. Samba.  Spatial distributions of tigers and prey: mapping and the use of GIS.  In:  K. Ullas Karanth; James D. Nichols (Editors).  Monitoring Tigers and Their Prey: A Manual for Researchers, Managers and Conservationists in Tropical Asia.  Center for Wildlife Studies; Karnataka.  2002: 51-59.  ISBN:  8190144219. 

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, mammalian predators, prey/predator spatial distribution, mapping using GIS, ecological mapping.

Talukdar, Bibhab Kumar.  Tiger predation of rhino calves at Kaziranga National Park, Assam.  Tigerpaper (Bangkok).  2002 October-December; 29(4): 18-20.  ISSN:  1014-2789. 

NAL call no.:  QL84.5A1T53

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, Rhinoceros unicornis, young animals, mammalian tiger prey, incidence levels, Kazianga National Park, Assam, India.

Thapar, Valmik.  The Cult of the Tiger.  Oxford University Press; New Delhi & New York.  2002.  119 pp., [16] p. of plates: col. ill.  ISBN: 0195660366.

NAL call no.:  QL795.T5T43 2002

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, natural history, habitats, range, human/tiger interactions, conservation, endangered species, India.

Thomas, Len; Karanth, K. Ullas.  Statistical concepts: estimating absolute densities of prey species using line transect sampling.  In:  K. Ullas Karanth; James D. Nichols (Editors).  Monitoring Tigers and Their Prey: A Manual for Researchers, Managers and Conservationists in Tropical Asia.  Center for Wildlife Studies; Karnataka.  2002: 87-109.  ISBN:  8190144219.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, prey species densities, density estimation, line transect sampling statistical concepts.

Ward, Geoffrey, et. al.  Tiger and Tigerwallahs.  Oxford University Press; New Delhi, New York:  c2002. 1 v. (various pagings): ill. (some col.), maps (some col.).  ISBN: 0195659848.

NAL call no.:  SK555.T54 2002

Descriptors:  tigers, man-eating tigers, natural history, tiger hunting, behavior, India.

2001

Azad, M.R.H.; Tabassum, J.  A faunal survey of Rajapara, Kamrup district, Assam.  Environment and Ecology.  2001; 19(2): 327-330.  ISSN:  0970-0420.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, leopards, Panthera pardus, Cuon alpinus, Hylobates hoolock, elephants, pigs, deforestation and forest fires effects, monoculture, forest fragmentation, habitat destruction, forest reserves, surveys of wild animal species and populations.

Carbone, C.; Christie, S.; Conforti, K.; Coulson, T.; Franklin, N.; Ginsberg, J.R.; Griffiths, M.; Holden, J.; Kawanishi, K.; Kinnaird, M.; Laidlaw, R.; Lynam, A.; Macdonald, D.W.; Martyr, D.; McDougal, C.; Nath, L.; O'Brien, T.; Seidensticker, J.; Smith, D.J.L.; Sunquist, M.; Tilson, R.; Wan Shahruddin, W.N.  The use of photographic rates to estimate densities of tigers and other cryptic mammals.  Animal Conservation.  2001 February; 4(1): 75-79.  ISSN:  1367-9430.

NAL call no.:  QH75.A1A54

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, scare and seldom seen mammals, photography-based population surveys, population density measurement, methods, Oriental region.

Daniel, J.C.  The Tiger in India: A Natural History.  Natraj Publishers; Dehra Dun.  2001: i-xii, 300 pp.  ISBN:  8185019894. 

Descriptors:  systematics, new taxa documentation, new subspecies, Panthera tigris styani, China, Panthera tigri tigris, ecology, biology and distribution, India, Panthera tigris sumatrana (Blainville) replaced by Panthera tigris sumatrae, taxonomy.

Deng, Xue Jian; Wang, Bin.  [The trace of South China tiger discovered in Hunan Taoyuan.]  Acta Zoologica Sinica.  2001 February; 47(1): 118-119.  ISSN:  0001-7302.  Note:  In Chinese.

NAL call no.:  410 AC87

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris amoyensis, indicators of tigers present, tracks, footprints, historical records, measurements, Taoyuan, Hunan Province, China.

Pasha, M.K.S.; Qureshi, Qamar; Sankar, K.; Areendran, G.  Predation by tiger Panthera tigris Linn. on gaur Bos gaurus H. Smith in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.  2001 December; 98(3): 432-433.  ISSN:  0006-6982. 

NAL call no.:  513 B63

Descriptors:  gaur, Bos gaurus, tigers, Panthera tigris, predators and prey relationships, predator hunting techniques, gaur as prey, predation records, Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Reza, A.H.M.A.; Feeroz, M.M.; Islam, M.A.  Food habits of the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in the Sundarbans.  Bangladesh Journal of Zoology.  2001 December; 29(2): 173-179.  ISSN:  0304-9027.

Descriptors:  Bengal tiger, Panthera tigris tigris, food habits, feces sampling, prey species, spotted deer, Cervus axis, wild boar, Sus scrofa, rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta, Sundarbans, Bangladesh.

Tiwari, Satyendra; Hassall, Kay.  Tiger mating in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve.  Zoos' Print.  2001 August; 16(8): 12-14.  ISSN:  0971-6378.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, age of sexual maturation, mating behavior, observation records, Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India.

2000

Chaudhary, S.S.  Ranthambhore Beyond Tigers.  Himanshu Publications; Udaipur.  Distributed by Arya's Book Centre, 2000.  334 pp.: col. ill., map  ISBN: 8186231935.

NAL call no.:  SB484.I52C48 2000

Descriptors:  natural history of national park, animals and plants, Ranthambhor National Park, India.

Das, S.C.  Biodiversity in Buxa Tiger Reserve, West Bengal, India: an overview.  Tigerpaper (Bangkok).  2000; 27(1): 29-32.  ISSN  1014-2789.

NAL call no.:  QL84.5.A1T53

Descriptors:  tigers, floral and faunal diversity, tropical forest tiger reserve, wildlife conservation, Buxa Tiger Reserve.

Karanth, K. Ullas; Sunquist, Melvin E.  Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (Panthera tigris), leopard (Panthera pardus) and dhole (Cuon alpinus) in Nagarahole, India.  Journal of Zoology (London).  2000 February; 250(2): 255-265.  ISSN:  0952-8369. 

NAL call no.:  410.9 L84P

Descriptors:  dhole, Cuon alpinus, leopard, Panthera pardus, tigers, Panthera tigris, mammalian prey species, species comparison, prey composition, predatory foraging behaviors, interactions between predators, Nagarahole National Park, Karnataka, India. 

Matthiessen, Peter.  Tigers in the Snow. 1st ed.  North Point Press; New York 2000.  185 pp. ill. (some col.), col. map.  ISBN: 0865475768.

NAL call no.:  QL737.C23M28 2000

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris tigris, endangered species, wildlife conservation, habitat loss, Russia Federation, Russian Far East.

Norsham, Y.; Bernard, H.; Chew, K.L.; Yap, M.N.; Yong, H.S.; Lim, B.L.  A survey of mammals in the northern part of Belum Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia.  Malayan Nature Journal.  2000; 54(3): 233-244.  ISSN:  0025-1291. 

NAL call no.:  409.6 M29

Descriptors: mammal survey, 6 locations, traps, mist nests, animals tracks, marks, dens scats, interviews, 44 species identified in 22 families, endangered or threatened animals, bear, elephant, tiger, panther, tapir, gaur and serow, conservation, species diversity, Belum Forest Reserve, Malaysia.

Salkin [Salkina?], Galina P.  In the Russian Far East, fewer ungulates ominous sign for Siberian tiger.  Russian Conservation News.  2000 Summer; 23: 24-25.  ISSN:  1026-6380. 

Descriptors:  Amur tigers, Panthera tigris, endangered species, populations of tiger prey, prey availability, species diversity, trade in animals, prey and predator dynamics, poaching effects on species and population numbers, Primorskii Krai, Lazovsky Zapovednik, Russia.

Sathyakumar, S.  Status of mammals on Mundanthurai Plateau, South India.

            Tigerpaper (Bangkok).  2000 April-June; 27(2): 1-6.  ISSN:  1014-2789.

NAL call no.:  QL84.5.A1T53

Descriptors:  tigers, Mammalia, population levels, abundance, forests, woodlands, annotated records, Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Mundanthurai Plateau, Tamil Nadu, India.

Subba Rao, Madireddi V. Conserving biodiversity in the species-rich forests of Andhra Pradesh in Eastern Ghats, India.  Selbyana.  2000 December; 21(1-2): 52-59.  ISSN:  0361-185X.

NAL call no.:  QK1.S35

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, other threatened wildlife species, conservation measures, ecological communities, current status of faunal groups, Eastern Ghats, India.

1999

Chundawat, Raghunandan S.; Gogate, Neel; Johnsingh, A.J.T.  Tigers in Panna: preliminary results from an Indian tropical dry forest.  In:  John Seidensticker; Sarah Christie; Peter Jackson (Editors).  Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes.  Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, New York & Melbourne. 1999: 123-129.  ISBN:  0521640571.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, prey availability, food habits, behaviors, activity patterns within home range, distribution in habitat, tropical dry forest, Panna Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Franklin, Neil; Bastoni; Sriyanto; Siswomartono, Dwiatmo; Manansang, Jansen; Tilson, Ronald.  Last of the Indonesian tigers: a cause for optimism.  In:  John Seidensticker; Sarah Christie; Pater Jackson (Editors).  Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes.  Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, New York & Melbourne.  1999: 130-147.  ISBN:  0521640571.

Descriptors:  Sumatran tigers, Panthera tigris sumatrae, conservation measures, population levels, population density and distribution, Sumatran Tiger Project, status in lowland rainforest, Way Kambas National Park, Sumatra.

Karanth, K. Ullas; Stith, Bradley M.  Prey depletion as a critical determinant of tiger population viability.  In:  John Seidensticker; Sarah Christie; Peter Jackson (Editors).  Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes.  Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, New York & Melbourne.  1999: 100-113.  ISBN:  0521640571.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, predator/prey populations, human caused depletion of prey, implications for conservation of mammalian predators, implication for survival, Asia.

Ramakrishnan, Uma; Coss, Richard G.; Pelkey, Neil W.  Tiger decline caused by the reduction of large ungulate prey: evidence from a study of leopard diets in southern India.  Biological Conservation.  1999 July; 89(2): 113-120  ISSN:  0006-3207.

NAL call no.:  S900.B5

Descriptors:  leopards, Panthera pardus, tigers, Panthera tigris, mammalian prey population availability, impacts on tiger and leopard populations, conservation implications, leopard diet study, India.

Sunquist, Mel; Karanth, K. Ullas; Sunquist, Fiona.  Ecology, behaviour and resilience of the tiger and its conservation needs.  In:  John Seidensticker; Sarah Christie; Peter Jackson (Editors).  Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes.  Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, New York & Melbourne.  1999: 5-18.  ISBN:  0521640571. 

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, conservation measures, mammalian prey food needs, reproductive potential, reproductive productivity, resiliency profiles implications, evolutionary history, habitat distributions, emigration history, dispersal capabilities, feeding behavior, predatory capabilities, Asia.

1998

Matyushkin, E.N.  Amurskii Tigr v Rossii. Bibliograficheskii Spravochnik 1925-1997.  [The

Amur Tiger in Russia. An Annotated Bibliography 1925-1997.]  WWF Russia; Moscow. 1998.  416 pp.  ISBN:  5900230155. 

Descriptors:  Amur tigers, Panthera tigris altaica, various topics, conservation, annotated bibliography, Russia.

Matyushkin, E.N.  [Amur tiger: pathway to the Third Milennium [Millennium]: experience of development of the "Strategy of Conservation of the Amur Tiger in Russia".]  Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk Seriya Biologicheskaya. 1998 Iyul' Avgust; 4: 471-477.  ISSN:  1026-3470.  Note:  Journal normally translated cover to cover in: Biology Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Original is in Russian with an English and Russian summary.

NAL call no.:  QH301.A43

Descriptors:  Amur tigers, Panthera tigris altaica, impact of human activities, habitat destruction, population levels, population stability, ecological approaches for conservation measures, wild population, survey of achievements and perspectives, Russia.

Panwar, H.S.  Project tiger.  In:  V. B. Saharia.  Wildlife in India. Revised and updated edition. Natraj Publishers.  Dehra Dun.  1998: 130-138.  ISBN:  8185019738.

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, wild animals, endangered animals, overview of conservation projects, nature reserves, wild life management, India. 

1997

Gillson, Lindsey  Tigers.  Care for the Wild International, Rusper; West Sussex. 1997.  56 pp.  ISBN:  1872266029. 

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, biology and life history, endangered status, conservation status and threats, disturbance by human activities, conservation measures, Orient.

Shukla, Rakesh.  The ecology and status of the Pench Tiger Reserve, India.  Tigerpaper (Bangkok).  1997 October-December; 24(4): 5-6.  ISSN:  1014-2789.

NAL call no.:  QL84.5.A1T53

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, flora, fauna, comprehensive zoology, ecological reserves, description, reserve importance, Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Thapar, Valmik.  Land of the Tiger.  A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent.  BBC Books; London.  1997.  288 pp.  ISBN:  056337179X. 

Descriptors:  Indian fauna, comprehensive zoology, natural history.

1996

Gangopadhyay, P.B.  Special Issue: Wildlife Management.  Indian Forester.  1996; 122(10): ii + 865-970.  ISSN:  0019-4816. Note:  In English with a Hindi summary.  Contains 17 papers on wildlife management in India.

NAL call no.:  99.8 IN2

Descriptors:  numerous species, Panthera, tigris, Panthera pardus, Panthera leo persica, tigers, leopards, lions, rhinos, macaques, ungulates, elephants, birds, wildlife, food habits, crop depredation, human and animal casualities and injuries, captive breeding, sanctuaries, restoration, India. 

Jiang, Que Ming; Bleisch, W.V.; Jiang, Q.M.  Preliminary assessment of large mammals in the Namcha Barwa region of south-eastern Tibet.  Oryx.  1996; 30(1): 37-44.  

NAL call no.:  410 OR9

Descriptors:  large mammal assessment, Panthera tigris, tiger predation on cattle and equines, wild life survey, forest tree species, elevation changes in forest species, mountains, China, Tibet.

Miquelle, Dale G.; Smirnov, Evgeny N.; Quigley, Howard G.; Hornocker, Maurice G.; Nikolaev, Igor G.; Matyushkin, Evgeny N.  Food habits of Amur tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik and the Russian Far East, and implications for conservation.  Journal of Wildlife Research.  1996 Spring; 1(2): 138-147.  ISSN:  1426-0328. 

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris altaica, mammalian predators, prey composition, prey management, long term changes, conservation implications, conservation concerns, Russia.

Shah, Anup; Shah, Manoj.  A Tiger's Tale: the Indian Tiger's Struggle for Survival in the Wild.  Fountain Press; Kingston upon Thames, England.  1996.  143 pp.  ISBN:  086343391X. 

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris tigris, endangered species, survival possibilities, conservation efforts, Ranthambhore National Park, Rajasthan, India.

Srivastava, K.K.; Bhardwaj, A.K.; Abraham, C.J.; Zacharias, V.J.  Food habits of mammalian predators in Periyar Tiger Reserve, south India.  Special issue: Wildlife Management.  Indian Forester.  1996; 122(10): 877-883.  ISSN:  0019-4816.  Note:  In English with a Hindi summary. 

NAL call no.:  99.8 IN2

Descriptors:  Panthera pardus, leopards, Panthera tigris, tigers, wild dogs, feeding habits, predators/prey relationships, nature reserves, Kerala, India. 

Stoen, O.G.; Wegge, P.  Prey selection and prey removal by tiger (Panthera tigris) during the dry season in lowland Nepal.  Mammalia.  1996; 60(3): 363-373.  ISSN:  0025-1461.  Note:  In English with an English and French summary.

NAL call no.:  410 M31

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, Boselaphus tragocamelus, Axis axis, Axis porcinus, Cervus duvauceli, Muntiacus muntiacus, Sus scrofa, prey preferences, effects of predation on population of prey species, population regulation, Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal.

1995

Khramtsov, V.S.  Behavior of a tiger encountering a human.  Ekologiya (Moscow).  1995 Mai-Iyun; 3: 252-254.  ISSN:  0367-0597.  Note:  Serial normally translated cover to cover in:  Russian Journal of Ecology.

NAL call no.:  QH540.E32

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, wild animals, tiger behavior, human and animal interactions, Russia. 

Kotwal, P.C.; Mishra, G.P.  Claw marking on trees by tiger Panthera tigris (Linn.) in Kanha National Park.  Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society.  1995; 92(1): 111-112.  ISSN:  0006-6982.

NAL call no.:  513 B63

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, tree marking, claw marks, types of trees chosen, Boswellia serrata, Madhuca longifolia, Pterocarpus marsupium, Bombax malabaricum.

Paulraj, S.  Prey-predator relationships with special reference to the tiger, panther and dhole competition in Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (Tirunelveli District - Tamil Nadu).  Special issue: Wildlife Conservation. Indian Forester.  1995, 121(10): 922-930.  ISSN:  0019-4816.  Note:  In English with a Hindi summary. 

NAL call no.:  99.8 IN2

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, leopards, Panthera pardus, wild dogs, dhole, topography, forest, prey species populations, predator species populations, predator food requirement, animal competition, tiger reserve, India.

1994

Kotwal, P.C.; Gopal, Rajesh.  Food habits of tigers in Kanha National Park.  Journal of Tropical Forestry.  1994 April-June; 10(2): 139-143.  ISSN:  0970-1494.

NAL call no.:  SD247.J678

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris tigris, mammalian prey, prey availability, food-prey preferences, effects of prey availability, Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, Mandla, India.

Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall.  The Tribe of Tiger: Cats and Their Culture.  Simon & Schuster; New York.  c1994.  240 pp.  ISBN: 0671799657.

NAL call no.:  SF446.5.T48 1994

Descriptors:  cats, lions, tigers, behavior, habitats, life history, anecdotes.

1993

Forest Survey of India.  Status of Forest Cover in Project Tiger Reserves.  Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India; Dehradun.  [1993].  12 pp., maps (some col.). 

NAL call no.:  QK358.S72 1993

Descriptors:  forest plants, tiger habitat, current status of the habitat, India.

1992

Brahmachary, R.L.; Sarkar, M.P.; Dutta, J.  Chemical signals in the tiger.  In:  Richard L. Doty; Dietland Muller-Schwarze (Editors).  Signals in Vertebrates 6. Plenum Press; New York & London.  1992: 471-475.  ISBN:  0306442507.

NAL call no.:  QP455.C473

Descriptors:  tigers, Panthera tigris, scent marking, biochemistry of tiger scents, phermones, marking fluid composition, scent spraying behaviors and strategies, functional implications.

1991

National Geographic Society (U.S.).  Cats: Caressing the Tiger.  National Geographic Society Educational Video Presentations.  The Society, Washington, D.C.  1991. 1 videocassette (60 min.).  Note:  "No. 51478"--Cassette label.

NAL call no.:  Videocassette no. 1163

Descriptors:  cats, behavior, tigers, lions, big cats, little cats, wild cats, effects of domestication. 

Abstract:  A comparison of domestic cats to wild cats is used to explain the behavior of domestic cats.

Return to Contents