Senanan, W. and A. R. Kapuscinski (2000).  Genetic relationships among 
populations of northern pike Esox lucius. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and 
Aquatic Sciences.  57:391-404.
	
Genetic variation was assessed, using microsatellite markers, in 14 populations 
of northern pike Esox lucius in the North Central United States and in six 
populations from Quebec, Alaska, Siberia, and Finland. Eight of 13 loci examined 
were polymorphic in at least one population with an average heterozygosity at 
all loci and across all populations of 0.14. The R sub(st) and F sub(st) values 
indicated differentiation among populations (R sub(st) = 0.61, F sub(st)). 
Although microsatellite variation found in northern pike was much lower than 
that found in sympatric and other fish species, the allozymes and mitochondrial 
DNA. UPGMA-clustering phenograms were generated based on five genetic distance 
measures with 2000 bootstrap replicates per measure. All measures yielded highly 
repeatable population structure between continents (supporting values = 92.4-
100%) and within Finland (42.3-98%). Four measures differentiated the Alaskan 
population and Young Lake (Great Lakes drainage) from other North American 
populations (56.6-87.7%). Relationships among other North Central United States 
populations were unclear, as indicated by low supporting values. Results support 
the hypotheses of one refugium in the North Central United States and more than 
one refugium in Europe during the last glaciation.