This class provides for (1) a mixture of materials intended
to catalyze a reaction or to sorb a component of a fluid or (2)
certain single materials specifically structured to catalyze a reaction
or sorb a component.
In this class, many subclasses are based on the groupings
of elements in the periodic chart. Below are listed elements in
the group as used in the class.
Group I metals: Lithium(Li), Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Rubidium(Rb),
Cesium(Ca), Francium(Fr), Copper(Cu), Silver(Ag), and Gold(Au)
Group II metals: Beryllium(Be), Magnesium(Mg), Calcium(Ca),
Strontium(Sr), Barium(Ba), Radium(Ra), Zinc(Zn), Cadmium(Cd), and
Mercury(Hg)
Group III: Scandium(Sc), Ttrium(Y), Aluminum(Al), Gallium(Ga),
Indium(In), and Thallium(Tl)*
Group IV: Titanium(Ti), Zirconium(Zr), Hafnium(Hf), Germanium(Ge),
Tin(Sn), and Lead(Pd)
Group V metals: Vanadium(V), Niobium(Nb), Tantalum(Ta), Arsenic(As),
Antimony(Sb), and Bismuth(Bi)
Group VI metals: Chromium(Cr), Molybdenum(Mo), Wolfram(W),
Tungsten(T), and Polonium(Po)
Group VII metals: Manganese(Mn), Technetium(To), and Rhenium(Re)
Group VIII: Iron group metals, Iron(Fe), Cobalt(Co), Nickel(Ni),
and the platinum group metals, Ruthenium(Ru), Rhodium(Rh), Palladium(Pd),
Osmium(Os), Iridium(In), and Platinum(Pt)
Lanthanides: Elements with atomic numbers 57-71 inclusive,
Lanthanum(La), Cerium(Ce), Praseodymium(Pr), Neodymium(Nd), Promethium(Pm),
Samarium(Sm), Europium(Eu), Gadolinium(Gd), Terbium(Tb), Dysprosium(Dy),
Holmium(Ho), Erbium(Er), Thulium(Th), Ytterbium(Yb), and Lutetium(Lu)
Alkaline earth metals: Calcium(Ca), Strontium(Sr), Barium(Ba),
and Radium(Ra)
Alkali metals: Lithium(Li), Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Rubidium(Rb),
Cesium(Cs), and Francium(Fr)
Actinides: Elements with atomic numbers 89 and above inclusive,
Actinium(Ac), Thorium(Th), Protactinium(Pa), Uranium(U), Neptunium(Np),
Plutonium(Pu), Americium(Am), Curium(Cm), Berkelium(Bk), Californium(Cf),
Einsteinium(Es), Fermium(Fm), Mendelevium(Md), Nobelium(No), Lawrencium(Lr)*
Halogens: Fluorine(F), Chlorine(Cl), Bromine(Br) Iodine(I),
and Astatine(At)
Lithium(Li), Sodium(Na), Potassium(K), Rubidium(Rb), Cesium(Cs),
and Francium(Fr)
Rare earth: Scandium(Sc), Yttrium(Y), and Lanthanide group
* La is grouped with the Lanthanides and Ac with
the Actinides.
SECTION II - NOTES TO THE CLASS DEFINITION
(1)
Note. Except as indicated in the title and definition, the
subclasses in this class provide for both a product and a process
of making the product.
SECTION III - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS
Lines Within This Class
In this schedule some subclasses, namely 6, 8+, 104+ and
151 provide for methods only and a claim to a product must be classified
in another subclass, while other subclasses, e.g., 11+,
20+, and 418+ although developed on a process
theme, provide also for the products of the process. Except for
those situations in which a subclass for a specific process is provided,
a method of making a composition of this class is classified with
the composition, per se.
Lines With Other Classes
(1) Classes directed to element or compound
Superiority is dependent on comprehensiveness. A patent claiming
a new compound and a composition of this class including such compound
is placed here as an original and cross referenced to the compound
class. A patent claiming a new compound or process of making it,
and a composition of this class which is used in making the compound
is placed in the compound class as an original and cross-referenced
here.
(2) Chemical Composition Placement
The rules for determining Class placement of the Original
Reference (OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in
the Class Definition of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER
CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY,
which includes a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
References to Other Classes, below, are directed to the following:
Classes Providing for Related Matter; or Classes Which May Have
Catalytic or Sorbent Functions.
Bleaching and Dyeing; Fluid Treatment and Chemical
Modification of Textiles and Fibers, for a process of dyeing, bleaching or cleaning a textile
which may utilize a catalyst or sorbent. (Class Providing for Related
Matter.)
Fuel and Related Compositions, for a composition designed to initiate or sustain
a flame and which may include a catalyst or sorbent. (Class Providing
for Related Matter.)
Gas Separation: Processes,
subclasses 90+ for processes of gas separation using solid sorbents.
Class 95 will take the combination of gas separation using a solid
sorbent and regenerating the solid sorbent. (Class Providing for Related
Matter.)
Gas Separation: Apparatus,
subclasses 108+ for solid sorbent apparatus for gas separation. Class
502 will take zeolite or other solid sorbent compositions having
details of the physical characteristics of the composition itself (e.g.,
porosity, particle size, etc.). Class 502 will also take zeolite
or other solid sorbent compositions that are layered, laminated,
or otherwise affixed to another zeolite or other solid sorbent composition
or to a support material. Class 96 takes apparatus having (a) an inlet
for the fluid mixture to be treated, (b) a means effective to cause
separation into constituent parts, and (c) an outlet for at least
one constituent separate and distinct from an outlet for another
constituent or a single outlet used at different times to remove
the separated constituents. The means causing separation into constituent
parts confines the zeolite or other solid sorbent composition inside
an enclosure that contains the fluid mixture being separated. Class
96 also takes filter elements having zeolite or other solid sorbent
compositions held in an open structure or rim that encases, holds,
or borders the zeolite or other solid sorbent composition or held
on a skeletal structure. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Animal Husbandry, particularly
subclasses 171+ for material used for absorbing moisture from an
animal waste product, i.e., excrement or urine. (Class Providing
for Related Matter.)
Explosive and Thermic Compositions or Charges, for a composition of that class which may include
a catalyst or sorbent. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Distillation: Processes Thermolytic, for a process producing char or a carbon residue
which may have catalytic or sorbent properties. (Class Providing
for Related Matter.)
Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy, for an electrode of that class which may be catalytic or
a process of treating an electrolyte of that class which may include
sorbing. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Special Receptacles or Package,
subclass 0.7 and 204 for a container of that class including
a sorbent. (Class Which May Have Catalytic or Sorbent Functions.)
Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, for a process which may employ a catalyst or sorbent
in treating petroleum. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Liquid Purification or Separation, for a process which may utilize a catalyst or sorbent
in treating water or liquids in general. (Class Providing for Related
Matter.)
Compositions, for a composition of general or of some specific
utilities and the relative position of this class (502) with the
various uses and functions provided for in that class. (Class Providing
for Related Matter.)
Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, (or the 520 and 530-570 series of classes incorporated therein)
for either an organic compound which may be used as a catalyst or
sorbent or a process using a catalyst or sorbent in making or purifying
an organic compound. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing, particularly
subclass 30 , 69+, 88+, 122, 177+,
190+, 211+, and 312 for a process using, or apparatus including,
a catalyst or sorbent. (Class Which May Have Catalytic or Sorbent
Functions.)
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, Digest 13 and 16 for specific techniques which may
be useful in using or regenerating a catalyst or sorbent. (Class
Which May Have Catalytic or Sorbent Functions.)
Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, for either an inorganic compound which may be used as a
catalyst or sorbent and especially
subclasses 700+ for a zeolite or a process using a catalyst to
make an inorganic compound. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Radiation Imagery Chemistry: Process, Compositions,
or Product Thereof, for a light sensitive composition which may include
a catalyst. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological Testing, appropriate subclasses for chemical analysis or
testing processes involving the use of a sorbent. (Class Which May
Have Catalytic or Sorbent Functions.)
Chemistry: Fischer-Tropsch Processes; or Purification
or Recovery of Products Thereof, for a process of that class using a catalyst and see especially
subclass 701 , 707, 709, 713, to 721 and subclass 722 for a process
using a sorbent. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Compounds, for a process in which a catalyst or sorbent may
be used to produce a hydrocarbon. (Class Providing for Related Matter.)
The meaning to be given to the various "art" terms appearing
in this class, but which have not been included in the glossary
below, is the same as that generally accepted or in common usage.
However, certain terms employed in this class, which are included
below, have been assigned definitions tailored to meet the needs
of this class and therefore those may be more restricted or less
limited or even altogether different from those in common usage.
ACTIVATED
The state or condition of a material which has been treated
or acted upon to enable it to function as intended. In general a
change is effected which is discernible often only in the ability
to perform such function. For instance, activated charcoal.
ACTIVE CARBON
Sorbent form compressing carbon with either additive or
porous structure enhancing sorbability.
ANIMAL CHARCOAL
See Bone Black
BONE BLACK
Solid residue from chafing bones - @10%carbon,
80% Ca3(PO4),
used particularly in decolorizing sugar solutions.
CATALYST
An agent which affects or effects a chemical reaction
by its presence in the reaction mass (other than by dissolving or
dispersing the reactants) generally being recoverable from the products
as if it did not enter into the reaction and merely provided the
impetus for reaction of other materials. While it was originally
thought that a catalyst did not enter the reaction and instead provided sites
at which the reactants, per se, interacted, it is understood now
that at least some transitory intermediates may involve the catalyst.
The catalyst, however does not contribute substance to the desired
final product even though it may remain inseparable from such product.
CATALYZE
Affecting, effecting, promoting, or initiating a reaction by
being present-generally by presenting a contact surface and usually
recoverable from the product in essentially unchanged form and operating
other than by merely acting as a solvent. The strict classical concept of
a catalyst is not rigidly adhered to now and the catalyst may disappear,
change or be included as an incidental moiety in the final product.
A catalyst may inhibit one reaction while promoting or allowing
another reaction but an agent strictly preventing or retarding a
reaction is a preservative for Class 252 Compositions, subclasses
380+. Examples of these retardants or inhibitors are anti-oxidant
and anti-knock compositions. An agent that encourages a reaction
by dispersing the reactants such as a more effective solvent is
not a catalyst. A catalyst may be gaseous, liquid or solid.
CHAR
Carbonaceous reside from pyrolysis of organic material generally
of a hard burned pitch appearance.
CLAY
A naturally occurring hydrated aluminum silicate originally
derived from the earth, having physical properties due at least
in part to the size and distribution of colloidal particles, and
properties including plasticity. Thirty or more percent of the particles
are under 0.002 mm in diameter.
(1)
Note. The use of the term clay in a document is considered
to meet the above definition.
(3)
Note. Some earthy silicon compounds that are not clay
or zeolite include Asbestos, Diaspore, Diatomaceous earth, Diatomite, Feldspar,
Guhr, Kieselgahr, Mica, Quartz, Sand, and Silica.
METAL
An element that is not designated a nonmetal as listed infra.
Nonmetals are H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, Halogens (F, Cl,
Br, I, At,) and noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn). The various
types or groups of metals are as set out at the beginning of the
schedule.
ORGANIC
A compound in which carbon is bonded to (1) a second carbon;
(2) at least one atom of hydrogen or halogen; or (3) nitrogen by
a single or double bond; except cyanic and (HOCN) cyanogen (NCCN),
cyanamide (H2NCN), cyanogen halide (HalCN),
hydrocyanic acid (HCN) isocyanic acid (HNCO) fulminic acid (HCNO)
and metal carbides (MeCCMe). See class definition of Class 260.
SORB
The attracting and holding of a constituent of a contacting
fluid, on the surface, within pores, or throughout its mass by a
material of solid character. The sorbing is often selective, preferentially
attracting a component and not attracting another but it may apply
to a complete fluid. The sorbent may comprise a solid impregnated with
a normally liquid material in which the mixture has a solid property
but does not encompass a solution of a solid in a liquid.
SPECIFICALLY STRUCTURED
Having shape or size designed or calculated to increase the
catalysis or sorbency of a material, generally by presenting a greater
surface area per unit volume or a pore size of critical dimensions.
Examples of specifically structured single materials are Raney nickel
and activated carbon. Since porosity and specific pore size are inherent
in zeolites, critical dimensions of the pores of a Zeolite alone
are not considered to constitute specific structure.
ZEOLITE
A hydrous alumino silicate characterized by a three dimensional
framework of Si04 and Al04 tetrahedra, cross-linked
by the sharing of oxygen atoms being chemically balanced by a cation,
usually sodium or calcium and of crystalline structure such that
openings or pores allow access to a relatively large absorption
area inside the crystal. The cation may be ion exchanged for other
metal ions, ammonia, an amine or hydrogen. Zeolites may be activated
for sorption by driving off the water of hydration.
(1)
Note. Terms Recognized as being Zeolite include Analcite,
Cancrinite, Chabazite, Clinotilolite, Cordierite, Edingtonite, Erionite,
Faujasite, Ferrierite, Gmelinite, Heulandite, Laumontite, Levynite,
Mesolite, Mordenite, Natrolite, Offretite, Paulingite, Phillipsite,
Ptilolite, Scolecite, Thomsonite, ZSM, and ZK.
(2)
Note. See the list in (3) Note of the definition of Clay,
supra, for some silicon compounds not treated as clays or zeolites
in this class (502).
HAVING FOREIGN OR DIVERSE FUNCTION (E.G., PREVENT CORROSION, ETC.):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Composition having utility in addition to catalysis or sorbency.
(1)
Note. The diverse function may comprehend myriad uses, e.g.,
impart color, etc., but a claimed function provided for in Class
252, Compositions in the schedule higher than subclass 478 is superior
and will govern classification.
(2)
Note. Some wick compositions may be classified here on the
basis of a heat conductivity in addition to sorbency, but the bulk
of wick compositions are classified in subclasses 400+.
(3)
Note. A composition intended to function as an ignitor by
catalytic and incandescing action is proper for this subclass.
Compositions,
subclass 1 for a generically claimed composition having several
disclosed uses and the appropriate subclass for a composition having
a claimed utility provided for in that class schedule down to subclass 194,
inclusive. The rules for determining Class placement of the Original Reference
(OR) for claimed chemical compositions are set forth in the Class Definition
of Class 252 in the section LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN
THIS CLASS, subsection COMPOSITION CLASS SUPERIORITY, which includes
a hierarchical ORDER OF SUPERIORITY FOR COMPOSITION CLASSES.
This subclass is indented under subclass 1. Composition having a shape or dimension serving a purpose
other than as a carrier for or to enhance the surface contact area
of catalytic or sorbent material.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for a nominally claimed (a) self
cleaning oven wall or (b) exhaust muffler with catalytic activity.
(2)
Note. The foreign or diverse function is usually provided
by the physical form of the composition in this subclass, while the
other function in subclass 1 is usually due to the chemical nature
of the composition.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Composition intended to function in the liquid phase, and
which at standard temperature and pressure would be solid.
(1)
Note. To be classified here, a patent must include a claim
reciting the liquid phase, or molten feature.
(2)
Note. A sorbent which would normally be solid at room temperature
but is claimed as a liquid or melt is classifiable here.
Liquid Purification or Separation,
subclass 500.21 for a membrane for treating liquids, in general,
and water, in particular, by selective diffusion therethrough of
components of the liquid.
IRRADIATION BY, OR APPLICATION OF, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC
OR WAVE ENERGY:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Process of preparing or perfecting a composition under the
... by subjecting it to a flow or current of electrons, a sonic,
magnetic, or electromotive field, or bombardment by sub atomic particles
or radiant energy (e.g., ion implantation, ultra sonic vibration,
actinic light, X-rays, etc.).
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Processes involving a process control which is responsive
to a sensed condition, (e.g., temperature, pressure, etc.).
(1)
Note. A process of regenerating a composition of this class
with automatic control of temperature is classifiable here.
BIOSPECIFIC MATERIAL, OR PRODUCED BY ENZYME OR MICROORGANISM:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Composition peculiarly adapted to affect or bind a unique
or very narrow spectrum of biological material, or produced by a
living plant or animal of a size normally visible only through a
microscope.
(1)
Note. Microorganism includes bacterium, yeast, fungus, virus
and unicellular alga.
(2)
Note. A composition in which a catalytic function is supplied
only by an enzyme is classifiable in Class 435, Chemistry: Molecular
Biology and Microbiology.
Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology, appropriate subclasses especially 183+, for an
enzyme (also known as a biological catalyst), per se, or a process
using an enzyme, and see the definition of that class (435) for
lines with other classes involving enzymes, and
subclass 815 for a cross-reference art collection for a process
of separating enzymes.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Method in which catalytic, sorbent, or carrier material
is shaped as an orb or ball, or such material so shaped, is processed
to perfect it for a utility of this class.
(1)
Note. The material may be a catalyst precursor or a carrier,
per se, claimed or disclosed solely for use in a composition of this
class.
(2)
Note. This and the indented subclass provide for process only,
and a claim to a sphere of a composition of this class must be classified
in this schedule on some other basis, generally being crossed down
to the appropriate class providing for the composition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 8. Process in which a previously made sphere is subjected to
the action of an agent which perfects it for use as a catalyst or
sorbent.
INCLUDING ION EXCHANGING, EXCEPT ZEOLITES OR
PRODUCT THEREOF:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Process in which a dissociably charged chemical moiety is
released by the composition and a different charged moiety of the
same polarity is captured, effecting a reversible chemical replacement
reaction.
(1)
Note. While an ion exchange process for a zeolite for this
class is not classifiable here, such a process involving a clay
is classifiable here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 11. Process, , of treating a composition which has been in use,
to restore it to a state of intended function.
Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, for processes of converting or refining mineral
oils which also includes the steps of reactivating the catalyst
or adsorbent used in the process.
REGENERATING OR REHABILITATING CATALYST OR SORBENT:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Process of treating a composition , which has been in use,
to restore it to a state of intended function by (a) removing accumulated extraneous
material, (b) replacing a lost essential or perfecting component,
(c) rearranging disturbed elements into a former functionally useful
configuration, or (d) subjecting spent material to a force or environment
serving to make it again active for its intended function.
(1)
Note. A steam treatment which is claimed to activate spent
carbon sorbent is provided for in this or an indented subclass even
though there is no disclosure of removal of contaminant or addition
of material.
(2)
Note. Combinations of regeneration or reactivation of an adsorbent
and the recovery of the adsorbed material are classified on the
basis of the material recovered.
Mineral oils: Processes and Products, for processes of converting or refining mineral
oils which also includes the steps of reactivating the catalyst
or adsorbent used in the process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Process wherein components of the catalyst or sorbent are
separated on the basis of specific gravity, density, size, shape,
or other property of differing discrete small bodies of the composition.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes abrasion with segregation of
the catalyst or sorbent from abraded particles. It also includes
segregation of catalyst and foreign particles such as dust.
(2)
Note. Flotation separation is an example of a process classifiable
here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Process in which the catalyst or sorbent is contacted with
a liquid or wherein treatment is effected in a liquid medium.
(1)
Note. In a liquid medium includes either dissolved or suspended
catalyst or sorbents.
(2)
Note. The treating reagent is itself a liquid, is dissolved
or suspended in a liquid or is added to a catalyst or sorbent which is
dissolved or suspended in a liquid carrier, or is itself a liquid,
including molten.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Process in which the catalyst or sorbent is subjected to
dissolved oxygen under pressure and heat, below the critical temperature,
such that autogenic oxidation is effected.
(1)
Note. Generally undesired extraneous carbonaceous material
is converted to water and carbon oxides.
(2)
Note. The process is also known by several terms such as "flameless
combustion", "submerged combustion",
etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Process in which an essential component of the composition
is (1) dissolved in a solvent or by reaction, or (2) caused to come
out of solution in a solid phase, permitting separation from reaction
products and/or extraneous material or providing such component
in an effective form.
(1)
Note. The subject matter of this subclass requires an intentional
dissolution of a component of the composition and does not include
incidental etching of an active material during an acid treating
to clean the metal surface.
(2)
Note. A process in which additional active material may be
added by precipitation is not proper for this subclass. The material
precipitated must have been present in the original catalyst composition,
though possibly in a different form.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Process in which the material utilized is capable of supplying
a nonprotonic positive ion.
(1)
Note. The treating material of the subclass generally gives
a basic or neutral pH, but may include soaps (salts of carboxylic
acids) and acid salts (e.g., NaHSO4, CaHPO4).
(2)
Note. The use of a base to neutralize a previous acid treatment
is provided for in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 25. Process in which the alkaline material or salt comprises
NH3 or a derivative thereof e.g., amine, amide,
or quaternary ammonium salt.
This subclass is indented under subclass 22. Process in which the treating agent is a liquid carbon compound
as set out in the term organic in the glossary.
(1)
Note. The bulk of the disclosures in this subclass are directed
to solvent washing or extracting.
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Process in which the treating material is a readily diffusive
fluid, tending to expand indefinitely and with molecules in free
movement.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for the use of normally liquid
material which becomes gaseous under the prevailing conditions (e.g.,
temperature above its boiling point).
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Process in which the treating material includes a nonmetallic
element of GP. VII, free or in a compound, in gaseous form or as
a liquid vaporizable upon contacting the spent material being regenerated.
Mineral Oils: Processes and Products, for a catalytic or sorbent process of that class which
may include regeneration of the catalyst or sorbent and see especially
subclass 140 .
This subclass is indented under subclass 35. Process in which uncombined element number 8 is introduced
with or after the halogen material, or a halogen compound including
element number 8 is a treating agent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process in which a second material or energy of value, apart
from the catalyst or sorbent composition is obtained.
(1)
Note. The by-product forming does not include recovering or
separating of a reaction product or a sorbed component resulting
from the process in which the composition of this class became spent. See
(2) Note of subclass 20. The by-product includes e.g., collected
carbon oxide gas from combustion of carbonaceous material fouling
a catalyst or heat of oxidation used to provide a source of power.
The use of heat generated in a process of rehabilitation to preheat
the treating agent, sorbent, or catalyst is not considered to be
forming a by-product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process in which a transfer of heat is effected by intimately
contacting the spent material and/or treating gas with
extraneous material having a higher temperature.
(1)
Note. Extraneous solid material includes recycled regenerated
material which may be mixed with incoming spent material to cool
such regenerated material and preheat the spent material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process wherein particles of material are contacted by a
column of gas rising at a velocity which supports them in a state
of turbulence.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Process in which is recited a positive step or condition
serving to ensure that any carbon monoxide produced is further reacted
to form carbon dioxide before leaving the site of the regeneration
process.
(1)
Note. A process which is claimed to meet legally acceptable
emission standards for carbon monoxide is classifiable here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Process including two or more sequential steps of energetic
oxidation.
(1)
Note. The serial combustion stages may occur in the same or
different reaction zones by, in the first case, utilizing distinctly
differing combustion conditions or, in the second case, causing
a continuous flow of material through different reaction zones.
This subclass is indented under subclass 41. Process employing a heat exchanger to change the temperature
of the sorbent or catalyst before or during contact with the treating
gas.
(1)
Note. Heating of the treating gas, autogenous heating and
directly contacting the material with a heating or cooling medium
do not satisfy the requirement of indirectly heating the spent material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process in which the spent material is contacted by the
gas while progressing or being carried as a relatively compact mass.
(1)
Note. The moving bed may be supported on a belt or be a continuous
flow of material through a zone and includes a rising column of
material supported by sequentially added catalyst or sorbent. Additionally
rotary motion is included, as in a rotary kiln or screw conveyor.
(2)
Note. Disclosures for this subclass will either be silent
as to relative movement of gas and spent material or indicate all such
relative movement to be equivalent. Specified relative movement
between gas and material is provided for in an indented subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 45. Process in which the treating fluid and the catalyst or
sorbent move along the same path and in the same direction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 45. Process in which the treating fluid travel is normal (at
a right angle) to the direction of catalyst or sorbent feed.
(1)
Note. The gas may contact the material from above, below or
a side.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process including a second treatment of the spent material
with an oxidizing agent differing in either location or reaction
condition.
(1)
Note. Recitation of two or more stages differing in temperature,
pressure, or oxygen content is considered to indicate plural distinct
stages.
This subclass is indented under subclass 38. Process in which, subsequent to the gaseous oxidation, the
spent material is subjected to reaction with a nonoxidizing gas.
This subclass is indented under subclass 34. Process in which the treating fluid comprises the compound
of nitrogen and three atoms of hydrogen or its substituted or additive
forms including ammonium salts, amines and salts thereof, amides,
and quaternary compounds.
This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Process in which regeneration or rehabilitation is effected
by an increase in temperature.
(1)
Note. The processes of this subclass may include the use of
a solid treating agent, but the use of a liquid or gas treating agent
is provided for in subclasses higher in the schedule.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Composition which contains a naturally occurring earthy
aluminum silicate having the characteristics set out in the glossary
term "clay" or "zeolite" or
a synthetic replica of the natural material, or similar materials
which contain gallium rather than aluminum.
(1)
Note. A synthetic zeolite, per se, is provided for in Class
423, Chemistry of Inorganic Compounds, and subclass 700 definition
explains the distinction between what is considered a zeolite compound
and a mixture. For placement in this class (502) a zeolite must
be admixed with something or be claimed in terms of structure, sufficient
to cause classification in Class 428 rather than in Class 423. A
simple ion exchange operation is considered to give a different
zeolite compound still proper for Class 423. A subsequent reduction
of an exchanged ion is considered to comprise a mixture, proper
for a composition class. Because particular pore size and/or
shape is an inherent property of a zeolite, recitation of pore structure
peculiar to catalysis or sorption, by itself, is not sufficient
for placement in this class (502). This contrasts with classification
of Raney-type catalysts and activated carbon sorbents.
(2)
Note. See section V, Glossary, of the class definition for
this class (502) for definitions of clay and zeolite.
(3)
Note. A better understanding of zeolites may be had by consulting
such literature as Zeolite Molecular Sieves,
O. W. Breck, John Wiley and Sons, 1974.
(4)
Note. Some earthly silicon compounds that are
not clay or zeolite include Asbestos, Diaspore, Diatomaceous, Diatomite,
Feldspar, Guhr, Kieselguhr, Mica earth, Quartz, and Sand.
This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Composition which includes element 31.
(1)
Note. The gallium may be elemental or in a compound and either
in addition to the clay or zeolite or may replace some or all of
the aluminum in clay or zeolite.
This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Composition including along with either a clay or a zeolite,
element 13 or 14 or a compound of such element.
(1)
Note. The additional Al or Si component may include a clay
or zeolite of a different source but does not include a naturally
occurring clay of mixed Aluminum silicates.
This subclass is indented under subclass 64. Composition in which the zeolite is synthetic, analogous
to a product originally produced by using an organic template.
This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Process in which a positive ion which has replaced an original
ion gains electrons or product of such process.
(1)
Note. The bulk of art in this subclass is concerned with exchanging
alkali metal ions in zeolite and reducing the new ion to the free
metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Composition containing a synthetic zeolite of the type originally
produced using an organic template or a zeolite analogous thereto.
This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Composition in which a zeolite comprises 4 or 5 membered
rings of SiO4 and AlO4 tetahedra, so
arranged that the crystal lattice comprises pores and channels running
parallel along the crystal axis to give a tubular configuration without
intersections allowing access to the cavities in only one direction.
(1)
Note. Mordenite generally has a silica to alumina ratio of
about 8 to about 12.
This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Composition in which a zeolite is characterized by having
a silica to alumina ratio of about 2.5 to about 7 and a very open
framework, comprising truncated octahedra (B cages) characteristic
of sodalite linked by hexagonal prisms forming super cages, and
a pore size of approximately 60 to 15° A.
(1)
Note. The type of zeolite is generally determined by X-ray
diffraction and the patterns may be found in the literature cited
in the notes to subclass 60. Faujasite type includes X, Y, Z 14
and H S.
Animal Husbandry, particularly
subclass 173 for material used for absorbing moisture from an
animal waste product, i.e., excrement or urine, and having a clay
component.
This subclass is indented under subclass 80. Composition in which the clay is associated with an element
listed as one of the metals of Group I to VIII, lanthanides or actinides
in the table at the top of the class schedule, free or as the oxide
or hydroxide.
This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Process in which a zeolite is subjected to an agent which
prepares it for a sorbent or catalytic function.
(1)
Note. The agent may be a chemical substance or a physical
treatment.
This subclass is indented under subclass 85. Process in which a compound containing the dissociable moiety
comprising nitrogen and four hydrogen atoms contacts the Zeolite.
This subclass is indented under subclass 60. Composition in which a zeolite has no catalytic or sorbent
property and is intended only to support other material which has
such property.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Composition which is a catalyst* or which is claimed
or disclosed to be useful solely as an essential component of a
catalyst composition or method of making such a composition. (* See
glossary for definition.)
(1)
Note. A precursor is classified with the complete disclosed
catalyst composition. If a composition is disclosed or claimed as
both a catalyst, per se, and as
a precursor for another catalyst, it is classified in the first
appearing subclass providing for any complete catalyst composition.
In this regard, a composition comprising a Group VIII metal compound
claimed or disclosed for use solely as a Ziegler catalyst is classifiable
in subclass 103, rather than in subclass 100.
(2)
Note. Included hereunder as catalysts are compositions employed
to modify the course of a reaction so as to yield a different product
than that which would be otherwise obtained, even though the modifying
composition will not, per se, cause the reaction to take place.
(c.f. pat. no. 4,125,481 to a molecular weight regulating mixture
of mercaptan and emulsifier).
(3)
Note. This and indented subclasses include inventions directed
to negative catalysts, and also known as inhibitors, except preservatives
(e.g., octane improvers of antioxidants etc.).
Composition: Coating or Plastic,
subclass 1.11 for a sensitizing composition for activating a
substrate to be subsequently electrolessly metal plated and which
may have a catalytic function.
Compositions, for a composition intended to preserve a material,
e.g., an anti-oxidant or for an octane improver composition which
controls the rate of combustion in an internal combustion engine.
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Method or process for manufacturing an electrode having
catalytic properties, generally for use in an electrolytic or fuel
cell.
(1)
Note. This subclass does not provide for the catalytic composition,
per se, and a copy of a patent containing a claim to a catalytic
electrode composition must be placed in the appropriate subclass,
e.g., 300.
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Composition which contains (1) a metal hydride or a compound
in which a carbon atom of an organic compound is bonded directly
to a metal atom combined with (2) a compound of a Group IV to Group
VIII metal or a metal of atomic number 57 to 71 inclusive or 89
to 103 inclusive or process of making same.
(1)
Note. Compounds in which a metal is completed with the electrons
of an organic carbon to carbon multiple bond are considered to have
carbon bonded directly to metal e.g., Bi-allyl or cyclopentadienyl
complexes etc.
(2)
Note. The metal hydride or organometallic compound includes
a metal of Groups I to IV and the other metal compound includes
a metal of groups IV to VIII, an actinide or lanthanide as set out
in the list preceding the schedule.
This subclass is indented under subclass 102. Composition wherein the metal hydride or the organometallic
compound contains Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra,
Al, Ga, In, or Tl bonded directly to hydrogen or carbon atom of
an organic compound combined with a compound of Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb,
Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, and
a process of making same.
(1)
Note. These catalyst are often referred to in the art as "Ziegler" catalysts
and are commonly employed to ploymerize olefins to form resins.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Process wherein either (a) a fluidized bed is employed in
the manufacture of a catalyst or (b) a catalyst is made which is
disclosed or claimed as useful when employed in a fluidized bed
process.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Process wherein after an initial mixing or reacting of ingredients,
the temperature of the system is increased by the application of
outside heat, with or without the addition of additional materials.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Process wherein during the manufacture of the catalyst a
compound containing only carbon and hydrogen and which contains
unsaturation which is not part of a benzene ring is added.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Process wherein a high molecular weight synthetic polymer
made up of numerous smaller molecules is added to the catalyst system.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Process wherein two or more separate additions of a Group
Ia to Group IIIa metal hydride or organometallic compound are made
at separate times.
(1)
Note. The Group Ia to Group IIIa compounds added at the separate
additions may be the same or different substances.
This subclass is indented under subclass 104. Process including a step of adding a compound which contains
a hydroxyl group bonded to carbon e.g., alcohol, phenol, carboxylic
acid, etc. or water to the catalytic composition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Composition which contains two or more different Group IVb
to Group VIIb or Group VIII metals which may be in different compounds or
part of a single complex compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Composition which contains two or more different Group Ia
to Group IIIa metals bonded directly to hydrogen or organic carbon.
These metals may be in different compounds or in the same complex
compound e.g., LiAlH4 etc.
This subclass is indented under subclass 114. Composition in which one of the Group Ia to Group IIIa metals
bonded to hydrogen or organic carbon is magnesium.
This subclass is indented under subclass 115. Composition which additionally contains a compound in which
silicon is bonded directly to hydrogen or carbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 103. Catalyst composition which contains an added substance not
provided for specifically by subclass 103 other than a saturated
compound of carbon and hydrogen only, or other than a benzene ring
containing compound containing no other unsaturation and containing
only carbon and hydrogen.
(1)
Note. Exemplary additives include olefins, cycloalkenes, alkeneylaromatics, dihdro
naphthlene, substituted hydrocarbons and inorganic compounds etc.
The composition may include an alkyl, cycloalkyl or aromatic compound in addition to the unsaturated compound but
these latter do not alone qualify as additives for this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Composition in which the additive is oxygen, elemental or
combined with a nonmetal other than organic carbon and excluding
water.
(1)
Note. Organic has the same meaning as defined in Class 260
and does not include carbonate, carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide
which are provided for in this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Composition in which phosphorous combined with a metal-free
moiety including carbon-bonded to a second carbon, hydrogen, halogen or
nitrogen by a single or double bond.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Composition in which sulfur is combined with a metal-free
moiety including carbon bonded to a second carbon, hydrogen, halogen
or nitrogen by a single or double bond.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Composition in which nitrogen is combined with a metal-free
moiety including carbon bonded to a second carbon, hydrogen, halogen or
nitrogen by single or double bond.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Composition in which oxygen is combined with a metal-free
moiety including carbon bonded to a second carbon, hydrogen, halogen or
nitrogen by a single or double bond.
This subclass is indented under subclass 118. Composition wherein the additive is a metal compound excluding
any compound which could be made
by reaction of a Group Ia to IIIa metal compound present as required
by subclass 103 with a titanium or vanadium compound present.
(1)
Note. It must be noted that in many instances when the basic
catalyst ingredients required by subclass 103 are combined, some
reaction takes place, generally, with reduction of the Group IVb
to Group VIIb or Group VIII metal compound to a lower valence state
with elimination of hydride or organo groups from the Group Ia to
IIIa metal compound and their replacement with the anionic group
removed from the Group IVb or Group VIIb or Group VIII metal compound.
Thus, for example, TiCl4 + AlClE+2 TiCl3 + AlCl3 In
this circumstance, the external addition of AlCl3 would
not be provided for hereunder, but the addition of AlBr3 or
NaCl would be classified hereunder, since these substances could
not possibly be made by the above reaction.
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Composition which contains a compound containing two atoms
of carbon bonded together, an atom of carbon bonded to at least
one atom of hydrogen or halogen, or an atom of carbon bonded to
an atom of nitrogen by a single or double bond.
(1)
Note. See "organic" in the glossary for
a complete definition.
(2)
Note. To be classified in this or an indented subclass, a
composition must contain an organic compound as defined above or
a method which produces a composition in which an organic compound
is present. A method of making a catalyst in which an organic compound is
employed, which organic compound is removed or destroyed later in
the process leaving a composition with no organic constituent, or
the composition with no organic constituent, or the composition so
produced, is placed below in the appropriate subclass based on the
material remaining. A cross-reference art collection appears at
the end of the schedule for a process of this type.
(3)
Note. The term "calcining" in a process or "calcined" in
a product shall be interpreted as meaning that any organic substances
that were present are either removed or destroyed in the absence
of any specific indication to the contrary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Process wherein solid starting material or product is reduced
in size by physical means.
(1)
Note. When a reaction or mixing process involving a solid
starting material or producing a solid product is carried out in
a device wherein the starting material or product is impacted by
solid media, e.g., ball or rod mill etc., it will be conclusively
presumed that comminution takes place and the patent placed in this
subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Composition containing an organic compound having a metal
atom bonded to a carbon atom of the compound.
(1)
Note. Complexes of metal atoms with the pi-electrons of a
carbon to carbon double bond, e.g., pi-allyl or cyclopetadienyl
complexes etc., are included within the scope of this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Composition which contains either a single organic compound
containing two or more different metals bonded to carbon, or two
or more organic compounds having different metals bonded to carbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 153. Composition including a second metal chemically bound to
an element other than carbon (e.g., as in a salt, alcoholate, oxide,
etc.).
This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Composition including element 15 or 16, free or chemically
bound or a compound containing element number 7.
This subclass is indented under subclass 152. Composition including a constituent which has oxygen bonded
to a non carbonylic carbon, the other valence being occupied by
hydrogen or a similar carbon or which has been produced by use of
such oxygen containing compound.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Composition containing element number 14 chemically attached
to element number one or to an atom of element number 6 in a compound which
meets the Glossary term organic.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Composition containing macromolecules of recurring units
of carbohydrates, -amino acids, condensed interactive molecules
or unsaturated addition polymers or solid or semi-solid viscous
secretions of plants.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Composition including the partially oxidized carbon-monoxide
or a metal compound including the C=O moiety.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Composition in which an organic compound contains elements
number 7 or 15 with the proviso that no more than three of the valences
of element 7 are occupied by hydrogen.
(1)
Note. Quaternary ammonium compounds are provided herein, see
subclass 164, but the ammonium ion (NH4)+ is excluded.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Composition including a compound comprising a metal and
halogen, each as set out in the table at the beginning of the schedule.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Composition in which a compound contains the RCOOX group
where R is a radical or an organic compound, X is a metal, hydrogen
or acyl group of an acid and in which there is a metal compound
when X is not a metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Composition in which an organic compound contains metal
as set out in the list at the top of the schedule.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Composition in which an organic compound has oxygen singly
bonded to a carbon and hydrogen or a second carbon or doubly bonded to
a carbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 150. Composition in which a metal, as set out at the top of the
schedule, in the free state is distributed throughout the organic
material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Composition which contains element 6, in the free state
or combined with elements such that the compound does not meet the
definition of organic in the Glossary.
This subclass is indented under subclass 180. Composition which includes a metal as set out in the list
at the beginning of the schedule, free or combined with oxygen or
with hydrogen and oxygen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 202. Composition in which the boron is chemically united to a
halogen as set out in the list at the beginning of the schedule.
This subclass is indented under subclass 208. Composition additionally including a group VI metal as set
out in the list at the beginning of the schedule.
This subclass is indented under subclass 216. Composition including a group VI metal as listed at the
beginning of the schedule, free or chemically combined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 224. Composition including a metal of group II as listed at the
beginning of the schedule, free or chemically combined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 224. Composition including a metal of group IV as listed in the
beginning of the schedule, free or chemically combined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 224. Composition including a metal of Group VI as listed at the
beginning of the schedule, free or chemically combined.
This subclass is indented under subclass 224. Composition including a metal of Group III as listed at
the beginning of the schedule, free or chemically combined.
(1)
Note. Metal silicates are classified as a mixture of silicon
dioxide and a metal oxide. Illustration: magnesium silicate is classified
as SiO2 and MgO and will be found in subclass
251.
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Composition containing element number 14 free or chemically
combined.
(1)
Note. Metal silicates are classified as a mixture of silicon
dioxide and a metal oxide. Illustration: a composition with magnesium
silicate is classified as SiO2 and MgO and
will be found in subclass 251.
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Process in which an amorphous form of hydrate silica is
produced; generally by precipitation or coagulation of a silica
sol or decomposition of a silicate.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclass 34 for colloid systems of colloid-sized silica dispersed in
primarily organic continuous liquid phase (organosilica sols), subclasses 79+ for
colloid systems of colloid-sized silica dispersed in aqueous continuous
liquid phase (aquasilica sols), subclass 111 for colloid systems
of continuous or semicontinuous solid phase with discontinuous liquid
phase (silica gel); or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing
such systems or agents; in each instance, when generically claimed
or when there is no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC
for the specifically claimed art.
This subclass is indented under subclass 233. Process which includes the simultaneous precipitation of
another material with the precipitation of the silica gel.
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Process which includes the precipitation of a Group III
or Rare Earth Metal, Metal Oxide or Hydroxide simultaneously with
the precipitation of the silica gel.
This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Process which includes the precipitation of a Group IV metal,
metal oxide or hydroxide simultaneously with precipitation of the
silica gel.
This subclass is indented under subclass 233. Process wherein the precipitation is effected in the presence
of a metal, metal oxide or hydroxide or the metal or metal compound
is added subsequently to the precipitation.
This subclass is indented under subclass 232. Composition including a metal, metal oxide or hydroxide.
(1)
Note. This and indented subclasses include compositions comprising
synthetically produced silicates and processes of making such compositions except
those processes involving the formation of silica gel, for which,
see subclasses 233+.
This subclass is indented under subclass 240. Composition including a group III or lanthanide metal, free
or combined with oxygen or hydrogen and oxygen.
This subclass is indented under subclass 100. Composition which contains a metal* either as the
free element or combined with oxygen or with hydrogen and oxygen.
(1)
Note. A metal metallate is considered to be a mixture of a
metal oxide with a metal or other metal oxide. For example, a composition
comprising nickel chromate is considered to include nickel oxide
and chromium oxide.
(2)
Note. This and indented subclasses do not provide for a metal
hydride, per se, unless mixed with a metal, or oxide or hydroxide
thereof.
(3)
Note. See Glossary under metal for synonyms or archaic terms
for elements provided in this or an indented subclass.
(4)
Note. This subclass is residual for a catalyst composition
comprising an actinic or group VII (other than manganese) metal,
oxide or hydroxide not containing a metal provided for in an indent.
for a catalyst comprising a metal hydride and 102+ for
a metal hydride in combination with a compound of a metal from Group
IV to Group VIII, a lanathanide or an actinide.
Specialized Metallurgical Processes, Compositions
for Use Therein, Consolidated Metal Powder Compositions, and Loose
Metal Particulate Mixtures, for ferrous alloy of structural or general utility.
Composition: Coating or Plastic,
subclass 1.11 for a sensitizing composition for activating a
substrate to be subsequently electrolessly metal plated and which
may have a catalytic function.
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Composition prepared by removing a metal from an alloy,
leaving the remaining metal behind as the catalyst.
(1)
Note. The remaining catalytic metal is generally in a highly
active porous or finely divided state.
(2)
Note. The metal may be removed by any method, e.g., dissolving
out by chemical means or by volatilization, etc.
(3)
Note. If a metal catalyst is named a "Raney" catalyst,
it will be presumed to be proper for this subclass unless it is positively
disclosed to be made by a method not within the scope of the definition
of this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Composition in which the metal is selected from those with
atomic numbers 57 to 71 (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy,
Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu).
(1)
Note. The metals Lanthanum and Actinium are not included in
Group III for purposes of this class (502) but are considered with
the lanthanides and actinides respectively.
This subclass is indented under subclass 313. Composition in which the Group VIII metal is Fe, Co, or
Ni and additionally includes one of Sc, Y, Al, Ga, In or Tl.
This subclass is indented under subclass 325. Composition in which there is at least one metal, oxide,
or hydroxide from each of the iron group and the platinum group.
(1)
Note. To be classifiable here, a patent must claim for example
iron oxide and platinum; a mixture of iron and nickel or a mixture
of rhodium and palladium are not proper for this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 325. Composition additionally including a metal of Group I as
listed at the beginning of the schedule, free or as the oxide or
hydroxide.
This subclass is indented under subclass 325. Composition additionally containing a metal of Group III
as listed at the beginning of the schedule, free or as the oxide
or hydroxide.
This subclass is indented under subclass 345. Composition additionally containing a metal or compound
thereof from Group III as listed at the beginning of the schedule.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Composition in nonfluent phase which serves to attract and
hold on its surface, within its pores, or throughout its mass a
material which is generally fluent.
(1)
Note. The material is reversibly held and does not react with
the sorbent.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Composition in which a constituent is a compound in which
an atom of carbon is bonded to hydrogen, a halogen, a second atom
of carbon or to nitrogen by a single or double bond as set out in
the Glossary term "organic".
This subclass is indented under subclass 401. Composition in which the organic material is polymeric,
derived by the addition across ethylenic unsaturation or the condensation
of reactive components, or a polymer which could be made by such
addition or condensation reaction.
(1)
Note. These compositions include essentially material which,
per se, is classifiable in the Class 520 series of classes.
This subclass is indented under subclass 401. Composition in which the organic material is a poly hydroxy
mono-aldehyde or mono-ketone generally of the empirical formula
Cn (H2O)m or a polymeric anhydride hydrolyzable
to such aldehyde or ketone and wherein n is at least 5.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Composition in which an inorganic material, usually a metal
or silicon oxide in relatively minor amount is distributed in suspension
in water, appearing to be solid while the water constitutes as much
as 95 to 99% of the mixture.
(1)
Note. A true gel is considered a composition, but a completely
dried gel is no more than a compound and classifiable in Class 423.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclasses 98+ for colloid systems of continuous or semicontinuous
solid phase with discontinuous liquid phase (gels, pastes, flocs,
coagulates) or agents for such systems or making or stabilizing
such systems or agents, when generically claimed or when there is
no hierarchically superior provision in the USPC for the specifically
claimed art.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Composition in which the free metal or a compound of element
number 26, 27 or 28 is deliberately included and not incidentally
present as an impurity or part of another ingredient.
This subclass is indented under subclass 400. Composition comprising "activated" carbon
or containing the element with atomic number 6 in substantially
elemental form.
(1)
Note. While relatively pure carbon is provided for in Class
423, subclass 445, the term "activated" will be
construed as indicating a composition comprising carbon and unidentified
components, functioning as a sorbent for this class.
(2)
Note. Charred, coked, pyrolyzed, or incompletely combusted
organic material, which may retain some chemically bound carbon
will be considered as being in substantially elemental form for this
subclass.
Colloid Systems and Wetting Agents; Subcombinations
Thereof; Processes of Making, Stabilizing, Breaking, or Inhibiting,
subclass 32 for colloid systems of colloid-sized carbon (e.g., diamond,
graphite) dispersed in primarily organic continuous liquid phase,
subclasses 38+ for colloid systems of colloid-sized bituminous, coal,
or Carbon phase dispersed in aqueous continuous liquid phase, cross-reference
901 for colloid systems of substantially pure elemental carbon (graphite,
lamp black, carbon black, fullerenes); or agents for such systems
or making or stabilizing such systems or agents; in each instance, when
generically claimed or when there is no hierarchically superior
provision in the USPC for the specifically claimed art.
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Composition to which a material, not found in the original
source or carbon, has been added to enhance sorbability by its presence.
(1)
Note. This subclass requires a named additive intended to
contribute to the function by its presence and not by its action
on carbon and does not include an activating agent such as nitric
acid added during an activating process.
(2)
Note. Animal or bone black is 80% Ca3 (PO4)2,
and a patent claiming a mixture of its with another source of carbon
is proper for this subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Process in which the sorbent is produced by (a) chemically
reacting to a nongaseous carbon compound to produce elemental carbon
or (b) adding to or removing from elemental carbon, some other material
or chemically or physically treating such carbon to enhance its
sorbability.
(1)
Note. A disclosure of material which may be shaped or pelletized
is an indication of solid or viscous material. An oil is not considered
solid or viscous, however a process including spraying an acid sludge
on cake particles is considered to utilize solid or viscous material.
(2)
Note. Such processes as destructive distillation, charring,
pyrolysis etc. to produce a sorbent (e.g., activated) carbon are
provided for in this or an indented subclass.
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Process in which the production or collection of a different
useful material or energy (e.g., heat) is positively claimed.
(1)
Note. The positive recitation of collection of volatiles and
use of these as fuel in an upstream phase is considered to give
a diverse by product.
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Process in which a relationship between the amount and the
duration of heat is positively recited e.g., rise from x to x1 in
y hours.
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Process in which the starting material is physically divided,
one part being burned, thereby providing heat or treating agents
used in converting the remainder of the material to the desired
composition.
(1)
Note. This subclass provides for a process in which fines
are screened and burned to carbonize the layer of particles of starting
material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Process including by admixing a liquid or solid material,
which is, per se, inorganic or which yields an inorganic constituent
such as by decomposition, with the carbonable material before or
while the latter material is being converted to carbon.
This subclass is indented under subclass 423. Subject matter including element number 12, an alkali or
alkaline earth metal, as set out in the list at the beginning of
the schedule, free or in the combined state.
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Process in which a material of indefinite or mixed size
or shape is molded or agglomerated into shaped pieces by compression
or a similar operation and the pieces then subdivided.
(1)
Note. A step or operation such as charring may be performed
between the pelletizing and the comminuting or the comminuting may
immediately follow the pelletizing.
This subclass is indented under subclass 428. Process in which a carbon containing material is utilized
in making a shapeable mass or to hold together particles of the
material in briquettes.
(1)
Note. Aqueous solutions of sugar or starch or pitch are examples
of carbonaceous binders.
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Process in which the material is contacted with a specified
fluid above its fluid boiling point at the conditions of the treatment.
This subclass is indented under subclass 430. Process in which a column of gas rises at a velocity to
support particles of material in a state of turbulence and a rate,
distance, temperature, or other condition is positively recited.
(1)
Note. A specified composition is not considered
a parameter for a fluidized bed.
This subclass is indented under subclass 433. Process in which after treatment with the oxygen containing
gas, the carbon source material is contacted with a different gas,
which may also contain oxygen.
(1)
Note. The treatment with diverse gas may be in the same or
a different zone and may employ the same constituents in a different
mixture - i.e., other percentages or ingredients.
This subclass is indented under subclass 432. Process in which the material is bathed in (treated by contact
with) the products of an adjacent and upstream combustion.
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Process in which material is heated at two clearly distinct
temperatures or ranges of temperatures.
(1)
Note. A process in which material is subjected to heat which
may increase or decrease during the treatment does not suffice for
placement here. The process must recite two heating stages which
differ unequivocally e.g., at 900° and 15000<°</ or
600° to 900<°</ and
1200 to 1500<°</.
This subclass is indented under subclass 418. Composition characterized by the original material carbonized
to form the free carbon and not limited to a specific process by
which it is produced.
This subclass is indented under subclass 416. Process in which electrons are supplied to a carbon atom
bound to an oxygen atom, to give elemental carbon.
MISCELLANEOUS (E.G., CARRIER OR SUPPORT, PER SE, OR PROCESS
OF MAKING, ETC.):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Product serving as a substrate for the catalyst or sorbent
and the process of preparing the same.
(1)
Note. A patent claiming (disclosing) a carrier or support
acting as either a catalyst, or sorbent is placed in the first appearing
subclass providing for the function and crossed in the other subclasses
providing for the other functions.
Composition,
subclass 1 for a patent having only generic claims(s) and
plural disclosures, e.g., support for catalyst or sorbent, filler,
pigment, etc.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 310+ for an element for that class having a catalyst
coated, laminated, etc. thereto.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing some feature which functions
to prolong or maintain a desired property of a composition of this
class, such as activity or resistance to deterioration.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Collection of art in which the desired property is the ability
of the material to be regenerated (after being used or spent) a
plurality of times.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Collection of art in which the composition is enable to
withstand weight and/or pressure and resists fracturing
or being compacted.
This subclass is indented under subclass 500. Collection of art in which the desired property is an ability
of the material to retain its integrity under conditions usually
contributing to spalling or attrition.
METHOD OF MAKING INORGANIC COMPOSITION UTILIZING ORGANIC COMPOUND
(EXCEPT FORMIC, ACETIC, OR OXALIC ACID OR SALT THEREOF):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing a process of making a composition
of this class in which a transitory organic compound is used.
(1)
Note. See Glossary for definition of organic.
(2)
Note. The organic compound may serve as a solvent which is
physically separated from the final composition or may be an intermediate
reactant, removed or destroyed chemically, as by calcination, precipitation,
etc.
(3)
Note. The use of an acetate, formate or oxalate is so conventional
that disclosure of the use of these materials is not collected here.
This subclass is indented under subclass 506. Process in which the organic compound is macro-molecular
film-or fiber-forming or moldable material, manmade or existing
in nature of a polymer of alpha-amino acids or of repeating carbohydrate
units.
(1)
Note. These materials are sometimes used as binders and removed
from the shaped final material.
This subclass is indented under subclass 509. Process in which the organic nitrogen compound also includes
the -OH group which may form an alcohol, a phenol, hydroxamic acid
or carboxylic acid.
This subclass is indented under subclass 509. Collections of art in which a second nitrogen atom is bonded
to a different carbon atom than that to which the first nitrogen
is bonded.
This subclass is indented under subclass 506. Collection of art in which the organic material includes
the moiety - COX in which X is hydrogen, a metal or the nitrogen
of ammonia or an amine radical.
This subclass is indented under subclass 506. Collection of art in which a carbon of the organic compound
is singly bonded to an oxygen atom, the other valence of which is
satisfied by hydrogen, carbon or a metal.
PROCESS APPLICABLE EITHER TO PREPARING OR TO REGENERATING OR
TO REHABILITATING CATALYST OR SORBENT:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing operations which are claimed
or shown to be useful in the original production or in the restoration
of a composition having a utility of this class.
(1)
Note. A process of treating carbon with steam which is disclosed
as activating it abinitio or as reactivating a spent carbon sorbent
is classifiable here.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art directed to regenerating or rehabilitating
a composition of this class and concerned primarily with freeing
the composition of some specific material usually called a "poison".
This subclass is indented under subclass 515. Collection of art in which the poison or contaminant comprises
an element (or compound thereof) which exhibits a positive ionic
property is set out in the Glossary as a metal.
This subclass is indented under subclass 515. Collection of Art in which the element number 16 or a compound
of such element is removed from the composition.
This subclass is indented under subclass 515. Collection of art in which the material removed comprises
a substantial amount of element number 6 in relatively free state,
or partially oxidized organic material known as char.
Collection of art disclosing compositions of this class
(generally sorbents) which are free of any components which could
contaminate or interfere in subsequent chemical reactions or analysis.
(1)
Note. An example of art to be found here is an ash free sorbent
used in chemical analysis.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing a composition exhibiting selectivity
from among several possibly sorbable materials or competing reactions
normally expected under the conditions of use of the composition.
(1)
Note. Exemplary is a catalyst which inhibits the formation
of butyne in a reaction to give butadiene from butane.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art directed to a process of counteracting
the undesired effect of a metal in a catalyst or sorbent, without
removing said metal.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing a composition of this sorbent
under the influence of energy capable of being transmitted through space
of which is transmitted in regular pulses (i.e., quanta).
MISCELLANEOUS SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES OF GENERAL APPLICABILITY:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing steps or methods which effect
a useful or desirable property of function irrespective of the material acted
upon.
(1)
Note. This subclass includes treatments of catalysts, sorbent
and/or supports in general such as methods of coating,
activating mixing, conditioning or increasing surface area. An example
is patent no. 513,109 disclosing a method of applying a myriad of
catalytic material on various supports.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing the particular crystalline
structure of mixed metal oxides of the formula AB2O4 in
which A is a divalent metal e.g., Mg, Zn, Mn or ferrous iron and
B is a trivalent metal such as Al, Cr, or ferric iron.
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing the particular crystalline
structure of mixed metal oxides of ABO3 in
which A is a divalent or rare earth metal and B is a transition
metal, generally of cubic structure.
SORBENT FOR FLUID STORAGE, OTHER THAN AN ALLOY FOR HYDROGEN
STORAGE:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing sorbent material designed to
retain a fluid (often a pressurized gas as acetylene) for release
as a fluid at a desired time.
Alloys or Metallic Compositions, pertinent, subclass for an alloy claimed or disclosed as
a hydrogen storing medium, whether by sorption or by chemical reaction,
i.e., hydride formation. See especially
subclass 900 .
MONOLITH OF PECULIAR STRUCTURE OR PHYSICAL FORM, WITH SPECIFIED
HEAT EXCHANGE CAPABILITY:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing monoliths wherein the material
or composition of peculiar or specific shape is disclosed to exhibit
significant heat exchange capability.
PLURAL LAYERS ON A SUPPORT, EACH LAYER HAVING A DISTINCT FUNCTION:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing a support having plural layers
thereon, wherein each layer has a distinct function.
This subclass is indented under subclass 527.14. Collection of art wherein an elongated particle is described
in terms of the shape or area of its cross-section.
MONOLITH WITH SPECIFIC SHAPE OR DIMENSION OF CELL OPENING (E.G.,
HONEYCOMB, RINGS, ETC.)
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing a monolith whose cell openings
are of a specific shape or dimension.
(1)
Note. This subclass does not provide for nominal honeycomb
disclosure. Specific disclosure of cell opening shape or dimension
(e.g., octagon shape, noncircular opening, etc.) is intended for
provision herein.
This subclass is indented under subclass 527.19. Collection of art wherein the intersection of the woof and
the warp of a woven structure determines the shape and dimensions
of the cell opening.
SPECIFIED EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL SHAPE OR CONFIGURATION OF
CATALYST REACTOR OR OF SORBENT CONVERTER:
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art wherein a catalyst reactor or a sorbent
converter is characterized by a specific external or internal shape
or configuration.
Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing,
Preserving or Sterilizing, for apparatus which may include a catalyst or sorbent
of a specific shape.
PECULIAR STRUCTURE OR PHYSICAL FORM (E.G., FOAM, SPONGES, FOIL,
SACK, BAG, FIBER IN A MATRIX, MONOLITH, MICROSTRUTURE (MICROCRACKING),
MICROAGGREGATES, ETC.):
This subclass is indented under the class definition. Collection of art disclosing a specific shape or configuration
of the material of the composition.
(1)
Note. The following physical concepts are not peculiar for
purposes of belonging to this cross-reference art collection.
(a)
Bimodal (multimodal) pore distribution.
(b)
Coating of no special description, including nonuniform coating.
(c)
Reactive complexes (particles on a surface, etc.)
(d)
High specific surface area and/or high porosity.
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