• The primary aim is to determine the optimal hematocrit for which transfusion of RBC units is indicated to minimize the detrimental effects of anemia or transfusion. [ Time Frame: During patient's hospitalization prior to, during and following surgery ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

• The secondary aim is to determine the impact of red cell transfusion on health-related quality of life following surgery. [ Time Frame: 12 weeks after patient's surgery ] [ Designated as safety issue: No ]
  

Consecutive consenting patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be randomized to one of 2 transfusion groups based on their HCT value.

Hematocrit Groups:

1. 24%
2. 28%

Red blood cell transfusion will be given only when hematocrit values fall below the assigned group value. When the hematocrit value falls to a value less than the value for the randomized group a 1 unit RBC transfusion will be administered. Following administration of the 1 unit transfusion a repeat HCT is performed; if the hematocrit value responds to transfusion and is greater than or equal to the randomized group no further transfusions will be administered. A measurement of the patient's HCT after each unit of RBC administered is required prior to administering additional units. If a patient's hematocrit is greater than the value for the group which they are randomized, no transfusion of RBC is necessary. Other management decisions are left up to the discretion of the care team. Adherence to the treatment protocol will be required for the patients in the operating room, intensive care unit and postoperatively until discharge from the hospital.

Before surgery, the patient will be asked to respond to a quality-of-life questionnaire. Follow up phone calls will be made by Study personnel at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks after surgery to ask the same questions.