APRIL, 1908. 93 ceases of intensiflcation or methods of repeated printing from quick plates to slow plates. I n the case of very long sparks, 13k feet, or more, t h e bifurcations are generally directed t o neighboring conducting masses, and are not di- rected to the cathode. I n the case of lightning, masses of clouds a t a low potential, not lying along the main direction of discharge, are indi- cated by these side Iorking discharges. Some years ago I showed that an explosion occurs whenever powerful sparks change their direction in zig zags. The spark passed between a piate of glass and a sheet of parafined paper, and it was found that the paper was perforated at each forking of the discharge. Possibly these explosions occurring along an extended lightning discharge may be an important element in the phenomenon of the rolling thunder, for the sound of such explosions would arrive at coneiderable intervals apart. An interesting account of the explosive effect at each turning point of a lightning discharge has been given me by Yr. Hsrvey N. Davis, an in- structor in the .Jefferson Physical Laboratory, and I give I t here, since it is an account by a skilled observer of both the above explosive effects and ball Ilghtning. ‘‘ During the Wth of August, 1906, a large boarding-house on the side of Mount Moosilauke, in the town of Warren, N. H., was struck by light- ning in an unusually sudden and severe thunderstorm. The path of at least three independent discharges could be traced, but they must have been practically simultaneous, for those who had been caught by the rain half a mile from the house heard only one sharp report. One of the discharges struck the end of the ridgepole of the barn, and came down the wall to a very obvious ground; and two others landed halfway up the sloping roof of the nearest part of the house, one of them near, but not on a dormer window, and the other at some distance from any sort of a projection such as would ordinarily be expected to ‘ draw lightning.’ I n each place there was a spot about a foot across where the shingles had been forced outwards, as though by an explosion just, under them, while inside there were two round holes four or flve inches in diameter where the plaster had been blown into the room, leaving the laths completely bare. The flrst of these discharges travelled down the roof to the eaves, and jumped to the telephone wires, bursting out the shingles again as it left the roof. It happened that one of the young women of the house had just closed the dormer window, and was in the middle of the room with her head clolre to that part of the sloping ceiling where the second of the holes was found. It is possible that this waa merely chance, or, on the other hand, her presence may have had some inflence on the direction of the original discharge; at any rate, the discharge jumped to her right shoulder, and passed through or over the surface of her body to her left foot, then ran along the floor to the wall, leaving a mark such as might be made with a hot poker, and flnally reached earth through the side of the house. The young woman was, of course, completely stunned, but was fortunate enough to escape serious injury. An inter- esting feature of this discharge waa the regularity with which it seemed to explode every time it turned a corner. The explosions between the ceiling and the roof have already been mentioned; the next occurred when the discharge reached the woman’s foot. Her shoe and stocking were blown completely off, so that only the left half of the upper of the shoe.remained attached to the sole. From her foot it ran along the floor to a tin pail, which was standing on a piece of linoleum, and here i t ex- ploded again, overturning the pail, and demolishing the linoleum, some of which was found inside a water pitcher on a stand near by, while one or t w o shreds reached an adjacent windowpane with force enough to stick between t h e glass and the sash. Finally, the point where the lightning reached the wall and started down between the sheathing and plaster was very plainly marked on the outside of the house, a couple of clapboards being forced out several inches. In the mom below, the plaster was loosened from the laths all the way down, probably by the pressure of the heated air, but the appearance was quite daerent from that of the ceiling in the room above. Fortunately nothing took flre. A t the time of the discharge the guests were in the dining-room at the other side of the house, and several of those who turned most quickly saw slow moving ball discharges just outside the window. *One of those with whom I talked, a trained scientist, was sitting with his back partly turned, and saw only one ball of flre, ‘llke a glowing coal;’ but others said that it had been preceded by one rather larger, perhaps as large as a baseball. When he flrst saw the second ball, i t was three or four feet from the ground, and was falling obliquely, aa though it had rolled off the roof of a low ell near by, and its velocity was only a few feet per second, certainly not enough to leave a streak on his retina, as he noticed at the time. We searched that night, and again carefully the next day, for traces of these discharges in the ground, but could flnd none. Whether they were independent discharges from the main cloud, or were secondary effect, due to the electrification of the wet roof, I do not know. At any rate, they were not immediately connected with either of the three main discharges, for two of these went to obvious grounds, aa has been indicated; and the telephone wires, which aarried off the third, were nowhere near the part of the house where these balls were seen.” I * * I + I * * * * + + 14-2 In long discharges of lightning these explosions, directed at varied angles, could give rise to sound waves, which, starting practically at the same instant, nevertheless, by diEerent angles and degrees of reflection, could arrive at the ear of the listener at considerable intervals, and pro- duce the rolling of thunder. What, then, are the conclusions that can be drawn from the foregoing manifestations of electric discharges which can be produced by a large number of storage cells ? The first fact which impresses one is the im- portance of the consideration of amperage as well as electromotive force. Throughout scientific literature, and in popular conception, electromo- tive force has received the chief consideration in discussing the phe- nomena of lightning. Experiments in laboratories have been conducted with electrical machines which are generally incapable of affording much current. Franklin’s experiment with t h e aid of a kite illustrates an un- derestimate of the current in a lightning discharge. Even to-dayno one would think of repeating Franklin’s celebrated experiment, largely from a dread of voltage, but with little conception of the possibility of danger from small voltage and large current. We are beginning to realize, however, that 500 volts, accompanied by a current of from 10 to 20 amperes, is sufficient t o destroy human life. One compartment of the storage battery which I have described in this memoir-a compart- ment affording something over 800 volts-short-circuited through the body of the janitor of the laboratory, was sulficient to knock him sense- less. The most powerful electric discharge which we can produce by modern appliances in a faint shadow of lightning-so faint that i t fails to repro- duce in most essential respects the phenomena in the heavens. I have never been able, by the use of resonant tuhes or other arrangements, to cause reverberations to reproduce in the slightest degree, even with sparks six feet in length, the rolling of thunder. The energy of an or- dinary lightning discharge must be enormous. The forms of lightning discharges are very varied, and when one asks whether lightning is oscillatory, one should specify the kind of discharge. A COLLEUTION OF MEAN ANNUAL TEMPEBA-S ’ FOR MEXIUO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. By PHILIP P. CALVERT, Ph. 1). Assistant Professor of Zoology, University of Pennsyl- vania, Philadelphia, P a In studying the distribution of the Odonata, or dragonflies, of Mesico and Central America, particularly with reference to temperature, the writer prepared a colored map illustrating the distribution of mean annual temperatures in those countries. This map is shortly to appear as a plate in the Biologia Cen- trali-Americana volume Neuroptera (London). It is based partly on two similar older maps,’ partly on a body of temperature data specially gathered from many scattered sources in the libraries of Philadelphia and of the United States Weather Bureau at Washington. As these data will probably be of use to climatologists and others, they are here brought together in tabular form. Since the authorities cited for temperature records often give other climatio data also, the column ccAuthority for temperature records ” will also serve as a selected bibliography on meteorological phenomena in these countries. In the search for the earlier authorities much assistance was derived from Sr. Aguilar y Santillan’s Bibliografia Meteorologica Mesicana ” in the Memorias de la Sociedad Cientifica Antonio Alzate, IVY p. 5-47, 266-276, 1890. The student of Mexican temperatures will also find Sr. J. Guzman’s L c Climatologia de la Repfiblica Mexicana desde el punto de vista higihnico ” in the same Memorias, XX, p. 181- 11. A map, 97 by 71.5 centimetercin the library of the Academy of Nai ural Sciences of Philadephia, inscribed merely Carta Olimatologica. Sebastian Reyes. P. J. Senties. ,+. Donamette Imp. Escala de 1:3,000,000. G r a d e chez Monrocq fr. Paris. Thanks to the Secretaria de Estado y del Despacho de Fomento, Colonizacion e Industria of Mexico, I am in- formed, under date of July 30, 1907, ‘[que dicha Carta fu6 publicada en 1889 por disposicion de esta Secretaria, haciendo loa trabajos relativos 10s Sres. Pedro J. Senties, que era Director de la Escuela Nacional de Agrlcultura y Comisionado de M6xico en 1s Exposicion de Paris del mismo aHo y Sebastian Reyes que fu6 Profesor del Plantel antes men& onado.” This map was reproduced without alteration, but on a reduced scale (1:6,000,000), in Tomo XI, Andes del Ministerio de Fomento de la Republica Mexicana, Mex., 1898. 2. A map entitled ‘‘ Reparticion de la Temperatura en la Repdblica Mexicana” for the ‘6 ABo Meteorol6gico de 1902,” published as Planche 16, Boletin Yensuel, Observatorio Meterol6gico-Magnetico Central de YBx- ico, Noviembre, 1902. Seilor Don Manuel E. Pastrana, Director of the Observatorio, has kindly inf‘ormed me (September 6, 1907) that the m a p for later years have not yet been published. 94 1901.1902 ...... ............... ............... .............. ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............ ............... ............... .............. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW . TABLE I.--dlean annual tenrpercrturez in Mkxim . BOM 1901 and 1902 . CRM II, p . 186. CRM 11. p . 134 . CRMII,p.136. CRM 11. p . 184 . CRM 11, p 1% . Do . Do . Hano . Do . Do . Do . Do . Do . APRIL. 1908 *i Acapnlco ................... Acayucan .................. Actopan ........................ Acula .......................... A dimtea ............ A&lahua ................. A l v t r d o ....................... Antigua, La ................... iEYpan an ........................ Axocuapan ................... Cstemaco ..................... Chaultian uis ................ Chtcontepec .................... Chihuahua ................. Chontln .................... coatepac ..................... Coatsrcoalcos .................. Do ......................... Colima ..................... Do ....................... ..................... ChiCOnlN8 ... : ............... c ””U r .................... Cord0 a ........................ Do ........................ Caamdoapan .................. Cmcomatapec ................... Cosquihui .................... Guernavaca ................ Culircpn ................... Quad gara ............... Guanajua to ................ Gua rnan .................. GutLrrez Zamora ......... Huatuseo ...................... Hun acocotla .................. IxhuWan ...................... Duranf .................... Hu&tla ................... ~~a m a t l a n .................. Ixhuatlan ...................... Ixtncornitan ............... Jalacingo .................. Jld;p,”,n ........................ Jicaltepec ...................... Juchique ....................... Lagon ..................... Leon ....................... Lerdo, Cludad ............ L i n w s ................... %o ..................... Mdtrata ................... Martinez d e b Torre ......... Mata~oms ................ Mazatlan .................. Meca apan ................. MedIln ...................... Merlda .................... Mexico City ................ Minatitlau ................. Mirador ....................... Yisantla ...................... Monterey .................. Morella ................... Naollnco ................... Naranjal ...................... Nautla ......................... Nogales .................... Oar.ca ..................... Orisaha .................... .................... h h dells ................. I Looality . Guerrero ................. , Vera Crux .............. .do ................... .do ................... Aguaacalientes ........... Vera Cruz ................ do ................... .do .... ! .............. ..do ................... .do ................... ..do ................... .do ................... .do ................... .do ................... Chihuahua ............... Vera Cruz ................ do ................... .do ................... .do ................... C o l i ~a ................... ..do ................... vera CNX ................ do ................... .do .do ................... do ................... ..do ................... Morelos .................. Slnaloa ................... Durango ................. Jalisco .................... Guanajunto .............. Sonora .................. Vera Cruz ................ .do ................... do .................. Eidal o .................. vera 8ruz ................ .do .................... .do ................... Chiap an .................. Vera Cruz ............... do ................... .do ................... .do ................... .do ................... Jaliseo Guandua to .............. Durango ................. Nuevo Leon .............. souora ................... Vera Cruz ............... ..do .................. Tamaulipas .............. Sinaloa .................. Vera Cruz ................ ..do ................... Yucatan ................. Distrito Federal ......... Vera Cruz ................ ..do. ................... ..do.. .................. Nuevo Leon ............ : . Michosean ............... Vera Crnz ................ ..do.. ................. .do .................. Sonora ................... Oaxwa ................. Vera Cruz ................ .do ................... ................... ................... VerPCNZ ................ . 1891. 1897 ...... ............... ............... ............... 1880-1903 ....... ............... . . . Romero. p 39 MWR 1897 CRMII. 11 . 134 . CRM 11. P . 185 . Hann . BOM 1901. 190” and M S. CRY 11. P . 1 1 Catitude north . ............... 1$%%1898.1900- 1877-1902 ...... 1W-1870 ...... . isge.iss9.iw! . 1894-1m ...... 1‘902 . ................ ............... ................ ................ ................ 0 1 16 60 17 57 19 30 18 30 21 53 19 7* 18 46 19 19* 19 19s 19 47. 18 25 18 1 F 20 58 2838 21 lsr 19 27 * 18 9 19 11 ........ I ......... ......... ......... ......... 18 M 18 z, 19 4 18 65 2.4 48 24 1 20 41 21 1 27 56 20 2* 19 9 20 8% 21 9 19 21. 20 41 17 10s 19 49 17 58 20 10 19 60+ 21 21 21 7 25 :j3* i 94 42 i ! 24 57.! 18 46 30 38 18 4% 2 0 4 25 I 23 11 18 13 19 @ 20 5s 19 26 17 59 19 15 19 E8 2540 19 42 19 x+ 18 49* 20 13 31 20 17 4 ......... ......... ........ I is a2 18 51 18 11. 21 40 2 2 4 22 3* 20 27 25 28 19 17. 19 31 18 57s 19 34 17 60 28 4P 19 2 22 l a 3 36 2 0 7 Do; . CRM 1,p.Sl; 11. p . 15; MWR.1897; 13nM.1698.1900- 1902. MZ 1897 p 66- BOM. 18961903 . CRM1I.p 136 . Ham . BOY 1898 1899 1902 1902 . CRM 11. P . 184 . CRMII. P . 195 . C R ~ 11 ‘P . is’ Schot t. b t o r i u s Bo1 . SOC . Geog . Estad . Rep . Mex . BOSa:l895!1902: CRM I. p Iw; It,p.TI; MWR1896- (2) 1 . p . 367-9 (1669) . Altitude . ............... 1901-1902 ...... 1879.188b1898, 1 ~1 9 0 5 . _- Feet . ........ 14 516 1, 020 6. 1M 5 .m 29 I. 181 ........ ....... , ....... , ....... 1.305 1. 962 4. 107 6 ....... ....... 4. 769 ....... ........ 1. 601 ....... Do; . BOM 1901 1902 Reyeb lS& MZ 1896 . 268; 1887.p 385; 1906 p . 47 7. 1906:p4d7; BbY. 1&-1902nndrna. CRMi,p.?Of II . n . 14 . ....... 2. 860 5.209 ....... 295 ....... 4. 936 111 6 207 5: 186 ................ ................ ................ 1878-1889 ...... 1894-1900.19U2. ................ 6. 737 ....... ....... 4. 408 1 9 % 1. 004 ....... ........ ........ 689 4. 756 436 341 6 277 5: 901 3. 726 5 087 4: 946 495 49 25 1. 116 171 49 213 ........ ........ 1 . 190 5. 25s 7. 469 3. 293 1. a& 6. 1. 624 caiit’ii,-p . 184 . CRM 11, p 13 6. CRMII 3 1 . BOM; 1895-1900,1902, CRMJI, p 135. BOM l&, p . 3 3 ;p 16~9&;7~ 20, 11, p . 14 . ........ 2. 568 a 857 10 6: 119 Otatitlan ....................... Osuluama ..................... Pabellon ................... Pachuca .................... Panu eo .................... Papantla ....................... Paman ..................... paso de Ovejaa ............ Patscuaro ...... : ........... Perla La ................... P e d ......................... Playa Vicsnte ................. PorErio Dim, Ciudad ...... Puebla ..................... Pueblo Viejo ............... Que retsro .................. 4. 215 161 751 6 311 66 977 423 7: 9M 5. 033 7. oia 8. 085 7. 118 ........ 312 722 .do ................... .do ................... A uascslientes ........... Vera ruz ................ .d 0. .................. Cmhuila ................. Vera Cruz ................ Michoacau ............... Vera Crus ................ .do ................... .do ................... Coahuila ................. Puebla .................. Vera CNE ................ Queretaro ................ Hfdalp .................. ........ 6. 068 Metera . 4 1% 311 ........ 1.861 1, y ........ , 360 998 695 1. 8 1 1 .5 2 2 488 ........ I ........ I ........ , ..... ..I ......... ......... ........ I ......... 873 90 1.588 1.505 34 1. 892 1.581 2.060 ........ , ........ I ......... ........ , 1. ........ I 380 806 310 1. 450 123 la 1.912 1. 799 1. 135 363 1 551 1:508 1. 602 151 15 7.5 340 52 15 2. 277 65 410 495 1. 961 790 8 1 176 ........ ........ , ........ , ........ , 1. 00.19 ........ 1: 561 1. 285 46 2-29 1. 924 2. 426 20 YJ8 1. 554 129 2. 138 2. 465 ?. 170 ........ 95 220 ........ 1. 850 b a n annual tern- peratare. OC . ~- 27.6 24.5 23 ‘0 24.4 18.1 14.8 26.4 24.9 24.8 16.0 16.4 24 . I 9 .8 24 . 1 E . 0 16 . 2 24.0 19.2 26.3 24 . 4 26.1 24.5 19.7 20.5 20.0 24 ‘5 16.8 8’. 9 20.5 25.2 17.3 19.7 18 . 1 0 .9 23.2 17.7 12.0 22.7 17.8 13.3 23.4 24.4 1% 9 17.7 26.5 2 .a 21.1 18.2 18.7 2.5 . 1 84.4 18.4 21.7 17.0 23.7 3.2 24.9 22.9 22.0 26.8 15.5 24.1 20.1 2 2 8 21.6 16.8 16.0 21.3 28.1 17.2 20.3 18.2 26.1 25.8 18 . 1 14 6 E . 9 22 . 7 2% 1 16.1 17.0 10.5 24.1 16.9 2S.6 18.1 26 . 4 21 .a _ ..... OF . .. .- SI . 5 76.1 77.0 76.0 64.6 5s . 6 79.6 76 . 6 76.6 60.8 59 . 5 75.7 74.8 75.4 71.6 64.8 73.4 66.6 79.3 76.6 79.0 76.1 67.5 68.9 6% . 0 76.1 65.2 73.2 68.9 77.4 63.1 67.5 81.6 75.0 73.8 63.9 1 .6 7% 9 64.0 55.9 74.1 76.0 57.0 63.9 79.7 1’2.1 70.0 64 . R 65.7 73.6 7!! . 3 66 . 1 71.0 62.6 74.7 73.8 56.8 73.2 71.6 78.4 60.0 75.4 68.2 18.0 70.7 62.2 60.8 63.0 68.6 fi4.8 77 . 2 74-6 64.6 58.3 73.2 7 2 9 78.6 77.7 61.0 62.6 50.9 75.4 70.3 60.6 74.5 64.6 70.3 7 3. 6 ?eriod of observation . Years . - 1 moa, 5 6 5 2 7 6 4 5 5 7 6 4 5 6 2 6 4 6 12 6 7 5 7 7 7 8 11108, ; 5 2 12 8 1 3 6 4 2 6 5 6 1 4 13 5 2 5 25 1 5, 5 2 6 6 9 23 5 I 7 26 4 16 9 10 3 9 6 6 -2 1 21 6 3 7 12 8 6 5 13 moe 2 1 6 6 4 7 25 7 8 a Authorlty for temperature records . Date . ............... 1901.1902 ...... ............... .............. ............... 1899-1w ...... 3869-1890 ...... 1896 1897 1899 . 1a1-1865 ...... i d . id .............. ............... ............... .............. ............... 1873-1874. 1907 .............. .............. .............. .............. .............. 1881 .......... .............. 1895-1907 ..... .............. .............. .............. 187$.189G ..... 1878-1902 ..... 1902 ......... ............... ............... Do . BOM 1901. p . 224; 1902. p . 65 . CRM 11. p . 196. CRY 11. p . 184 . CUM 11. p . 186 . MWR 1SY!+1904 . Bnrreto Revista Cien t. Itflex . 1 BOY lSb7.1899.19Op . MS 1901; . Nu . 12 1880. CRM If. p . 14. CRM 11. p . 134 . Challen r R e p k C R Y I F p 1% CRM 11: p . 186. CRM 11. p 13 4. CRY11 p 185 . Reyes hol Soe . Geo Estadia t. Rep Mex . (Sa). B o d 1894 1900 his 1891.189 3. BOM 1899’ 1900: Barcena XnalenMin Fomenta Re Mex I Y BOM 1889.1895-1899. 1902; CRM I. p . 20.11. p 16. I V b. 90’et aeq . 167% Mf3 1907 . ni-azi~. 1891 . BO^ ism 189s. idi. i w i ; i& 11. p . 14; MWR 1902 . I 9 d . BOM 1903. CRM 11. p . 185 . CRM- 11. p . 13 4. Do. Do . Hann . CRM 11. p . 134 . CRMII 135. MZ1895: 1 . 357 . CRN II,p.134. MS . CRM 11. p . 136 . CRM I I ,p . 185 . Do . Reyes . 1880 . CRM 11, p . 16 . Bo1 . Oba Met. Leon 189 7. lB97-19b2; Nd’R 1897-l90i? BOM 1902 . MZ 1897. p . 252; BOM 189ti.1901 ..... .I BOM 1902, p 22 ............... DO . 1897-1898 ... MWR 1897 1808 . 11 899 ........... Me% . interk . R . R . Co., 1900 .timetable . ................ CRMII . P . 186 . 1879 ........... Reyes Is80 . ............... 1 p CRM-ii . 1% . ............... uo . 1697-1903 ...... 167s-1902 ...... . de ............... APRIL, 1908. ! i Rea1de.l Monte ............. I Hidal go... ................ MON!rRIJY wF4ATHEa REVIEW. TABLE l.-Maan nnnual tsnrperaiura in Mexim-Gontinued. 0 1 20 8 95 9,092 5,379 7 M i t y . 1 Stab. 2,77: . 1,w 1 Lstitudi north. 8 ' 1889.1894 1896 Illnos 1902 ........... 10' 1888,1889,189c 1900.1902. ... 10 ................ 6 ................ 3 ................ 1 isg?-i~g a..... . 1 1879 .......... 6 ................ 19 i87eim.i8w, 1900, I&. 1894-1897, 19m. 1899,1900, 2 ................ 5 ................ 5 ................ 4 ................ 9 ................ 3 ................ 4 ............... 7 ................ 6 ................ 2 18811885 ..... 5 ................ 6 ................ 6 ................ 6 ................ 1 1879 ........... 3 ................ 6 ................ 6 ................ 9 1894-1902. ..... 5 moa 1897,189S1901. 4 1894,11~,1897, 1899. 6 ................ 5 ................ BOM 1889, p. 369; 18964900,1902; CRM 11, p 19 BOM 1902. BOM:.1889, p 370,439; 1895-1900, 1902; CRM I, p. Ha& CRM I I ,p . 136. CRM I1 p.186. b y e s I& 21. 11, p 16. MZ, isgb 47s. C R N ~I 1% BOM, i& ism 1895-1897 1899, 1900, 1902; MZ. 1894, p. 74; CRh I, p 21; h, p 16. CRM 11, p. 136. CRM 11, p. 1%. CRM II,p.131. CRM 11, p. 186. Romero, p. 88. CRM I1 155. Hano. h 8 M 1901, 1902. Mattern Mein. $or. Cien. Antonio AIzrte, I, p. 6 d 1887. CRM I1 185. CRM I1 p. 184. Re es 1880. CRM 11. D. 136. BOY, 1896,1m7,1899; m n r 11, p. 15 C R M ~I ,~. 1%. CRM 11, 'p. ia4. CRM 11' p. 134. CRM 11: 1%. CRL 11 15% CRM 11: E 1% Do SolinaCruz ................ Oavaca .................... 16 10 Saltlllo .................... Coahuila .................. 25 26a Do ........................ 8pn Andrea Tuxtla ......... 8pn CristobPl Llave ........... San Juan Bautista .......... San Juan del Rio.. ......... San Juan Evangelistr. ..... 8an Luis Potosi .......... .do. .............................. VeraCruz ................. 18 27 ..do.. .................. 18 &V Tnbnsco ................... 17 54 Queretaro.. ............... #1 224 VeraCrue.. ............... 17 63 $an Luis Potosi. .......... 22 9 33 6,481 289 6,201 IC 1,97f I 1,890 Santiago Huatuseo ........ 8antia T u r t l r ................ Santo h k i n g o . ............... Silao ....................... Vera Cruz.. ........................ di, ................... 18 28' .d i ~. .................. 20 18* (3uanajuato ............... 20 5(i %ledad .................... Tacubaya.. ................ Rmiahua ................. Tantima ................... Tanto uca ..................... Tapseiula ................. Tnnipico.. .................. Znpotlan ................... 1 Jaliseo .................... [ 19 36 VeraCrna ................. 19 4* Dlstrito I~'edera1.. ......... 19 24 Vera Crnz.. ............... 21 16 Vera Crnz ................ 21 20 do ..................... 21 21 Chiaps ................... 14 645 Tamaulipss ............... 22 16 Zentla ...................... VeraCrue ................. 19 T* Zongolicr ...................... .do.. .................. 18 40 690 7,818 ................. 3,995 Altitude. .................. 180 2,352 1,218 Feet. I Meters. Tehuipango ............... Tempoal.. ...................... Teocelo ......................... Tepezintla ....................... Tcquiln.. .................... Terlutlan ................ Tlhuatlan. ................. TIncolulan .................... Tlseotalpau. .................. Tlnlixcoyan.. ................ Tolura ..................... Vera Cruz.. ............... 18 81 .do.. ................... 21 28* do.. ................... 19 2W do ..................... 21 8. ..do.. ................... 18 44* Puebla.. .................. 19 49 Vera Crua.. .............. 20 43 ..do.. ................... 19 59* ..do.. ................... 18 37* ..do.. ................... 18 48 Mexico .................... 19 17 .................. 1,184 1 361 .................. 5 389 6:M)l 749 10 275 8,610 5,448 .................. i3E .'422 1,661 8 84 2.625 .................. %5 .................. 61061 I '*R4?c Topolobampo ............. Tuxmn .................... Turtlo Qutirrma.. ......... Vera Cruz.. ................ 93 0 0 0 925 m 7 ,F 1 2,523 8inaloa ................... 26 85s VeraCriiz ................. 20 69 Chlapas.. ................ I6 32 Vera Cruz.. ............... 19 12 3 22 2 6 5 24 6 7 6 189&1900.. .... 1791-1803,1817- 1859 1891-1894, 1896' 1902 iw-is40 ...... ................ 1878-1900,1902. 1694 1896,1899- ............... lsd ................ ................ .................. 1.74 I 49 I 16 8 030 7iY.13 8,013 6,122 4,107 2,448 2,421 2,4G 1,562 1.452 .................. .................. Mean aooual tem- peratnre. Veta Grnnde ............... Yecuatla.. .................... k a k a s .................. Vigaq Las ................ 12 3 28.8 17.6 17.1 24.0 25.1 26.6 18.3 23.5 17. 6 25.6 23.8 1s. 7 19.4 26.8 15.6 24. 2 24.0 23.4 23. U za 8 14.3 23.6 19.6 2e 9 14.9 16.6 24.4 14.8 25.1 24.7 13.7 23.9 24.8 24.6 25.0 14.1 11.1 41.4 14.3 19.8 21.0 18. 6 Zacatecag ................. .! 22 M) Zscateeas ................. .j 22 46 Vera Cruz ................ .: 19 381 ..do.. ................... 19 6W tThia is the revised altitude given by Barcena (Anales Minist. Fomento. VII, p. 380, 1884); a S. Cristobal in the Canton of Vera Cruz, as CRM 11, p. 136,locates it, but in the Canton of Cos% by the maps. . OF. 54.1 83.8 63.7 62.8 75.2 77.4 79.9 65.0 74.3 6% 5 78.1 74.8 66.7 67.0 60.0 75.6 76.0 74.2 73.4 57.7 74.3 67.3 73. 2 68.8 60.1 76.0 68.6 77.2 76.5 56.7 75.0 76.6 76 3 77.0 67.4 5 2 0 70.5 57. 7 67.6 69.8 66.6 7a 4 83. a Period of observation. Tears. I Date. ' Authority for temperature recorda - -I Do .- BOM 1895 1897 l8W 190&1902- CRM I IW&tiM~7,,~l9-19O1. 21; TI. p. 1+'%1. ked hetedr. Eutndo'Mex., I& p. 191 BOY 1898-1900. Schoit; BOM, 1902 and ma. Behott. CRYII 184, CRM 11' p' 185. BOM. I$& I889,18954900,1902a~d ma; CRM I, p WII 16. BO& 1&g, 1899-1902, CRM 11, p 14 CRM 11, p. 134 Do he earlier E ures were 1U95 meters (cf. Eann). iloapan. XNooe of the maps of Mexico show 1 Komero's (p. 36) latitude of 19O 49' fur San Juan del RIO is not supported 288, 1903, and Sr. J. Ramirez's c r La Vegetacih de MQxico " in Anales del Ministerio de Fomento Rep. Mes. XI, pp. 227 et sep., 1898, of importance. The sources from which the data have been gathered are frequently indicated in the accompanying tables by abbrevia- tions whose significance is as follows: BOM. Boletin Mensuel, Obeervatorio Meteorol6gico-Mag- netico Central de MQxico. MQxico, 1888, 1889, 1895-1902. (Data for 1897 are also reprinted in Anales del Ministerio de Fomento de la Republica Mexicana, Tom0 XI, p. 467489. Mexico, 1898.) Challenger Repts. . Bcientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. 5. ChaUenger. Report on Atmospheric Circulation by Alexander Buchan, in Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 11, part 5, ~ London, 1889. CRM. El Clima de la Rep6blica Mexicans por M. Moreno y Anda y Antonio Gomez. Bfesico Oficina tip. &e la Secretaria de Fomento. Eann. Handbuch der Klimatologie von Dr. J. Ham. Zweite Ausgabe. Bd. 11, p. 286. Stuttgart, 1897. MWR. The MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW, United States De- partment of Agriculture, Weather Bureau, Washington, D. C. Volumes for 1896-1906. Afio I for 1895, 1899; Aiio 11 for 1896. 1900. MZ. Meteorologische Zeitschrift. Wien u. Berlin. Reyes, 1880, in Boletin, Sociedad de Geografia y Estrtdistica, Republica Mexicana, 3a Epooa; V, p. 160-181. Romero. Geographical and Statistical Notes on Mexico. By Matias Romero. G. P. Putnam's Sons. New Pork and London. 1898. Schott. Tables in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge No. 277. Washington, 1876. Some manuscript records in the library of the United States Weather Bureau from the Observatorio Meteorolhgico-Mag- netico Central de M6sico are often quoted as drms." in connec- tion with BOM. For the privilege of examining these I am indebted to the officials of the Weather Bureau. The data for Cuernavaca for 1907 and for Jalapa 1895-1907 are from manuscript recorda from the meteorological observa- tories at those places, which I owe to the kindness of Sefior Don M. E. Psatrana, Director of the Central Observatory of Mexico. Latitudes and altitudes are taken from the authorities quoted for the temperatures; the determinations of the Comision Geo- grdco-Exploradora for the State of Vera Cruz, in Revista, Sociedad Cientifica 'Antonio Alzate' xxiii, p. 31-32, Mexico, 1905; Anuario del Observatorio Astronomico Nacionel de Tacubaya por 1901, p. 270-327 (latitudes only); Doctor Sapper's papers on Central America in Petermann's Mittheilungen xliii (1897), 1 (1904) und Ergiinzungbinder xxiv (1895) and xxvii (1899); Mr. Gannett's "List of Altitudes in Mexico and Central and South America,," Monthly Bulletin, International Bureau of the American Republics for September, 1904, Washington; and 96 -- 0 1 17 30 15 33; .. __ ........... - ......... - . I. a 2,iM Locality. Chimax.. ...................... Quatemala City.. .......... Mercedeq Lss.. ............ Puerto Barrios.. ........... Quezaltenango ............ &lama ................... Setal.. ..................... Villafrrnca ................ Tegucigalpa Salvador. Bahia eaterode Jlquillisco~ Barra 6el Lempa.. ............. Jacuaran, Costa de.. ....... Playa del Encantsdo.. ........ Puerto Conmrdia. ......... Puerto de Acajutla.. ....... Puerto de La Libertal.. ... Sau Clalvador. ............. Sants Tech. ............... Union, La ................. Nicaragua. Bluefields .................. Deaeado, Rio, 10 miles from Qreytown.. .................... HOndUVa8. Caribbean. Department. .do .................... Guatemala.. .............. Quezaltenango. .......... Izabal ................... Quezaltenango ............ Baja Vera Paz.. ........... Alta Vera Pae.. ........... &spa. ................... .......................................... Usulutan.. ................ .do ................... La Uuion ................. ..do .................... La Paz. ................... fions~nate.. ............... La Libertad.. ............. San Salvador.. ............ La Libertad.. ............. JA Union ................ Zelaya .................... S. Juan del Norte.. ....... .