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The Exploration of the Radio Astronomical Unknown ............. 1 Seeking New Knowledge ,......... ....... ....... .. 2 Radio Astronomy and Imagination ............. .... ...... 2 1 What is Radio Astronomy " ..... .... 4... 1.1 A Little History . . . . . ...... . ........... 4 1.2 The Birth of Radio Astronomy .................. .......... ...... 5 1.3 So W hat is Radio Astronomy?.... ..... ............................... 8 1.31 How Radio Waves from Space Are Generated.... ...... 8 13.2 Radio Telescopes........ ............. 8.. . 1.3.3 W hat is a Radio Source?...9............ ........... ......... 10 1.4 Radio Interferometers. ,:... .. ..... .... ... ..... .......... ..: . . 11 1.4.1 Very Large Array ....... ................. .. 1 1 1.4.2) Very Long Baseline Array ... i... ...... .......... ... ............ i 2 A Science is Born,.... - . ...... . 1... . .......... .. 1:- I ........ 14 2.1 Caught between Two Disciplines ....................................... 14 2.2 Postwar Years--Radar Everywhere ...... 16 2.3 The Southern Skies..l.... . ........ ........ ... 18 2.4 W ho Could Have Guessed? . ... ...%... ..... ... ... ..... ....... 19 2.5 Identitv Crisis . - ..,..... .... ...... .. .. 20 2.6 An Epoch of Discovery ......, .. ... 2. 7.......... 21 3 The Radio Sun and Planets.,.,,,,,....l.. i.... ......... 23 3.1 W ar Secrets ........ .... . . .......... . ... ... . . ....... ........... 23 3.2 The Plasna Sun..... ..... 23 3.3 Solar Radio Em ission.. ........... .. .............. ...... ........... 25 3 4 The OQiet Sun ... ..... .. 25 3. Solar Radio Bursts.... ..... ..25. . . . . . ..... . .. 3.6 Radio Signals from the Planets ....... .. ... ............... 26 3.7 Jupiter's Radio Bursts......... . . . . . ...... .. . 26 38 Jupiter's Radiation Belts.. . ... ... 27 19 The P lanets as Radio Sources ......... .. . ...... .. 29 S10 Planetary Rada .. ... .. ..... . . . . . . . . 29 4 The Galactic Radio Nebulae. ...-............. . 33 4.1 The Supernova-Stardeath... ........ ......... .... 33 4.2 Recent "Guest Stars ... ...... ....... .... 34 4.3 Cassiopeia A ... ..... 1... I... . .. ..... . ...... . _ .. ........ 35 4.4 Supernovae of Type I and Type II... .....-.....-... .. .. rI 35 4.5 Supernovae and Life ............................... .................. 37 4.6 E ission Nebula-Star Birth ........... 38 4 .7 H il R egions ... ... ......... .. ... . .... . . . . . .... . .... . . ... ... .. 39 4.8 Planetary Nehbulae ..... ...... ..... ............. .... . 39 5 Radio Waves from the Milky Way ... ... B..... D........ ° .°. t °. W 40 5.1 "A Steady Hiss Type Static of Unknown Origin".................. 40 5.2 Receiver Noise--"Listeni ng" to Radio Sources................, 40 5.3 Grote Reber Maps the Milky Way......... ........ 42 5.4 A Radio Map of the Whole Sky ....... 42 515 The Appearance of the Radio Sky... ....... 43 5.6 Polarization of Galactic Radio Waves .............. .. ... ......... 44 5.7 "Normal" Galaxies .......... . .. ... ....... .. ....... .... 44 5.8 A Note on D istances .............. ... ..... ........ .................... 45 5.9 The Shape of the Milky Way Galaxy..................... ......... 45 5.10 The Center of the M ilky W ay................ .... ............ ....... 46 5111 Close-Up Radio View of the Galactic Center...................... 47 5.12 The Very Center and the Black Hoie. .....,.,.....,,.,........... 49 6 Interstellar Hydrogen . ...... . ....... ... ...... ....... .. ... , 51 6,1 C louds of D estiny - ........ ... ................ .. .. ... ........ .. .._ _ 51 6.2 Generation of the 21-cm Spectral Line ... .............. ... ........ 51 6.3 Observations of Interstelar 'Neutral Hydrogen ........T.. 52 6.4 An m e of Interstellar Hydrogen....... 52 6.5 Seeing into the Depths of Space.......... ....... ......... .... 53 6.6 Anomalous Velocity Hydrogen.... .. ...... 55 6.7 Interstellar M agnetic Fields. .. . .............................. ......... 55 6.8 Neutral Hydrogen in Other Galaxies ......... ..................... 56 7 interstellar M olecules... .... .... ....... .... ....... ..: 59 7.1 Chermical Factories in Space .......... 59 7.2 W hat is a M olecule ,........ ..... .......... ........ 62 7.3 Molecular Spectral Lines......... .... 62 7.4 M asers in Space. ...i 6. .... ............. .. ...... .... 63 7.5 Mega-Masers ..... .... ........... 66 7.6 Giant M olecular Clouds ............... . .... ........... .. .......... . 66 7.7 The Stages lirn ediately Following Star Birth ......,........... 67 8 P .ulsar6s.....,, .9.I,1 .. .. ..... ..... . ... ....... 69. 8. 1 Scintillation of Radio Sources .. ... ........... .. ............ ... . 69 8.2 The D iscovery of Pulsars.... ... ..................................... 69 8.3 Where are the Pulsars? .... ... .... 71 8.4 Formation of Neutron Stars.. . .............. ....... 72 8.5 Binary Pulsars-Nature's Fabulous Space Labs.. 7................ 74 8.6 M illisecond Pulsars .... ..... ....... .. .. .... ...... .... .......... ....... . 76 8.7 W hat Pulse Timing Tells Us..... .... .... .... ................. ..... 77 8,8 Pulsars in G lobular Clusters................................... ......... 78 9 The Galactic Superstars. 7...9. ..... · .........· 79 9.1 The Curious Object SS433..... ... ...................................... 79 ,9. A Black Hol and its Accretion Disk. .................. ... ....... ... 81 "9.3 Precession of the Accretion Disk............ ................ ...... 82 9. Radio Stars. ., ... .. . ...... . .. ........ ... ......... 83 9.5 N ovae . . . .. ....... ..... ....... . . .. ..................... 85 9.6 Other Superstars. ....... . ......... . .86 10 Radio Gralaxies..... .. .............. .. ... . 87 10.1 On Finding Distances in Astronomy ................................. 87 10.2 Chaos in Distant Galaxies...._...... ...... ........... ... ......... 87 10.3 The Largest "Things" in the Universe............. ... ............ 88 10.4 Cygnus A . .. ..... ...... .. ......... . 88 10.5 The Radio Ermitting Jets .. ... .................... 89 11 Quasars ... ...... ......... 96 1.1 The Discovery of Quasars...... ................... 96 11.2 Brightness Vlariation s..... . .... .. ... . 97 11.3 Parent Galaxies....... ..... . . . .. .... 98 11.4 Q uasars: The Modern View ...... ...................9..... 9 12 The Grand Uification: Active Galactic Nuclei ......... 102 12 1 Cosmic Jets ..... .. ..... . .,, . .. ... ... ....,. 102 1 .2 Seyfert G alaxies ....1 .. ,, .. . ... ..*.............. .. . ........ 104 12.3 The Energy Diet of a Jet.... ....... ............ ... . . 04 124 Faster than Light--Superluminal Motions .......... ........... 105 12.5 Active Galactic Nuclei.. ............ ...... . ... . . 06 12 6 B lack H oles ............................... ........ ....... 107 12. Precession...... .. . . . . ... ...... 109 12.8 Galactic Cannibalism ..... 110 13 Beyond the Quasars-Radio Cosmology......... 1. ....... 12 113.1 A Cosmic Perspective.. .......... ... ..... . .. .......... 12 I 13.2 Radio Astronomy and Cosmologs .......1....... .. . ..... ... 1 13 13. 3 The Microwave Baickground ....... .. 1... . . ....... .. 114 13.4 Beyond the Big Bang--Multiple Universes ............. ... 115 13.5 How S mooth is S pace?e. .......... ..... ... ....... 116 13.6 M issing M ass (D ark M atter? ...................... .................. 118 13.7 G ravitational Lenses .... ........... .1.. ................. 119 14 On the Radio Astronomical Quest for Extraterrestrial Intelligence ... ... .... ........ . -....... . ..... .... .. .... 122 14, "And Now for Something Completely Different................. 122 14.2 The Harsh Realities of the SETI Equation-A Modern 5.1 Bigger nd Better... ................ 1 1 15.. Low-Noise Receivers .. . .... ... . .... . . . ..... . ..... ... .3.. .. . . 133 i 5.3 SM A- The SubRim limeter Arrays.._ ..._.. ...... .............. ... 133 15.4 Planned Arrays .... . i. . ........ .... 1.3. . 133 15.4.1 A LM A .. . ..... ... . . . ... .. .... .... . ... 1 34 15.4,2 LOFAR ....1...... 36 15.i4,3 SKA .... ............ .... ........ .... .. 137 15.4.4 PAPER.... . 1 38 16 What It All About?... ............ 140 16.1 Expecting the Unexpec ted....... ......... .4......0....... .. 140 16.2 Are We Still Open to the Unexpected?.... ........... 141 16.3 How Much Longer Will Radio Astronomy Last?.... ........ 141 16.4 So. W hat's It All About'?......... ..... ........... .... ............. 142 Appendix A.i "Seeing" Radio W aves... ............ . ... ..... .... . 145 A.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum . ........... ... 145 A.2. Wa velength and Frequency ................. .. .. ... 146 A.2.2 The Wavelength Range of the Electromagnetic Spectrui ... .......... ... .... . .. ... ....... . .... ..... 1 46 A.2.3 Atmospheric W indows.... ...... ..... ..................... 146 A .2.4 Spectral Lines ... ;.......... ....... ..... ................. ... 147 SA_5 rThe Redshift and the Doppler Effect ............ 147 A.2.6 Velocities in Radio Astronomy.. ......... ...1 ... ... I 47 A 3 The Brightness of Radio Sources .... .. ....8..... ....... ..... 148 AA4 Radio Spectra-Identifying the Emission Mechanism........... 148 A .5 N otation . . . .. ... .. .... . . .. ... .. . .... . . 149 A.6 Position Measurement and Angular Accuracy. ........ 149 A.7 Astronomical Coordinate Systems ... ............. 150 A.8 Astronomical Distances-Looking Back in Time.. . ..... 151 A 9 Keeping Things (Radio) Quiet .......... . ... 151 .d S,q^ B-h n-^r -'a Z7. n, .Z . <^ IA h'a^S / SC " i- ° °° ]n °° T| ° lii i"Ei i| .i o o & r J