commerce logo           U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                                                        National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                                        NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE
                                                        Silver Spring, Md. 20910

                                                          November 4, 1981                         OA/W116x1

TO:                 All Holders of Operations Manual

SUBJECT:     Transmittal Memorandum for Operations Manual Issuance 81-18

1.    Material Transmitted:

Chapter D-24, "Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecasts"

2.    Summary:

The following operational changes have been made.

a.    The forecast valid times have been changed from 12-, 18-, and 24-hours to 6-, 12-, and 24-hours.

b.    The number of locations have been increased from 99 to 176 for the conterminous  U. S .

c.    The 45,000- and 53,000-foot levels are available only for 99 locations as shown in Appendix A.

d.    The FD locations are listed in Appendix A.

3.    Effect on other instructions:

This issuance replaces WSOM D-24, Issuance 79-10, dated August 22, 1979.

Richard E. Hallgren
Director, National Weather Service

noaa logo 10TH ANNIVERSARY 1970-1980
                                                        National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
                                                         A young agency with a historic
                                                        trading of service to the Nation


Issue Date    Org. Code        NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE   Part    Chap.
11-4-81        W116x1                Operations Manual                            D        24

WIND AND TEMPERATURE ALOFT FORECASTS

Table of Contents

1.    Purpose

2.     Responsibility

        2.1    National Meteorological Center (NMC)
        2.2    Honolulu Weather Service Forecast Office (WSFO)
        2.3    Area Forecast (FA) Centers

* 3.    Locations

4.    Levels

5.    Format
        5.1    Format for 3,000- Through 39,000-Foot Levels
        5.2    Format for 45,000- and 53,000-Foot Levels

* 6.    Issuance Times and Forecast Valid Times

7.    Distribution

8.    Amended Forecasts
        8.1    Responsibility
        8.2    Criteria
        8.3    Format
        8.4    Distribution

9.    Delayed Forecasts

10.    Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecasts in AFOS

11.    Retention

Exhibits

D-24-1 FD Location Map - 48 Conterminous States
D-24-2 FD Location Map - Alaska and Hawaii

Appendix:

* A. Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FD) Locations


1.      Purpose. This chapter specifies the procedures for the domestic aviation- wind and temperature aloft forecast program.
2.      Responsibility.
2.1     National Meteorological Center (NMC) . The NMC is responsible for producing scheduled wind and temperature aloft forecasts from the Limited Fine Mesh (LFM) numerical model for the locations in the conterminous  U.S. and Alaska (including adjacent over-water locations). However, NMC does not amend these forecasts.
2.2     Honolulu Weather Service Forecast Office (WSFO). The Honolulu WSFO is responsible for preparing and issuing scheduled and amended wind and temperature aloft forecasts for locations in Hawaii.
The Pacific Region Headquarters has authority to change this program to meet local requirements. Such changes should be documented by Regional Operations Manual Letters (ROML's) .
2.3     Area Forecast (FA) Centers. The WSFO's having responsibility for issuing FA's and In-Flight Advisories have the responsibility for issuing wind and temperature aloft  forecast amendments (see section 8).
3.      Locations. Forecasts are issued by NMC for locations depicted geographically in exhibits D-24-1 and D-24-2 and listed alphabetically by states in Appendix A.
The Honolulu WSFO issues wind and temperature forecasts for Honolulu (HNL), Hilo (ITO),  Lihue (LIH), and Kahului (OGG).
Forecasts for intermediate locations and levels may be determined by interpolation.
4.      Levels. Wind and temperature forecasts are issued for the following levels. All levels are Mean Sea Level (MSL).

 

Actual Altitude (feet)
Pressure Altitude ( feet)
3,000
18,000  (500 mbs)
6 ,000
24,000  (400 mbs)
9,000
30, 000  (300 mbs)
12,000
34, 000  (250 mbs)
 
39, 000  (200 mbs )
 
45,000   (150 mbs)+
 
53,000  (100 mbs)+

+ Available only via Request/Reply ( see section 7.1


/wsom/manual/IMAGES/book2/d241.gif
 


/wsom/manual/IMAGES/book2/d242.gif


Wind forecasts are not issued for levels within 1,500 feet of a location's elevation. Temperature forecasts are not issued for levels within 2.500 feet of a location's elevation.

5.    Format. Wind and temperature forecasts are issued in bulletins identified by the letters "FD' in the heading. The numbers (11 & 12, 13 & 14, and 15 & 16) following the letters FDUS for the conterminous U.S. and (1, 2, and 3) following FDAK for Alaska indicate 6-, 12-, and 24-hour forecasts, respectively.

The symbolic form of the forecasts is "DDff+TT" in which "DD" is the wind direction, "95" the wind speed, and "TT" the temperature.

Wind direction is indicated in tens of degrees (two digits) with reference to true north, and wind speed is given in knots (two digits). Light and variable wind or wind speeds of less than 5 knots are expressed by "9900." Forecast wind speeds of 100 through 199 knots are indicated by subtracting 100 from the speed and adding 50 to the coded direction. For example, a forecast of 250 degrees, 145 knots, is encoded as 7545. Forecast wind speeds of 200 knots or greater are indicated as a forecast speed of 199 knots.

Temperature is indicated in degrees Celsius (two digits) and is preceded by the appropriate algebraic sign for the levels from 6,000 through 24,000 feet. Above 24,000 feet, the sign is omitted since temperatures are negative.

5.1    Format for 3,000- Through 39,000-Foot Levels. The bulletin format for the 3,000- through 39,000-foot levels is shown below.

FDUS11 KWBC 190440
DATA BASED ON 190000Z DATA

VALID 190600Z FOR USE 0500-09OOZ. TEMPS NEG ABV 24000

FT 3000    6000     9000    12000    18000     24000    30000    34000     39000

ABR 1027 1326+01 1428-03 1431-09 1639-21 1749-34 175849 175957 174758 ABI 2849+04 2857-02 2760-07 2670-20 2682-32 760344 760648 259451 ALS (etc.)

5.2    Format for 45,000- and 53,000-Foot Levels. The bulletin format for the 45,000- and 53,000-foot levels, shown below, is identified by the headings FDUS8, 9, and 10 which indicate 6-, 12-, and 24-hour forecasts, respectively. Forecasts for these levels are available in the FAA's Weather Message Switching Center (WMSC) only in the conterminous U.S. for those locations listed in Appendix A with a number symbol (#).

FDUS8 KWBC 191640
DATA BASED ON 191200Z

VALID 191800Z FOR USE 1700-2100Z. TEMPS HEG ABV 24000

FT 45000 53000

ABR 193557 202257
ABI 258055 255561
ALS (etc.)

6.    Issuance Times and Forecast Valid Times. Bulletin headings  [World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Weather Message Switching Center (WMSC)], observational data times upon which the forecasts are based, transmission times, forecast valid times, and the periods for which the forecasts should be used in activities, such as pilot weather briefing, are shown below (all times are Greenwich Mean Time). 

Bulletin Headings
NMC (WMO)/WMSC 
Data Base
Time 
Transmission
Time (FAA System) # 
Valid 
Time
FOR USE
Period
         
FDUS11 & 12/FD1  0000  0440  0600  0500-0900
FDUS8/FD8
FDUS13 & 14/FD2  0000  0440  1200  0900-1800
FDUS9/FD9
FDUS15 & 16/FD3  0000  0440+  0000  1800-0500
FDUS10/FD10
FDUS11 & 12/FD1  1200  1640  1800  1700-2100
FDUS8/FD8
FDUS13 & 14/FD2  1200  1640  0000  2100-0600
FDUS9/FD9
FDUS15 & 16/FD3  1200  1640+  1200  0600-1700
FDUS10/FD10

# Transmission time varies on AFOS
+ Forecasts are not transmitted on Service A teletypewriter circuits but are available from WMSC through Request/Reply circuits.

When more than one forecast is available for a particular valid time or period of use, the forecast based on the latest observational data will be used. For example, the forecast transmitted at 1640Z which is valid at 1800Z and based on 1200Z data should be used immediately upon receipt instead of the previously issued (12-hour earlier) forecasts valid at 1800Z.

7.    Distribution. The conterminous U.S. and Alaska FD bulletins are entered directly into the WMSC by NMC. Distribution of individual reports to area and supplemental circuits is accomplished in accordance with instructions in the Federal Aviation Administration Data Communications Handbook 7110.80.

8.    Amended Forecasts.

8.1    Responsibility. All WSFO's having responsibility for issuing FA's and In-Flight Advisories also have the responsibility for FD amendments in their respective areas. Wind and temperature forecasts should be kept as accurate as possible for use by the aviation community.

8.2    Criteria. Amended forecasts should be issued when actual or expected changes in wind or temperatures are, in the forecaster's judgment, of sufficient magnitude to be of importance to aircraft operations. Pilot reports (PIREP's) should be monitored on a continuing basis to detect problem areas that may require amendments. The appropriate Center Weather Service Unit (CWSU) or the Central Flow Weather Service Unit (CFWSU) should be called for needed PIREP information in that area. The CWSU's and CFWSU will also initiate calls to respective WSFO-FA Centers when discrepancies in observations and forecasts are found. The criteria listed below may be considered as guidance.

Wind

With forecast speed of 5 knots to less than 30 knots, amend if observed or forecast: direction changes by 45 degrees or more; or speed changes by 20 knots or more.

With forecast speed of 30 knots or more, amend if observed or forecast: direction changes by 30 degrees or more; or speed changes by 20 knots or more, except, a. 30 knots for forecast speed between 70 and 100 knots, b. 40 knots for forecast speed between 100 and 135 knots, or c. 50 knots for forecast speed greater than 135 knots.

Temperature

Amend if observed or forecast temperature changes by 5 degrees Celsius or more.

8.3    Format. Amended forecasts will be issued in the same format as scheduled forecasts. FAA Data Communications Handbook 7110.80 describes the procedures for entering amended forecasts into the WMSC via request/reply circuits.

8.4    Distribution. Distribution of amended forecasts is identical to the scheduled forecasts for the locations concerned, except that amended FD's are entered into the WMSC via the dedicated Request/Reply circuits.

9.    Delayed Forecasts. If the scheduled FD transmission is delayed, users should continue using the valid FD's based on 12-hour earlier data until NMC transmits the new forecast.

10.    Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecasts in AFOS. These forecasts have the following AFOS product identifiers.

CCCNNNXXX - AFOS Product Identifier

For scheduled forecasts

CCC = Node identifier: NMC
NNN = Product category: FD1, FD2, FD3, FD8, Fug, FDO (FD10)
XXX = Product designator: FD Locations (e.g., EMI. etc.)

For amended forecasts

CCC = FA offices
NNN = FDA
XXX = FA offices

11.    Retention. NMC will retain regularly issued FD's, and FA Centers will retain amended FD's for the time period specified in WSOM Chapter D-90.


Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast Locations

# - Indicates locations for which 45,000 - and 53,000-foot forecasts are available. 

STATE Identifier Location Airport/VOR Lat.      Long. Elev.
#BHM Birmingham
Birmingham
33
33
86
44
620
HSV Huntsville
Huntsville
34
33
86
46
629
MGM Montgomery
Montgomery
32
13
86
19
221
#MOB Mobile
Bates
30
41
88
14
190
ALASKA
ADK
Adak
51
56
176
25
13
ADQ
Kodiak
57
46
152
35
112
AKN King Salmon
 
58
44
156
45
131
ANC Anchorage
International
61
14
149
33
131
ANN Annette Island
 
55
3
131
37
112
BET
Bethel
60
35
161
35
151
BRW Barrow
 
71
17
1 56
31
13
BTI
Barter Island
70
10
143
55
49
BTT
Bettles
66
54
151
30
673
CDB Cold Bay
 
55
11
162
22
102
FAI
Fairbanks International
64
43
148
11
453
FYU
Fort Yukon
66
35
145
5
431
JNU
Juneau International
58
26
134
41
23
MCG McGrath
 
62
49
155
24
338
MDO Middleton Island
 
 553
30
146
18
72
OME
Nome
64
37
165
5
23
ORT
Northway
63
4
142
4
1722
OTZ
Kotzebue
66
39
1 62
54
16
SNP
St. Paul
57
9
170
37
30
YAK Yakutat
 
59
37
139
30
30
5AB Buldir Island
 
52
25
176
0E
0
GULF OF ALASKA
5AC
 
52
0
135
0
0
5AD
 
54
0
145
0
0
5AE
 
55
0
15
50
0
5AP
 
56
0
137
0
0
5AG
 
58
0
142
0
0
ARKANSAS
FSM Fort Smith
Fort Smith
35
23
94
16
468
#LIT Little Rock
Little Rock
34
40
92
10
258

 

ARIZONA         
PHX Phoenix Phoenix 33 25 111 53 1132
#PRC Prescott Prescott 34 42 112 28 5042
#TUS Tuscon Tuscon 32 07 110 49 2630
CALIFORNIA
#BIH Bishop Bishop 37 22 118 21 4120
#BLH Blythe Blythe 33 35 114 45 397
#FAT Fresno Fresno 36 53 119 48 332
FOT Fortuna Fortuna 40 40 124 14 390
ONT Ontario Ontario 34 3 117 36 952
#RBL Red Bluff Red Bluff 40 05 122 14 354
SAC Sacramento Sacramento 38 26 121 33 21
#SAN San Diego San Diego 32 44 117 11 15
#SBA Santa Barbara Santa Barbara 34 30 119 46 10
#SFO San Francisco San Francisco 37 37 122 22 11
SIY Montague Siskiyou 41 47 122 27 2648
WJF Lancaster Gen. Wm. J Fox 34 44 118 13 2347
COLORADO
#ALS Alamosa Alamosa 37 20 105 48 7535
#DEN Denver Denver 39 48 104 53 5333
#GJT Grand Junction Grand Junction 39 03 108 47 4858
PUB Pueblo Pueblo 38 17 104 25 4726
CONNECTICUT
BDL Windsor Locks Bradley 41 56 72 41 174
FLORIDA
EYW Key West Key West 24 35 81 48 4
#JAX Jacksonville Jacksonville 30 26 81 33 30
#MIA Miami Miami 25 57 80 27 10
MLB Melbourne Melbourne 28 6 80 38 33
PFN Panama City Panama City 30 12 85 40 20
#PIE St. Petersburg St. Petersburg 27 54 82 41 11
#TLH Tallahassee Tallahassee 30 33 84 22 81
GEORGIA
#ATL Atlanta Atlanta 33 37 84 26 1026
CSG Columbus Columbus 32 36 85 1 397
SAV Savannah Savannah 32 9 81 6 50
IOWA
BRL Burlington Burlington 40 43 90 55 698
#DBQ Dubuque Dubuque 42 24 90 42 1076
#DSM Des Moines Des Moines 41 26 93 38 957
MCW Mason City
 
Mason City
 
43 05
 
93 19
 
1213
 

 

IDAHO
#BOI Boise
Boise
43
34
116
14
2858
LWS Lewiston
Lewiston
46
22
116
52
1438
#PIH Pocatello
Pocatello
42
52
112
39
4448
ILLINOIS
#JOT Joliet
Joliet
41
32
88
19
582
SPI Springfield
Springfield
39
50
89
40
597
INDIANA
EVV Evansville
Evansville
38
2
87
31
418
FWA Fort Wayne
Fort Wayne
40
58
85
11 
800
#IND Indianapolis
Indianapolis
39
48
86
22
797
KANSAS
#GCK Garden City
Garden City
37
55
100
43
2888
#GLD Goodland
Goodland
39
23
101
41
3654
#ICT Wichita
Wichita
37
43
97
27
1332
SLN Salina
Salina
38
52
97
37
1272
KENTUCKY
#LOU Louisville
Louisville
38
06
85
34
546
LOUISIANA
LCH Lake Charles
Lake Charles
30
08
93
06
16
#MSY New Orleans
New Orleans
30
01
90
10
4
#SHV Shreveport
Shreveport
32
46
93
48
258
MAINE
BGR Bangor
Bangor
44
50
68
52
192
#CAR Caribou
Caribou
46
52
68
1
623
PWM Portland
Portland
43
38
70
18
74
MARYLAND
#EMI Westminster
Westminster
39
29
76
58
820
MASSACHUSETTS
ACK Nantucket
Nantucket
41
16
70
1
48
#BOS Boston
Boston
42
21
70
59
20
MICHIGAN
#ECK Peck
Peck
43
15
82
43
810
MKG Muskegon
Muskegon
43
10
86
2
628
MQT Marquette
Marquette
46
31
87
35
1419
#SSM Sault Ste. Marie
Sault Ste. Marie
46
24
84
18
690
TVC Traverse City
 Traverse City
44
40
85
32
624
MINNESOTA
AXN Alexandria
Chandler
45
57
95
13
1425
DLH Duluth
Duluth
46
48
92
12
1428
#INL International Falls
International Falls
48
33
93
24
1184
#MSP Minneapolis-St Paul
Minneapolis
45
08
93
22
841
MISSOURI
CGI Cape Girardeau
Cape Girardeau
37
13
89
34
342
COU Columbia
Columbia
38
48
92
13
889
#MKC Kansas City
Kansas City
39
16
94
35
758
#SGF Springfield
Springfield
37
21
93
20
1267
#STL St. Louis
 St. Louis
38
51
90
28
589
MISSISSIPPI
#JAN Jackson
Jackson
32
30
90
10
346
MONTANA
#BIL Billings
Billings
45
48
108 
37
3605
#DLN Dillon
Dillon
45
14
112
32
5238
#FCA Kalispell
Glacier Park
48
12
114
10
2972
#GGW Glasgow
Glasgow
48
12
106
37
2293
#GTF Great Falls
Great Falls
47
27
111
24
3674
MLS Miles City
Miles City
46
22
105
57
2628
NORTH CAROLINA
HAT Cape Hatteras
none
35
16
75
33
11
#ILM Wilmington
Wilmington
34
21
77
52
32
#RDU Raleigh-Durham
Raleigh-Durham
35
52
78
47
437
NORTH DAKOTA
#DIK Dickinson
Dickinson
46
51
102 
46
2589
#GFK Grand Forks
Grand Forks
47
57  
97
11
844
MOT Minot
International
48
15  
101
17
1715
NEBRASKA
#BFF Scottsbluff
Scottsbluff
41
53  
103
28
3965
OMA Omaha
Eppley
41
10
95
44
983
#ONL O Neill
O Neill
42
28
98
41
2030
GRI Grand Island
Hall Co.
40
59
98
18
1846
NEW HAMPSHIRE
BML Berlin
Berlin
44
38
71
11
1158
NEW JERSEY
ACY Atlantic City Atlantic City 39 27 74 34
76

 

NEW MEXICO              
#ABQ Albuquerque Albuquerque 35 02 106 48 5352  
#FMN Farmington Farmington 36 44 108 05 5503  
ROW Roswell Roswell 33 20 104 37 3669  
TCC Tucuncari Tucumcari 35  10 103 35 4063
ZUN Zuni Zuni 34 57 109 09 6454
NEVADA
#BAM Battle Mountain Battle Mountain 40  34 116 55 4532
#ELY Ely Ely 39  17 114  50 6255
#LAS Las Vegas Mc Carran 36  4 115  9 2174
#RNO Reno Reno 39  31 119  39 4412
NEW YORK
#ALB Albany Albany 42  44 73  48 285
#BUF Buffalo Buffalo 42  55 78 38 725
#JFK New York Kennedy 40  37 73 46 12
#PLB Plattsburgh Plattsburgh 44  48 73  24 371
SYR Syracuse Syracuse 43  09 76 12 421
OHIO
#CLE Cleveland Cleveland 41  21 82 09 792
CMH Columbus Port Columbus 39  59 82 55 816
CVG Covington Greater Cincinnati 39  0 84 42 891
OKLAHOMA
GAG Gage Gage 36  20 99  52 2223
#OKC Oklahoma City Oklahoma City 35  24 97  38 1295
TUL Tulsa Tulsa 36  11 95  47 676
OREGON
AST Astoria Clatsop Co. 46  9 123  52 11
#IMB Kimberly Kimberly 44  38 119  42 5220
#LKV Lakeview Lakeview 42  29 120  30 4728
#OTH North Bend North Bend 43  24 124  10 14
#PDX Portland Portland 45  44 122  35 26
RDM Redmond Roberts 44  15 121  18 3077
PENNSYLVANIA
#AGC Pittsburgh Allegheny Co. 40  16 80  2 1252
AVP Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Wilkes-Barre/Scranton 41  16 75  41 957
#PSB Phillipsburg Phillipsburg 40  54 77  59 1948
SOUTH CAROLINA
#CAE Columbia Columbia 33  51 81  03 236
CHS Charleston Charleston 32  53 80  02 45
FLO Florence Florence City 34  13 79  39 147
GSP Greer Greenville-Spartanburg 34  53 82  13 972
SOUTH DAKOTA        
#ABR Aberdeen Aberdeen 45 25 98  22 1301
FSD Sioux Falls Sioux Falls 43 38 96  46 1429
PIR Pierre Pierre 44 23 100  9 1742
#RAP Rapid City Rapid City 43 58 103  00 3182
TENNESSEE
#BNA Nashville Nashville 36 07 86 40 599
#MEM Memphis Memphis 35 03 89 58 332
#TRI Bristol/Johnson Tri-City 36 28 82 24 1519
TYS Knoxville McGhee Tyson 35 54 83 53 981
TEXAS
#ABI Abilene Abilene 32 28 99 51 1790
#AMA Amarillo Amarillo 35 17 101 38 3605
#BRO Brownsville Brownsville 25 55 97 22  22
CLL College Station Easterwood 30 36 96 25 319
#CRP Corpus Christi Corpus Christi 27 54 97 26 44
#DAL Dallas Dallas 32 50 96 51 487
#DRT Del Rio Del Rio 29 22 100 55 999
#ELP El Paso El Paso 31 48 106 16 3956
#HOU Houston Hobby 29 38 95 16 47
#INK Wink Wink 31 52 103 14 2818
LBB Lubbock Lubbock 33 42 101 54 3281
#LRD Laredo Laredo 27 28 99 25 508
MRF Marfa Marfa 30 17 103 37 4848
PSX Palacios Palacios 28 45 96 18 15
#SAT San Antonio San Antonio 28 38 98 27 809
SPS Wichita Falls Wichita Falls 33 59 98 35 1015
UTAH
#BCE Bryce Canyon Bryce Canyon 37 41 112 18 7586
#SLC Salt Lake City Salt Lake City 40 51 111 58 4227
VIRGINIA
ORF Norfolk Norfolk 36 53 76 12 27
#RIC Richmond Richmond 37 30 77 19 168
ROA Roanoke Roanoke 37 20 80 4 1175
WASHINGTON            
#GE G Spokane Spokane 47 33 117 37 2372
#SEA Seattle Seattle 47 26 122 18 429
YKM Yakima Yakima 46 34 120 26 1095
WISCONSIN            
#GRB Green Bay Green Bay 44 33 88 11 695
LSE La Crosse La Crosse 43 52 91 15 653
WEST VIRGINIA        
#CRW Charleston Charleston 38 20 81 46 982
ELK Elkins Elkins 38 54 80 05 1987
WYOMING
#CZI Crazy Woman  Crazy Woman 43 59 106 26 4798
LND Lander Hunt  42 48 108  43  5586
MBW Medicine Bow  Medicine Bow  41  50  106  00  7000
#RKS Rock Springs Rock Springs  41  35  109  00  6760
ATLANTIC OCEAN
#2xG Guage     30    20   78  30 0
GULF OF MEXICO
T01 West Cameron    28  30  93 30 0
T06 Ship Shoal    28  30 91  00 0
T07 S Mobile South    28  30  88  00 0
4J3 S Apalachicola South   28  30  85  00 0
H51 Bay City   26 30 95 00 0
H52 Mid Gulf   26  00  89  30 0
H61 W Fort Myers West    26  30  84  00 0

WSOM Issuance
81-18 11-4-81