C-CAP HIGH RESOLUTION PRODUCT LINE: EXAMPLE FOR HAWAII
Presented by Lisa Erickson, Sanborn

NOAA's Coastal-Change Analysis Program (C-CAP) has monitored land cover changes across the US over the last few decades. However, there has been an increasing demand for a higher resolution product. Sanborn working with the Coastal Services Center has developed and produced standardized high resolution impervious and land cover for Oahu and Maui Counties, Hawaii. The product continues the pedigree of the C-CAP classification scheme but has minimum mapping units of 0.25 acres and 0.05 acres for land cover and impervious respectively. The maps are created from 2.4 meter multi-spectral Quickbird imagery and ancillary imagery and datasets. Sanborn uses an object-based classification approach that combines medium resolution information with high resolution imagery. First an impervious dataset is created, then the QB imagery is segmented creating the basic unit of analysis. Information from a 30 meter classification is complemented with classification of segments using image derived band ratios, vegetation indices and texture. For further refinement contextual-based models were developed according to rules agreed upon by NOAA and Sanborn. These models combined several datasets including the National Wetlands Inventory, ownership, slope, aspect, and texture. Manual edits increased map accuracy and issues dealing with inconsistencies caused by image variations, clouds and cloud shadows. This process has demonstrated the ability to use high resolution imagery to develop a high resolution land cover product that complements the ongoing medium resolution C-CAP program.

OBJECT-ORIENTED LAND COVER/LAND USE MAPPING OF COASTAL HORRY COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA
Presented by Chad Lopez, Fugro EarthData, Inc.

The county government of Horry County, South Carolina recently contracted Fugro EarthData, Inc. and its partners Tukman Geospatial and Kass Green and Associates to collect 4-band digital ADS40 aerial imagery of the entire county and produce a land cover/land use map from the orthorectified imagery. Horry County will primarily be using this data for hydrologic watershed modeling, but other potential uses include future land use planning, fire fuels modeling, and hurricane debris estimating. Leaf-off imagery was collected in February 2008 at 6 inch resolution. The processed 4-band orthos were resampled to 48 inch resolution and mosaicked into nine processing regions for image classification. The classification scheme used was derived from the Anderson land cover/land use classification and the minimum mapping unit was 1 acre. Land cover and land use classes were mapped using a combination of Definiens Professional for image segmentation and Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis for classifying the image segments (polygons). Polygons were created that adequately captured the low, medium, and high density built-up urban classes as well as the vegetation classes by including a near-infrared adaptive texture band in the segmentation process. Initial CART classifications have yielded very good results in part by including recent leaf-on Landsat 5 imagery and a Lidar height difference layer created from Lidar data collected in 2005. The Lidar data has been pivotal in distinguishing trees from shrubs. For this paper we will present final project results and methods.

CREATION OF SEMI-AUTOMATED LAND USE MAPPING FOR RHODE ISLAND AND MASSACHUSETTS, AND LAND USE UPDATES FOR DELAWARE
Presented by Andrew Brenner, Sanborn

Many federal agencies are primarily interested in land cover mapping. However, at the state, county and city level land use has been and will be used as a planning tools rather than land cover. Land cover is often classified using automated processes, but land use is usually digitized by hand. Sanborn working with the States of Rhode Island and Massachusetts has developed an approach that allows the rapid development of land use maps using a combination of automated processing and image segmentation, buffering and overlaying the data with supporting datasets. This approach has led to the development of consistent state-wide datasets that are an improvement over previous efforts in terms of consistency, accuracy and repeatability. The datasets were also produced quicker and at a lower cost than previous land use datasets. These datasets also produce a high resolution statewide impervious dataset that has been proven useful to the States. The presentation will review the approach used and how it its well into an automated update approach used in Delaware and the uses that these datasets are now being put to by the States. This approach can also be leverage off the high resolution C-CAP land cover being developed by NOAA.

THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL INNOVATION FUND: SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW SOFTWARE TOOLS AND TOOL FUNCTIONALITY TO HELP IMPLEMENT MARINE ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT
Presented by Daniel Dunn, Duke University Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab

Coastal and marine resource management is naturally fraught with unique challenges due to the complex interconnections of marine ecosystems and the dynamic nature of ocean environments. The move to Marine Ecosystem-Based Management seeks to address this by expanding our current focus from single-species management and discrete area protection to a broader evaluation of ecosystem functions, flows and services. The demands on coastal and marine managers, conservation planners, government agencies and academic analysts to develop new methods to address the complexities and interconnections of marine ecosystems are very challenging. The current software tools available to help implement a M-EBM approach are fundamentally insufficient to meet the challenges managers and policy-makers face. Successful implementation of M-EBM practices requires a diverse toolbox of novel, modular, interoperable tools that can grow with the marine resource management and conservation community to meet future needs. To stimulate the development and dissemination of creative software tools for M-EBM, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation sought out the Duke Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab to initiate a Marine Ecosystem-based Management Tool Innovation Fund. This 2-year long program seeks to expand the network of M-EBM tool developers through the establishment of ~$1,000,000 of targeted small grants to a broad range of organizations and developers. Here we review the tools that have been or are being developed (or added to) through the Fund's grants. The tools cover a diverse set of sectors and needs, including: boating, fisheries, MPAs, stakeholder engagement, government policy analysis, and network modeling.

OPEN OCEANMAP: OPEN SOURCE TOOL FOR CAPTURING SPATIALLY EXPLICIT SOCIOECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE TO INFORM MARINE ECOSYSTEM-BASED MANAGEMENT
Presented by Charles Steinback, Ecotrust

A key component of successful marine ecosystem-based management is the inclusion of social and economic considerations that allow for a) differing priorities from various stakeholders, b) the ability to meet biological/physical habitat objectives while minimizing the impacts on fisheries and fishing communities, and c) the assessment of the potential socioeconomic impacts resulting from various area based management initiatives (i.e. marine protected areas). To date, Ecotrust has developed methods, analyses, and tools aimed at supporting specific needs of MPA processes, like California's Marine Life Protection Act Initiative (MLPAI). In particular, our work has focused on the development of a participatory tool, Open OceanMap to gather spatially explicit data that informs socioeconomic considerations and assessments (e.g., fishing grounds, cost/earning). Open OceanMap was developed using open source software that frees users from the ties of proprietary software and allows for the development of truly open and community-driven software tools. Open OceanMap, which is both a desktop and web-based application, has allowed us to actively engage the fishing communities through the MLPAI process by not only collecting spatially explicit socioeconomic data that otherwise does not exist, but the interview process also provides necessary outreach to potentially affected coastal communities and individuals. To date, we have interviewed approximately 1000 commercial and recreational fishermen in three study regions of the MLPAI process. The application of Open OceanMap has demonstrated that the inclusion of socioeconomic considerations of fisheries, fishermen, and coastal communities can be fully realized and integrated in marine ecosystem-based management.

GULF G.A.M.E. (GEOSPATIAL ASSESSMENT OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS) – DATA DISCOVERY
Presented by David Reed, Florida Institute of Oceanography

One approach to ecosystem based management of oceans and coastal resources is the formation of a geospatial framework that identifies ecological similarities in marine habitats and enables the application and development of new tools and programs. The Gulf GAME project is intended to support the "Gulf of Mexico Alliance Governors' Action Plan", Identification and Characterization of Gulf Habitats Priority Issue. The aim of this project is to develop an inventory of habitat-related information within the Gulf of Mexico. In particular, the project will provide database infrastructure for "identification, inventory and assessment of nearshore and offshore Gulf habitats to inform resource management decision". This will serve as a foundation to develop a spatial framework for ecosystem- based management associated with regulatory and planning programs and areas of government coordination. Information gaps will be identified and footprint maps produced; the initial focus being on seagrass beds, identified by EPA as being a critical concern. The availability of updated maps derived from a spatially organized database can allow rapid access to the information needed to enhance the understanding and protection of habitats and their associated marine resources. By providing data layers to illustrate the current spatial extent of seagrass beds, oyster reefs, coral reefs, and other benthic or deep-sea habitats as well as other habitats associated with the water-column, managers will be able to investigate loss or degradation of these habitats, protect and/or conserve them, and help maintain the ecological integrity of Coastal areas in the Gulf of Mexico.

BUILDING THE DIGITAL COAST WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COASTAL ATLAS NETWORK
Presented by Dawn Wright, Oregon State University

The International Coastal Atlas Network (ICAN) is a newly-founded informal group of organizations who have been meeting over the past two years to scope and implement data interoperability approaches to coastal web atlases (CWAs). The mission/strategic aim of ICAN is to share experiences and to find common solutions to CWA development (e.g., user and developer guides, handbooks and articles on best practices, information on standards and web services, expertise and technical support directories, education, outreach, and funding opportunities, etc.), while ensuring maximum relevance and added value for the end users. This includes a long-term view toward U.S. national and global-level operational interoperability, which will evolve as the ICAN community strives to increase awareness of the opportunities that exist for increased coastal and marine data sharing among policy makers, resource managers, and other strategic users of a CWA. We see ICAN participants as playing a leadership role in forging international collaborations of value to the participating nations and optimizing regional governance in coastal zone management. A major long-term goal is to help build a functioning digital atlas of the worldwide coast based on the principle of shared distributed information. This has been initiated by a prototype interoperability tool and network for the integration of locally-maintained CWAs as a detailed and reliable source of spatial information about coastal zones throughout the world, as well as a basis for rationally-informed discussion, debate and negotiation of sustainable management policies for regional governance.

THE WASHINGTON COASTAL ATLAS AND THE INTERNATIONAL COASTAL ATLAS NETWORK: CONNECTING TO THE ICAN PROTOTYPE
Presented by Elizabeth O'Dea, Washington Department of Ecology

The Washington Coastal Atlas, first established in 1995, has proven to be a valuable resource to coastal and environmental managers. The Washington Department of Ecology developed the online atlas to assist local governments with their Shoreline Management Planning efforts. Interest and use of the atlas now extends to a broad audience, ranging from policy makers to the general public. Data layers available on the site include biological features such as wetlands and eelgrass beds, and physical features including drift cells and slope stability data. The atlas also includes 60 years of oblique aerial photos to view other shoreline features such as the level of development and presence of any shoreline modification. Coastal management issues do not stop at borders. The Washington Coastal Atlas is joining its neighbor, the Oregon Coastal Atlas, in the International Coastal Atlas Network (ICAN) prototype to illustrate the practical benefits of collaboration and metadata/data sharing for coastal management on a regional and international level. The Washington Coastal Atlas will be the first to join the prototype using ESRI technology, providing a robust demonstration of how Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Catalog Services for the Web (CSW) and Web Map Services (WMS) are able to connect atlases built on either open source or proprietary software. This talk will present the Washington Coastal Atlas, the steps that will be taken to connect it with the ICAN prototype, and the expected benefits for coastal management in the Pacific Northwest region.

TRANSITIONING TO FOSS IN THE OREGON COASTAL ATLAS
Presented by Tanya Haddad, Oregon Coastal Management Program

In early 2008 the Oregon Coastal Atlas completed a major transition to FOSS (free and open source software). While the previous version of the Coastal Atlas had relied on the open source University of Minnesota Mapserver for its online maps, all other aspects of the website such as content management, informational databases, scripting language and web server software had been non-open source in origin. At present all of these functions have been transitioned to FOSS equivalents. General website content management is now handled by Joomla CMS. Informational databases - including some simple spatial databases - are handled by MySQL. More complex geospatial datasets utilized in online analysis tools are stored in PostGIS. Interactive maps continue to be handled by UMN Mapserver on the server side, with ka-Map or OpenLayers on the client side, depending on the context. In addition, as part of the current process to connect the Oregon Coastal Atlas to the newly emerging International Coastal Atlas Network (ICAN), Web Map Services (WMS) and Web Feature Services (WFS) will be handled by UMN Mapserver, and both metadata and Catalog Services for the Web (CSW) will be handled by GeoNetwork – an open source catalog application to manage spatially referenced resources through the web. This presentation will discuss the background of the Oregon Coastal Atlas, the FOSS packages now in use, lessons learned from this transition, and future goals of the project. For more information on the Oregon Coastal Atlas, please visit http://www.coastalatlas.net.

SLAMM-VIEW: A TOOL FOR VISUALIZING SLAMM SIMULATION RESULTS
Presented by Bill Wilen, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

The Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM) simulates the dominant processes involved in wetland conversions and shoreline modifications during long-term (~100 years) sea level rise (SLR), to predict changes in tidal marsh composition and configuration. For nearly 20 years, SLAMM output has been made widely available only through tabular results and static maps, often only subsets of larger regions due to high resolution of the inputs (typically 30 m) relative to the extent of the model domains. While conducting research under an EPA Star Grant on the SLR impacts on the coastal wetlands of Georgia and South Carolina, SLAMM-View was developed to facilitate visualization and more broad distribution of our SLAMM simulation results. More recently SLAMM simulations have bee posted on SLAMM-View for Puget Sound and Chesapeake Bay. SLAMM-View is a web browser-based application that portrays pairs of simulation results in conjunction with other thematic layers which provide context. SLAMM produces a time series of geospatial output for each different simulation scenario. SLAMM-View displays two "live" maps: either from the same year (e.g., 2100) but from different scenarios (e.g., a 0.5 m SLR and a 1 m SLR), or from different years within the same scenario (e.g., base year 2000, and year 2100 under a 1 m SLR). One unique aspect of this web-mapping tool is that the dual maps are geographically-linked: zooming or panning in one map causes an identical action in the other map. SLAMM-View can be accessed at this URL: http://www.spea.indiana.edu/wetlandsandclimatechange/.

MANAGING SOUTH CAROLINA COASTAL HABITATS IN LIGHT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS
Presented by Jennifer Spicer, North Inlet/Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve

The North Inlet/Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve (NI/WB NERR) encompasses 12,327 acres of tidal marshes and wetlands. With a relatively flat elevation relief across this portion of coastal South Carolina, the NI/WB NERR is very concerned about potential impacts of predicted sea level rise on critical habitats and surrounding coastal communities, which are rapidly growing in the Southeast resulting in more people at risk. By using spatial data and tools, the NI/WB NERR, local managers and stakeholders can explore conservation and other habitat management actions to begin planning for and adapting to predicted sea level rise, rising temperatures, and other climate change stressors. The NI/WB NERR is currently working with the neighboring Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge and the NOAA Coastal Services Center to 1) identify coastal habitats potentially influenced by sea level rise, and 2) evaluate the resulting changes on quality and connectivity of the habitats across the landscape/seascape. To accomplish this, the partners are utilizing the Sea Level Affecting Marshes Model (SLAMM), NOAA's Habitat Priority Planner (HPP) tool, high resolution elevation data (e.g., LIDAR), the best available land cover or habitat data, and other relevant datasets for the study area. The outputs from SLAMM, along with other relevant data, will be used with HPP and community input to identify and prioritize areas for management action based on potential climate change impacts to the coastal habitats.

PROCESSING AND ACCURACY OF TOPOGRAPHIC LIDAR DATA IN COASTAL MARSHES AND USE IN SEA LEVEL RISE STUDIES
Presented by Keil Schmid, NOAA CSC

Scientific literature suggests that physical changes to coastal marshland habitat and associated vegetation will be early indicators of accelerated sea level rise rates. Such changes include vertical accretion, marsh habitat translation, increased erosion, and loss of vegetation. Because marsh habitat and vegetation are strongly linked to substrate elevation and local drainage patterns, accurate high-resolution representations of vegetation and surface elevations are requisite components for their analysis and monitoring. Lidar data provides an avenue for measuring vegetation and surface elevations, is becoming widely available in coastal regions, and spans over a decade in some locations. While Lidar data can measure vegetation and bare earth surface elevations, the ability to discern the two surfaces with enough accuracy to examine centimeter-level variation is still being resolved; this is the primary goal of this study. Marsh surface, vegetation canopy heights, and marsh species will be measured in-situ at several locations. These variables will be used to assess the Lidar data’s relative accuracy and fine tune processing to generate marsh-couple surfaces (i.e., bare earth and canopy). The results from the site-specific process will be tested against various ‘generic’ processes to measure/evaluate applicability of common techniques. Results are expected to: (1) produce high quality marsh surfaces for site-specific sea level rise models, (2) examine long-term marsh surface changes in study areas, and (3) expand the use of generic Lidar processing techniques in marshes. Techniques, both for site-specific and generic processes, their vertical accuracies, and character will be documented for increased applicability at other marshland locations.