Table of contents for The invisible universe : the story of radio astronomy / Gerrit L. Verschuur.


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The Exploration of the Radio Astronomical Unknown .............  1
Seeking New Knowledge ,......... ....... ....... ..       2
Radio Astronomy and Imagination ............. ....  ......  2
1  What is Radio Astronomy "   ..... ....  4...
1.1  A  Little  History . . .  . . ...... . ...........       4
1.2  The  Birth  of Radio  Astronomy .................. .......... ......  5
1.3  So  W hat is Radio  Astronomy?.... ..... ...............................   8
1.31  How Radio Waves from Space Are Generated.... ......  8
13.2  Radio  Telescopes........        ............. 8.. .
1.3.3  W hat is a  Radio  Source?...9............ ........... .........  10
1.4  Radio  Interferometers. ,:... ..  .....  .... ...  .....  .......... ..: . .  11
1.4.1  Very  Large  Array  ....... ................. ..  1 1
1.4.2)  Very  Long  Baseline  Array  ...  i... ...... .......... ... ............  i
2  A  Science  is Born,....  - . ......                        .  1... . .......... ..  1:- I  ........   14
2.1  Caught between  Two  Disciplines .......................................  14
2.2  Postwar Years--Radar Everywhere ......                   16
2.3  The  Southern  Skies..l.... . ........ ........ ...      18
2.4  W ho Could  Have Guessed?  . ... ...%... ..... ... ... ..... .......  19
2.5  Identitv  Crisis  . - ..,..... ....     ......  ..  ..   20
2.6  An Epoch of Discovery  ......, .. ...  2. 7..........    21
3  The Radio Sun and Planets.,.,,,,,....l..   i.... .........     23
3.1  W ar  Secrets  ........ .... .  .  .......... . ... ... . .   ....... ...........   23
3.2  The Plasna Sun.....                .....                23
3.3  Solar Radio  Em ission.. ........... .. .............. ...... ...........  25
3 4  The OQiet Sun  ...  .....   ..                          25
3.   Solar Radio  Bursts....  .....  ..25. .  .  .   .  . ..... . ..
3.6  Radio  Signals from  the Planets ....... .. ... ...............  26
3.7  Jupiter's Radio  Bursts......... .    . . . . ...... .. .  26
38   Jupiter's Radiation Belts..                  .  ... ...  27
19   The P  lanets as Radio Sources ......... .. .  ...... ..  29
S10   Planetary Rada       .. ... .. .....  .  . .   . .  . . .  29
4  The Galactic Radio Nebulae. ...-............. .                33
4.1  The Supernova-Stardeath...      ........ .........  ....  33
4.2  Recent "Guest Stars ...             ......   ....... ....  34
4.3  Cassiopeia  A  ... ..... 1... I... . .. ..... . ...... . _ ..  ........  35
4.4  Supernovae of Type I and Type II...  .....-.....-...  .. ..  rI  35
4.5  Supernovae  and  Life  ............................... ..................  37
4.6  E  ission Nebula-Star Birth ...........                 38
4 .7  H il  R egions  ... ...  ......... .. ...  . .... . . . .  .  .... . .... . . ... ...   .. 39
4.8  Planetary  Nehbulae ..... ......   ..... ............. ....  .  39
5  Radio Waves from the Milky Way ... ... B..... D........ °  .°.  t °. W  40
5.1 "A Steady Hiss Type Static of Unknown Origin"..................  40
5.2  Receiver Noise--"Listeni ng" to Radio Sources................,  40
5.3  Grote Reber Maps the Milky Way.........      ........   42
5.4  A Radio Map of the Whole Sky .......                    42
515  The Appearance of the Radio Sky...  .......             43
5.6  Polarization of Galactic Radio Waves  .............. .. ... .........  44
5.7  "Normal"  Galaxies .......... . ..  ...  .......  .. ....... ....  44
5.8  A  Note  on  D istances  .............. ... ..... ........ ....................  45
5.9  The Shape of the Milky Way Galaxy.....................  .........  45
5.10  The Center of the M ilky  W ay................ .... ............ .......  46
5111  Close-Up Radio View of the Galactic Center......................  47
5.12  The Very Center and the Black Hoie. .....,.,.....,,.,...........  49
6  Interstellar  Hydrogen  . ......  . .......  ... ......  ....... .. ... ,  51
6,1  C louds  of  D estiny  -  ........  ... ................ ..  ..  ...   ........ .. .._ _   51
6.2  Generation of the 21-cm  Spectral Line ... .............. ... ........  51
6.3  Observations of Interstelar 'Neutral Hydrogen   ........T..  52
6.4  An m   e of Interstellar Hydrogen.......                52
6.5  Seeing  into  the Depths of Space.......... ....... ......... ....  53
6.6  Anomalous Velocity Hydrogen.... ..    ......            55
6.7  Interstellar M agnetic  Fields. .. . .............................. .........  55
6.8  Neutral Hydrogen  in Other Galaxies ......... .....................  56
7  interstellar M olecules... .... ....  ....... .... ....... ..:  59
7.1 Chermical Factories in Space ..........                  59
7.2  W hat is a  M olecule ,........  ..... .......... ........  62
7.3  Molecular Spectral Lines......... ....                  62
7.4  M asers in  Space. ...i              6. .... ............. .. ...... ....   63
7.5  Mega-Masers ..... .... ...........                      66
7.6  Giant M olecular Clouds ............... . .... ........... .. .......... .  66
7.7  The Stages lirn ediately Following Star Birth ......,...........  67
8  P                                                             .ulsar6s.....,, .9.I,1  ..  .. .....  ..... . ...   .......  69.
8. 1  Scintillation  of Radio  Sources .. ... ........... .. ............ ... .  69
8.2  The  D iscovery  of Pulsars.... ... .....................................  69
8.3  Where are the Pulsars? .... ... ....                    71
8.4  Formation of Neutron Stars.. . ..............    .......  72
8.5  Binary Pulsars-Nature's Fabulous Space Labs.. 7................  74
8.6  M illisecond  Pulsars  .... ..... ....... .. .. .... ...... .... .......... .......  .  76
8.7  W hat Pulse Timing  Tells Us..... .... .... .... ................. .....  77
8,8  Pulsars  in  G lobular Clusters................................... .........  78
9  The Galactic Superstars. 7...9. ..... · .........·             79
9.1  The  Curious Object SS433..... ... ......................................  79
,9.  A  Black  Hol  and  its Accretion Disk. .................. ... ....... ...  81
"9.3  Precession  of the Accretion  Disk............ ................ ......  82
9.   Radio  Stars. .,  ...  .. . ...... .  .. ........ ...  .........   83
9.5  N ovae . .   .  .. .......     ..... ....... . . .. .....................   85
9.6  Other Superstars.     .......     .   ......... .  .86
10  Radio  Gralaxies..... .. ..............       .. ... .        87
10.1  On Finding  Distances in  Astronomy  .................................  87
10.2  Chaos in  Distant Galaxies...._......  ...... ........... ... .........  87
10.3  The Largest "Things" in the Universe............. ... ............  88
10.4  Cygnus A .  .. ..... ......               ..  .........  .  88
10.5  The Radio Ermitting Jets .. ...     ....................  89
11  Quasars  ...     ......              .........                96
1.1  The Discovery  of Quasars...... ...................      96
11.2  Brightness Vlariation s..... .   .... ..         ... .  97
11.3  Parent Galaxies....... .....  .   . . ..         ....   98
11.4  Q uasars: The Modern  View  ...... ...................9.....   9
12  The Grand Uification: Active Galactic Nuclei .........       102
12 1  Cosmic Jets ..... .. ..... .   .,, .  .. ... ... ....,.  102
1 .2  Seyfert G alaxies  ....1  .. ,, .. .  ... ..*.............. ..  .  ........  104
12.3  The Energy  Diet of a Jet....   ....... ............ ... . .  04
124   Faster than Light--Superluminal Motions .......... ........... 105
12.5  Active Galactic Nuclei.. ............  ......  . ... . .  06
12 6  B lack  H oles  ............................... ........ .......  107
12.  Precession...... ..            .  .  .     .  ... ......  109
12.8  Galactic Cannibalism .....                             110
13  Beyond the Quasars-Radio Cosmology......... 1. .......        12
113.1  A  Cosmic  Perspective.. .......... ...  .....  .   .. ..........  12 I
13.2  Radio Astronomy and Cosmologs  .......1....... .. . ..... ... 1  13
13. 3  The Microwave Baickground  ....... ..  1... . . ....... ..  114
13.4  Beyond the Big Bang--Multiple Universes ............. ...  115
13.5  How  S mooth  is S pace?e. .......... ..... ... .......  116
13.6  M issing  M ass  (D ark  M atter?  ...................... ..................  118
13.7  G ravitational Lenses .... ...........  .1..  .................  119
14  On the Radio Astronomical Quest for Extraterrestrial
Intelligence ...  ... .... ........ . -....... . ..... .... .. ....  122
14,  "And Now for Something Completely Different.................  122
14.2  The Harsh Realities of the SETI Equation-A Modern
5.1  Bigger  nd Better... ................                    1 1
15..  Low-Noise  Receivers .. .  .... ... . .... . .  . ..... . ..... ... .3.. .. . .  133
i 5.3  SM   A- The SubRim limeter Arrays.._ ..._.. ...... .............. ...  133
15.4  Planned  Arrays ....           .    i.  .   ........  ....  1.3. .  133
15.4.1  A LM A  .. .  ..... ...  .  . .  ...  .. .... ....  . ...  1 34
15.4,2  LOFAR ....1......                               36
15.i4,3  SKA ....  ............  .... ........ .... ..  137
15.4.4 PAPER....                                    . 1 38
16  What It All About?...      ............                      140
16.1  Expecting  the  Unexpec ted....... ......... .4......0....... ..   140
16.2  Are We Still Open to the Unexpected?.... ...........   141
16.3  How Much Longer Will Radio Astronomy Last?.... ........  141
16.4  So. W hat's It All About'?......... ..... ........... .... .............   142
Appendix
A.i  "Seeing" Radio  W aves... ............ . ... ..... .... .  145
A.2  The Electromagnetic Spectrum  . ...........        ... 145
A.2.   Wa velength and Frequency ................. .. .. ...  146
A.2.2   The Wavelength Range of the Electromagnetic
Spectrui  ... .......... ... .... .  .. ... ....... . .... .....  1 46
A.2.3  Atmospheric  W indows.... ...... ..... .....................  146
A .2.4  Spectral Lines  ... ;.......... .......  ..... ................. ...  147
SA_5    rThe Redshift and the Doppler Effect ............  147
A.2.6   Velocities in Radio Astronomy.. ......... ...1 ... ...  I 47
A 3  The Brightness of Radio Sources  .... .. ....8.....  ....... .....  148
AA4  Radio Spectra-Identifying the Emission Mechanism...........  148
A .5  N otation  . .   . .. ... .. ....  . .  .. ...  .. .  ....  .  .  149
A.6  Position Measurement and Angular Accuracy.  ........     149
A.7  Astronomical Coordinate Systems ... .............        150
A.8  Astronomical Distances-Looking Back in Time..  . .....   151
A 9  Keeping Things (Radio) Quiet ..........        .  ...    151
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Library of Congress subject headings for this publication: Radio astronomy