Catalogue Query Results
Planococcus citri (Risso)NOMENCLATURE:
Dorthesia citri Risso, 1813: 416. Type data: FRANCE: Menton, on Citrus spp. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1994).
Coccus tuliparum Bouche, 1844: 301. Type data: ENGLAND: London, on Tulipa sp. Neotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Cox, 1990: 81. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1932f: 201.
Coccus citri; Boisduval, 1867: 348. Change of combination.
Coccus citry; Alfonso, 1875: 428. Misspelling of species name.
Dactylopius alaterni Signoret, 1875c: 309. Type data: FRANCE: probably Montpellier, on Rhamnus alaternus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Balachowsky, 1928c: 143. Notes: Synonymy also by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995:246).
Dactylopius ceratoniae Signoret, 1875c: 311. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, along the 'Corniche', in bark crevices of Ceratonia siliqua. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 246. Notes: Type material probably lost according to Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995).
Dactylopius citri; Signoret, 1875c: 312. Change of combination.
Dactylopius citri; Signoret, 1875c: 312. Notes: Incorrect citation of author.
Dactylopius cyperi Signoret, 1875c: 314. Type data: FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Nice, in greenhouse, on Cyperus papyrus. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 246. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 246.
Dactylopius robiniae Signoret, 1875c: 322. Type data: FRANCE: Var, Hyeres and Alpes-Maritimes, Cannes, Nice and Menton on Robinia psedoacacia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 249.
Dactylopius tuliparum; Signoret, 1875c: 323. Change of combination.
Lecanium phyllococcus Ashmead, 1879: 160. Type data: U.S.A.: Florida, on orange trees. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 99. Notes: Type material depository unknown (Cox, 1989).
Dactylopius brevispinus Targioni Tozzetti, 1881: 137. Type data: ITALY: Location not indicated, on various plants in the field. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 99. Notes: Type material probably lost according to G. Pellizzari-Scaltriti, 1990 personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.
Dactylopius destructor Comstock, 1881a: 342. Type data: U.S.A.: on houseplants in greenhouses. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Fernald, 1903: 99. Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1994).
Dactylopius farinosus; Cockerell, 1898g: 109. Misidentification.
Dactylopius secretus Hempel, 1900a: 387. Type data: BRAZIL: Ypiranga, in galls on leaves of a plant of the Solanaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Curitiba: Departamento de Zoologia, Setor de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidae Federal do Parana, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 394.
Phenacoccus spiriferus Hempel, 1900a: 389. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on cultivated tree. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 394. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 16.
Phenacoccus spiniferus; Hempel, 1901: 110. Misspelling of species name.
Pseudococcus citri; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus cyperi; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus robiniae; Fernald, 1903b: 108. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus tuliparum; Fernald, 1903b: 111. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus alaterni; Fernald, 1903b: 97. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus ceratoniae; Fernald, 1903b: 99. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus citri coleorum Marchal, 1908: 236. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, Luxembourg Gardens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 132.
Dactylopius (Trechocorys) citri; Newstead, 1908: 9. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus citri phenacocciformis Brain, 1915: 116. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Rosebank, on Bouvardia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 65.
Pseudo-Coccus citris; Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1929: 5. Misspelling of species name.
Planococcus citri; Ferris, 1950b: 165. Change of combination.
Planococcoides cubanensis Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 53. Type data: CUBA: intercepted in U.S.A., on Ficus panduratae. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 16.
Planococcus citricus Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 69. Type data: ITALY: intercepted in U.S.A., on Citrus limonia. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1981: 48.
Planococcus cucurbitae Ezzat & McConnell, 1956: 71. Type data: GRENADA: on Cucurbita sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Cox, 1989: 16.
COMMON NAMES: citrus mealybug [Essig1915a, McKenz1967, SmithBeBr1997]; Citrus mealybug [McKenz1967]; cochonilha-algodao [CarvalAg1997]; cotonet [Lloren1990]; kimhit hehadar; piojo de los cítricos [QuezadCoDi1972].
FOES: ACARI Trombiidae: Allotrombium pulvinum Ewing [SaboorHoHa2003]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Brumoides lineatus Weise [WengHu1988], Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant [Fisher1963, Clause1978, JayaraChGo1988, MichelHa1995, BaskarLaUt1999], Diomus austrinus Green [ChongOeOs2005], Diomus flavifrons (Blackburn) [Meyerd1983], Exochomus metallicus Korsch [Moore1988], Nephus bipunctatus (Kugelann) [Moore1988], Nephus includens Kirsch. [ArgyriStMo1976], Nephus reunioni [MichelHa1995], Scymnus coccivora [JayaraChGo1988], Scymnus hieki Fursch [ArgyriStMo1976], Scymnus ochroderus Mulsant [BennetSi1964]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Coccodiplosis citri Barnes [Barnes1935]. FUNGI : Cladosporium oxysporum [Moore2002]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus caridei (Brethes) [Moore1988], Coccophagus gurneyi (Compere) [Blumbe1997]. Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus aegyptiacus Mercet [Rivnay1945], Agarwalencyrtus citri (Agarwal) [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus aurantifrons Compere [Comper1939d], Anagyrus bohemani [Tzalev1972], Anagyrus fusciventris (Girault) [BlumbeVa2001], Anagyrus greeni (Howard) [AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus pseudococci (Girault) [Clause1978, Moore1988, Blumbe1997], Blepyrus insularis (Cameron) [AbdRab2001d], Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (Timberlake) [Moore1988, Trjapi1989, JoyceHoBe2001, CeballWa2004], Homalotylus quaylei Timberlake [Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea abnormalis (Girault) [Flande1953a, ArgyriStMo1976, Clause1978, Moore1988], Leptomastidea aurantiaca Mercet [Trjapi1989], Leptomastix bifasciatus Compere [Moore1988], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Clause1978, Moore1988, Trjapi1989, Blumbe1997], Leptomastix eponga (Walker) [BlumbeVa2001], Leptomastix flava Mercet [AbdRab2001d], Neoplatycerus palestinensis (Rivnay) [Rivnay1945, Trjapi1989], Pauridia peregrina Timberlake [Clause1978, Golber1982], Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet) [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus io (Girault) [Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus mundus Gahan [Clause1978], Tropidiophryne natalensis Compere [Comper1939d]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa kamburovi Annecke & Prinsloo [AnneckPr1976a]. Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron concolor Foerster [ArgyriStMo1976]. NEUROPTERA Chrysopidae: Chrysopa lacciperda Kimmins [Krishn1988].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Acanthus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eranthemum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Fittonia albivenis [BenDov1994], Justica carnea [GranarScTe1997], Pachystachys [BenDov1994]. Agavaceae: Dracaena [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Amaranthaceae: Alternanthera philoxeroides [BenDov1994], Amaranthus [BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [McKenz1967, TuWuLe1988, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KinjoNaHi1996], Rhus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Annona cherimola [Martin1985], Annona muricata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Annona senegalensis [Hall1937, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Nerium oleander [Tzalev1968, Martin1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Aglaonema roebelinii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Arisarum vulgare [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Cryptosperma chamissonis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia [Osborn1898, BenDov1994], Dieffenbachia hoffmanii [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Philodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rhaphidophora, Scindapsus aureus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia elegantissima [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya nicholsoniae [BenDov1994], Stephanotis. Balsaminaceae: Impatiens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Bignonia [Essig1910c, Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Jacaranda [BenDov1994], Tecoma capensis [Hall1926a, BenDov1994]. Blechnaceae: Blechnum brownei [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bombacaceae: Ceiba pentandra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Burseraceae: Garuga pinata [BenDov1994]. Cactaceae: Cactus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna coccinea [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994], Canna flaccida [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994]. Cephalotaxaceae: Cephalotaxus drupacea [Martin1985]. Compositae: Melanthera biflora [BenDov1994], Schomburgkia tibicinus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Senecio [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Xanthium occidentale. Convolvulaceae: Ipomoea batatas [WilliaWa1988a, McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ipomoea pes-capreae [BenDov1994], Mina lobata [BenDov1994]. Cruciferae: Brassica oleracea capitata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis melo [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita pepo [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Sechium edule. Cyperaceae: Cyperus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cyperus papyrus [Signor1875c, Cocker1897, BenDov1994]. Dilleniaceae: Hibbertia scandens [BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros [BenDov1994]. Ehretiaceae: Cordia dentata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Codiaeum [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Colliguaja odorifera [Mills1984], Croton variegatum [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Essig1910c, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Jatropha curcas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Macaranga [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [Willia1970DJ, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Gesneriaceae: Saintpaulia ionantha. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola koenigii. Gramineae: Bidens pilosa [BenDov1994], Oryza latifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Saccharum officinarum. Labiatae: Coleus [Essig1915a, McKenz1967, Cox1987, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Coleus hibridus [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Mentha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ocimum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ocimum basilicum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [GranarScTe1997], Persea americana [McKenz1967, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Bertholletia excelsa [BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Abarema grandiflora [BenDov1994], Acacia [KozarGuBa1994], Albizia falcataria [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Bauhinia [BenDov1994], Cassia imperalis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ceratonia siliqua [Signor1875c, BenDov1994], Delonix regia [BenDov1994], Entada phaseoloides [BenDov1994], Erythrina corralodendron [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gliricidia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Glycine max [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Glycine wightii [BenDov1994], Inocarpus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Leucaena glauca [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Medicago sativa [BenDov1994], Phaseolus limensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Phaseolus vulgaris, Pueraria thunbergiana [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Robinia pseudoacacia [Signor1875c, BenDov1994], Trifolium alexandrinum [Hall1937, BenDov1994], Trifolium dubium, Wisteria chinensis. Liliaceae: Asparagus [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lythraceae: Bergenia crassifolia [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Gossypium purpurescens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hibiscus [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994]. Maranthaceae: Marantha [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Menispermaceae: Legnephora moorii [BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Castilloa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ficus carica [Bodenh1926, Archan1930, Martin1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Ficus nitida [Martin1985], Ficus pandurate [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Musaceae: Musa acuminata [PerezGCa1987], Musa sapientum [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myoporaceae: Eremophila gilesii [BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Callistemon lanceolatus [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Psidium guajava [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Bougainvillea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [WilliaMo2000], Jasminum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Olea europea [GranarScTe1997]. Onagraceae: Fuchsia [Essig1910c, BenDov1994]. Paeoniaceae: Paeonia [Essig1910c, BenDov1994]. Palmae: Cocos nucifera [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Granophyllum [BenDov1994], Phoenix dactylifera [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Passifloraceae: Passiflora edulis [BenDov1994], Tacsonia jasminoides [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Pittosporaceae: Pittosporum [Goux1931, BenDov1994]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Archan1930, BenDov1994]. Plumbaginoceae: Plumbago [Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca oleracea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Macadamia integrifolia [Willia1973, BenDov1994], Macadamia tetraphylla [BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [McKenz1967, Martin1985, BenDov1994]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus integerrimus [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Rhamnus alaternus [Signor1875c, Cocker1897, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Fragaria vesca [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Malus domestica [GranarScTe1997], Malus pumila [BenDov1994], Pyrus communis [GranarScTe1997], Rosa. Rubiaceae: Bouvardia [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Coffea arabica [Hall1937, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994], Coffea liberica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [Matile1988, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Morinda umbellata forsteri [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Mussaenda erythrophylla [BenDov1994], Pavetta chumanniana [Hall1937, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Melis1930, QuezadCoDi1972, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994, CarvalAg1997, UygunSeEr1998], Citrus aurantium [Bodenh1926, Martin1985, BenDov1988b, WilliaGr1992, Granar1991, BenDov1994], Citrus decumanus [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Citrus grandis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [Martin1985, Marott1987a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Citrus medica [Essig1910c, BenDov1994], Citrus paradisi [WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus reticulata [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Citrus reticulata [GranarScTe1997], Citrus sinensis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Flindersia brayleyana [BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica. Solanaceae: Brunfelsia pauciflora [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cestrum [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Nicotiana tabacum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Salpiglossis, Solandra, Solanum douglasi, Solanum melongena [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997], Solanum verbascifolium auriculatum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Commersonia bartramia [BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [WilliaWa1988a, Campbe1983, WilliaGr1992]. Strelitziaceae: Strelitzia gigantea [Essig1915a, BenDov1994], Strelitzia reginae [Essig1910c, Essig1915a, BenDov1994]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix aphylla [Matile1988, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Apium [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Parietaria [Bodenh1926], Parietaria officinalis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum [BenDov1994], Vitex trifolia. Vitidaceae: Vitis [WilliaMo2000], Vitis vinifera [Martin1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997, UygunSeEr1998].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973, BenDov1994]; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Comoros [Matile1978, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Sao Tome and Principe (Sao Tome [Seabra1921, Laing1928, BenDov1994]); South Africa [BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]; Zimbabwe [Hall1937, Hodgso1969c, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Australian Capital Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tasmania [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Western Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994, SmithBeBr1997]); Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) [KawaiMaUm1971, Kawai1987]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Caroline Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Kosrae (=Kusaie) [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Yap [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Hawaiian Islands (Maui [Zimmer1948], Molokai [Zimmer1948], Oahu [Zimmer1948]); Kiribati (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; New Zealand [Cox1987, BenDov1994]; Niue [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [Laing1927, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ferris1918d, Essig1909a, Essig1915a, McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Iowa [Osborn1898, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Buenos Aires [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Catamarca [GranarCl2003], Cordoba [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Entre Rios [GranarCl2003], Salta [GranarCl2003], Tucuman [Granar1979, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Hempel1900a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Parana [FoldiKo2006], Rio Grande do Sul [GomesCRe1949, BertelBa1966]); Cayman Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; El Salvador [QuezadCoDi1972, BenDov1994]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Galapagos Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CaustoPeSi2006]; Grenada [EzzatMc1956, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Beders1969, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, DelaCrCh1996]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Suriname [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [GranarScTe1997]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006]. Oriental: Bangladesh [Varshn1992, BenDov1994]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992, BenDov1994]); India [Varshn1992, BenDov1994] (Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Willia2004a], Sikkim [Willia2004a], West Bengal [Nath1972, Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Java [Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sumatra [Green1930c]); Malaysia (Malaya [Willia2004a]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Pakistan [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Philippines (Luzon [Willia2004a]); Sri Lanka [Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia1999, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [TuWuLe1988, BenDov1994, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Algeria [Balach1927, BenDov1994]; Armenia [TerGri1956, TerGri1966a, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Azores [CarvalFrAg1996]; Bulgaria [Tschor1939, Tzalev1968, Tzalev1972, BenDov1994]; Canary Islands [PerezGCa1987, MatileOr2001]; China [Borchs1956b, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Corsica [Foldi2003]; Crete [Ayouta1940, Argyri1983, BenDov1994]; Cyprus [CABI1969]; Czech Republic [Zahrad1990, BenDov1994]; Egypt [Hall1926a, BenDov1994]; France [Risso1813, Signor1875c, Cocker1897, Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2001, MatileGePi2004]; Georgia (Georgia [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]); Greece [Argyri1983, MichelHa1995]; Hungary [KosztaKo1978, BenDov1994]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996, WilliaMo2000]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994]; Israel [Bodenh1924, Avidov1961, BenDov1988b, BenDov1994]; Italy [Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [KinjoNaHi1996]; Jordan [new]; Lebanon [Bodenh1926, Talhou1969, BenDov1994]; Libya [Martin1954]; Madeira Islands [CarvalFrAg1996, CarvalAg1997]; Morocco [Rungs1970]; Poland [Koteja1974b, Dziedz1990, BenDov1994]; Portugal [Seabra1930, FrancoPa1991, Fernan1992, BenDov1994, CarvalFrAg1996]. Palaearctic: San Marino [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palaearctic: Sardinia [Melis1930, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, Matile1984c, BenDov1994]; Sicily [RussoMa1997]; South Korea [KwonDaPa2003a]; Spain [Martin1985]; Switzerland [KozarGuBa1994]; Syria [Talhou1969, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Tunisia [CABI1969]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, Tuncyu1970a, BenDov1994, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanKiKo2005]; Turkmenistan [Archan1930, Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]); Uzbekistan [Terezn1975, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: James (1937a) showed that reproduction in sexual (in laboratory population in England) and evaluated its sex ratio. James (1938) proved that environmental humidity has no decisive effect (in laboratory population in England) on sex ratio. Nelson-Rees (1960) studied the life history and sex predetermination. Nelson-Rees (1961) described the modification of the ovary due to aging. Rotundo & Tremblay (1975c) reported on the attractiveness of virgin females to hymenopterous parasites. Rotundo & Tremblay (1982b) reported on hybridization between this species and Pl. ficus. Tranfaglia (1978), Tranfaglia & Tremblay (1982) and Tremblay et al. (1983) pointed out and evaluated the great morphological affinity (of the adult female) of this species with P. citri. Rotundo & Tremblay (1982a) bioassayed the synthetic female sex pheromone. The female sex pheromone and some analogues were field-bioassayed by Dunkelblum et al. (1987). Moreno et al. (1984) studied the complex hierarchy of male responses elicited by the female sex pheromone. Ortu & Delrio (1982) presented observations on the use of the pheromone in control of this species. Gothilf & Beck (1966) developed an artifical, defined diet for laboratory rearing of this mealybug. Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978) and by Moore (1988). Parasites in Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). Smith et al. (1997) reporetd from citrus in Australia, at least 6 annual generation (in Queensland and the Northern Territory), 4-5 gnerations in New South wales, while 3-4 in Victoria and South Australia.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Cox (1981; 1987; 1989), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Beardsley (1960) and by Afifi (1968). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949). Cox (1981) evaluated the effect of environmental conditions on the range of variation of certain morphological characters in the adult female.
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by McKenzie (1967), Schmutterer (1990), Carvalho & Aguiar (1997), Wong et al. (1999) and by Matile-Ferrero et al.(2004). Several aspects of the male chromosome system studied by Nur (1966, 1967, 1968). SEM micrograph of trilocular pore and of wax secretions given by Foldi (1991). Ultrastructure of the symbionts studied by Iaccarino & Tremblay (1971). Rotundo and Tremblay (1974) described a technique for extractions of the female sex pheromone, and Rotundo & Tremblay (1982a) gave preliminary data about its activity. Rotundo & Tremblay (1975b) evaluated the attractiveness of the female sex pheromone. The female sex pheromone was isolated, identified and synthesized by Bierl-Leonhardt et al. (1981). Female sex pheromone synthesized by Gaoni (1982), Carlsen & Odden (1984) and by Wolk et al. (1986). Rotundo & Tremblay (1980a) evaluated the daily rate of release of the female sex pheromone.
SYSTEMATICS: Tranfaglia (1978), Tranfaglia & Tremblay (1982) and Tremblay et al.(1983) pointed out and evaluated the great morphological affinity (of the adult female) of this species with P. ficus. Rotundo (1975), Rotundo & Tremblay (1975a), Rotundo & Tremblay (1976a), Tremblay et al., (1977) and Rotundo & Tremblay (1980) evaluated its degree of affinity to three mealybug species using female and male morphology, chromosome numbers, endosymbionts, serological methods and immunoelectrophoresis.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This is one the most cosmopolitan mealybugs, damaging many outdoor crops in the tropics and subtropics, as well as in greenhouse in the temperate regions (Bodenheimer, 1930a, 1951a; McKenzie, 1967; Bartlett, 1978e; Cox, 1989). A sporadic olive pest in the Mediterranean region (Swirski, 1985). Rosciglione & Castellano (1985) showed that this mealybug transmitted Grapevine Virus A (GVA) from grapevine to Nicotiana clevelandii. Lagowska (1995) reviewed the prospects for biological control in greenhouses. Hanna et al., (1956) reported that P. citri is a vector of the swollen-shoot virus disease of cacao in Ghana. Cabaleiro & Segura (1997) studied in Spain the field transmission of Grapevine Leafroll Associated Virus 3 (GLRaV-3) by the mealybug Planococcus citri; it is very likely that the studied mealybug was actually Planococcus ficus (Signoret).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 620-622 (female) [Planococcus species of southern Asia]; Kwon et al. 2003a: 406 (female) [Planococcus species of South Korea]; Marotta & Pagano 1997: 114 (female) [Italian mealybugs on Geranium sp.]; Kosztarab 1996: 169 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 393 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox 1989: 9 (female) [World]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 163 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Cox 1987: 74 (female) [New Zealand]; Cox & Ben-Dov 1986: 482 (female) [Mediterranean basin]; Williams 1985: 274 (female) [Australia]; McKenzie 1967: 280 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1966: 432 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; Beardsley 1960: 214 (male) [Hawaii]; Ferris 1950b: 164 (female) [North America ]; Borchsenius 1949: 95 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 176 (female) [Hawaii]; Lawson 1917: 177 (female) [U.S.A.: Kansas].
CITATIONS: AbdelkAfSm1998 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 483-488]; AbdElKDaKo1988 [chemical control, biological control: 270-275]; AbdRab2001d [distribution, biological control: 1362]; AblesRi1981 [biological control, economic importance: 273]; Ackono2002 [biological control: 105-112]; Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 93-98]; AhlawaPa2003 [virus, life hiastory: 447-474]; Aldric1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry: 205-206]; Alfons1875 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 428-431]; Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 19]; AltierNi1999 [biological control: 975-991]; AngeleHeCe1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 27-29]; Anneck1969 [biological control: 849-854]; AnneckPr1976a [host, distribution, biological control: 105-108]; Arai1996 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 25-34]; Arai1997 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 263-266]; Archan1930 [host, distribution: 78]; Argyri1983 [host, distribution: 365]; ArgyriStMo1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 22]; Armita1919 [biological control: 257-260]; Ashmea1879 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 160]; AtwaMoSh1987 [taxonomy, life history, chemistry: 1655-1676]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-38]; Avidov1961 [life history, chemical control, host, distribution: 144-148]; AvidovErGo1960 [economic importance, chemical control: 33-45]; Ayouta1940 [host, distribution: 2-4]; Ayouta1940 [host, distributuion: 2-4]; Balach1927 [host, distribution: 187]; Balach1928a [taxonomy: 143]; Balach1932b [ecology: 517-522]; BalakrViGo1987 [biological control: 59-61]; BalciuBuPu1995 [biological control: 247-267]; Barnes1935 [host, distribution, biological control: 526-527]; Bartle1957 [biological control: 753-755]; Bartle1969 [biological control: 875-878]; Bartle1974 [biological control: 553-556]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 150-155]; BartleLl1958 [economic importance, host, distribution : 90-93]; Basing1931a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 6-8,30-31]; BaskarLaUt1999 [biological control: 605-606]; BattagTrFr1997 [biological control: 3-11]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 432-434]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 195]; Beders1969 [distribution, host, chemical control: 933-940]; Beingo1957 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 23-25]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 355-358]; BenDov2006a [host, distribution: 206]; BennetRoCo1976 [biological control, economic importance: 359-365]; BennetSi1964 [biological control: 81-94]; BernarVi1999 [chemical control, biological control: 81-84]; BertelBa1966 [host, distribution: 17-46]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 64-69]; BierlLMoSc1981 [chemistry, physiology: 389-392]; Bishop1931 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-7]; BlachiDr2000 [host, distribution, chemical control: 316-318]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BlumbeFrSu2002 [structure, life history, biological control: 385-395]; BlumbeGrSt1997 [biological control]; BlumbeKlMe1995 [life history, biological control, structure: 157-163]; BlumbeVa2001 [life history, biological control: 191-199]; Bodenh1924 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 78-81]; Bodenh1926 [host, distribution: 45]; Bodenh1928a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 6-14]; Bodenh1930a [economic importance]; Bodenh1937 [host, distribution: 219]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 14]; Bodenh1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, economic importance, life history, structure, physiology, ecology, biological control, chemical control: 396-454]; Bodenh1953a [host, distribution: 119]; Boisdu1867 [taxonomy: 348]; BongioMaMa2001 [life history, structure: 3809-3817]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 131-134]; Borden1923 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 1-10]; Bouche1844 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 301-302]; BouhelDeDe1932 [host, distribution, control: 1-60]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Brader1979 [chemical control, biological control: 225-254]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 182]; Branig1916 [biological control: 304-306]; Brimbl1962 [host, distribution, economic importance: 227-228]; Brock1925 [economic importance: 349,366]; BroshToNe1989 [chemical control: 1464-1465]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, virus: 591-602]; Buchne1953 [taxonomy, structure: 230-238]; Buchne1965 [taxonomy, structure: 255-261]; BugliaFe2004 [genetics, cytology: 284-294]; BugliaPrFe1999 [structure, chemistry, life history: 71-73]; CabaleSe1997 [economic importance, ecology, virus transmission: 283-287]; CABI1969 [distribution]; Calkin1983 [distribution, economic importance: 321]; Campbe1983 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 137-151]; Campbe1984 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 163-174]; CamposMaRi2003 [life history, biological control: 139-147]; CamposMaRi2003 [biological control: 139-147]; CanhilUyCa2001 [biological control: 117-125]; Capra1927 [host, distribution, biological control: 152-160]; CarlseOd1984 [structure: 501-504]; Carrer1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 521-526]; CarvalAg1997 [life history, economic importance, description, host, distribution: 168-170]; CarvalFrAg1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 614]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; CeballWa2004 [host, biological control: 235-244]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 141]; ChackoKrAn1978 [biological control: 14-19]; ChackoKrRa1976 [chemical control: 118-119]; ChongHo2006a [biological control]; ChongOeOs2005 [biological control, host, distribution, life history: 39-48]; Chou1947a [chemical control: 38]; Clause1958 [economic importance, biological control: 291-310]; Clause1958a [host, distribution, biological control: 443-447]; Cloyd1999 [life history, ecology, biological control: 1-60]; Cloyd2003 [chemical control: 1397-1399]; Cocker1893n [taxonomy, host, distribution: 267]; Cocker1897 [host, distribution: 200]; Cocker1898g [taxonomy: 109]; Cocker1899n [host, distribution: 7]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 252]; CoffeeBoRe1986 [host, distribution: 1-73]; Cole1933 [host, distribution, biological control: 855-864]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; Comper1939d [host, distribution, biological control: 13-15,]; Comper1969 [biological control: 755-764]; ComperZi1955 [biological control: 94-116]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 342-343]; CoplanPeHe1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 44-47]; CoryHi1959 [chemical control: 344-345]; CotoSa2001 [host, distribution: 60-68]; Cox1981 [taxonomy: 47-53]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 74, 193]; Cox1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 15-17]; CoxBe1986 [taxonomy: 482-483]; Crouze1973 [host, distribution, biological control: 15-39]; DahlstHa1999 [biological control: 919-933]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 38-52]; DarvasSz1987 [host, distribution, chemical control: 343-351]; DaviesCeWa2004 [biological control: 181-188]; DeBachDiFl1951 [biological control: 347-348]; DeBachDiFl1951 [biological control: 1,14]; DeBachHu1971 [biological control: 113-140]; DeBachHuMa1976 [biological control: 255-285]; DeFlui1941 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 1-119]; deJongVa1988 [life history, biological control: 1079-1096]; DelabiCa1991 [host, distribution, economic importance: 53-57]; DelabiDaCa1994 [life history, ecology, economic importance: 91-103]; DelaCrCh1996 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 100-104]; DelGue1906 [host, distribution: 257-263]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 119]; DelrioOrUs1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 539-541]; DenninDu1954 [chemical control: 310-316]; deSilvJoSh2002 [life history, virus: 537-545]; Domeni1951 [host, distribution, biological control: 157-180]; Doutt1949 [taxonomy, structure: 835]; Doutt1951 [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution, chemical control: 37-40]; Doutt1952 [taxonomy, structure: 391-397]; Doutt1952a [biological control, economic importance, host, distribution: 343-344]; Dozier1926a [biological control: 97]; DreistClFl1994 [taxonomy, life history, description, economic importance, control]; DunkelBeGo1987 [structure, chemistry: 863-871]; DunkelBeGo1987a [structure, chemistry: 149-154]; Dziedz1990 [host, distribution: 34-35]; ElzenKi1999 [biological control: 253-270]; Epstei1991 [structure, chemistry, chromosome]; Essig1909a [taxonomy, distribution: 46]; Essig1910b [host, distribution: 339-345]; Essig1910f [biological control: 260-274]; Essig1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 126-129]; EtzelLe1999 [biological control: 125-197]; EwartMe1956 [chemistry: 441-447]; Ezzat1987 [structure: 57-62]; EzzatMc1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 55, 65-67, 71]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; FargerMo1974 [life history, chemistry, biological control: 26-28]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 99-100]; Fernan1992 [host, distribution: 61]; FerrarBuPr1998 [structure, chemistry: 45]; FerrarBuRo2001 [structure, anatomy: 93-101]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 494]; FieldLyMa2004 [structure, DNA, chromsome: 109-115]; Fisher1963 [biological control: 1-39]; FlaherWi1999 [biological control: 853-869]; Flande1937 [biological control: 401-422]; Flande1943 [biological control: 117,128,137]; Flande1949a [biological control: 257-274]; Flande1951b [biological control: 93-98]; Flande1953a [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 266-269]; Flande1958a [biological control: 579-584]; Flande1959b [biological control: 125-142]; Foldi1991 [structure: 163-188]; Foldi1997 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 205]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 312]; Franco1996 [life history, ecology, control: 711]; FrancoMa2001 [host, distribution: 191-196]; FrancoPa1991 [host, distribution: 282-285]; FrancoRuSu2002 [life history, ecology, pheromone, economic importance: 297-303]; FrancoSiCa2000 [taxonomy, illustration, life history, biological control, host, distribution, economic importance: 1-142]; FrancoSuBo2004 [biological control: 507-522]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Gaoni1982 [structure: 5215-5218]; Garcia1998JF [host, life history, biological control: 1-86]; GeorgaBuHo1972 [chemical control: 16-22]; GermaiMaPi2002 [host, distribution: 255]; GharizHe2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 85-86]; Golber1982 [biological control: 86-90]; GollifJaDa1977 [host, distribution, virus transmission: 171-177]; GomesCRe1949 [host, distribution: 63-64]; GomezC1932 [biological control: 1-59]; GomezC1950 [biological control, host, distribution: 1-18]; GomezC1951 [biological control, host, distribution: 21-28]; GomezC1954a [biological control, host, distribution: 19-35]; GomezM1929 [taxonomy: 5]; GomezM1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 333-339]; GomezM1958c [host, distribution: 407]; Gonzal1969 [biological control: 839-847]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; GothilBe1966 [life history, behavior, physiology: 489-490]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; GovindJoSr2003 [biological control: 96-102]; GradyRe1940 [host, distribution, economic importance, taxonomy: 1-32]; Granar1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-149]; Granar1991a [host, distribution: 267-268]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97-98]; Graven2003 [biological control: 71-82]; Gray1954 [life history: 174-176]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Greath1976 [biological control, economic importance]; Green1930c [host, distribution: 280]; GriffiTh1947 [host, distribution, chemical control: 386-388]; GrossBiGa2001 [chemical control, biological control: 219-221]; GrossDrBl1999 [economic importance, host, distribution,: 463-468]; GrossDrSt1997 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control]; GrossDuAs2002 [life history, pheromone, economic importance: 283-295]; Gullan2000 [taxonomy, description: 160-166]; GullanDoKn1987 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 52]; HagenBoMc1976 [biological control, life history: 93]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hall1926a [host, distribution: 6]; Hall1927d [host, distribution: 267-287]; Hall1937 [host, distribution: 126]; Hall1969 [economic importance: 823-826]; HallFo1933 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-55]; HamidMi1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 711]; HannaHeJu1952 [chemical control: 334-335]; HannaJuHe1955 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 889-710]; HannaJuHe1956 [economic importance, control, virus-disease vector: 219-227]; HeidarJa2000 [biological control: 49-53]; HelalDoEl2000 [host, distribution]; Hempel1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 389-390]; Hempel1901 [taxonomy, decription, host, distribution: 110-111]; Hodgso1969c [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control, economic importance: 22]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 144]; HoffmaRiSh1998 [biological control: 268-293]; HogendClSw2006 [host, life history, physiology: 201-211]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description: 52, 53]; HoyHe1985 [biological control]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 179]; HusseyBr1971 [host, distribution, biological control: 95]; IaccarTr1971 [structure: 35-48]; Iperti1961 [economic importance: 14-30]; IrenAtOk1973 [chemical control: 1]; IslamJa1992 [biological control: 17-22]; IslamJa1993a [life history, biological control: 322-324]; JacasMGa2001 [chemical control, biological control: 103-112]; Jackso1995 [biological control, life history]; JacobsReCr1978 [chemistry: 448-457]; JalaliSiBi2000 [biological control, life history: 159-162]; James1937a [life history: 429-461]; James1938 [life history: 73-79]; JaszaiDa1983 [chemical control: 198-202]; JayaraChGo1988 [biological control: 77-78]; Jeppso1969 [economic importance, chemical control, physiology: 917-921]; JoyceHoBe2001 [life history, biological control: 49-57]; KansuUy1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 565-567]; Kaplan1996 [biological control: 215-216]; Kaplan1996 [Chemical control, biological control: 215-216]; Kaplan1998 [chemical control, biological control: 165-176]; Katsoy1996 [life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 21, 83-85]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 8]; Kawai1987 [host, distribution: 77]; KawaiMaUm1971 [host, distribution: 15]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; KetterVeBi2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 199-206]; KingLe1984 [biological control: 1]; KingMo1984 [biological control: 206-222]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 263-265]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 73, 74]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; KosztaKo1988F [host, distribution: 60]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; Kriegl1975 [host, distribution, chemical control: 71-77]; Krishn1988 [biological control: 97-98]; KrishnMa1989a [biological control, economic importance: 466]; KrishnMa1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 12-13]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 184]; KwonDaPa2003a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 406-408]; LaChanScBu1967 [life history, chemical control, biological control: 147]; LaflinPa2004 [host, distribution, life history: 982-988]; LafonCoHu1961 [economic importance: 37-43]; Lagows1995 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 5-10]; Lagows1995a [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 375-378]; Laing1927 [host, distribution: 36]; Laing1928 [host, distribution: 214-215]; Lashin1956 [distribution: 27-28]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 177-178]; Leach1940 [life history, virus transmission: 1-3]; LedieuHeDe1989 [economic importance: 405]; LeiZaLe2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 43-44]; Lindin1932f [taxonomy: 201]; Lindin1939 [host, distribution: 37]; LiottaMiRa1977 [host, economic importance: 29-67]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-461]; Lloyd1966 [life history, physiology, Flande1951b: 265]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; Lorick1970 [taxonomy, structure: 11-30]; Lorick1970a [taxonomy, structure: 1-68]; LuckFoSc2003 [biological control: 179]; Mani1994b [host, distribution, biological control: 351-355]; ManiKr1990d [biological control: 122-123]; ManiKr1994 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 12-13]; ManiKr1997c [host, distribution, biological control: 45-47]; ManiKr2000a [biological control: 187-189]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Martin1954 [host, distribution, economic importance: 113-116]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96]; MartinGaRi2003 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 149-161]; MartinGaRi2003a [biological control: 139-147]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 11-248]; Matile1978 [host, distribution: 52]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 227]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; McCoy1985 [biological control: 481-499]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-283]; McLeod1939 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 62-68]; McLeod1962 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-33]; MealybSt1987 [life history, economic importance, control: 24-30]; Melis1930 [host, distribution: 14]; MendelBlIs1991 [chemical control: 103-112]; MendelBlWy1992 [host, distribution, biological control: 45S-49S]; MendelBlZe1992 [life history, ecology, chemistry: 118-124]; MendelGrBl1995 [biological control: 55-64]; MendelGrSt2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 251-265]; MessenBiVa1976 [biological control: 543-563]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Meyerd1983 [biological control, host, distribution: 1275-1277]; MeyerdChSu1981 [life history, ecology, host, distribution: 662-664]; MeyerdFrCh1981 [economic importance, chemical control: 49-52]; MeyerdFrHa1979 [chemical control, biological control: 893-895]; MeyerdFrHa1982 [chemical control, biological control: 134-136]; MeyerdHaDe1978 [biological control: 295-299]; MichelHa1995 [economic importance, biological control, chemical control, host, distribution: 277-284]; Mills1984 [economic importance: 142-144]; Monast1958 [economic importance, control: 131-165]; MonastZa1959 [description, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 27-49]; Moore1988 [biological control: 212-213, 216]; MorenoFaEw1984 [life history, behavior, structure: 32-38]; MorrisKi1977 [biological control: 183-217]; Muma1969 [biological control: 863-870]; MumaSeDe1961 [biological control: 1-39]; Murray1978 [host, distribution, biological control: 139-142]; Murray1978a [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 143-147]; Murray1984 [host, distribution, biological control: 141-146]; Nath1972 [host, distribution: 6]; Nelson1960 [life history, behavior, structure: 111-137]; Nelson1961 [life history, structure: 85-91]; NestelCoSa1995 [life history, ecology: 506-512]; New1975 [biological control: 115]; Newste1908 [host, distribution: 7]; Newton1953 [host, virus, vector: 40]; Nicol1952 [chemical control: 120]; NRC1969 [taxonomy, economic importance, ecology, biological control, chemical control]; Nur1966 [structure: 439-448]; Nur1967 [structure: 376-389]; Nur1968 [structure: 202-209]; OdinokKuIs1991 [chemistry: 555-558]; Olitsk1925 [life history, virus transfer: 442]; OliverGaWo2003 [host, distribution, biological control, life history, economic importance: 163-168]; OmerCoJoWh1946 [biological control: 154]; Oncuer1994 [host, distribution, economic importance]; OrlinsRzSh1989 [biological control: 25-26]; OrtuDe1982 [life history, structure: 341-353]; Osborn1898 [host, distribution: 225]; OzkanGuUy2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 135-166]; ParrelHaVa1999 [ecology, biological control: 819-839]; Passar1989 [chemistry, pheromone: 1-213]; PassarWe2004 [pheromone, chemistry: 2896-2899]; PelegBa1995 [economic importance, host, distribution: 263]; Peleka1962 [host, distribution: 60]; Peleka1974 [biological control: 14-20]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; PicartMa2000 [host, distribution: 44-46]; PietriBiCo1969 [chemical control: 909-915]; PlantPrRe1973 [chemical control]; Posnet1947a [host, distribution, economic importance: 388-402]; Poutie1922 [biological control: 3-28]; PrakasBh1985 [biological control: 29-32]; PrakasKu1985 [distribution, host, biological control: 53-54]; Pratt1958 [taxonomy, illustration, distribution]; QuezadCoDi1972 [host, distribution: 24-25]; Quilis1929 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 73-80]; RacitiBaCo2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 49-54]; RacitiTuMa1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 652-658]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; RangaSSwPa1959 [host, distribution, chemical control: 356-358]; RauppHoSa2001 [host, distribution: 203]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; ReddyBh1993 [host, distribution, biological control: 15-18]; ReddyPrBh1992 [distribution, biological control: 37-44]; ReddyPrKu1988 [distribution, biological control: 73-77]; ReddySrBh1991 [life history, biological control: 149-150]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 71-72]; RidgwaKiCa1977 [biological control: 379-416]; RiehlGaLa1964 [chemical control: 522-525]; RipollGa1989 [biological control: 399-412]; Risbec1949 [host, distribution, biological control: 578-581]; Risso1813 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 416-420]; Rivnay1945 [biological control: 117-122]; Rivnay1961 [economic importance, life history, host, distribution, life history: 119-124]; RoscigCa1985 [economic importance: 186-188]; Rosen1969 [biological control: 45-53]; RosenDe1973 [biological control, taxonomy : 215-222]; RothwaClWi2004 [chemical control: 1239-1244]; Rotund1975a [structure: 3-9]; RotundTr1974 [structure: 121-131]; RotundTr1975a [behavior, biological control, chemistry, life history, structure: 172-179]; RotundTr1976a [structure: 99-107]; RotundTr1980 [structure: 431-435]; RotundTr1980a [structure: 167-170]; RotundTr1982 [structure: 475-478]; RotundTr1983 [structure: 97-101]; Rubin1985 [biological control: 530-533]; Rubtso1947 [biological control, host, distribution: 63-84]; Rungs1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 91-94]; Russo1958 [biological control, distribution: 141-147]; Russo1959 [economic importance, chemical control: 14-17]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; SaboorHoHa2003 [life history, ecology, biological control: 49-54]; SaccoPaD2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 3-8]; SadofNeCl2003 [host, life history, ecology: 463-469]; SagarrViSt2001a [biological control: 112-116]; Sailer1983 [distribution, economic importance: 15-38]; Salama1971 [physiology, life history: 1294]; SancheCaSi2001 [biological control: 1-8]; Saraiv1939 [host, distribution: 103]; Savesc1982 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 261-264]; SayedSoSa1962 [life history, taxonomy: 449-457]; SayedSoSa1962a [life history, host, distribution: 459-463]; ScheelBeMe1958 [life history, physiology: 303-308]; Schmut1964 [host, distribution: 105]; Schmut1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance, control: 102-104]; Schmut1990 [host, distribution]; Schmut1995 [chemical control]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328]; Seabra1921 [host, distribution: 96]; Seabra1930 [host, distribution: 127]; ShiLi1991 [host, distribution: 161]; ShrewsBeLe2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 425-434]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 849, 873]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 309-311]; SilvaMe1996 [host, distribution, economic importance: 712]; SilvaMe1999 [life history, economic importance, ecology: 89-98]; SilvaMe2001 [life history, structure: 347-350]; Silves1921 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-11]; Simant1962a [economic importance: 105-112]; Simant1969 [biological control, economic importance: 889-896]; Simmon1958b [host, distribution, biological control: 475-478]; Simmon1969a [biological control: 765-767]; Smetni1991 [chemistry: 92-129]; Smit1934 [economic importance, host, distribution: 439-441]; SmitBi1934 [biological control, economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 1-41]; Smith1915 [biological control: 525-527]; Smith1917 [biological control: 262-268]; Smith1917a [host, distribution, biological control: 108-114]; Smith1958 [host, distribution, chemical control: 335-338]; SmithBeBr1997 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 82-85]; SmithFl1950 [biological control: 362, 376, 378]; SmithFrPa1996 [biological control: 57-64]; SmithVa1967 [chemical control: 295]; SorokeNeBa2003 [chemistry, biological control: 163-168]; SoyluOr1977 [biological control: 77-112]; Speare1922 [biological control: 1-18]; Staedl1976 [life history, physiology: 228]; Stimme1987 [host, distribution: 24-25]; SumaRuDu2002 [life history, chemistry, pheromone: 305-312]; SuSu1996 [biological control: 714]; Sweetm1958 [biological control, economic importance: 449-458]; SwinglWe1896 [host, distribution: 1-5]; Swirsk1985 [economic importance: 781-799]; SwirskWyIz2002 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 64-68]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; TabataLo2002 [chemical control: 30]; Tachik1959 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1055-1058]; Talhou1969 [host, distribution: 103-105]; Talhou2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 85-86]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 367-369]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 24]; Targio1881 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 137-139]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 226-228]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 33-35]; TerGri1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 16, 17]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 372]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 82-85]; ThaoWiBu2001 [structure, chemistry, economic importance: 457-458]; Thomps1958 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 479-482]; TollerRuDo2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 213-217]; TrabouBe1965 [host, distribution, biological control: 1-13]; Tranfa1978 [taxonomy: 91-93]; TranfaTr1982 [structure: 1-5]; TremblRoTr1983 [taxonomy, structure: 435-437]; TremblTrRo1977 [taxonomy, structure: 113-135]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 117, 125, 127, 145,]; Tschor1939 [host, distribution: 89]; Tuncyu1970a [host, distribution, economic importamce: 67-80]; TurnbuCh1961 [host, distribution, biological control]; TuWuLe1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 80-81, 92]; Tzalev1968 [host, distribution: 206]; Tzalev1972 [host, distribution, biological control: 81]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UsmanPu1955 [host, distribution: 47]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; VacantPuRa1996 [biological control: 712]; vanden2001c [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 196-208]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 133]; vanLen2003a [host, distribution, biological control: 1-18]; vanLen2003b [host, distribution, biological control: 167-179]; vanLenHaKl2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 265-303]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 57]; Vierec1915 [biological control: 211]; Viggia1970a [host, distribution, economic importance: 47-55]; Viggia1975 [biological control: 52-59]; Viggia1979 [host, distribution, biological control: 293-296]; ViggiaCa1971 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 535-541]; ViggiaCaBo1972 [chemical control, biological control: 88-103]; Vos1930 [life history, ecology, anatomy, physiology: 1-81]; Vos1930 [host, life history: 159-168]; WakgarGi2003 [biological control: 243-254]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1081]; WatsonBe1932 [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 41-42]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 41]; WengHu1988 [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 105-108]; Willia1962 [host, distribution: 39]; Willia1973 [host, distribution: 81-91]; Willia1982b [host, distribution: 442-443]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 272-274]; Willia1999 [host, distribution: 92]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 630-633]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 168]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 394-397]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 147]; WilliaMo2000 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 33-34, 39-40]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; WoglumLaLa1947 [biological control: 818-820]; WoglumLaLa1947 [biological control, chemical control: 818-820]; Wolcot1955 [host, distribution: 1-5]; WolkGoDu1986 [structure: 347-348]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 6,44]; Wood1962 [biological control, distribution: 8-11]; Yang1995JS [host, distribution, life history, biological control: 1-83]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; YigitCa1995 [host, distribution, biological control: 25-26]; YigitCa1995a [biological control: 1-22]; YigitCaKi1992 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control: 251-263]; YigitCaZa1994 [biological control: 137-146]; ZadaDuHa2004 [chemistry, pheromone, life history, ecology: 361-368]; Zahrad1990b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 29-31]; ZiegleWo1975 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-6]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 176, 261-270].
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