Catalogue Query Results

Planococcus Ferris

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus Ferris, 1950b: 164. Type species: Dorthesia citri Risso, by original designation.

Allococcus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 13. Type species: Allococcus inamabilis Hambleton (= Planococcus vovae (Nasonov)), by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Cox, 1989. Notes: A subjective synonym of Planococcus.

Plannococcus; Entwhistle, 1958: 64. Misspelling of genus name.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good definition and characters given by Ferris (1950b), Ezzat & McConnell (1956), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Danzig (1980b), Williams (1985), Cox (1987), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Kosztarab (1996).

SYSTEMATICS: Allococcus Ezzat & McConnell (type-species Allococcus inamabilis Hambleton [a synonym of Pseudococcus vovae Nasonov]) is a subjective synonym of Planococcus.

KEYS: Kwon et al. 2004a: 394 (female) [Genera of Korea]; Williams 2004a: 43 (female) [southern Asia]; Williams & Moghaddam 1999: 39-40 (female) [species of Iran]; Kosztarab 1996: 169 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 365 (female) [China]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393-394 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1989: 3 (female) [World]; Cox 1989: 7-9 (female) [Species of the world]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Tu et al. 1988: 73 (female) [Taiwan]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 3 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 74 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox 1987: 14 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox & Ben-Dov 1986: 482 (female) [Mediterranean basin]; Williams 1985: 272 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 38, 39 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 20 (female) [China]; Tereznikova 1975: 159 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 36 (female) [Armenia]; Afifi & Kosztarab 1967: 11 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 280 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Ferris 1953a: 284 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 22 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 164 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy: 93-98]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 432]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 29-30, 354]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 73-74]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 481-482]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 110, 168]; Entwhi1958 [taxonomy: 64]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 164]; GranarScTe1997 [taxonomy, economic importance: 97]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 168-169]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy: 394,406]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 280]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, description: 157]; Tang1992 [taxonomy: 364-365]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 24]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 225-226]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 80]; Willia1962 [taxonomy: 30]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 38, 39, 272]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 43, 392-394]; WilliaMo2000 [taxonomy: 32-33, 39-40]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 161, 163].

Planococcus aemulor De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus aemulor De Lotto, 1964: 372. Type data: KENYA: Ruiru, on Combretum splendens. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Combretaceae: Combretum splendens [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 354]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-13]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 372-373].

Planococcus angkorensis (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus angkorensis Takahashi, 1942b: 10. Type data: CAMBODIA: Angkor, on undetermined host. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Entomology Collection, Taiwan. Described: female.

Planococcus dorsospinosus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 75. Type data: CHINA: intercepted at San Francisco, U.S.A., on Pueraria hirsuta. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 622.

Planococcus myrsinephilus Borchsenius, 1962: 585. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Siakwan, on Myrsine africana. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 21.

Planococcus sinensis Borchsenius, 1962: 586. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Siakwan, on Buddleia officinalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 21.

Planococcus angkorensis; Ali, 1970a: 89. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus ankorensis; Tang, 1992: 366. Revived combination.

Pseudococcus ankorensis; Tang, 1992: 366. Misspelling of species name.

Pseudococcus angkorensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 379.

Planococcus dorsospinus; Tao, 1999: 24. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus myrisnephilus; Tao, 1999: 24. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus angkorensis; Williams, 2004: a. Revived combination.

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Rhus [Borchs1962, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Colocasia esculentum [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Buddlejaceae: Buddleja officinalis [Borchs1962, BenDov1994]. Daphniphyllaceae: Daphniphyllum [Borchs1962, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Euphorbiaceae: Codaeum variegatum [Willia2004a], Euphorbia longan [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Pueraria hirsuta [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Loganiaceae: Strychnos vanprukii [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium domesticum [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [Willia2004a], Ficus gibbosa [Borchs1962, BenDov1994], Morus [Borchs1962, BenDov1994]. Myrsinaceae: Myrsine africana [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Piper [Willia2004a]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea canephora [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Neonaucklea [Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Litchi [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria frutescens [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Pipturus arborescens [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Karnataka [Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Lombok [Willia2004a], Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Takaha1942b, BenDov1994] [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a]); Philippines [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Thailand [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) (as Pl. dorsospinosus), Borchsenius (1962) (as Pl, myrsinephilus and as Pl. sinensis), Tu et al. (1988), Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1942b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Borchsenius 1962: 583 (female) [China].

CITATIONS: Ali1970a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 358-359]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 379]; Borchs1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 584-585]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 21-24]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-77]; Takaha1942b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 10-12]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 369-370]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 366-367]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6, 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81, 93]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 622-624].

Planococcus aphelus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus aphelus De Lotto, 1967: 16. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Somerset West, on Phylica sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Rhamnaceae: Phylica [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1967, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1967) and by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 354]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 12-13]; DeLott1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16-17].

Planococcus bagmaticus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus bagmaticus Williams, 2004a: 624. Type data: NEPAL: Kathmandu Valley, Bagmati, Godavari, on Trachelospermum; collected S. Takagi, 20.viii.1975. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Apocynaceae: Trachelospermum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Nepal [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [PLanococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 624-626].

Planococcus bendovi Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus bendovi Williams, 2004a: 628. Type data: INDIA: Tripura, Lambucherra, on Arachis hypogaea; collected M. Ghosh, 9.i.1963. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Leguminosae: Arachis hypogaea [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tripura [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 628-630].

Planococcus boafoensis (Strickland)

NOMENCLATURE:

Tylococcus boafoensis Strickland, 1947: 151. Type data: GHANA: Tafo, on Musanga smithii. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcus boafoensis; De Lotto, 1964: 372. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Moraceae: Musanga smithii [Strick1947, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Strick1947].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Ghana [Strick1947, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Strickland (1947), Williams (1958b) and Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 7 (female) [World ].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 354-355]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 13-16]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy: 372]; Strick1947 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-154]; Willia1958b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-32].

Planococcus cajani Mukherjee & Mukhopadhyay

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus cajani Mukherjee & Mukhopadhyay, 1999: 33. Type data: INDIA: West Bengal, Barjaguli Mohanpur, Nadia, on Cajanus cajan. Holotype female. Type depository: Kalyani: Department of Agricultural Entomology, Bihan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Leguminosae: Cajanus cajan [MukherMu1999, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [MukherMu1999]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Mukherjee & Mukhopadhyay (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a), having no access to type material of this species, discussed the identity of this species.

CITATIONS: MukherMu1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-36]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 630].

Planococcus citri (Risso)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dorthesia citri Risso, 1813: 416. Type data: FRANCE: Menton, on Citrus spp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1994).

Coccus tuliparum Bouche, 1844: 301. Type data: ENGLAND: London, on Tulipa sp. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 81. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1932f: 201.

Coccus citri; Boisduval, 1867: 348. Change of combination.

Coccus citry; Alfonso, 1875: 428. Misspelling of species name.

Dactylopius alaterni Signoret, 1875c: 309. Type data: FRANCE: probably Montpellier, on Rhamnus alaternus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1928c: 143. Notes: Synonymy also by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995:246).

Dactylopius ceratoniae Signoret, 1875c: 311. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, along the 'Corniche', in bark crevices of Ceratonia siliqua. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 246. Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995).

Dactylopius citri; Signoret, 1875c: 312. Change of combination.

Dactylopius citri; Signoret, 1875c: 312. Notes: Incorrect citation of author.

Dactylopius cyperi Signoret, 1875c: 314. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Nice, in greenhouse, on Cyperus papyrus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 246. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 246.

Dactylopius robiniae Signoret, 1875c: 322. Type data: FRANCE: Var, Hyeres and Alpes-Maritimes, Cannes, Nice and Menton on Robinia psedoacacia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 249.

Dactylopius tuliparum; Signoret, 1875c: 323. Change of combination.

Lecanium phyllococcus Ashmead, 1879: 160. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, on orange trees. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 99. Notes: Type material depository unknown (Cox, 1989).

Dactylopius brevispinus Targioni Tozzetti, 1881: 137. Type data: ITALY: Location not indicated, on various plants in the field. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 99. Notes: Type material probably lost according to G. Pellizzari-Scaltriti, 1990 personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Dactylopius destructor Comstock, 1881a: 342. Type data: U.S.A.: on houseplants in greenhouses. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 99. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1994).

Dactylopius farinosus; Cockerell, 1898g: 109. Misidentification.

Dactylopius secretus Hempel, 1900a: 387. Type data: BRAZIL: Ypiranga, in galls on leaves of a plant of the Solanaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidae Federal do Parana, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 394.

Phenacoccus spiriferus Hempel, 1900a: 389. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on cultivated tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 394. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 16.

Phenacoccus spiniferus; Hempel, 1901: 110. Misspelling of species name.

Pseudococcus citri; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus cyperi; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus robiniae; Fernald, 1903b: 108. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus tuliparum; Fernald, 1903b: 111. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus alaterni; Fernald, 1903b: 97. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus ceratoniae; Fernald, 1903b: 99. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus citri coleorum Marchal, 1908: 236. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg Gardens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Mus�um national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 132.

Dactylopius (Trechocorys) citri; Newstead, 1908: 9. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus citri phenacocciformis Brain, 1915: 116. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Rosebank, on Bouvardia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 65.

Pseudo-Coccus citris; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1929: 5. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus citri; Ferris, 1950b: 165. Change of combination.

Planococcoides cubanensis Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 53. Type data: CUBA: intercepted in U.S.A., on Ficus panduratae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 16.

Planococcus citricus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 69. Type data: ITALY: intercepted in U.S.A., on Citrus limonia. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1981: 48.

Planococcus cucurbitae Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 71. Type data: GRENADA: on Cucurbita sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 16.

COMMON NAMES: citrus mealybug [Essig1915a, McKenz1967, SmithBeBr1997]; Citrus mealybug [McKenz1967]; cochonilha-algodao [CarvalAg1997]; cotonet [Lloren1990]; kimhit hehadar; piojo de los c�tricos [QuezadCoDi1972].

FOES: ACARI Trombiidae: Allotrombium pulvinum Ewing [SaboorHoHa2003]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Brumoides lineatus Weise [WengHu1988], Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [Fisher1963, Clause1978, JayaraChGo1988, MichelHa1995, BaskarLaUt1999], Diomus austrinus Green [ChongOeOs2005], Diomus flavifrons (Blackburn) [Meyerd1983], Exochomus metallicus Korsch [Moore1988], Nephus bipunctatus (Kugelann) [Moore1988], Nephus includens Kirsch. [ArgyriStMo1976], Nephus reunioni [MichelHa1995], Scymnus coccivora [JayaraChGo1988], Scymnus hieki Fursch [ArgyriStMo1976], Scymnus ochroderus Mulsant [BennetSi1964]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Coccodiplosis citri Barnes [Barnes1935]. FUNGI : Cladosporium oxysporum [Moore2002]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus caridei (Brethes) [Moore1988], Coccophagus gurneyi (Compere) [Blumbe1997]. Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus aegyptiacus Mercet [Rivnay1945], Agarwalencyrtus citri (Agarwal) [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus aurantifrons Compere [Comper1939d], Anagyrus bohemani [Tzalev1972], Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault) [BlumbeVa2001], Anagyrus greeni (Howard) [AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [Clause1978, Moore1988, Blumbe1997], Blepyrus insularis (Cameron) [AbdRab2001d], Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake) [Moore1988, Trjapi1989, JoyceHoBe2001, CeballWa2004], Homalotylus quaylei Timberlake [Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea abnormalis (Girault) [Flande1953a, ArgyriStMo1976, Clause1978, Moore1988], Leptomastidea aurantiaca Mercet [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix bifasciatus Compere [Moore1988], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Clause1978, Moore1988, Trjapi1989, Blumbe1997], Leptomastix eponga (Walker) [BlumbeVa2001], Leptomastix flava Mercet [AbdRab2001d], Neoplatycerus palestinensis (Rivnay) [Rivnay1945, Trjapi1989], Pauridia peregrina Timberlake [Clause1978, Golber1982], Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet) [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus io (Girault) [Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus mundus Gahan [Clause1978], Tropidiophryne natalensis Compere [Comper1939d]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa kamburovi Annecke & Prinsloo [AnneckPr1976a]. Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron concolor Foerster [ArgyriStMo1976]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa lacciperda Kimmins [Krishn1988].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Acanthus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eranthemum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Fittonia albivenis [BenDov1994], Justica carnea [GranarScTe1997], Pachystachys [BenDov1994]. Agavaceae: Dracaena [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Amaranthaceae: Alternanthera philoxeroides [BenDov1994], Amaranthus [BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [McKenz1967, TuWuLe1988, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KinjoNaHi1996], Rhus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Annona cherimola [Martin1985], Annona muricata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Annona senegalensis [Hall1937, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Tzalev1968, Martin1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Aglaonema roebelinii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Arisarum vulgare [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cryptosperma chamissonis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia [Osborn1898, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia hoffmanii [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Philodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rhaphidophora, Scindapsus aureus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia elegantissima [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya nicholsoniae [BenDov1994], Stephanotis. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [Essig1910c, Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Jacaranda [BenDov1994], Tecoma capensis [Hall1926a, BenDov1994]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum brownei [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Burseraceae: Garuga pinata [BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Cactus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna coccinea [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Canna flaccida [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Cephalotaxaceae: Cephalotaxus drupacea [Martin1985]. Compositae: Melanthera biflora [BenDov1994], Schomburgkia tibicinus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Senecio [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Xanthium occidentale. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [WilliaWa1988a, McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ipomoea pes-capreae [BenDov1994], Mina lobata [BenDov1994]. Cruciferae: Brassica oleracea capitata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis melo [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita pepo [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Sechium edule. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cyperus papyrus [Signor1875c, Cocker1897, BenDov1994]. Dilleniaceae: Hibbertia scandens [BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [BenDov1994]. Ehretiaceae: Cordia dentata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Codiaeum [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Colliguaja odorifera [Mills1984], Croton variegatum [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Essig1910c, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Jatropha curcas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Macaranga [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia ionantha. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola koenigii. Gramineae: Bidens pilosa [BenDov1994], Oryza latifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum. Labiatae: Coleus [Essig1915a, McKenz1967, Cox1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Coleus hibridus [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Mentha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ocimum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ocimum basilicum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [GranarScTe1997], Persea americana [McKenz1967, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Bertholletia excelsa [BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Abarema grandiflora [BenDov1994], Acacia [KozarGuBa1994], Albizia falcataria [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Bauhinia [BenDov1994], Cassia imperalis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ceratonia siliqua [Signor1875c, BenDov1994], Delonix regia [BenDov1994], Entada phaseoloides [BenDov1994], Erythrina corralodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gliricidia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Glycine max [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Glycine wightii [BenDov1994], Inocarpus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Leucaena glauca [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Medicago sativa [BenDov1994], Phaseolus limensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Phaseolus vulgaris, Pueraria thunbergiana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Robinia pseudoacacia [Signor1875c, BenDov1994], Trifolium alexandrinum [Hall1937, BenDov1994], Trifolium dubium, Wisteria chinensis. Liliaceae: Asparagus [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Bergenia crassifolia [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Gossypium purpurescens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hibiscus [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994]. Maranthaceae: Marantha [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Menispermaceae: Legnephora moorii [BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Castilloa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ficus carica [Bodenh1926, Archan1930, Martin1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Ficus nitida [Martin1985], Ficus pandurate [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa acuminata [PerezGCa1987], Musa sapientum [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myoporaceae: Eremophila gilesii [BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon lanceolatus [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [WilliaMo2000], Jasminum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Olea europea [GranarScTe1997]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [Essig1910c, BenDov1994]. Paeoniaceae: Paeonia [Essig1910c, BenDov1994]. Palmae: Cocos nucifera [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Granophyllum [BenDov1994], Phoenix dactylifera [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [BenDov1994], Tacsonia jasminoides [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Goux1931, BenDov1994]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Archan1930, BenDov1994]. Plumbaginoceae: Plumbago [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleracea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Macadamia integrifolia [Willia1973, BenDov1994], Macadamia tetraphylla [BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [McKenz1967, Martin1985, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus integerrimus [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Rhamnus alaternus [Signor1875c, Cocker1897, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Fragaria vesca [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Malus domestica [GranarScTe1997], Malus pumila [BenDov1994], Pyrus communis [GranarScTe1997], Rosa. Rubiaceae: Bouvardia [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica [Hall1937, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994], Coffea liberica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [Matile1988, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Morinda umbellata forsteri [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Mussaenda erythrophylla [BenDov1994], Pavetta chumanniana [Hall1937, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Melis1930, QuezadCoDi1972, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994, CarvalAg1997, UygunSeEr1998], Citrus aurantium [Bodenh1926, Martin1985, BenDov1988b, WilliaGr1992, Granar1991, BenDov1994], Citrus decumanus [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [Martin1985, Marott1987a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Citrus medica [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Citrus paradisi [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus reticulata [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Citrus reticulata [GranarScTe1997], Citrus sinensis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Flindersia brayleyana [BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia pauciflora [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cestrum [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Nicotiana tabacum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Salpiglossis, Solandra, Solanum douglasi, Solanum melongena [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Solanum verbascifolium auriculatum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Commersonia bartramia [BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1988a, Campbe1983, WilliaGr1992]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia gigantea [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Strelitzia reginae [Essig1910c, Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix aphylla [Matile1988, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Apium [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Parietaria [Bodenh1926], Parietaria officinalis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [BenDov1994], Vitex trifolia. Vitidaceae: Vitis [WilliaMo2000], Vitis vinifera [Martin1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997, UygunSeEr1998].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973, BenDov1994]; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Comoros [Matile1978, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1921, Laing1928, BenDov1994]); South Africa [BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, Hodgso1969c, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Kosrae (=Kusaie) [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Yap [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands (Maui [Zimmer1948], Molokai [Zimmer1948], Oahu [Zimmer1948]); Kiribati (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [Laing1927, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ferris1918d, Essig1909a, Essig1915a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Iowa [Osborn1898, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Catamarca [GranarCl2003], Cordoba [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Entre Rios [GranarCl2003], Salta [GranarCl2003], Tucuman [Granar1979, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Hempel1900a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Parana [FoldiKo2006], Rio Grande do Sul [GomesCRe1949, BertelBa1966]); Cayman Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972, BenDov1994]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CaustoPeSi2006]; Grenada [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Beders1969, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, DelaCrCh1996]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Suriname [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [GranarScTe1997]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992, BenDov1994]); India [Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Sikkim [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Nath1972, Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sumatra [Green1930c]); Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Pakistan [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines (Luzon [Willia2004a]); Sri Lanka [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia1999, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Algeria [Balach1927, BenDov1994]; Armenia [TerGri1956, TerGri1966a, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Azores [CarvalFrAg1996]; Bulgaria [Tschor1939, Tzalev1968, Tzalev1972, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [PerezGCa1987, MatileOr2001]; China [Borchs1956b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [Ayouta1940, Argyri1983, BenDov1994]; Cyprus [CABI1969]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Hall1926a, BenDov1994]; France [Risso1813, Signor1875c, Cocker1897, Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2001, MatileGePi2004]; Georgia (Georgia [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]); Greece [Argyri1983, MichelHa1995]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978, BenDov1994]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, WilliaMo2000]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994]; Israel [Bodenh1924, Avidov1961, BenDov1988b, BenDov1994]; Italy [Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [KinjoNaHi1996]; Jordan [new]; Lebanon [Bodenh1926, Talhou1969, BenDov1994]; Libya [Martin1954]; Madeira Islands [CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Morocco [Rungs1970]; Poland [Koteja1974b, Dziedz1990, BenDov1994]; Portugal [Seabra1930, FrancoPa1991, Fernan1992, BenDov1994, CarvalFrAg1996]. Palaearctic: San Marino [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Sardinia [Melis1930, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, Matile1984c, BenDov1994]; Sicily [RussoMa1997]; South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a]; Spain [Martin1985]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Syria [Talhou1969, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Tunisia [CABI1969]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, Tuncyu1970a, BenDov1994, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanKiKo2005]; Turkmenistan [Archan1930, Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]); Uzbekistan [Terezn1975, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: James (1937a) showed that reproduction in sexual (in laboratory population in England) and evaluated its sex ratio. James (1938) proved that environmental humidity has no decisive effect (in laboratory population in England) on sex ratio. Nelson-Rees (1960) studied the life history and sex predetermination. Nelson-Rees (1961) described the modification of the ovary due to aging. Rotundo & Tremblay (1975c) reported on the attractiveness of virgin females to hymenopterous parasites. Rotundo & Tremblay (1982b) reported on hybridization between this species and Pl. ficus. Tranfaglia (1978), Tranfaglia & Tremblay (1982) and Tremblay et al. (1983) pointed out and evaluated the great morphological affinity (of the adult female) of this species with P. citri. Rotundo & Tremblay (1982a) bioassayed the synthetic female sex pheromone. The female sex pheromone and some analogues were field-bioassayed by Dunkelblum et al. (1987). Moreno et al. (1984) studied the complex hierarchy of male responses elicited by the female sex pheromone. Ortu & Delrio (1982) presented observations on the use of the pheromone in control of this species. Gothilf & Beck (1966) developed an artifical, defined diet for laboratory rearing of this mealybug. Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978) and by Moore (1988). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). Smith et al. (1997) reporetd from citrus in Australia, at least 6 annual generation (in Queensland and the Northern Territory), 4-5 gnerations in New South wales, while 3-4 in Victoria and South Australia.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Cox (1981; 1987; 1989), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960) and by Afifi (1968). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949). Cox (1981) evaluated the effect of environmental conditions on the range of variation of certain morphological characters in the adult female.

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by McKenzie (1967), Schmutterer (1990), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999) and by Matile-Ferrero et al.(2004). Several aspects of the male chromosome system studied by Nur (1966, 1967, 1968). SEM micrograph of trilocular pore and of wax secretions given by Foldi (1991). Ultrastructure of the symbionts studied by Iaccarino & Tremblay (1971). Rotundo and Tremblay (1974) described a technique for extractions of the female sex pheromone, and Rotundo & Tremblay (1982a) gave preliminary data about its activity. Rotundo & Tremblay (1975b) evaluated the attractiveness of the female sex pheromone. The female sex pheromone was isolated, identified and synthesized by Bierl-Leonhardt et al. (1981). Female sex pheromone synthesized by Gaoni (1982), Carlsen & Odden (1984) and by Wolk et al. (1986). Rotundo & Tremblay (1980a) evaluated the daily rate of release of the female sex pheromone.

SYSTEMATICS: Tranfaglia (1978), Tranfaglia & Tremblay (1982) and Tremblay et al.(1983) pointed out and evaluated the great morphological affinity (of the adult female) of this species with P. ficus. Rotundo (1975), Rotundo & Tremblay (1975a), Rotundo & Tremblay (1976a), Tremblay et al., (1977) and Rotundo & Tremblay (1980) evaluated its degree of affinity to three mealybug species using female and male morphology, chromosome numbers, endosymbionts, serological methods and immunoelectrophoresis.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This is one the most cosmopolitan mealybugs, damaging many outdoor crops in the tropics and subtropics, as well as in greenhouse in the temperate regions (Bodenheimer, 1930a, 1951a; McKenzie, 1967; Bartlett, 1978e; Cox, 1989). A sporadic olive pest in the Mediterranean region (Swirski, 1985). Rosciglione & Castellano (1985) showed that this mealybug transmitted Grapevine Virus A (GVA) from grapevine to Nicotiana clevelandii. Lagowska (1995) reviewed the prospects for biological control in greenhouses. Hanna et al., (1956) reported that P. citri is a vector of the swollen-shoot virus disease of cacao in Ghana. Cabaleiro & Segura (1997) studied in Spain the field transmission of Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus 3 (GLRaV-3) by the mealybug Planococcus citri; it is very likely that the studied mealybug was actually Planococcus ficus (Signoret).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 406 (female) [Planococcus species of South Korea]; Marotta & Pagano 1997: 114 (female) [Italian mealybugs on Geranium sp.]; Kosztarab 1996: 169 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 163 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Cox 1987: 74 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox & Ben-Dov 1986: 482 (female) [Mediterranean basin]; Williams 1985: 274 (female) [Australia]; McKenzie 1967: 280 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 432 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1960: 214 (male) [Hawaii]; Ferris 1950b: 164 (female) [North America ]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii]; Lawson 1917: 177 (female) [U.S.A.: Kansas].

CITATIONS: AbdelkAfSm1998 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 483-488]; AbdElKDaKo1988 [chemical control, biological control: 270-275]; AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1362]; AblesRi1981 [biological control, economic importance: 273]; Ackono2002 [biological control: 105-112]; Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 93-98]; AhlawaPa2003 [virus, life hiastory: 447-474]; Aldric1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry: 205-206]; Alfons1875 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 428-431]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 19]; AltierNi1999 [biological control: 975-991]; AngeleHeCe1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 27-29]; Anneck1969 [biological control: 849-854]; AnneckPr1976a [host, distribution, biological control: 105-108]; Arai1996 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 25-34]; Arai1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 263-266]; Archan1930 [host, distribution: 78]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 22]; Armita1919 [biological control: 257-260]; Ashmea1879 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160]; AtwaMoSh1987 [taxonomy, life history, chemistry: 1655-1676]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; Avidov1961 [life history, chemical control, host, distribution: 144-148]; AvidovErGo1960 [economic importance, chemical control: 33-45]; Ayouta1940 [host, distribution: 2-4]; Ayouta1940 [host, distributuion: 2-4]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 187]; Balach1928a [taxonomy: 143]; Balach1932b [ecology: 517-522]; BalakrViGo1987 [biological control: 59-61]; BalciuBuPu1995 [biological control: 247-267]; Barnes1935 [host, distribution, biological control: 526-527]; Bartle1957 [biological control: 753-755]; Bartle1969 [biological control: 875-878]; Bartle1974 [biological control: 553-556]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 150-155]; BartleLl1958 [economic importance, host, distribution : 90-93]; Basing1931a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 6-8,30-31]; BaskarLaUt1999 [biological control: 605-606]; BattagTrFr1997 [biological control: 3-11]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 432-434]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 195]; Beders1969 [distribution, host, chemical control: 933-940]; Beingo1957 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 23-25]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 355-358]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-365]; BennetSi1964 [biological control: 81-94]; BernarVi1999 [chemical control, biological control: 81-84]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-69]; BierlLMoSc1981 [chemistry, physiology: 389-392]; Bishop1931 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-7]; BlachiDr2000 [host, distribution, chemical control: 316-318]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeFrSu2002 [structure, life history, biological control: 385-395]; BlumbeGrSt1997 [biological control]; BlumbeKlMe1995 [life history, biological control, structure: 157-163]; BlumbeVa2001 [life history, biological control: 191-199]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 78-81]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 45]; Bodenh1928a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 6-14]; Bodenh1930a [economic importance]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 14]; Bodenh1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, economic importance, life history, structure, physiology, ecology, biological control, chemical control: 396-454]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 119]; Boisdu1867 [taxonomy: 348]; BongioMaMa2001 [life history, structure: 3809-3817]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 131-134]; Borden1923 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 1-10]; Bouche1844 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 301-302]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Brader1979 [chemical control, biological control: 225-254]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 182]; Branig1916 [biological control: 304-306]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 227-228]; Brock1925 [economic importance: 349,366]; BroshToNe1989 [chemical control: 1464-1465]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, virus: 591-602]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 230-238]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 255-261]; BugliaFe2004 [genetics, cytology: 284-294]; BugliaPrFe1999 [structure, chemistry, life history: 71-73]; CabaleSe1997 [economic importance, ecology, virus transmission: 283-287]; CABI1969 [distribution]; Calkin1983 [distribution, economic importance: 321]; Campbe1983 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 137-151]; Campbe1984 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 163-174]; CamposMaRi2003 [life history, biological control: 139-147]; CamposMaRi2003 [biological control: 139-147]; CanhilUyCa2001 [biological control: 117-125]; Capra1927 [host, distribution, biological control: 152-160]; CarlseOd1984 [structure: 501-504]; Carrer1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 521-526]; CarvalAg1997 [life history, economic importance, description, host, distribution: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; CeballWa2004 [host, biological control: 235-244]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 141]; ChackoKrAn1978 [biological control: 14-19]; ChackoKrRa1976 [chemical control: 118-119]; ChongHo2006a [biological control]; ChongOeOs2005 [biological control, host, distribution, life history: 39-48]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 38]; Clause1958 [economic importance, biological control: 291-310]; Clause1958a [host, distribution, biological control: 443-447]; Cloyd1999 [life history, ecology, biological control: 1-60]; Cloyd2003 [chemical control: 1397-1399]; Cocker1893n [taxonomy, host, distribution: 267]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 200]; Cocker1898g [taxonomy: 109]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 7]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 252]; CoffeeBoRe1986 [host, distribution: 1-73]; Cole1933 [host, distribution, biological control: 855-864]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; Comper1939d [host, distribution, biological control: 13-15,]; Comper1969 [biological control: 755-764]; ComperZi1955 [biological control: 94-116]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 342-343]; CoplanPeHe1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 44-47]; CoryHi1959 [chemical control: 344-345]; CotoSa2001 [host, distribution: 60-68]; Cox1981 [taxonomy: 47-53]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74, 193]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-17]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 482-483]; Crouze1973 [host, distribution, biological control: 15-39]; DahlstHa1999 [biological control: 919-933]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 38-52]; DarvasSz1987 [host, distribution, chemical control: 343-351]; DaviesCeWa2004 [biological control: 181-188]; DeBachDiFl1951 [biological control: 347-348]; DeBachDiFl1951 [biological control: 1,14]; DeBachHu1971 [biological control: 113-140]; DeBachHuMa1976 [biological control: 255-285]; DeFlui1941 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-119]; deJongVa1988 [life history, biological control: 1079-1096]; DelabiCa1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 53-57]; DelabiDaCa1994 [life history, ecology, economic importance: 91-103]; DelaCrCh1996 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 100-104]; DelGue1906 [host, distribution: 257-263]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 119]; DelrioOrUs1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 539-541]; DenninDu1954 [chemical control: 310-316]; deSilvJoSh2002 [life history, virus: 537-545]; Domeni1951 [host, distribution, biological control: 157-180]; Doutt1949 [taxonomy, structure: 835]; Doutt1951 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control: 37-40]; Doutt1952 [taxonomy, structure: 391-397]; Doutt1952a [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 343-344]; Dozier1926a [biological control: 97]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; DunkelBeGo1987 [structure, chemistry: 863-871]; DunkelBeGo1987a [structure, chemistry: 149-154]; Dziedz1990 [host, distribution: 34-35]; ElzenKi1999 [biological control: 253-270]; Epstei1991 [structure, chemistry, chromosome]; Essig1909a [taxonomy, distribution: 46]; Essig1910b [host, distribution: 339-345]; Essig1910f [biological control: 260-274]; Essig1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 126-129]; EtzelLe1999 [biological control: 125-197]; EwartMe1956 [chemistry: 441-447]; Ezzat1987 [structure: 57-62]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55, 65-67, 71]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; FargerMo1974 [life history, chemistry, biological control: 26-28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 99-100]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 61]; FerrarBuPr1998 [structure, chemistry: 45]; FerrarBuRo2001 [structure, anatomy: 93-101]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 494]; FieldLyMa2004 [structure, DNA, chromsome: 109-115]; Fisher1963 [biological control: 1-39]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; Flande1937 [biological control: 401-422]; Flande1943 [biological control: 117,128,137]; Flande1949a [biological control: 257-274]; Flande1951b [biological control: 93-98]; Flande1953a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 266-269]; Flande1958a [biological control: 579-584]; Flande1959b [biological control: 125-142]; Foldi1991 [structure: 163-188]; Foldi1997 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 205]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 312]; Franco1996 [life history, ecology, control: 711]; FrancoMa2001 [host, distribution: 191-196]; FrancoPa1991 [host, distribution: 282-285]; FrancoRuSu2002 [life history, ecology, pheromone, economic importance: 297-303]; FrancoSiCa2000 [taxonomy, illustration, life history, biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-142]; FrancoSuBo2004 [biological control: 507-522]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Gaoni1982 [structure: 5215-5218]; Garcia1998JF [host, life history, biological control: 1-86]; GeorgaBuHo1972 [chemical control: 16-22]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; GharizHe2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 85-86]; Golber1982 [biological control: 86-90]; GollifJaDa1977 [host, distribution, virus transmission: 171-177]; GomesCRe1949 [host, distribution: 63-64]; GomezC1932 [biological control: 1-59]; GomezC1950 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-18]; GomezC1951 [biological control, host, distribution: 21-28]; GomezC1954a [biological control, host, distribution: 19-35]; GomezM1929 [taxonomy: 5]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333-339]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; Gonzal1969 [biological control: 839-847]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; GothilBe1966 [life history, behavior, physiology: 489-490]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; GovindJoSr2003 [biological control: 96-102]; GradyRe1940 [host, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy: 1-32]; Granar1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-149]; Granar1991a [host, distribution: 267-268]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97-98]; Graven2003 [biological control: 71-82]; Gray1954 [life history: 174-176]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Greath1976 [biological control, economic importance]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; GriffiTh1947 [host, distribution, chemical control: 386-388]; GrossBiGa2001 [chemical control, biological control: 219-221]; GrossDrBl1999 [economic importance, host, distribution,: 463-468]; GrossDrSt1997 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control]; GrossDuAs2002 [life history, pheromone, economic importance: 283-295]; Gullan2000 [taxonomy, description: 160-166]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; HagenBoMc1976 [biological control, life history: 93]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1926a [host, distribution: 6]; Hall1927d [host, distribution: 267-287]; Hall1937 [host, distribution: 126]; Hall1969 [economic importance: 823-826]; HallFo1933 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-55]; HamidMi1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 711]; HannaHeJu1952 [chemical control: 334-335]; HannaJuHe1955 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 889-710]; HannaJuHe1956 [economic importance, control, virus-disease vector: 219-227]; HeidarJa2000 [biological control: 49-53]; HelalDoEl2000 [host, distribution]; Hempel1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, decription, host, distribution: 110-111]; Hodgso1969c [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control, economic importance: 22]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 144]; HoffmaRiSh1998 [biological control: 268-293]; HogendClSw2006 [host, life history, physiology: 201-211]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description: 52, 53]; HoyHe1985 [biological control]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179]; HusseyBr1971 [host, distribution, biological control: 95]; IaccarTr1971 [structure: 35-48]; Iperti1961 [economic importance: 14-30]; IrenAtOk1973 [chemical control: 1]; IslamJa1992 [biological control: 17-22]; IslamJa1993a [life history, biological control: 322-324]; JacasMGa2001 [chemical control, biological control: 103-112]; Jackso1995 [biological control, life history]; JacobsReCr1978 [chemistry: 448-457]; JalaliSiBi2000 [biological control, life history: 159-162]; James1937a [life history: 429-461]; James1938 [life history: 73-79]; JaszaiDa1983 [chemical control: 198-202]; JayaraChGo1988 [biological control: 77-78]; Jeppso1969 [economic importance, chemical control, physiology: 917-921]; JoyceHoBe2001 [life history, biological control: 49-57]; KansuUy1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 565-567]; Kaplan1996 [biological control: 215-216]; Kaplan1996 [Chemical control, biological control: 215-216]; Kaplan1998 [chemical control, biological control: 165-176]; Katsoy1996 [life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 21, 83-85]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 8]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 15]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; KetterVeBi2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 199-206]; KingLe1984 [biological control: 1]; KingMo1984 [biological control: 206-222]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 263-265]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 73, 74]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; KosztaKo1988F [host, distribution: 60]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Kriegl1975 [host, distribution, chemical control: 71-77]; Krishn1988 [biological control: 97-98]; KrishnMa1989a [biological control, economic importance: 466]; KrishnMa1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 12-13]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 184]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 406-408]; LaChanScBu1967 [life history, chemical control, biological control: 147]; LaflinPa2004 [host, distribution, life history: 982-988]; LafonCoHu1961 [economic importance: 37-43]; Lagows1995 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 5-10]; Lagows1995a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 375-378]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 36]; Laing1928 [host, distribution: 214-215]; Lashin1956 [distribution: 27-28]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-178]; Leach1940 [life history, virus transmission: 1-3]; LedieuHeDe1989 [economic importance: 405]; LeiZaLe2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 43-44]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 201]; Lindin1939 [host, distribution: 37]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-461]; Lloyd1966 [life history, physiology, Flande1951b: 265]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Lorick1970 [taxonomy, structure: 11-30]; Lorick1970a [taxonomy, structure: 1-68]; LuckFoSc2003 [biological control: 179]; Mani1994b [host, distribution, biological control: 351-355]; ManiKr1990d [biological control: 122-123]; ManiKr1994 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 12-13]; ManiKr1997c [host, distribution, biological control: 45-47]; ManiKr2000a [biological control: 187-189]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Martin1954 [host, distribution, economic importance: 113-116]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96]; MartinGaRi2003 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 149-161]; MartinGaRi2003a [biological control: 139-147]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 11-248]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 52]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 227]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; McCoy1985 [biological control: 481-499]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-283]; McLeod1939 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 62-68]; McLeod1962 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-33]; MealybSt1987 [life history, economic importance, control: 24-30]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14]; MendelBlIs1991 [chemical control: 103-112]; MendelBlWy1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 45S-49S]; MendelBlZe1992 [life history, ecology, chemistry: 118-124]; MendelGrBl1995 [biological control: 55-64]; MendelGrSt2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 251-265]; MessenBiVa1976 [biological control: 543-563]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Meyerd1983 [biological control, host, distribution: 1275-1277]; MeyerdChSu1981 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 662-664]; MeyerdFrCh1981 [economic importance, chemical control: 49-52]; MeyerdFrHa1979 [chemical control, biological control: 893-895]; MeyerdFrHa1982 [chemical control, biological control: 134-136]; MeyerdHaDe1978 [biological control: 295-299]; MichelHa1995 [economic importance, biological control, chemical control, host, distribution: 277-284]; Mills1984 [economic importance: 142-144]; Monast1958 [economic importance, control: 131-165]; MonastZa1959 [description, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 27-49]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212-213, 216]; MorenoFaEw1984 [life history, behavior, structure: 32-38]; MorrisKi1977 [biological control: 183-217]; Muma1969 [biological control: 863-870]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control: 1-39]; Murray1978 [host, distribution, biological control: 139-142]; Murray1978a [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 143-147]; Murray1984 [host, distribution, biological control: 141-146]; Nath1972 [host, distribution: 6]; Nelson1960 [life history, behavior, structure: 111-137]; Nelson1961 [life history, structure: 85-91]; NestelCoSa1995 [life history, ecology: 506-512]; New1975 [biological control: 115]; Newste1908 [host, distribution: 7]; Newton1953 [host, virus, vector: 40]; Nicol1952 [chemical control: 120]; NRC1969 [taxonomy, economic importance, ecology, biological control, chemical control]; Nur1966 [structure: 439-448]; Nur1967 [structure: 376-389]; Nur1968 [structure: 202-209]; OdinokKuIs1991 [chemistry: 555-558]; Olitsk1925 [life history, virus transfer: 442]; OliverGaWo2003 [host, distribution, biological control, life history, economic importance: 163-168]; OmerCoJoWh1946 [biological control: 154]; Oncuer1994 [host, distribution, economic importance]; OrlinsRzSh1989 [biological control: 25-26]; OrtuDe1982 [life history, structure: 341-353]; Osborn1898 [host, distribution: 225]; OzkanGuUy2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 135-166]; ParrelHaVa1999 [ecology, biological control: 819-839]; Passar1989 [chemistry, pheromone: 1-213]; PassarWe2004 [pheromone, chemistry: 2896-2899]; PelegBa1995 [economic importance, host, distribution: 263]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 60]; Peleka1974 [biological control: 14-20]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 44-46]; PietriBiCo1969 [chemical control: 909-915]; PlantPrRe1973 [chemical control]; Posnet1947a [host, distribution, economic importance: 388-402]; Poutie1922 [biological control: 3-28]; PrakasBh1985 [biological control: 29-32]; PrakasKu1985 [distribution, host, biological control: 53-54]; Pratt1958 [taxonomy, illustration, distribution]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution: 24-25]; Quilis1929 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 73-80]; RacitiBaCo2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 49-54]; RacitiTuMa1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 652-658]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; RangaSSwPa1959 [host, distribution, chemical control: 356-358]; RauppHoSa2001 [host, distribution: 203]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; ReddyBh1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 15-18]; ReddyPrBh1992 [distribution, biological control: 37-44]; ReddyPrKu1988 [distribution, biological control: 73-77]; ReddySrBh1991 [life history, biological control: 149-150]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 71-72]; RidgwaKiCa1977 [biological control: 379-416]; RiehlGaLa1964 [chemical control: 522-525]; RipollGa1989 [biological control: 399-412]; Risbec1949 [host, distribution, biological control: 578-581]; Risso1813 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 416-420]; Rivnay1945 [biological control: 117-122]; Rivnay1961 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, life history: 119-124]; RoscigCa1985 [economic importance: 186-188]; Rosen1969 [biological control: 45-53]; RosenDe1973 [biological control, taxonomy : 215-222]; RothwaClWi2004 [chemical control: 1239-1244]; Rotund1975a [structure: 3-9]; RotundTr1974 [structure: 121-131]; RotundTr1975a [behavior, biological control, chemistry, life history, structure: 172-179]; RotundTr1976a [structure: 99-107]; RotundTr1980 [structure: 431-435]; RotundTr1980a [structure: 167-170]; RotundTr1982 [structure: 475-478]; RotundTr1983 [structure: 97-101]; Rubin1985 [biological control: 530-533]; Rubtso1947 [biological control, host, distribution: 63-84]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; Russo1958 [biological control, distribution: 141-147]; Russo1959 [economic importance, chemical control: 14-17]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; SaboorHoHa2003 [life history, ecology, biological control: 49-54]; SaccoPaD2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 3-8]; SadofNeCl2003 [host, life history, ecology: 463-469]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; Sailer1983 [distribution, economic importance: 15-38]; Salama1971 [physiology, life history: 1294]; SancheCaSi2001 [biological control: 1-8]; Saraiv1939 [host, distribution: 103]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 261-264]; SayedSoSa1962 [life history, taxonomy: 449-457]; SayedSoSa1962a [life history, host, distribution: 459-463]; ScheelBeMe1958 [life history, physiology: 303-308]; Schmut1964 [host, distribution: 105]; Schmut1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, control: 102-104]; Schmut1990 [host, distribution]; Schmut1995 [chemical control]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 96]; Seabra1930 [host, distribution: 127]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; ShrewsBeLe2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 425-434]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 849, 873]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309-311]; SilvaMe1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 712]; SilvaMe1999 [life history, economic importance, ecology: 89-98]; SilvaMe2001 [life history, structure: 347-350]; Silves1921 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-11]; Simant1962a [economic importance: 105-112]; Simant1969 [biological control, economic importance: 889-896]; Simmon1958b [host, distribution, biological control: 475-478]; Simmon1969a [biological control: 765-767]; Smetni1991 [chemistry: 92-129]; Smit1934 [economic importance, host, distribution: 439-441]; SmitBi1934 [biological control, economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 1-41]; Smith1915 [biological control: 525-527]; Smith1917 [biological control: 262-268]; Smith1917a [host, distribution, biological control: 108-114]; Smith1958 [host, distribution, chemical control: 335-338]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 82-85]; SmithFl1950 [biological control: 362, 376, 378]; SmithFrPa1996 [biological control: 57-64]; SmithVa1967 [chemical control: 295]; SorokeNeBa2003 [chemistry, biological control: 163-168]; SoyluOr1977 [biological control: 77-112]; Speare1922 [biological control: 1-18]; Staedl1976 [life history, physiology: 228]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 24-25]; SumaRuDu2002 [life history, chemistry, pheromone: 305-312]; SuSu1996 [biological control: 714]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwinglWe1896 [host, distribution: 1-5]; Swirsk1985 [economic importance: 781-799]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 64-68]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; TabataLo2002 [chemical control: 30]; Tachik1959 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1055-1058]; Talhou1969 [host, distribution: 103-105]; Talhou2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 85-86]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 367-369]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; Targio1881 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137-139]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-228]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 33-35]; TerGri1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16, 17]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 372]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-85]; ThaoWiBu2001 [structure, chemistry, economic importance: 457-458]; Thomps1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 479-482]; TollerRuDo2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 213-217]; TrabouBe1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-13]; Tranfa1978 [taxonomy: 91-93]; TranfaTr1982 [structure: 1-5]; TremblRoTr1983 [taxonomy, structure: 435-437]; TremblTrRo1977 [taxonomy, structure: 113-135]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 117, 125, 127, 145,]; Tschor1939 [host, distribution: 89]; Tuncyu1970a [host, distribution, economic importamce: 67-80]; TurnbuCh1961 [host, distribution, biological control]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-81, 92]; Tzalev1968 [host, distribution: 206]; Tzalev1972 [host, distribution, biological control: 81]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; VacantPuRa1996 [biological control: 712]; vanden2001c [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 196-208]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 133]; vanLen2003a [host, distribution, biological control: 1-18]; vanLen2003b [host, distribution, biological control: 167-179]; vanLenHaKl2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 265-303]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 57]; Vierec1915 [biological control: 211]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Viggia1975 [biological control: 52-59]; Viggia1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 293-296]; ViggiaCa1971 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 535-541]; ViggiaCaBo1972 [chemical control, biological control: 88-103]; Vos1930 [life history, ecology, anatomy, physiology: 1-81]; Vos1930 [host, life history: 159-168]; WakgarGi2003 [biological control: 243-254]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1081]; WatsonBe1932 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 41-42]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 41]; WengHu1988 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 105-108]; Willia1962 [host, distribution: 39]; Willia1973 [host, distribution: 81-91]; Willia1982b [host, distribution: 442-443]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 272-274]; Willia1999 [host, distribution: 92]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 630-633]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 168]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-397]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 147]; WilliaMo2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33-34, 39-40]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; WoglumLaLa1947 [biological control: 818-820]; WoglumLaLa1947 [biological control, chemical control: 818-820]; Wolcot1955 [host, distribution: 1-5]; WolkGoDu1986 [structure: 347-348]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6,44]; Wood1962 [biological control, distribution: 8-11]; Yang1995JS [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-83]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; YigitCa1995 [host, distribution, biological control: 25-26]; YigitCa1995a [biological control: 1-22]; YigitCaKi1992 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 251-263]; YigitCaZa1994 [biological control: 137-146]; ZadaDuHa2004 [chemistry, pheromone, life history, ecology: 361-368]; Zahrad1990b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-31]; ZiegleWo1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 261-270].

Planococcus dendrobii Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus dendrobii Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 73. Type data: INDIA: intercepted in HAWAII, Honolulu, on Dendrobium transparens. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Orchidaceae [Willia2004a], Cypripedium [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Dendrobium fimbriatum [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994], Dendrobium transparens [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis manii [Willia2004a], Saccolobium impallaceum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Bhutan [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; India [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [Planococcus species of world].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 358]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17-20]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-75]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 369]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 633-634].

Planococcus dioscoreae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus dioscoreae Williams, 1960a: 39. Type data: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Sepik District, Bunahoj, on yams. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Araceae: Xanthosoma sagittifolium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [Willia1960a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dioscorea alata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Papua New Guinea [Willia1960a, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1960a), Williams & Watson (1988a) and by Cox (1989). Good description of the adult male given by Afifi (1968).

KEYS: Williams & Watson 1988a: 163 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, male, description, illustration: 102-106]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 358]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-20]; Willia1960a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 39-40]; Willia1982b [host, distribution: 443]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 164-165].

Planococcus dischidiae (Takahashi)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus dischidiae Takahashi, 1951a: 3. Type data: WEST MALAYSIA: Malaya, Cameron Highlands, on Dischidia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Entomology Collection, Taiwan. Described: female.

Crisicoccus dischidiae; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 23. Change of combination.

Planococcus martini Cox, 1989: 52. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara, near Base Camp Toraut, on roots of Araceae ?Epipremnum. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 636.

Crisicoccus dischidae; Tang, 1992: 348. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus dischidiae; Williams, 2004a: 636. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Araceae: ? Epipremnum [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Asclepiadaceae: Dischidia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Malaysia (Malaya [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994], Sabah [Willia2004a]).

BIOLOGY: Associated with Crematogaster sp.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a), Ezzat & McKenzie (1956), Cox (1989) (as Pla. martini) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 104, 365]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 23-25]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 3-5]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 351, 352]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 635-636].

Planococcus dubius Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus dubius Cox, 1987: 75. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: Auckland, Waitakere Range, on Dracophyllum latifolium. Holotype female. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Epacridaceae: Dracophyllum [Cox1987, BenDov1994], Dracophyllum latifolium [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1987).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 7 (female) [World]; Cox 1987: 74 (female) [New Zealand].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 359]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75, 194].

Planococcus epulus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus epulus De Lotto, 1964: 375. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, on Pterolobium lacerans. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Leguminosae: Pterolobium lacerans [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 7 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 359]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-26]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375].

Planococcus ficus (Signoret)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus vitis; Nedzilskii, 1869: 19. Misidentification; discovered by Cox & Ben-Dov, 1985: 483. Notes: The author name Nedzilskii was also transliterated by various authors as Niedielski, Nedelski, or Nedzel'skii.

Dactylopius vitis; Lichtenstein, 1870: L. Misidentification; discovered by Cox, 1989: 25.

Dactylopius ficus Signoret, 1875c: 315. Type data: FRANCE: Hyeres and Nice, on figs. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995).

Dactylopius vitis Signoret, 1875c: 324. Unavailable name.

Dactylopius subterraneus Hempel, 1901b: 388. Type data: ARGENTINA: La Plata, on roots of cultivated grapes. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidae Federal do Parana, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 25.

Pseudococcus ficus; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus vitis Fernald, 1903b: 112. Unavailable name.

Coccus vitis; Lindinger, 1912b: 365. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 481. Notes: Cited as Coccus vitis Nied. Unavailable Name. Incorrectly synonymized with Phenacoccus aceris.

Pseudococcus vitis Leonardi, 1920: 408. Unavailable name.

Pseudococcus citrioides Ferris, 1922a: 208. Type data: LIBYA: Guarsica. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 483.

Pseudococcus vitis Bodenheimer, 1924: 84. Unavailable name. Notes: Syntypes nymphs (probably third instar) (Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995).

Pseudococcus citri; Balachowsky & Mesnil, 1935: 729. Misidentification.

Coccus vitis Borchsenius, 1949: 132. Unavailable name. Notes: Cited as Coccus vitis Niedielski - Unavailable name. Incorrectly synonymized with Pseudococcus citri (Risso).

Dactylopius ficus; Borchsenius, 1949: 132. Incorrect synonymy; discovered by Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 483. Notes: Incorrect synonymy with Pseudococcus citri (Risso).

Planococcus citrioides; Ferris, 1950b: 164. Change of combination.

Planococcus vitis Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 103. Unavailable name.

Planococcus ficus; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 79. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus praetermissus Ezzat, 1962c: 165. Nomen nudum; discovered by Ezzat, 1962c: 166.

Planococcus vitis Matile-Ferrero, 1984c: 227. Unavailable name.

COMMON NAMES: cocciniglia farinosa della vite; cochonilha algodeo da vinha; cotonet de la vid; grapevine mealybug; la cochenille farineuse de la vigne [BalachMe1935]; Mediterranean vine mealybug [Berlin1977]; subterranean vine mealy bug [Bodenh1924]; vine mealybug [DeLott1975b].

FOES: DIPTERA Chamameyidae: Leucopis alticeps [Rzaeva1985]. HYMENOPTERA : Pachyneuron concolor [Rzaeva1985]. Aphelinidae: Coccophagus lycimnia (Walker) [Yasnos2001], Marietta picta (Andre) [Yasnos2001]. Encyrtidae: Allotropa mecrida (Walker) [Rzaeva1985, Yasnos2001], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [Rzaeva1985, TrjapiTr1999, Blumbe1997], Clausenia josefi Rosen [Rosen1965a, Berlin1977, Trjapi1989], Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake) [Trjapi1989, JoyceHoBe2001], Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix flava Mercet [Berlin1977], Leptomatidea abnormis (Girault) [Berlin1977, TrjapiTr1999], Neoplatycerus kemticus V. Trjapitzin & S. Triapitsyn [TrjapiTr2002], Pauridia peregrina Timberleke [Berlin1977], Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet) [AbdRab2001d], Prochiloneurus bolivari (Mercet) [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus pulchellus (Silvestri) [Trjapi1989], Pseudococcobius vinealis Prinsloo [Prinsl2003]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [Rzaeva1985]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa carnea [Rzaeva1985].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [EzzatMc1956, Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [EzzatMc1956]. Compositae: Dahlia [EzzatMc1956]. Gramineae: Bambusa [EzzatMc1956]. Juglandaceae: Juglans [EzzatMc1956]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Dichrostachys glomerata [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Prosopis farcata [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Tephrosia purpurea [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus [UygunSeEr1998], Ficus benjamini [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus carica [Signor1875b, EzzatMc1956, Matile1984c, Martin1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]. Palmae: Phoenix dactylifera [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Martin1985, WilliaMo2000]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [EzzatMc1956, Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Zizyphus spina-christi [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cydonia oblonga [GranarScTe1997], Malus [UygunSeEr1998], Malus domestica [GranarScTe1997], Malus pumila [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Salix [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [EzzatMc1956]. Styracaceae: Styrax officinalis [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Vitidaceae: Vitis vinifera [Bodenh1924, Archan1930, Matile1984c, Marott1987a, Cox1989, Granar1991, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Vitis vinifera [UygunSeEr1998, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Mauritius [EzzatMc1956]; South Africa [EzzatMc1956, DeLott1975b, Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: United States of America (Alabama [EzzatMc1956], California [SeenoDa1994], Florida [EzzatMc1956], Georgia [EzzatMc1956], Louisiana [EzzatMc1956], Maryland [EzzatMc1956], Mississippi [EzzatMc1956], North Carolina [EzzatMc1956], South Carolina [EzzatMc1956], Texas [EzzatMc1956]). Neotropical: Argentina [EzzatMc1956] (Catamarca [TrjapiTr1999], La Rioja [TrjapiTr1999], Mendoza [GranarCl2003], San Juan [TrjapiTr1999], Tucuman [Hempel1901b, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Rio Grande do Sul [FoldiKo2006]); Chile [EzzatMc1956]; Dominican Republic [EzzatMc1956]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [EzzatMc1956]); Uruguay [GranarScTe1997]. Oriental: India [Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; Pakistan [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Azerbaijan [Rzaeva1985, BenDov1994]; Azores [EzzatMc1956]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, PerezGCa1987, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [Argyri1983, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Cyprus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Egypt [EzzatMc1956, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; France [Signor1875c, BenDov1994, BenDovMa1995, Foldi2001]; Greece [EzzatMc1956]; Iran [Cox1989, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996, WilliaMo2000]; Iraq [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Israel [Bodenh1924, CoxBe1986, BenDov1994]; Italy [Leonar1920, Tranfa1976, Marott1987a, Duso1990, BenDov1994]; Jordan [new]; Lebanon [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Libya [Ferris1922a, BenDov1994]; Portugal [EzzatMc1956]; Sardinia [Melis1930, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, Matile1984c, BenDov1994]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; Spain [GomezM1937, EzzatMc1956, Martin1985, BenDov1994]; Syria [EzzatMc1956]; Tunisia [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Turkey [UygunSeEr1998, KaydanKiKo2005]; Turkmenistan [Archan1930, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Duso (1989) studied the population dynamics on grapevine in Italy, observed three annual generation and evaluated sampling methods. Rotundo & Tremblay (1982) reported on hybridization between this species and Pl. citri.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto (1975b), Cox (1981; 1989), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: The female sex phromone - monoterpene (S)-lavandulol and the corresponding ester (S)-(+)-lavandulol senecioate - was identified by Hinkens et al. (2001).

SYSTEMATICS: Planococcus vitis (Nedzilskii, 1869) OF AUTHORS (e.g. Fernald, 1903b; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956) is an unavailable name which has been erroneously used for PLanococcus ficus (Signoret, 1875) until the early 1980's. For a detailed history of the error, see Cox & Ben-Dov (1986).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A pest of grapevine in the Mediteranean region, South Africa, Pakistan and Argentina (Ben-Dov, 1994). Cabaleiro & Segura (1997) studied in Spain the field transmission of Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus 3 (GLRa V-3) by a mealybug which was names Planococcus citri (Risso). However, specimens from this study were sent by Cabaleiro to Yair Ben-Dov and identified as Planococcus ficus (Signoret) (Yair Ben-Dov, unpublished data, July, 1998).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams & Moghaddam 1999: 39-40 (female) [Planococcus species of Iran]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1989: 7-10 (female) [World]; Cox & Ben-Dov 1986: 482 (female) [Mediterranean basin].

CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1363]; AchechFaMH1999 [economic importance, chemistry, life history: 31-42]; AddisoSa2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 251-260]; Archan1930 [host, distribution: 78]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 364-367]; AtwaMoSh1987 [taxonomy, life history, chemistry: 1655-1676]; Avidov1961 [host, distribution, life history]; AvidovHa1969 [host, distribution, life history]; AwadalAmTa2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 83]; BalachMe1935 [life history, economic importance, taxonomy: 729-731]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 195]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 359-360]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; Bentle1999 [host, distribution: 2]; Berlin1977 [life history, economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 3-14]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeFrSu2002 [structure, life history, biological control: 385-395]; BlumbeKlMe1995 [life history, biological control, structure: 157-163]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 84-85]; BorbonGrGo2004 [host, distribution, virus: 283-285]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy: 132]; BorgoMi2000 [life history, economic importance, virus: 3-13]; CabaleSe1997 [economic importance, ecology, virus transmission: 283-287]; CabaleSeGa1999 [economic importance: 40-44]; Capra1927 [host, distribution, biological control: 152-160]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 56-57]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 141]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 201]; Cox1981 [taxonomy: 47-53]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-17, 25-28]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 481-489]; CoxWe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 561-571]; DaaneMaGu2003 [biological control: 389-398]; DaaneMaWa2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 123-132]; DeLott1975b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 125-130]; Duso1990 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 3-20]; Egger1990 [economic importance, chemical control: 27-28]; EngelbKa1984 [economic importance, physiology]; EngelbKa1987 [host, distribution, virus, economic importance: 23-29]; EngelbKa1990a [host, distribution, economic importance, virus: 347-354]; Ezzat1962c [taxonomy, host, distribution: 165-166]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-80, 105-106]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 101, 112]; Ferris1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-204]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy: 164]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 79]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 341-342]; Gonzal2003 [host, distribution, economic importance: 5-17]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; Granar1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 264, 266, 268]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 97-99]; Grande1986 [economic importance, chemical control, biological control, distribution: 27-34]; Hempel1901b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 388-389]; HinkenMcMi2001 [structure, chemistry, life history: 1619-1621]; JoyceHoBe2001 [life history, biological control: 49-57]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; KaydanULZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 408-413]; Lichte1870 [taxonomy: L]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 54, 365]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Maleno1928 [taxonomy: 51-62]; ManzonCa1952 [chemical control: 171-192]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 111]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96]; Matile1984c [host, distribution, taxonomy: 227]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 17]; MendelGrBl1995 [biological control: 55-64]; MillarDaMc2002 [pheromone, chemistry, life history: 706-714]; MyartsNi1986 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-93]; MyburgSi1965 [host, distribution. chemical control: 296-298]; MyburgVa1969 [host, distribution, chemical control: 344-345]; Nedzil1869 [taxonomy: 19]; Orlins1985 [host, distribution: 42]; OrlinsRzSh1989 [biological control: 25-26]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 129]; Poutie1922 [biological control: 3-28]; Prinsl2003 [biological control: 77-89]; RoscigCa1985 [economic importance, physiology: 186-188]; Rosen1965a [biological control, host, distribution: 61-64]; RotundTr1980 [taxonomy, chemistry: 431-435]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; Rzaeva1985 [host, distribution, biological control: 34-39]; SalehSa1971 [life history, chemistry: 1661-1663]; SayedSoSa1962 [life history, taxonomy: 449-457]; SayedSoSa1962a [host, distribution, life history: 459-463]; SeenoDa1994 [host, distribution, taxonomy: 3]; Signor1875c [taxonmy: 315, 324]; SwartBa1979 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 222-226]; TanneBeRa1989 [economic importance, physiology: 55]; TollerRuDo2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 213-217]; Tranfa1976 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 138-141]; Trjapi1989 [biological control, host, distribution]; TrjapiTr1999 [host, distribution, biological control: 174-179]; TrjapiTr2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 203-210]; UrbanBr2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-24]; UrbanMy2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-30]; UrbanStBr1980 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-22]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution]; VasqueCo2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 8-10]; WaltonDaPr2004 [host, distribution, pheromone, life history: 1089-1096]; WaltonPr2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 524-532]; WaltonPr2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 23-25]; WaltonPr2004a [host, distribution, taxonomy, economic importance: 54-62]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 636-639]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397, 398]; WilliaMo2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 34-35, 39-40]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; ZadaDuAs2002 [pheromone, chemistry: 275-281]; ZadaDuAs2003 [chemistry, pheromone, life history: 977-987]; Zandig2002 [host, distribution: 21-22].

Planococcus flagellatus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus flagellatus De Lotto, 1961: 220. Type data: UGANDA: Sebei, on Vernonia auriculifera. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Vernonia auriculifera [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Cassia petersiana [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Glycine max [DeLott1961, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 360]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-30]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 220].

Planococcus fungicola Watson & Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus fungicola Watson & Cox, 1990: 100. Type data: KENYA: Central Province, Kiambu, Box Estate, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [WatsonCo1990, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Kenya [WatsonCo1990, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of coffee in association with the fungus Diacanthodes novoguineensis (Watson & Cox, 1990).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Watson & Cox (1990).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 360]; WatsonCo1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 100-102].

Planococcus furcisetosus Mamet

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus furcisetosus Mamet, 1959a: 404. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Maroantsera, Ambodivoangy, on ebenier. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Mus�um national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Ebenaceae: Diospyros [Mamet1959a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Mamet1959a, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mamet (1959a) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 7 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 360]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-32]; Mamet1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 404-405].

Planococcus halli Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus halli Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 81. Type data: ST KITTS: intercepted at Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on Dioscorea sp., yam. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Celastraceae: Gymnosporia spinosa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Bidens pilosa [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea alata [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dioscorea rotundata [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Gramineae: Saccharum officinarum [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Arachis hypogaea [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea canephora [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pentas lanceolata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cameroon [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Ethiopia [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Gabon [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Liberia [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; South Africa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Sudan [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bermuda [Cox1989, HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cayman Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saint Kitts [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Italy [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Cox (1989) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug is frequently intercepted in the U.S.A. and U.K. on yam tubers (Diospyros spp.) imported from Nigeria and West Indies (Cox, 1989).

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 361]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 32-34]; CoxWe1988 [taxonomy: 561-571]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 81-83]; Hodgso1991 [host, distribution: 144]; Hodgso1991a [host, distribution: 4]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Marott1992 [host, distribution: 92]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 397, 399, 400].

Planococcus hosnyi Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus hosnyi Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 83. Type data: ZIMBABWE [= RHODESIA]: on Aerangis katschii. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

Planococcus hosyni; Cox, 1989: 34. Misspelling of species name.

HOST: Orchidaceae: Aerangis katschii [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 361]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-37]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-84].

Planococcus hospitus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus hospitus De Lotto, 1961: 221. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on tubers of Eulophia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Orchidaceae: Eulophia [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 361]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 34-35]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-222].

Planococcus japonicus Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus azaleae; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 63. Misidentification.

Planococcus japonicus Cox, 1989: 37. Type data: JAPAN: Fukuoka, Ryugezi, on Pyrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

COMMON NAME: Japanese mealybug [LitCa1994a].

HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Koszta1996]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus [Koszta1996]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [Koszta1996], Rhododendron indicum [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Macaranga bicolor [Lit1997a]. Leguminosae: Arachis hypogaea [Willia2004a]. Meliaceae: Lansium [Willia2004a], Lansium domesticum [Willia2004a]. Rhizophoraceae: Rhizophora apiculata [Willia2004a]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Malus [Koszta1996], Pyrus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Koszta1996]. Theaceae: Camelia [Koszta1996]. Ulmaceae: Zelkova [Koszta1996]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber officinale [Lit1997a].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996]). Oriental: India (Tripura [Willia2004a]); Malaysia [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a, Lit1997a], Mindanao [Lit1997a]). Palaearctic: Japan [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Koszta1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

SYSTEMATICS: Before this species has been described it was frequently confused with Crisicoccus azaleae (Tinsley).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug caused heavy infestation on Rhododendron at the National Arboretum, Washington D.C. in 1978 (Cox, 1989).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Kosztarab 1996: 169 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 362]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 37-41]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 63-65]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 169, 171]; Lit1997a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 42]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 393]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 638-641].

Planococcus kenyae (Le Pelley)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus citri congoensis Mann, 1922: 629. Nomen nudum.

Pseudococcus kenyae Le Pelley, 1935: 185. Type data: KENYA: Nairobi, Scott Agricultural Laboratory, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.

Pseudococcus kenyaensis Betrem, 1936: 129. Nomen nudum.

Planococcus kenyae; Ferris, 1950b: 164. Change of combination.

Planococcus subukiaensis De Lotto, 1954: 110. Type data: KENYA: Subukia, on Coffea arabica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 41.

COMMON NAME: coffee mealybug [Bartle1978e].

FOES: DIPTERA Cecicomyidae: Coccodiplosis coffeae (Barnes) [Barnes1939]. Drosophilidae: Cacoxenus (Gitonides) multidentatus Tsacas & Chassagnard [TsacasCh1999]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus aurantifrons Compere [LePell1959], Anagyrus beneficians Compere [Moore1988], Anagyrus bugandaensis Compere [Comper1939d], Anagyrus kivuensis Compere [Comper1938, Moore1988], Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake) [Moore1988], Coccidoxenoides perminutus Girault [LePellMe1939], Gyranusoidea citrina (Compere) [Comper1938], Leptomastidea jeanneii Mercet [Comper1939d], Leptomastix bifasciatus Compere [Moore1988], Leptomastix dactylopii Howard [Comper1938], Tetracnemoidea coffeicola (Kerrich) [Kerric1967].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Lannea discola [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Costaceae: Costus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Inga [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Hibiscus gossypinus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Barteria fistulosa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Cuviera angolensis [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Leptactinia [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Central African Republic [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Congo [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; C�te d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]; Ghana [CABI1978a, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Kenya [LePell1935, BenDov1994]; Malawi [CABI2001a]; Nigeria [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Sierra Leone [CABI1978a, BenDov1994]; Sudan [CABI1978a, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [CABI1978a, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Togo [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Uganda [CABI1978a, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Zaire [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1943, 1968). Natural enemies discussed by Le Pelley (1943), Bartlett (1978e) and by Moore (1988).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989). Good description and illusrtation of the adult male given by Afifi (1968).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: A major pest of coffee in Kenya. This species was first recorded in 1923, misidentified then as P. citri, as a severe pest to coffee in Kenya. Initial attempts to control the pest by natural enemies failed, partly because of erroneous attempts due to the misidentification. In 1934, it was misidentified in Kenya as P. lilacinus, and further introductions of natural enemies, mainly from the far East, did not establish in Kenya (Le Pelley, 1943). Following its recognition as a distinct species (Le Pelley, 1935), a search for parasites was initiated in Uganda and neighbouring countries, and introductions were made to Kenya. Consequently, populations of the pest in Kenya decreased (Le Pelley, 1943).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 7 (female) [World]; Cox & Freeston 1985: 721 (female) [Planococcus species of cacao].

CITATIONS: Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 98-102]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 155, 156]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 362]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-395]; Betrem1936 [taxonomy: 129]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, virus: 591-602]; CABI1978a [distribution]; CABI2001a [host, distribution: 1-3]; Clause1951 [biological control: 1-8]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1939d [host, distribution, biological control: 8-9,25]; Comper1969a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 5-10]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 280]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 41-43]; DahlstHa1999 [biological control: 919-933]; DeLott1954 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-113]; DeluccRoSc1976 [taxonomy, biological control: 81-91]; Doutt1967 [biological control: 3-30]; Entwis1972 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-87]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy: 164]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; GutierCaMe1999 [biological control: 243-252]; HuffakSiLa1976 [biological control: 41-78]; LePell1935 [economic importance: 185-188]; LePell1943 [economic importance, biological control: 78-88]; LePell1959 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 33-48]; LePell1968 [biological control]; LynchHoBa2001 [biological control: 99-125]; Mann1922 [taxonomy: 629]; MayneGh1934 [host, distribution, economic importance: 3-34]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212]; NRC1969 [taxonomy, economic importance, ecology, biological control, chemical control]; RosenDe1973 [biological control, taxonomy: 215-222]; Schmut1969 [host, distribution, economic importance]; TsacasCh1999 [biological control: 102]; Wilkin1935 [host, distribution: 13,16].

Planococcus kraunhiae (Kuwana)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius kraunhiae Kuwana, 1902: 55. Type data: JAPAN: Yokohama, on Kraunhia [= Wisteria] floribunda. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibarakiken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Konnon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (I. Kuwana) Japan. Described: female.

Pseudococcus kraunhiae; Fernald, 1903b: 104. Change of combination.

Dactylopius krounhiae; Kuwana, 1917a: 115. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus krauhniae; Ferris, 1950b: 168. Misspelling of species name.

Planococcus kraunhiae; Ferris, 1950b: 168. Change of combination.

Planococcus siakwanensis Borchsenius, 1962: 586. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Hsiakuan, in crevices of twig of unidentified shrub. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 43.

COMMON NAME: Japanese mealybug [McKenz1967, Bartle1978e].

FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus fujikona Tachikawa [Trjapi1989], Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake) [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix dactylopii Howard [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis (Ishii) [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Actinidiaceae: Actinidia [KwonDaPa2003a]. Agavaceae: Agave americana [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Amaryllidaceae: Crinum asiaticum [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Nerium indicum [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Aquifoliaceae: Ilex [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina stricta [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita moschata [KwonDaPa2003a]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Ericaceae: Rhododandron indicum [KwonDaPa2003a]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum variegatum pictum [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Mallotus japonicus [KwonDaPa2003a]. Gramineae: Digitaria sanguinalis [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Wisteria floribunda [Kuwana1902, BenDov1994]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia grandiflora [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Maraceae: Broussonetia kazinoki [KwonDaPa2003a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus lanceolata [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Ficus carica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Morus alba [KwonDaPa2003a]. Musaceae: Musa basjoo [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Nandinaceae: Nandina domestica [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Olea chrysophylla [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Palmae: Trachycarpus excelsus fortunei [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleracea [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cydonia sinensis [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Pyrus ussuriensis [KwonDaPa2003a]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [Paik1978, TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus junos [KwonDaPa2003a], Citrus nobilis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Citrus paradisi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]). Oriental: Philippines [Willia2004a]; Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994, WongChCh1999]. Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Kuwana1902, BenDov1994]; South Korea [Paik1978, BenDov1994, KwonDaPa2003a].

BIOLOGY: Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978e). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjpitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Paik (1978), Tu et al (1988), Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980), Wong et al. (1999).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 406 (female) [Planococcus species of South Korea]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 280 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Ferris 1950b: 164 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Arai1996 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 25-34]; Arai1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 263-266]; Armita1919 [biological control: 257-260]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 169]; Borchs1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 586-587]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-89]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 104]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-169]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 8]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 105-106]; Kuwana1902 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55-56]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 183]; Kuwana1917 [taxonomy: 169]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 408]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-461]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, desription, illustration, host, distribution: 283-285]; NaraiMu2002 [life history: 295-298]; Siraiw1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65, 73]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 372-373]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6, 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 117, 127, 135, 315]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illusrtation, host, distribution: 81-82, 94]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 640-641]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7,44]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 204-207].

Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pseudococcus lilacinus Cockerell, 1905f: 128. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Lucban, Tayabas, on cultivated orange. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.

Pseudococcus tayabanus Cockerell, 1905f: 129. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Lucban, Tayabas, on cultivated cacao. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Morrison, 1920: 176.

Dactylopius crotonis Green, 1906: 44. Nomen nudum.

Dactylopius coffeae Newstead, 1908b: 37. Type data: INDONESIA: Java, on Liberian coffee. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Watson & Cox, 1990: 102. Notes: Type material lost according to Watson & Cox (1990).

Pseudococcus coffeae; Sanders, 1909a: 40. Change of combination.

Dactylopius crotonis Green, 1911: 35. Type data: SRI LANKA: Gammadurva, on Castilloa elastica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Morrison, 1920: 176.

Pseudococcus crotonis; Sasscer, 1912: 86. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus deceptor Betrem, 1937: 54. Type data: INDONOESIA: Java, on roots of coffee. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 45. Notes: Depository of type material not known (Ben-Dov, 1994).

Tylococcus mauritiensis Mamet, 1939b: 579. Type data: MAURITIUS: Corps de Garde Mountain, on Eugenia mespiloides. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Mus�um national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 89.

Planococcus crotonis; Ferris, 1950b: 164. Change of combination.

Planococcus lilacinus; Ferris, 1950b: 164. Change of combination.

Planococcus tayabanus; Ferris, 1950b: 164. Change of combination.

Planococcus citri; Ferris, 1954a: 52. Misidentification.

Planococcus citri; McKenzie, 1967: 281. Misidentification; discovered by Cox, 1989: 45.

Planococcus indicus Avasthi & Shafee, 1987: 38. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Ernakulam, on wild plant. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 641.

Planococcus lilacius; Tang et. al., 1992: 7. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: Coffee mealybug [LitCa1994a]; Oriental cacao mealybug [LitCa1994a]; oriental cacao mealybug.

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Brumoides suturalis (Fabricius) [LePell1968], Horniolus vietnamicus [IrulanKuSe2001], Pseudoscymnus pallidicollis (Mulsant) [ReddySrPr1990], Scymnus apiciflavus Motschulsky [LePell1943]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Coccodiplosis smithi (Felt) [LePell1943]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus lilacini Ferriere [LePell1943], Pseudaphycus orientalis Ferriere [LePell1943].

HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia1981, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Spondias lutea [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Spondias purpurea [Morris1920, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Annona glabra [Morris1920, BenDov1994], Annona muricata [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Annona reticulata [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [Morris1920, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cananga odorata [Morris1920, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Carissa arduina [LePell1943, BenDov1994]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994], Ceiba pentandra [Morris1920, BenDov1994], Ochroma [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Terminalia catappa [Green1911, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Adenophyllum [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Dipterocarpaceae: Dipterocarpus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Ehretiaceae: Cordia myxa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Rhododendron [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Bridelia stipularis [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Codiaeum variegatum [Green1911, TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Euphorbia pyrifolia [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Macaranga sinensis [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Mallotus japonicus [TuWuLe1988, Cox1989, BenDov1994], Trewia nodiflora [LePell1943, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus carmels [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Couroupita guianensis [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Acacia confusa [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Albizia lebbeck [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Arachis hypogaea [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Bauhinia monandra [LePell1943, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Bauhinia purpurea [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Crotalaria fulva [Mamet1950, BenDov1994], Derris [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Erythrina lithospermum [Green1911, BenDov1994], Erythrina variegata [Cox1989, LePell1943, BenDov1994], Gliricidia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gliricidia maculata [LePell1943, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hymenaea [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Mucuna nigricans [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Prosopis juliflora [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Schizolobium excelsum [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Sesbania grandiflora [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Tamarindus indica [Willia1981, TuWuLe1988, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia speciosa [LePell1943, BenDov1994]. Malpighiaceae: Malpigea punicifolia [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Artocarpus cummunis [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Artocarpus integrifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Castilloa elastica [Green1911, BenDov1994], Ficus ingens [WilliaMaMa2001], Ficus rubra [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Ficus sycomorus [WilliaMaMa2001], Ficus ulmifolia [Morris1920, LePell1943, BenDov1994], Streblus asper [Morris1920, BenDov1994]. Moringaceae: Moringa oleifera [Mamet1956b, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia jambos [Morris1920, BenDov1994], Eugenia mespiloides [Mamet1939b, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oxalidaceae: Averrhoa carambola [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Palmae: Cocos nucifera [Willia1981, BenDov1994], Phoenix dactylifera [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia incana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Zizyphus jujuba [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea canephora [Morris1920, BenDov1994], Coffea sepahijala [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus aurantium [Reyne1961, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Aphania loheri [LePell1943, BenDov1994], Litchi [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Takaha1942b, BenDov1994]. Simaroubaceae: Ailanthus [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Nicotiana tabacum [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Solanum indicum [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [Reyne1961, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Heritiera littoralis [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Stilaginaceae: Antidesma bunius [Morris1920, LePell1943, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Apium graveolens [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Callicarpa formosana [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Premna odorata [Morris1920, BenDov1994], Tectona grandis [TuWuLe1988, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Comoros [Mamet1960, BenDov1994]; Kenya (invasive) [WilliaMaMa2001]; Madagascar [Mamet1950, BenDov1994]; Mauritius [BenDov1994]; Mozambique (invasive) [WilliaMaMa2001]; Reunion [WilliaMaMa2001]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1939b, Mamet1956b, BenDov1994]; Seychelles [CABI1959, Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Cocos (=Keeling) Islands [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Northern Mariana Islands [CABI1959, Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [Reyne1961, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Colombia [Kondo2001]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [Willia1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [CABI1995b] [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [CABI1995b, Cox1989, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Bhutan [Willia2004a]; Brunei [Willia2004a] [CABI1995b]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Cox1989, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, CABI1995b, Willia2004a]; India [Green1911, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, AvasthSh1987] (Bihar [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Delhi [CABI1995b], Gujarat [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Karnataka [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Kerala [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Maharashtra [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Orissa [CABI1995b], Tamil Nadu [CABI1995b, Willia2004a], Tripura [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Bali [CABI1995b]). Oriental: Indonesia (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]). Oriental: Indonesia (Java [Newste1908b, Betrem1937, Willia2004a], Kalimantan (=Borneo) [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Lombok [CABI1995b], Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Takaha1942, CABI1959, BenDov1994]; Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a], Sabah [CABI1995b], Sarawak [CABI1995b], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Maldives [CABI1995b, WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Philippines [CABI1959, BenDov1994, CABI1995b, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a]); Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) [CABI1995b]; Sri Lanka [Green1922, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, CABI1995b, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Thailand [Takaha1942, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Cox1989, BenDov1994, CABI1995b, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Japan [Kawai1980, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Natural enemies in the Oriental and Far East regions discussed by Le Pelley (1943). Biology and pest status on coffee presented by Le Pelley (1968).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Morrison (1920), Green (1922), Ferris (1954a), Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Cox & Freeston (1985), Avasthi & Shafee (1987) (as Pl. indicus), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tu et al. (1988), Cox (1989), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Description of adult female by Kawai (1980) and by Tang (1992).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by Kawai (1980). Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

SYSTEMATICS: Williams (2004a) discussed the intraspecific variation of taxonomic c characters of the adult female, and provided three diagramatic illustrations from various regions.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species is a pest of cocoa throughout the Oriental region and also occurs on wide variety of economically important crops such as Citrus, guava, coffee, custard, apple and mango. Williams et al. (2001) first reported on accidental introduction of this mealybug to the African continent.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 62-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 394 (female) [Planococcus species of Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 163 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Cox & Freeston 1985: 721 (female) [Planococcus species of cacao]; Beardsley 1966: 432 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia].

CITATIONS: AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 38-39]; BasheeJa1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 261-266]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 434-435]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 361,363-364]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-57]; CABI1959 [distribution]; CABI1995b [distribution: 1-3]; ChackoBhRa1976 [host, distribution, chemical control: 118-119]; ChackoKrAn1978 [biological control: 14-19]; ChackoKrRa1976 [chemical control: 118-119]; Cocker1905f [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 128-129]; Cocker1937 [taxonomy, economic importance: 124]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47]; CoxFr1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 724, 727]; DevajyBr1992 [chemistry: 103-111]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-93]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy: 164]; Ferris1954a [taxonomy: 52]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Graham1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 543-546]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1911 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-36]; Green1922 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 380-381]; IrulanKuSe2000 [chemical control: 92-94]; IrulanKuSe2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 18-24]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 106]; KhooOoTu1991 [distribution, economic importance]; KhoslaAuBr1999 [structure, chemistry, life history: 3745-3751]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; KrishnMa1998 [economic importance, biological control: 207-209]; KumarPr1992 [distribution, chemical control: 65-68]; LePell1943 [host, distribution, biological control: 73-93]; LePell1968 [life history]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 393]; Mamet1939b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 579-580]; Mamet1950 [host, distribution: 20]; Mamet1956b [host, distribution: 303-306]; Mani1995a [host, distribution, biological control: 61-70]; Mani1995b [life history, biological control: 23-26]; ManiKr1990d [biological control: 122-123]; ManiKr2000a [biological control: 187-189]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy: 281]; MohanRaCh2002 [taxonomy, chemistry: 111-118]; Mohara1990 [structure: 48]; Moore2001 [host, economic importance: 232-266]; Morris1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176-177]; MukhopGh1999 [life history: 464-466]; Newste1908b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-38]; NRC1969 [taxonomy, economic importance, ecology, biological control, chemical control]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; ReddyKu1998 [economic importance, biological control]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; RosenDe1973 [biological control, taxonomy: 215-222]; Sander1909a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 40]; Sassce1912 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 86]; Sekhar1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 99-109]; ShuklaTa1984a [host, distribution: 31]; SreedhChAn1983 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 98-101]; Takaha1942b [host, distribution: 10]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 371-374]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-83, 95]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; VanMelCu2001 [biological control: 23-29]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 58]; WatsonCo1990 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 102, 104]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 43]; Whitne1923 [distribution: 90-95]; Willia1981 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 243-244]; Willia1982b [host, distribution: 443-444]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 641-647]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 400-402]; WilliaMaMa2001 [host, distribution, economic importance: 259-260]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 166-167].

Planococcus litchi Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus litchi Cox, 1989: 48. Type data: HONG KONG: intercepted at Heathrow, U.K., on lychees. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona squamosa [Willia2004a]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Sapindaceae: Dimocarpus longan [Willia2004a], Litchi chinensis [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Brunei [Willia2004a]; Hong Kong [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Philippines [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: China [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Japan [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female given by Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species is most commonly found on lychees.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 364-365]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-49]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 648-649].

Planococcus mali Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus mali Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 93. Type data: NEW ZEALAND: intercepted at Hawaii, Honolulu, on Olearia chathamica. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Compositae: Olearia cathamica [EzzatMc1956, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Callitris tasmanica [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Epacridaceae: Cyathodes juniperina [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Fagaceae: Nothofagus fusca [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes nigrum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Labiatae: Phlomis [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Acacia longifolia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Acacia verticillata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Psoralea pinnata [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Ulex [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Primulaceae: Primula [Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Cotoneaster [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Pyrus malus [Willia1985, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [EzzatMc1956, Cox1987, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956) and by Cox (1987, 1989). Cox (1987, 1989). Distribution and host plant records given by

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported as a pest of blackcurrants in New Zealand (Cox, 1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World]; Cox 1987: 74 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 272 (female) [Australia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 365]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 75-76, 195]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48-52]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 92-95]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 274].

Planococcus mimosae Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus mimosae Williams, 2004a: 649. Type data: THAILAND: Chiang Mai Province, Phrao District, Ban Mai Pang, on roots of Mimosa pigra, inside thecae of the funfus Boletus dimocarpicola; collected J. Visitipanich & Y. Chanbang, 21.ix.2000. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Leguminosae: Mimosa pigra [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 649-651].

Planococcus minor (Maskell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius calceolariae minor Maskell, 1897: 322. Type data: MAURITIUS: on roots of 'onion grass'. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Cox, 1989: 52. Type depository: Auckland: New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare Research, New Zealand. Described: female.

Pseudococcus calceolariae minor; Fernald, 1903b: 99. Change of combination.

Planococcus pacificus Cox, 1981: 48. Type data: WESTERN SAMOA: intercepted in quarantine Auckland, New Zealand, on Croton leaves. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 52.

Planococcus minor; Cox, 1989: 52. Change of combination and rank.

Planococcus psidii Cox, 1989: 62. Type data: WEST MALAYSIA: Flemming Est., on Psidium guajava. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 651.

COMMON NAME: Pacific mealybug [LitCa1994a, LitCaCa1998].

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cryptolaemus affinis Crotch [SzentI1963], Scymnus brunnescens [ThirumGa2001]. LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae: Spalgis epeus (Westwood) [ReddyBNa1997].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Aphelandra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Graptophyllum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Justica carnea [GranarScTe1997], Odontonema [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pachystachys coecinea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Agavaceae: Dracaena [GranarCl2003]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Mangifera indica [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Rhus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Spondias dulcis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona muricata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Annona reticulata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [WilliaWa1988a, TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Cananga odorata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Apiaceae: Apium graveolens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Aglaonema [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Alocasia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Alocasia macrorhiza [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Cryptosperma chamissonis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia, Epipremnum pinnatum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Philodendron fonzii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pistia stratioites [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rhaphidophora vitiensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Xanthosoma nigrum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Xanthosoma sagittifolium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hedera helix [GranarCl2003], Polyscias guilfoylei [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Schefflera actinphylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Araujia sericofera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hoya. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens balsamina [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Impatiens sultani [GranarScTe1997]. Barringtoniaceae: Barringtonia asiatica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [GranarCl2003]. Bischofiaceae: Bischofia javanica [TuWuLe1988, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Cordia alliodora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tournefortia argentata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Burseraceae: Canarium harveyi [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Canarium indicum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Harrisia portoricensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Lumnitzera coccinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Terminalia catappa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Commelinaceae: Commelina [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tradescantia [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Bidens pilosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cichorium endivia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dahlia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Emilia sonchifolia [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Helianthus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Mikania scandens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pluchea odorata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Synedrella nodiflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tagetes patula [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tithonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Wedelia biflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Zinnia elegans [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ipomoea pes-caprae [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Merremia peltata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Corynocarpaceae: Corynocarpus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cruciferae: Brassica chinensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Brassica oleracea [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Raphanus sativus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus lanatus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucumis melo [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucumis sativus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita moschata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita pepo [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Sechium edule [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea alata [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha godseffiana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Acalypha hispida [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acalypha tricolor [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Aleurites moluccana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Antidesma [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Codiaeum variegatum [WilliaWa1988a, TuWuLe1988, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Croton [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Euphorbia atoto [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Euphorbia geniculata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Euphorbia heterophylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Euphorbia pulcherrima [WilliaWa1988a, TuWuLe1988, Granar1991, BenDov1994], Excoecaria agallocha [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Glochidion ramiflorum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hevea brasiliensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Jatropha curcas [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Macaranga aleuritoides [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Macaranga harveyana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Macaranga macrophylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Macaranga tanarius [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Mallotus japonicus [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006], Phyllanthus niruri [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ricinus communis [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [GranarCl2003]. Gramineae: Saccharum officinarum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Zea mays [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Guttiferae: Calophyllum inophyllum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Heliconiaceae: Heliconia aurantiaca [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus. Labiatae: Coleus blumei [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Epimeredi indicum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Salvia officinalis [GranarCl2003]. Lamiaceae: Hyptis pectinata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ocimum basilicum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea americana [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Acacia confusa [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Acacia farnesiana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Acacia holosericea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Acacia spirobis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Adenanthera pavonina [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Arachis hypogaea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Bauhinia monandra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992], Cajanus indicus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Calliandra houstoniana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cassia alata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cassia imperialis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Centrosema pubescens [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Erythrina [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Flemingia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gliricidia maculata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gliricidia sepium [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Glycine max [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Inocarpus fagifer [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Leucaena glauca [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Leucaena leucocephala [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Mimosa pigra [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mimosa pudica [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Mucuna pruriens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Phaseolus atropurpureus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Phaseolus lunatus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Phaseolus vulgaris [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Wisteria [Granar1991, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus plumosus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Caesia parviflora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Crinum asiaticum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Loganiaceae: Fagraea racemosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Lagerstroemia indica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pemphis acidula [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Magnoliaceae: Michelia figo [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Abutilon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gossypium [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Hibiscus manihot [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hibiscus tiliaceus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pavonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Marantaceae: Maranta. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaBu1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Artocarpus heterophyllus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Broussonetia papyrifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Castilloa elastica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus benjamina [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Ficus carica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus congesta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus opositica, Morus alba [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa sapientum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Musa velutina [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myristiaceae: Myristica macrantha [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus deglupta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Eugenia cumini [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Eugenia malaccensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Psidium guajava [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Jasminum [GranarCl2003]. Onagraceae: Ludwigia octovalis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae: Dendrobium veratrifolium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Palmae: Areca catechu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Balaka seemanni [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Chrysalidocarpus, Cocos nucifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Howeia forsteriana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Pandanaceae: Pandanus edulis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus foetida [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus maliformis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pandanus odoratissimus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [TuWuLe1988, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Piperaceae: Piper aduncum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Piper methysticum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Piper puberulum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Macadamia tetraphylla [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia zizyphoides [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Pyrus serotina [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Rosa chinensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Borreria laevis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Coffea liberica [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Guettarda speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ixora coccinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Morinda citrifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Randia tahitensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Citrus aurantium [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, Granar1991, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Citrus paradisi [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus reticulata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Evodia hortensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pometia pinnata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Russelia equisetiformis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia hispida [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Capsicum annuum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Capsicum frutescens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Datura metel [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Datura suaveolens [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Solanum indicum [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, LitCaCa1998], Solanum torvum [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum. Sterculiaceae: Kleinhovia hospita [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Camellia sinensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Triumfetta rhomboidea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Boehmeria [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Leucosyke [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pipturus argenteus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Procris pedunculata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum disparifolium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Clerodendrum fallax [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Clerodendrum paniculatum [TuWuLe1988, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Premna obtusifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Premna taitensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Stachytarpheta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Tectona grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Verbena [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Vitex trifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Vitidaceae: Vitis vinifera [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]. Zingiberaceae: Alpinia nutans [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Alpinia purpurata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Elettaria cardamomum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hedychium coronarium [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Nicolaia speciosa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Zingiber officinale [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Madagascar [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Mauritius [Maskel1897]; Rodriques Island [Maskel1897, Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Afrotropical: Seychelles [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Australasian: American Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Australia (New South Wales [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Queensland [Cox1989, BenDov1994], South Australia [Cox1989, BenDov1994]); Christmas Island [Willia2004a]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994] (Austral Islands [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Society Islands [Cox1989, BenDov1994]); Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; New Caledonia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tokelau [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [Cox1989, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Entre Rios [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Jujuy [GranarCl2003], Santa Cruz [GranarCl2003], Tucuman [Granar1991, BenDov1994]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Amazonas [FoldiKo2006], Espirito Santo [SantaCReSo2002]); Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Grenada [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guadeloupe [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Saint Lucia [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [GranarScTe1997]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Brunei [Willia2004a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Crowe1985, Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; India [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Punjab [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a], Tripura [Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Willia2004a] (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Java [Willia2004a], Kalimantan (=Borneo) [Cox1989, BenDov1994], Lombok [Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a], Sumatra [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Philippines [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a] (Luzon [LitCa1994a, LitCaCa1998]); Singapore [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Sri Lanka [Willia2004a]; Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]; Thailand [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a].

BIOLOGY: Buckley & Gullan (1991) showed, in Papua New Guinea, that attendance by the aggresive ant, Iridomyrmex nitidus Mayr, reduces the rate of parasitization.

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Watson (1988a), Tu et al. (1988), Cox (1989), Cox (1989) (as Pl. psidii), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Lit et al. (1998) and by Williams (2004a).

STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Lit et al. (1998). Moharana (1990) reported chromosome number 2n=10.

SYSTEMATICS: Dactylopius calceolariae var. minor Maskell, has been synonymized with Pl. citri by Morrison (1925), but Cox (1989) distinguished between them and resurrected the former as a species in Planococcus.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Planococcus minor is a common species of many economically important plants, particularly cocoa, throughout its geographical range.

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Lit et al. 1998: 32 (female) [Philippines]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 163 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].

CITATIONS: BatraBrKh1987 [host, distribution: 250-251]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 365-368]; BhuiyaChKa2000 [biological control: 417-420]; BiswasGh2000 [life history, host, distribution: 929-932]; BuckleGu1991 [host, distribution, life history: 284]; Cox1981 [taxonomy, description, illustartion, host, distribution: 48-52]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-55,62-66]; Crowe1985 [distribution]; DeitzTo1980 [taxonomy: 54]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 99]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; Granar1991b [host, distribution: 264]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97, 99]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 393, 394]; LitCaCa1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-38]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Maskel1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 322]; Mohara1990 [structure: 48]; PaulGh2004 [chemical control: 729-732]; SahooGh2001 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 436-445]; SahooGhMa1999 [life history, host, distribution: 41-48]; SantaCReSo2002 [host, distribution: 333-334]; ShuklaTa1984a [host, distribution: 31]; SzentI1963 [host, distribution, biological control: 67-71]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 375-376]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; ThirumGa2001 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 135-136]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 83-84, 96-99]; Waterh1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 156-171]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 43]; Willia1982b [host, distribution: 444-451]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 274]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 651-655]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 92]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 402-404]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-170].

Planococcus musae Matile-Ferrero & Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus musae Matile-Ferrero & Williams, 1996: 448. Type data: NIGERIA: Kolo Creek, on False Horn plantain (Musa spp.). Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Mus�um national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Musaceae: Musa [MatileWi1996].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [MatileWi1996].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Williams (1996).

CITATIONS: MatileWi1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 445-449].

Planococcus nigritulus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus nigritulus De Lotto, 1961: 222. Type data: ZAIRE: Katana, on Phoenix dactylifera. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Palmae: Phoenix dactylifera [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Zaire [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 367]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 57-59]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-223]; DeLott1964 [host, distribution: 376].

Planococcus nilgiricus Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus nilgiricus Williams, 2004a: 655. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Nilgiri, Kollar, on unidentified plant; collected S. Takagi, 9.xii.1978. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 655-656].

Planococcus orchidi Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus orchidi Cox, 1989: 59. Type data: LIBERIA: intercepted at New York, U.S.A., on wild orchids. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Orchidaceae [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Liberia [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 368]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-60].

Planococcus philippinensis Ezzat & McConnell

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus philippinensis Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 95. Type data: PHILIPPINES: intercepted at Honolulu, Hawaii, on Vanda sanderiana. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Orchidaceae: Aerides [Willia2004a], Aerides lawrenciae [Willia2004a], Cymbidium finlaysonianum [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Eria brachystachia [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis aphrodite [Willia2004a], Phalaenopsis grandiflora [Willia2004a], Spathoglottis [Willia2004a], Vanda merrilli [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Vanda sanderiana [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Vandopsis lissochiloides [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Philippines [EzzatMc1956, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 368]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-62]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 94-97]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 376-377]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 657-658].

Planococcus planococcoides (Borchsenius)

NOMENCLATURE:

Pedronia planococcoides Borchsenius, 1962a: 235. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Chindung, on Buddleia officinalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female.

Planococcus planococcoides; Tang, 1992: 377. Change of combination.

HOSTS: Loganiaceae: Buddleia officinalis [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994]. Ternstroemiaceae: Schima wallichii [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Eurya [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1962a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 368]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 377]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 25].

Planococcus principe Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus principe Cox, 1989: 62. Type data: PRINCIPE: on cocoa. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Sao Tome and Principe (Principe [Cox1989, BenDov1994]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 368]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-63].

Planococcus radicum Watson & Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus radicum Watson & Cox, 1990: 104. Type data: NIGERIA: Bumonda, on coffee roots. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Rubiaceae: Coffea [WatsonCo1990, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Nigeria [WatsonCo1990, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [WatsonCo1990, BenDov1994].

BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant (Watson & Cox, 1990).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Watson & Cox (1989).

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 368]; WatsonCo1990 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 103-104].

Planococcus subterraneus De Lotto

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus subterraneus De Lotto, 1964: 377. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on roots of Ficus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Moraceae: Ficus [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964) and by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 369]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 65-66]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377].

Planococcus sulawesi Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus sulawesi Cox, 1989: 66. Type data: INDONESIA: Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone National Park, Gunung Mogogonipa, on Urticaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Moraceae: Ficus [Willia2004a]. Urticaceae [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Indonesia (Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Cox1989, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Cox (1989) and by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 369]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 66-68]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 658-660].

Planococcus taigae Danzig

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus taigae Danzig, 1986: 19. Type data: RUSSIA: Sakhalin Oblast, on Juniperus sibirica. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Allococcus taigae; Trjapitzin, 1989: 144. Change of combination.

Crisicoccus taigae; Tang, 1992: 356. Change of combination.

Planococcus taigae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 369. Revived combination.

FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Leptomastidea bifasciata (Mayr) [Trjapi1989].

HOSTS: Cupressaceae: Juniperus communis [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Juniperus rigida [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Juniperus sibirica [Danzig1986, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1986, BenDov1994]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the twigs of the host plant. The available records of this species indicate that it is distributed in the eastern Palaearctic Region as compared to the western distribution of the very similar Planococcus vovae. Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989). Good description of the adult female given by Danzig (1986) and by Tang (1992). The redescription and illustration of P. vovae by Danzig (1980b: 168) are misidentifications of this species.

SYSTEMATICS: Williams & Moghadamm (1999) discussed the close taxonomic relation of Planococcus vovae, Planococcus taigae and Crisicoccus matesovae, and suggested that possiblity that all three represent a single variable species.

KEYS: Tang 1992: 348 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 369]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 68-72]; Danzig1986 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 19-21]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 356-357]; Trjapi1989 [taxonomy, biological control: 53, 144]; WilliaMo2000 [taxonomy: 38].

Planococcus tanzaniensis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus tanzaniensis Cox, 1989: 72. Type data: TANZANIA: Selem, on Hevea braziliensis. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Hevea braziliensis [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Tanzania [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 369]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71-72].

Planococcus tiomanensis Williams

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus tiomanensis Williams, 2004a: 659. Type data: MALAYSIA: Pahang, Pulau Tioman, north of Kampung Ayer Batung, on twigs of broad-leaved tree; collected J.H. Martin, 16.i.1990. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

HOSTS: Myrtaceae: Psidium [Willia2004a]. Orticaceae: Trema [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Willia2004a].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia].

CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 659-661].

Planococcus vovae (Nasonov)

NOMENCLATURE:

Coccus gossipifera Rondani, 1874: 43. Type data: ITALY: on twigs of Juniperus. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Moghadamm, 1999: 39. Notes: Depository of type material unknown. Williams & Moghadamm (1999) concluded that Coccus gossipifera Rondani, 1874 was a nomen oblitum (under articles 23.9.2 and 23.9.1.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Fourth Edition, 1999), and therefore placed it as a synonym of Planococcus vovae (Nasonov, 1908).

Pseudococcus (Dactylopius) vovae Nasonov, 1909: 484. Type data: POLAND: Skolimov, on Juniperus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 168. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.

Pseudococcus gossypifer; Lindinger, 1921: 424. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus gossypifer; Lindinger, 1921: 424. Justified emendation. Notes: Incorrect emendation of gossipifer to gossypifer.

Pseudococcus gossypifer; Lindinger, 1931a: 68. Justified emendation. Notes: Incorrect emendation of gossipifer to gossypifer.

Pseudococcus inamabilis Hambleton, 1935: 112. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Cupressus glauca. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986: 485. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986.

Pseudococcus gossypifer; Kawecki, 1948: 2. Justified emendation. Notes: Incorrect emendation of gossipifer to gossypifer.

Pseudococcus junipericola Borchsenius, 1949: 116. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: on Juniperus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1986a: 18.

Allococcus inamabilis; Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 15. Change of combination.

Allococcus vovae; Zahradnik, 1959a: 537. Change of combination.

Planococcus vovae; Danzig, 1980: 168. Change of combination.

Planococcus cupressicola Lotfalizadeh, 2000b: 103-104. Nomen nudum; discovered by ScaleNet, 2004: xxx.

COMMON NAME: Nassonov's mealybug.

FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) [LotfalHaKh2000], Hyperaspis polita [LotfalAh2000], Nephus bipunctatus [LotfalAh2000], Nephus bisignatus (Boeheman) [DeMarz2001], Pullus [KosztaKo1988F]. DIPTERA Cecidomyiidae: Dicrodiplosis manihoti Harris [LotfalAh2000]. HETEROPTERA Lygaeidae: Geocoris quercicola [LotfalAh2000, Lotfal2000b]. HYMENOPTERA Ceraphronidae: Lygoceus [KosztaKo1988F]. Encyrtidae: Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [Blumbe1997, LotfalAh2000], Coccidoxenoides percarinus Timberlake [SengonUyKa1998], Dusmetia fascipennis [LotfalAh2000], Leptomastidea bifasciata (Mayr) [Schmut1955b, KosztaKo1988F]. Platigastridae: Allotropa mecrida (Walker) [KosztaKo1988F]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysoperla carnea [LotfalAh2000], Suarius fedtschenkoi [LotfalAh2000].

HOSTS: Araceae: Anthurium [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Chamaecyparis lawsoniana [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Cupressocyparis leylandii [FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994], Cupressus [SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998, WilliaMo2000], Cupressus arizonica [KaydanKiKo2005], Cupressus glauca [Hamble1935, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cupressus goveniana [CoxBe1986, BenDov1994], Cupressus macrocarpa [Tranfa1981, CoxBe1986, Marott1987a, Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Cupressus sempervirens [CoxBe1986, FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000, KaydanKiKo2005], Cupressus virginiana [CoxBe1986, BenDov1994], Juniperus [Tzalev1968, BenDov1994], Juniperus cchinensis [FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Juniperus communis [Goux1946, Zahrad1956, Danzig1959, KotejaZa1966, Tzalev1968, CoxBe1986, KozarWa1986, FrancaCo1992], Juniperus communis [Marott1987a], Juniperus horizontalis [KaydanKiKo2005], Juniperus nana [Danzig1986, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000], Juniperus oxycedrae [Goux1946, FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994, Foldi2000], Juniperus oxycedrus macrocarpa [PellizFo1996], Juniperus phoenicea [FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994], Juniperus rigida [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Juniperus rufescens [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Juniperus sabina [Danzig1986, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Juniperus semiglobosa [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Juniperus seravschanica [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], Juniperus sibirica [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Libocedrus decurrens [Willia1984b, BenDov1994], Thuja [WilliaMo2000, KaydanKiKo2005], Thuja occidentalis [CoxBe1986, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [WilliaMo2000]. Taxacaea: Taxus [KaydanKiKo2005].

DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil [Hamble1935, Cox1989, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [TerGri1962, Danzig1986, BenDov1994]; Austria [Lindin1912b, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [Tzalev1968, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994]; Corsica [WilliaMo2000, Foldi2003]; Crete [CoxBe1986, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000]; Cyprus [CoxBe1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1956, Koteja1974b, Danzig1986, BenDov1994]; France [Danzig1986, BenDov1994, Foldi2000]; Georgia (Georgia [Danzig1986, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]); Germany [Schmut1955a, Schmut1980, Cox1989, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000]; Greece [Cox1989]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978, KozarWa1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [CoxBe1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996, WilliaMo2000, LotfalAh2000]; Israel [CoxBe1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Italy [RobertTr1981, Tranfa1981, CoxBe1986, Marott1987a, Cox1989, Marott1992a, FrancaCo1992, BenDov1994]; Morocco [Cox1989, BenDov1994]; Poland [Kaweck1948, KotejaZa1966, Cox1989, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000, Koteja2000a, GolanLaJa2001]; Russia (Caucasus [Danzig1986, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1959, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]); Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001, Gertss2005]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, Koteja1974b, BenDov1994]; Turkey [CoxBe1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994, SengonUyKa1998, UygunSeEr1998, WilliaMo2000, KaydanKiKo2005]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig1986, BenDov1994]); United Kingdom (England [Willia1984b, CoxBe1986, Cox1989, BenDov1994, WilliaMo2000]).

BIOLOGY: Occurring on the twigs of the host plant. Life history and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Koz�r (1988F). In Italy it develops two annual generation (Francardi & Covassi, 1992). Natural enemies in Italy discussed by Francardi & Covassi (1992). Biology and ecology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya (1992).

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat & McConnell (1956), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Roberti & Tranfaglia (1981), Cox & Ben-Dov (1986), Kosztarab & Kozar (1988F), Cox (1989) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949). The illustration and description given by Danzig (1980b: 168) for Planococcus vovae are misidentification of Planococcus taigae Danzig (1986).

SYSTEMATICS: Williams & Moghadamm (1999) concluded that Coccus gossipifera Rondani, 1874 was a nomen oblitum (under articles 23.9.2 and 23.9.1.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Fourth Edition, 1999), and therefore placed it as a synonym of Planococcus vovae (Nasonov, 1908). Williams & Moghadamm (1999) discussed the close taxonomic relation of Planococcus vovae, Planococcus taigae and Crisicoccus matesovae, and suggested the possiblity that all three represent a single variable species.

KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox & Ben-Dov 1986: 482 (female) [Mediterranean basin]; Borchsenius 1949: 93 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region].

CITATIONS: Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeKlMe1995 [life history, biological control, structure: 157-163]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 116-117, 134-135]; Canakc1977 [host, distribution: 52]; CantinBa2001 [host, distribution, life history: 107-110]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 52]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 141]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 72-74]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 482, 485-487]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 444]; Danzig1980b [host, distribution: 169]; Danzig1986 [host, distribution: 18-19]; DeMarz2001 [biological control: 181-187]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-17, 106]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 79]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; FrancaCo1992 [host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 1-20]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 150]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gertss2005 [host, distribution: 37]; GolanJa2002 [host, distribution, life history: 11-12]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Goux1946 [host, distribution: 32-33]; Hamble1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-112]; HeydarMo1997 [host, distribution: 1/2]; Kaweck1948 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 2-3]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; KaydanULZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control : 64-66]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 318]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 56]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 114]; Lindin1912b [host, distribution: 386]; Lindin1921 [taxonomy: 424]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 68]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Lotfal2000a [host, distribution, biological control: 31-44]; Lotfal2000b [host, distribution, biological control, taxonomy: 103-104]; LotfalAh2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 145-154]; LotfalHaKh2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 61-76]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 108]; Marott1992a [host, distribution: 93-94]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 352]; MendelGrBl1995 [biological control: 55-64]; Nasono1909 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 484]; PellizFo1996 [host, distribution: 125]; Podsia1981a [biological control: 159-162]; RobertTr1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 305-309]; Rondan1874 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 43-68]; Schmut1955b [biological control: 516]; SengonUyKa1998 [host, distribution, biological control: 128-131]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 228-229]; TerGri1962 [host, distribution: 127]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-82]; Tranfa1981 [host, distribution: 6]; Tzalev1968 [host, distribution: 207]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UlgentCaKa2004 [host, distribution: 102]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Willia1984b [host, distribution: 227-228]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 404-406]; WilliaMo2000 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-40]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; Zahrad1956 [host, distribution: 50-51]; Zahrad1959a [host, distribution: 537].

Planococcus zairensis Cox

NOMENCLATURE:

Planococcus zairensis Cox, 1989: 74. Type data: ZAIRE: Elisabethville [Lubumbashi], host unknown. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Zaire [Cox1989, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox (1989).

KEYS: Cox 1989: 8 (female) [World].

CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 370]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74-76].

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