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HARWOOD-NUSS' CLINICAL PRACTICE OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE Fourth Edition Edited by Allan B. Wolfson, Greg Hendey, Christopher Linden, Carlo L. Rosen, Jeffrey Schaider, Ghazala Q. Sharieff, Phyllis Hendry, and Jeffrey R. Suchard Introduction: Approach to the Emergency Department Patient Robert L. Wears Section I. Resuscitation 1. Airway Management Michael F. Murphy 2. Airway Procedures Eric F. Reichman 3. Cardiopulmonary Arrest Christopher Ross and Theresa M. Schwab 4. Shock Emanuel P. Rivers and David Amponsah 5. Vascular Access Eric F. Reichman and Joanne L. Oakes Section II. High Risk Chief Complaints 6. Chest Pain Robert J. Zalenski and Rebecca R. Roberts 7. Abdominal Pain Michelle Charfen, Diane M. Birnbaumer and Sheldon Jacobsen 8. Shortness of Breath C. Keith Stone 9. Syncope Thomas P. Martin 10. Fever James H. Bryan and Harold A. Thomas, Jr. 11. Altered Mental Status and Coma Marcus L. Martin and J. Stephen Huff 12. Headache Jonathan Edlow 13. Weakness Andy Jagoda and Yasuharu Okuda 13A. Dizziness Michele E. Krajicek and Wyatt W. Decker Section III. Eye Emergencies 14. The Eye Examination Geoffrey Broocker 15. Common Eye Medications Geoffrey Broocker 16. The Red Eye Robert S. Porter 17. Corneal Abrasion and Foreign Bodies Lori Weichenthal 18. Acute Visual Disturbances Catherine A. Marco 19. Diplopia James A. Comes 20. Acute Eye Infections David A. Kramer and Michael A. Bohrn 21. Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma William P. Bozeman Section IV. ENT and Dental Emergencies 22. Dental Emergencies Gregory T. Guldner 23. Oral and Maxillofacial Disorders James T. Amsterdam and William G. Langston, II 24. Nontraumatic Upper Airway Obstruction Joseph E. Clinton 25. Sore Throat Michael F. Murphy 26. Complications of Tracheostomies Valerie Ann Dobiesz and Scott Andrew Miller 27. Sinusitis and Rhinitis Luis H. Haro and Eric T. Boie 28. Acute Ear Infections in Adults Harry W. Severance 29. Epistaxis Jeffrey A. Evans and Todd C. Rothenhaus 30. Vertigo and Labyrinthine Disorders Eileen M. Raynor and Robert D. Herr Section V. Pulmonary Emergencies 31. Respiratory Failure Robert Sigillito and Peter M.C. DeBlieux 32. Pneumonia Gregory J. Moran and David A. Talan 33. Pleural Effusion Robert Sigillito and Peter M. C. DeBlieux 34. Asthma Rita K. Cydulka 35. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease David S. Howes and Marc A. Bellazzini 36. Spontaneous Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum Susan M. Dunmire 37. Pulmonary Embolism Jeffrey A. Tabas and Erin McNutt 38. Hemoptysis Steven J. Parrillo 39. Sarcoidosis Steven J. Parrillo Section VI. Cardiovascular Emergencies 40. Acute Coronary Syndromes James T. Niemann 41. Congestive Heart Failure and Cor Pulmonale James T. Niemann 42. Bradyarrhythymias David Hartman and David T. Overton 43. Tachyarrhythymias Mel Herbert and Scott R. Votey 44. The Patient with a Pacemaker or Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Robert M. Rodriguez 45. Valvular Heart Disease Joseph P. Ornato 46. Infectious Endocarditis Ian D. Jones and Corey M. Slovis 47. Acute Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade Howard A. Bessen and Richard Byyny 48. Hypertension Philip Shayne Section VII. Vascular Emergencies 49. Nontraumatic Carotid and Vertebral Disorders Brian Chinnock 50. Peripheral Arterial Disease Darren Braude 51. Deep Venous Thrombosis and Thrombophlebitis Edward A. Panacek and J. Douglas Kirk 52. Complications of Vascular Grafts Hoori Hovanessian 53. Venous Gas Embolism Christopher H. Linden 54. Thoracic Aortic Dissections and Aneurysms Shawna J. Perry 55. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Matthew R. Lewin and Robert Wears 56. Mesenteric Ischemia and Infarction Kendall Ho Section VIII. Gastrointestinal Emergencies 57. Esophageal Disease Charles M. Seamens and Marc Mikiewicz 58. Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Edward A. Panacek and Deborah Diercks 59. Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding Catherine B. Custalow 60. Peptic Ulcer Disease Dale S. Birenbaum 61. Approach to Jaundice Tobias D. Barker and Gus M. Garmel 62. Acute Diseases of the Biliary Tract Lance D. Wilson 63. Hepatitis Mark J. Ault and Joel M. Geiderman 64. Hepatic Failure and Cirrhosis David M. Cline 65. The Patient with a Liver Transplant Scott R. Votey, Eric A. Savitsky, and Douglas W. Lowery 66. Pancreatitis David C. Seaberg and Allan B. Wolfson 67. Acute Appendicitis Brian K. Snyder 68. Bowel Obstruction Philip L. Henneman and Susan P. Torrey 69. Hernias Sharon E. Mace 70. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Howard A. Werman 71. Diarrhea Philip N. Salen and Michael B. Heller 72. Diverticular Disease Michael D. Witting 73. Perianal, Rectal, and Anal Diseases Wendy C. Coates 74. Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies Valerie C. Norton Section IX. Renal and Urologic Emergencies 75. Hematuria H. Gene Hern, Jr. 76. Acute Scrotal Mass Robert E. Schneider 77. Urinary Tract Infections Eric T. Boie, Deepi G. Goyal, and Annie T. Sadosty 78. Prostatitis Herbert Bivins 79. Fournier's Gangrene Gregory W. Hendey and Robert E. Schneider 80. Urolithiasis Stephen R. Hayden 81. Urinary Incontinence and Retention Stephen J. Wolf 82. Genitourinary Stents and Catheters Paul Phrampus and Benjamin Davies 83. Penile Disorders Douglas L. McGee 84. Azotemia and Acute Renal Failure Todd C. Rothenhaus and Deborah R. Wong 85. Chronic Renal Failure and Dialysis-Related Emergencies Allan B. Wolfson 86. The Patient with a Renal Transplant Louis G. Graff Section X. Gynecologic Emergencies 87. Pelvic Pain Joseph Schmidt 88. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Alfred Sacchetti 89. Vaginal Bleeding in the Non-Pregnant Patient Eric Anderson 90. Vaginitis Constance S. Greene 91. Breast Masses and Breast Infection John M. Howell and Ellen M. Dugan 92. Sexual Assault Gwendolyn L. Hoffman Section XI. Obstetric Emergencies 93. Emergencies in Early Pregnancy Pamela L. Dyne 94. Ectopic Pregnancy G. Richard Braen and Richard S. Krause 95. Complications of Induced Abortion Lynne McCullough 96. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Jan M. Shoenberger and Sean O. Henderson 97. Emergencies of Late Pregnancy Moss H. Mendelson 98. Emergency Delivery Michael D. Burg and Daan R.C.M. Biesbroeck 99. Postpartum Emergencies Moss H. Mendelson and Joseph Lang 100. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation David H. Adler and Flavia Nobay Section XII. Musculoskeletal Disorders 101. Painful Syndromes of the Hand and Wrist Gary M. Vilke 102. Bursitis and Tendinopathy Stephen L. Adams 103. Hand Infections Carl R. Chudnofsky and Paul B. Vanderbeek 104. Low Back Pain David Della-Giustina 105. Common Foot Disorders Valerie A. Dobiesz and Louis G. Poulos 106. Monoarticular Arthritis Alan C. Heffner 107. Polyarticular Arthritis Harold A. Thomas, Jr. and Richard S. Hartoch Section XIII. Neurologic Emergencies 108. Organic Brain Syndrome Rebecca R. Roberts 109. Headache E. John Gallagher and Adrienne J. Birnbaum 110. Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Clifton W. Callaway 111. Cerebrovascular Disease Phillip A. Scott 112. Seizures Peter Shearer and Andy Jagoda 113. Transient Global Amnesia Lauren Grossman and Richard M. Kaplan 114. Peripheral Neuropathies Phyllis A. Vallee and Christopher A. Lewandowski 115. Bell's Palsy and Trigeminal Neuralgia Lauren Grossman 116. Myopathies and Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission Sharad Pandit 117. Demyelinating Disease Adrienne J. Birnbaum 118. Parkinsonism and Other Movement Disorders Brendan R. Furlong Section XIV. Psychiatric Emergencies 119. Medical Clearance Kerry B. Broderick and Carrie D. Mendoza 120. Depression and Suicidal Ideation Robert S. Hockberger and Matthew Smith 121. Anxiety Disorders and Panic Attack Douglas A. Rund, Phillip I. Bialecki, Radu V. Saveanu and Anna Kate Corbin 123. The Agitated or Violent Patient Katherine Bakes and Vincent J. Markovchick 124. Factitious Illness, Malingering, and Conversion Disorder Jeffrey Dubin and Mark Smith 125. Bereavement and Grief Reactions Kenneth V. Iserson Section XV. Dermatologic Emergencies 126. Life-Threatening Dermatoses Alan T. Forstater and Kenneth J. Neuberger 127. Papulosquamous Eruptions John J. Kelly and Mark Spektor 128. Blistering Disorders Lisa R. Palivos 129. Purpuric Eruptions Steven C. Hartsell and Steven M. Joyce 130. Urticaria Theodore A. Christopher, Richard Bruno and Joseph D. Kim Section XVI. Allergic and Immunologic Emergencies 131. Anaphylaxis David N. Zull 132. Angioedema Susan Mumm Fitzgerald and Eric R. Snoey 133. Drug Allergy and Other Drug Reactions Donna Kinser 134. Multisystem Autoimmune Disease Theodore I. Benzer and Laurie Vande Krol Section XVII. Infectious Disease Emergencies 135. Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock Nathan I. Shapiro, Stephen Trzeciak, J. Stephan Stapczynski 136. Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections Alexander T. Trott 137. Tetanus Daniel T. Wu 138A. Meningitis and Encephalitis Richard M. Kaplan 138B. Brain Abscess E. Bradshaw Bunney 139. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Christine Anderegg and Diane M. Birnbaumer 140. Lyme Disease Edward B. Bolgiano and Robert A. Barish 141. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Michael A. Gibbs 142. Other Tick-Borne Diseases Ann P. Nguyen 143. Tuberculosis Gregory J. Moran and David A. Talan 144. Infectious Mononucleosis David Anthony Jerrard 145. Influenza Jonathan S. Olshaker 146. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Related Disorders Richard E. Rothman, Samuel Yang and Catherine A. Marco 147. Toxic Shock Syndromes Michelle J. Canham and Frederick M. Schiavone 148. Parasitic Disease Keith T. Borg and Richard J. Ryan 149. Blood and Body Fluid Exposures in the Health-Care Worker Peter E. Sokolove Section XVIII. Hematologic/Oncologic Emergencies 150. Bleeding Disorders Kathleen C. Hubbell 151. Antithrombotic Therapy and its Complications John Bailitz 152. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, and Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome Kathleen C. Hubbell 153. Sickle Cell Disease Donald M. Yealy and Michele L. Dorfsman 154. Anemia Louis S. Binder and George S. Kim 155. Transfusion Reactions and Complications Gregory W. Hendey 156. The Cancer Patient in the Emergency Department Austen Chai Section XIX. Endocrine and Metabolic Emergencies 157. Acid-Base Disturbances Robert Shesser and Tina Rosenbaum 158. Diabetes Mellitus Scott R. Votey and Anne L. Peters Harmel 159. Diabetic Ketoacidosis Robert A. Schwab and Michelle Marsala 160. Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Coma Michael E. Chansky and Renee L. Riggs 161. Hypoglycemia Scott R. Votey and Anne L. Peters Harmel 162. Thyroid Emergencies Scott C. Sherman 163. Adrenal and Pituitary Disorders Christine A. Kletti and Clare T. Sercombe 164. Disorders of Sodium and Water Metabolism Sandra A. Craig 165. Disorders of Potassium Metabolism Robert G. Buckley 166. Disorders of Calcium, Phosphate, and Magnesium Metabolism LCDR John W. Love and CDR Robert G. Buckley 167. Rhabdomyolysis Mark T. Steele Section XX. Trauma Part 1. General Considerations 168. General Principles of Trauma Eric Legome and Peter Rosen 169. Trauma Airway Management Kevin R. Ward 170. Traumatic Shock Christopher B. Colwell 171. Wound Management Judd E. Hollander and Adam J. Singer Part 2. Specific Injuries 172. Head Injuries Pierre Borczuk and Steven H. Thomas 173. Maxillofacial Injury Jayne MacLaughlin and Stephen A. Coluciello 174. Dental Injuries Kip Benko 175. Eye Trauma Kevin J. Knoop and William R. Dennis 176. Blunt Neck Trauma Edward Ullman 177. Penetrating Neck Trauma Andrew L. Knaut and John L. Kendall 178. Cervical Spine Fractures William R. Mower, Jerome R. Hoffman and S. V. Mahadevan 179. Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures Amy Kaji and Robert S. Hockberger 180. Spinal Cord Injuries Brian D. Mahoney 181. Blunt Chest Trauma Vincent J. Markovchick 182. Penetrating Chest Trauma Lee W. Shockley 183. Blunt Abdominal Trauma Eric Legome and William Goldberg 184. Penetrating Abdominal Trauma Jennifer L. Isenhour and John A. Marx 185. Genitourinary Trauma Carrie D. Tibbles 186. Peripheral Vascular Injuries Peter T. Pons Part 3. Orthopedic Trauma 187. Approach to Musculoskeletal Injuries Andrew D. Perron 188. Shoulder Injuries Jeffrey Schaider and Robert R. Simon 189. Elbow Injuries Andrew D. Perron 190. Wrist and Forearm Injuries Joel Kravitz and Carl R. Chudnofsky 191. Hand Injuries Kenneth Jackimczyk, Suzanne Moore Shepherd, and Paul Blackburn 192. Pelvic Fractures Michael A. Gibbs and Carrie D. Tibbles 193. Hip and Femur Injuries Norberto Adame, Jr. and Timothy Seay 194. Knee Injuries John E. Gough and Luis E. Rodriguez 195. Ankle and Foot Injuries Kaushal Shah Part 4. Special Considerations 196. Burns Luis H. Haro, Steve Miller and Wyatt W. Decker 197. Replantation James L. Larson 198. Acute Compartment Syndrome John A. Siefert 199. Ballistics and Blast Injuries Leon D. Sanchez 200. Hanging and Strangulation Injuries Leon D. Sanchez and Richard Wolfe 201. Trauma in Pregnancy Susan B. Promes and Charles J. Gerardo 202. Trauma in the Elderly Shahram Loftipour and Federico E. Vaca Section XXI. Pediatrics 203. General Approach to the Pediatric Emergency Patient Robert A. Wiebe Part 1. Resuscitation 204. Newborn Resuscitation Rodney B. Boychuk 205. Pediatric Resuscitation John A. Brennan and Neil Schamban 206. Rapid-Sequence Induction in Children Robert C. Luten and Stephen Andy Godwin 207. Shock and Vascular Access in Children Tonia J. Brousseau Part 2. Pediatric Trauma 208. General Approach to Pediatric Trauma Rick C. Place and Thom A. Mayer 209. Head Trauma Dee Hodge, III and Kimberly S. Quayle 210. Evaluation of the Cervical Spine Jeffrey R. Avner 211. Chest and Abdominal Trauma Christine E. Koerner and Brent R. King 212. Fractures and Sports Injuries Christopher S. Kennedy and Robert D. Yniguez Part 3. Chief Complaints 213. Abdominal Pain Loren G. Yamamoto 214. Altered Mental Status S. Margaret Paik and Mark A. Hostetler 215. Apnea and Apparent Life-Threatening Events (ALTE) Ghazala Q. Sharieff 216. Ataxia Peter S. Auerbach and Erin E. Endom 217. Chest Pain Steve M. Selbst 218. Constipation Elisa Alter Zenni 219. Crying, Fussy Infant Naghma S. Khan 220. Dehydration Todd Wylie 221. Diarrhea James E. Colletti 222. Failure to Thrive Robert E. Sapien 223. Fever of Acute Onset Maureen D. McCollough and David A. Talan 224. Gastrointestinal Bleeding Michael Gayle and Niranjan Kissoon 225. Headache Laurie J. Burton and Harold K. Simon 226. Heart Murmurs Steven Baldwin and Annalise Sorrentino 227. Hematuria Lina Abujamra and Madeline Matar Joseph 228. Limp Jonathan I. Singer 229. Respiratory Distress Richard Cantor and Bruce Quinn 230. Seizures Craig R. Warden and Christopher S. Kennedy 231. Pediatric Syncope Sharon E. Mace 232. Vomiting Ronald A. Furnival Part 4. Specific Diseases 233. Abuse: Sexual J.M. Whitworth 234. Abuse and Neglect: Physical J.M. Whitworth 235. Appendicitis Maureen D. McCollough 236. Asthma Jeffrey F. Linzer 237. Bronchiolitis Kathy Shaw 238. Soft Tissue Infections in Children Christopher S. Kennedy and Mary E. Moffatt 239. Congenital Heart Disease, Congestive Heart Failure, and Other Cardiac Presentations Ann M. Dietrich and Leslie Mihalov 240. Croup and Other Airway Disorders Timothy G. Givens 241. Dermatologic Disorders Atima Chumpa Delaney 242. Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children Timothy G. Givens 243. Ear Infections Noel S. Zuckerbraun and Robert W. Hickey 244. Eye Disorders Janet G. Alteveer and Kathryn McCans 245. Foreign Bodies Lance Brown 246. Genitourinary Disorders Brianna Enriquez and Marianne Gausche-Hill 247. Glomerulonephritis and the Nephrotic Syndrome Kathy Monroe and Annalise Sorrentino 248. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Ronald Ferdman and Jeffrey F. Linzer 249. Immunizations Marla J. Friedman and Javier A. Gonzalez del Rey 250. Intussusception Jonathan I. Singer 251. Kawasaki Disease James A. Wilde 252. Lymphadentitis and Neck Masses Sabiha Hussain and Mobeen H. Rathore 253. Meningitis and Encephalitis James A. Wilde 254. Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Kenneth T. Kwon 255. Newborn Problems Robert D. Kregenow and David M. Jaffe 256. Nursemaid's Elbow Cynthia C. Hoecker 257. Osgood-Schlatter Disease Todd Wylie 258. Pertussis Roger M. Barkin 259. Pharyngitis and Rheumatic Fever Martha S. Wright 260. Pneumonia Ian McCaslin and David Schaeffer 261. Psychosocial and Behavioral Emergencies Cynthia Jacobstein and Jill M. Baren 262. Pyloric Stenosis Ronald A. Furnival 263. Sickle Cell Disease in the Pediatric Patient Cynthia Gauger and Paul Pitel 264. Sinusitis Kelli A. Maiers and Daniel J. Isaacman 265. Torticollis Gregory G. Gaar 266. Urinary Tract Infections in Children Kathleen Brown 267. Ventricular Shunt Problems Erin Doherty Phrampus and Christopher King Part 5. Administrative and Clinical Issues 268. Pediatric Sedation and Pain Management William F. Coombs 269. Dealing with Death or Catastrophic Illness Phyllis L. Hendry and Mardi Steere Section XXII. Toxicology Part 1. General Considerations 270. Approach to the Poisoned Patient Christopher H. Linden and William A. Watson 271. Gastrointestinal Decontamination Joshua G. Schier and Robert S. Hoffman Part 2. Alcohol-Related Agents and Conditions 272. Ethanol Tri C. Tong and Binh T. Ly 273. Ethylene Glycol Michael Joseph Burns 274. Methanol Dag Jacobsen 275. Isopropanol, Acetone, and Other Glycols Jeffrey R. Suchard 276. Alcoholic Ketoacidosis Sage W. Wiener and Robert S. Hoffman 277. Alcohol Withdrawal Mark Su 278. Other Complications of Chronic Ethanol Abuse Cynthia K. Aaron and Ivan E. Liang Part 3. Analgesics and Related Conditions 279. Acetaminophen Jeffrey Brent and Robert Palmer 280. Ergot Alkaloids Leslie S. Carroll and Steven Guillen 281. Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Marco L. A. Sivilotti 282. Opioids Brent Furbee and William H. Dribben 283. Salicylates Christopher H. Linden 284. Complications of Injection Drug Use James A. Feldman, Michael K.Tibbles and Susan S. Fish Part 4. Anticonvulsants and Sedative-Hypnotics 285. Barbiturates Beth H. Manning 286. Benzodiazepines Thomas R. Carracio, Howard C. Mofenson and Robin B. McFee 287. Carbamazepine Marco L. A. Sivilotti 288. Gamma Hydroxybutyrate Ilene B. Anderson and Jo Ellen Dyer 289. Muscle Relaxants and Other Sedative-Hypnotic Agents Barbara Insley Crouch and Fred M. Henretig 290. Phenytoin Thomas E. Kearney 291. Valproic Acid Gregory G. Gaar 292. Other Anticonvulsants Walter H. Mullen Part 5. Anti-Infective Agents and Biocides 293. Antimalarial Drugs Timothy E. Albertson, Kathy Marquardt, Judith A. Alsop 294. Herbicides Christopher H. Linden and William J. Lewander 295. Isoniazid Alan D. Woolf 296. Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides Jeanmarie Perrone 297. Nicotine, Pyrethrin, and Organochlorine Insecticides William K. Chiang and Richard Y. Wang 298. Rodenticides Richard D. Shih and Robert S. Hoffman Part 6. Cardiovascular Drugs 299. Antidysrhythmic Drugs and Local Anesthetics S. Rutherford Rose and James E. Cisek 300. Centrally Acting Antihypertensive Agents James R. Roberts and Rachel Haroz 301. Beta Blockers Fermin Barrueto, Jr. 302. Calcium Channel Antagonists Matthew D. Sztajnkrycer and G. Randall Bond 303. Cardiac Glycosides John S. Kashani and Richard D. Gerkin Part 7. Chemicals, Gases, and Metabolic Poisons 304. Arsenic and Mercury Jay L. Schauben 305. Carbon Monoxide Kent R. Olson 306. Corrosives and Chemical Burns Larissa I. Velez and Colin S. Goto 307. Cyanide Poisoning Alan H. Hall 308. Fluoride and Hydrofluoric Acid Kennon Heard 309. Hydrocarbons Sophia Dyer 310. Hydrogen Sulfide Matthew D. Sztajnkrycer 311. Iron Jeffrey R. Suchard and Steven C. Curry 312. Irritant Gas Inhalation Philip A. Edelman 313. Lead Steven M. Marcus 314. Methemoglobinemia David A. Tanen and Michael J. Matteucci 315. Smoke Inhalation Heather Long Part 8. Psychotherapeutic Agents and Related Conditions 316. Neuroleptics Christopher H. Linden 317. Cyclic Antidepressants Keith K. Burkhart 318. Dystonic Reactions Anthony S. Manoguerra 319. Lithium Kenneth W. Kulig 320. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Michael Joseph Burns 321. Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors Andis Graudins Part 9. Stimulants and Hallucinogens 322. Anticholinergic Agents Andis Graudins 323. Cocaine Richard D. Shih and Judd E. Hollander 324. Hallucinogens Howard A. Greller and Lewis S. Nelson 325. Methylxanthines Pierre Gaudreault 326. Phencyclidine and Ketamine Cyrus Rangan 327. Sympathomimetics Christine Haller 328. Thyroid Hormones Milton Tenenbein Part 10. Miscellaneous Agents and Conditions 329. Biological Warfare Agents Jeffrey R. Suchard 330. Chemical Warfare Agents Michael J. Burns and Christopher H. Linden 331. Complications of Parenteral Drug Therapy Jennifer A. Oman and Scott E. Rudkin 332. Drug Withdrawal Syndromes Paul M. Wax 333. Food Poisoning Marc C. Restuccia 334. Botulism Adhi N. Sharma 335. Oral Hypoglycemic Agents Matthew J. Hunt and Jeffrey R. Suchard 336. Mushrooms Brandon Wills and Steven E. Aks 337. Plant Poisoning Judith A. Alsop and Timothy E. Albertson 338. Dietary Supplements and Herbal Medications Richard J. Geller 339. Seafood Toxins Robert P. Dowsett 340. Vitamins Richard J. Geller Section XXIII. Environmental Emergencies Part 1. Physical vs. Biological Agents 350. Hypothermia Andrew K. Chang 351. Cold-Induced Tissue Injuries Joseph M. Weber and Scott C. Sherman 352. Heat-Related Illness Eric W. Schmidt and Constance G. Nichols 353. High-Altitude Illness David M. Richardson 354. Underwater and Diving Injuries Brian K. Snyder 355. Submersion Injuries Gregory A. Volturo 356. Electrical Injuries Scott E. Rudkin and Jennifer A. Oman 357. Lightning Injuries David F. M. Brown 358. Radiation Injuries Matthew D. Sztajnkrycer Part 2. Bites and Envenomations 341. Crotaline Snake Envenomation Richard C. Dart and John B. Sullivan, Jr. 342. Elapid Snake Envenomation Richard C. Dart and John B. Sullivan, Jr. 343. Hymenoptera Envenomation Paul Francis Kolecki 344. Marine Envenomations Grant S. Lipman and Paul S. Auerbach 345. Scorpion Envenomation Jeffrey R. Suchard and Steven C. Curry 346. Black Widow Spider Envenomation Daniel E. Brooks 347. Brown Recluse Spider Envenomation Gary S. Wasserman 348. Insect, Tick, Mite Bites and Infestations Michael James Burns 349. Mammal Bites and Associated Infections Stephen J. Playe Section XXIV. Administrative and Special Clinical Considerations Part 1. Prehospital Care 359. Emergency Medical Services Alexander P. Isakov, Marc C. Restuccia and Lawrence Mottley 360. Air Medical Services Theodore R. Delbridge 361. Disaster Planning and Management Jonathan L. Burstein Part 2. Patient Safety, Ethical, Legal and Regulatory Issues 361A. Errors and Patient Safety Karen Cosby, John Vinen, Chris Beach, and Robert L Wears 362. Ethical Issues James G. Adams 363. Legal Issues in Emergency Medicine Howard A. Peth, Jr. 364. Regulatory Issues Jorge A. Martinez and Larry D. Weiss Part 3. Special Clinical Considerations 365. Acute Pain Management Steven Rosenzweig, Bernard Lopez and Daniel Mines 366. Chronic Pain Syndromes Michael A. Turturro and Paul M. Paris 367. Procedural Sedation and Analgesia Robert J. Vissers 368. Interpersonal Violence Debra Houry Appendix A: Dermatomes Christopher H. Linden Appendix B: Length-Based Equipment Chart Christopher H. Linden
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Emergency medicine.
Emergencies.
Emergency Medicine.