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1. Change in Work-Family Conflict among Employed Parents between 1977 and 1997 (EJ825882)
Author(s):
Nomaguchi, Kei M.
Source:
Journal of Marriage and Family, v71 n1 p15-32 Feb 2009
Pub Date:
2009-02-00
Pub Type(s):
Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Peer-Reviewed:
Yes
Descriptors: Labor Force Nonparticipants; Leisure Time; Conflict; National Surveys; Employed Parents; Rewards; Labor Force; Educational Attainment; Family Work Relationship; Females; Sex Role
Abstract: Using data from two national surveys (N = 2,050), this paper examines what accounts for the increase in the sense of work-family conflict among employed parents between 1977 and 1997. Decomposition analysis indicates that the increases in women's labor force participation, college education, time pressure in completing one's job, and the decline in free time were related to the increase. Fathers in dual-earner marriages experienced a particular increase in work-family conflict. With the same amount of time spent with children, parents felt greater work-family conflict in 1997 than in 1977. Although masked by the overall increase, some trends, such as the increases in intrinsic job rewards, time with children, and egalitarian gender attitudes, contributed to a decline in work-family conflict. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
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2. The Well-Being of Children in Working Poor and Other Families: 1997 and 2004. Child Trends Research Brief. Publication #2008-33 (ED502885)
Wertheimer, Richard; Moore, Kristin Anderson; Burkhauser, Mary
Child Trends
2008-09-00
Reports - Research
N/A
Descriptors: Low Income Groups; Well Being; Children; Welfare Services; Child Development; Comparative Analysis; Improvement; Labor Force Nonparticipants; Welfare Recipients; Employed Parents; Family Work Relationship
Abstract: When Congress reformed the welfare system in 1996, major goals of the legislation were to increase employment and income of needy families and to decrease child poverty. Another major goal was to improve child outcomes through increased parental employment and earnings along with other provisions of welfare reform. However, there was also concern that increased work effort by single mothers would lead to less time spent with their children and that some child outcomes might deteriorate. Drawing on work requirements in the welfare reform legislation, we have defined substantial work effort as 1,820 hours per year (based on the requirement of 35 hours of work per week) for two-parent families and 1,040 hours per year (based on the requirement of 20 hours of work per week) for single-parent families. Poor families making a substantial work effort are designated "working poor;" those not making a substantial work effort are designated "non-working poor." Our analysis finds that, between 1997 and 2004, the well-being of children in working poor families improved significantly for 10 of the 15 measures available in both years and remained stable for the remaining measures. In contrast, the well-being of children in non-working poor families improved significantly for only five measures and deteriorated significantly for four measures. Moreover, whereas the well-being of children in working poor families was not consistently better than the well-being of children in non-working poor families in 1997, by 2004, the well-being of children in working poor families was better than for children in non-working poor families for 12 of the 17 measures available for that year. These patterns held when social and economic factors are accounted for statistically. These findings suggest that the increase in working poor families' share of all poor families' has not led to deteriorating child outcomes and indeed is more consistent with the reverse--that increased work effort among low-income families is associated with better child outcomes. (Contains 8 notes, 3 tables, and 2 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
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3. Parental Problem-Drinking and Adult Children's Labor Market Outcomes (EJ792702)
Balsa, Ana I.
Journal of Human Resources, v43 n2 p454-486 Spr 2008
2008-00-00
Descriptors: Wages; Labor Market; Alcohol Abuse; Parent Child Relationship; Probability; Labor Force Nonparticipants; Costs; Unemployment; Health
Abstract: Current estimates of the societal costs of alcoholism do not consider the impact of parental drinking on children. This paper analyzes the consequences of parental problem-drinking on children's labor market outcomes in adulthood. Using the NLSY79, I show that having a problem-drinking parent is associated with longer periods out of the labor force, lengthier unemployment, and lower wages, in particular for male respondents. Increased probabilities of experiencing health problems and abusing alcohol are speculative forces behind these effects. While causality cannot be determined due to imprecise IV estimates, the paper calls for further investigation of the intergeneration costs of problem-drinking. (Contains 8 tables and 11 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
4. Locating Mothers: How Cultural Debates about Stay-at-Home versus Working Mothers Define Women and Home (EJ787391)
Dillaway, Heather; Pare, Elizabeth
Journal of Family Issues, v29 n4 p437-464 2008
Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
Descriptors: Feminism; Mothers; Females; Public Policy; Family Work Relationship; Employed Women; Parent Role; Labor Force Nonparticipants
Abstract: Most women must decide whether to work for pay while mothering or make mothering their sole social role. Often this decision is portrayed in terms of whether they will be "stay-at-home" and presumably "full-time" mothers, or "working mothers" and therefore ones who prioritize paid work over caregiving. Inferred within this construction is women's physical location as well--either women are at home or work, not both. In this article, the authors explore common conceptualizations of stay-at-home versus working motherhood, as evidenced by feminist family scholarship and recent media items. To keep in tune with contemporary media conversations, the authors begin to investigate what cultural discourse about these mothers also illustrates about our definitions of home, and the individuals and activities that exist within this space. In writing this conceptual piece, the authors' goal is to initiate further feminist research on motherhood and paid work, and women's locations while engaging in both. (Contains 7 notes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
5. Assistance Received by Employed Caregivers and Their Care Recipients: Who Helps Care Recipients when Caregivers Work Full Time? (EJ783050)
Scharlach, Andrew E.; Gustavson, Kristen; Dal Santo, Teresa S.
Gerontologist, v47 n6 p752-762 Dec 2007
2007-12-00
Descriptors: Labor Force Nonparticipants; Community Services; Caregiver Role; Labor Force; Correlation; Employees; Interviews; Employment Level; Delivery Systems; Individual Characteristics; Access to Health Care; Older Adults
Abstract: Purpose: This study examined the association among caregiver labor force participation, employees' caregiving activities, and the amount and quality of care received by care recipients. Design and Methods: Telephone interviews were conducted with 478 adults who were employed full time and 705 nonemployed adults who provided care to a family member or friend aged 50 or older, identified through random sampling of California households. We assessed care recipient impairment and service problems; the amounts and types of assistance received from caregivers, family and friends, and paid providers; and caregiver utilization of support services. Results: Care recipients of caregivers employed full time were less likely to receive large amounts of care from their caregivers, more likely to receive personal care from paid care providers, more likely to use community services, and more likely to experience service problems than were care recipients of nonemployed caregivers. Employed caregivers were more likely to use caregiver support services than were nonemployed caregivers. Implications: Accommodation to caregiver full-time employment involves selective supplementation by caregivers and their care recipients, reflecting increased reliance on formal support services as well as increased vulnerability to service problems and unmet care recipient needs. These findings suggest the need for greater attention to the well-being of disabled elders whose caregivers are employed full time. (Contains 1 footnote and 6 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
6. Golden Years? The Labor Market Effects of Caring for Grandchildren (EJ779322)
Wang, Ying; Marcotte, Dave E.
Journal of Marriage and Family, v69 n5 p1283-1296 Dec 2007
Descriptors: Labor Force Nonparticipants; Grandparents Raising Grandchildren; Economic Factors; Trend Analysis; Family Income; Models; Employment Level
Abstract: The number of Americans raising grandchildren has been rising steadily. In this article, we expand what is known by focusing on the economic implications of this trend. We compile a unique data set from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics along with its Parent Identification File on 3,240 nonretired grandparent household heads and estimate the effect of taking in a grandchild on labor force participation and hours worked. We estimate models that distinguish between grandparents living alone from those only with grandchildren (skipped-generation households) and those also with their own children (3-generation households). We find that caring for grandchildren increases labor force attachment, with grandfathers more likely to work and grandmothers working longer, if another adult is available to supervise the grandchildren. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
7. Welfare Reform and Black Women's Economic Development (EJ769038)
Alfred, Mary V.
Adult Education Quarterly: A Journal of Research and Theory, v57 n4 p293-311 2007
2007-00-00
Descriptors: Females; Labor Force Nonparticipants; Labor Force; Economic Progress; Welfare Services; Welfare Recipients; Racial Factors; Labor Market; African Americans; Federal Legislation; Employment Level; Employer Attitudes; Economic Development; Responsibility; Public Policy; Urban Areas; Employed Women; Interviews; At Risk Persons; Gender Issues; Fear; Social Discrimination
Abstract: In 1996, the United States Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, placing emphasis on individuals to take responsibility for separating themselves from governmental dependence by becoming economically self-sufficient through employment. Using a qualitative approach, this study explored the experiences of 15 African American women as they transitioned from welfare to determine the extent to which they were developing economic sufficiency as a result of their labor force participation. It also sought the perspectives of employers on the work-first approach to economic development among former recipients and their chances of becoming self-sufficient through employment. The study found three systems of barriers to impede the participants' economic progress: the "work-first" philosophy, labor market conditions and employment practices, and personal history and individual responsibility. These findings suggest that a more integrative approach is necessary, one that addresses both the personal and structural dimensions of women's economic development. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
8. The Social Security Earnings Test and Work Incentives (EJ765852)
Benitez-Silva, Hugo; Heiland, Frank
Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, v26 n3 p527-555 Sum 2007
Journal Articles; Reports - Descriptive
Descriptors: Older Adults; Retirement Benefits; Retirement; Labor Supply; Labor; Labor Force Nonparticipants; Labor Force; Unemployment; Incentives
Abstract: The labor supply and benefit claiming incentives provided by the early retirement rules of the Social Security Old Age benefits program are of growing importance as the Normal Retirement Age (NRA) increases to 67, the labor force participation of Older Americans rises, and a variety of reforms to the Social Security system are considered. Any reform needs to take into account the effects and rationale of the Social Security Earnings Test and the Actuarial Adjustment Factor, which are likely to be widely misunderstood due to the relatively little attention paid by policymakers and researchers to the fact that Americans are willing to work while receiving benefits. The authors describe these incentives and emphasize that individuals who claim benefits before the NRA but continue to work, or return to the labor force, can reduce the early retirement penalty by suspending the collection of monthly benefits if they earn above the Earnings Test limit. They then argue that the Earnings Test can be distortionary and is costly to administer, and that these characteristics are inflated by the lack of information given to Older Americans regarding the consequences of working while receiving retirement benefits. The authors present results from statistical models of labor force exit behavior using data from the Health and Retirement Study showing the relevance of these incentives, and investigate the importance of informational asymmetries among beneficiaries regarding benefit withholding using a dynamic life-cycle model of labor supply and benefit claiming. They then use the latter framework to compare the behavioral and welfare implications of a removal of the Earnings Test to the policy of providing more information regarding the Earnings Test and the adjustment of the rate of benefit pay to Older Americans. (Contains 5 tables, 1 figure and 13 footnotes.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
9. Women's Employment Status, Coercive Control, and Intimate Partner Violence in Mexico (EJ758726)
Villarreal, Andres
Journal of Marriage and Family, v69 n2 p418-434 May 2007
2007-05-00
Descriptors: Foreign Countries; Females; Employment Level; Intimacy; Labor Force Nonparticipants; Labor Force; Violence; Employment Patterns; Family Violence; Correlation; At Risk Persons; Victims of Crime
Abstract: Findings from previous studies examining the relation between women's employment and the risk of intimate partner violence have been mixed. Some studies find greater violence toward women who are employed, whereas others find the opposite relation or no relation at all. I propose a new framework in which a woman's employment status and her risk of violent victimization are both influenced by the level of control exercised by her partner. Controlling men will actively prevent women from working and are also more likely to physically harm their partners. Using a statistical model in which the effect of omitted characteristics on women's employment and their risk of violence are allowed to be correlated reverses the estimated association between employment and violence. The final results show that employment reduces women's risk of violence. Data for the study are drawn from a sample of over 30,000 Mexican women in intimate relationships. The findings have broad implications given the increase in female labor force participation in many parts of the world. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
10. No-Fault Divorce Laws and the Labor Supply of Women with and without Children (EJ755864)
Genadek, Katie R.; Stock, Wendy A.; Stoddard, Christiana
Journal of Human Resources, v42 n1 p247-274 Win 2007
Descriptors: Working Hours; Mothers; Labor Supply; Marital Status; Labor Force Nonparticipants; Labor Force; Divorce; Employed Women; Computation; Comparative Analysis; Employed Parents; Laws; Spouses; Females; Participation
Abstract: We use a difference-in-difference-in-difference estimator to compare changes in labor force participation, weeks, and hours of work associated with no-fault divorce laws, allowing for differential responses for married women with and without children. Although other research has found that the labor supply of women in general does not respond to no-fault divorce laws, we find that no-fault divorce laws are associated with increases in the labor supply of married mothers relative to married non mothers, even after controlling for changes in female labor supply in states without no-fault divorce laws and for property division rules associated with the laws. (Contains 12 footnotes, 6 tables and 3 figures.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
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