CEE-TV Database List of References

Contaminant Exposure Effects--Terrestrial Vertebrates

Atlantic, Gulf, Pacific, Alaskan, and Hawaiian Coasts and the Great Lakes

Published Sources
Additional Sources

a. Published Sources

Alam, S.K. and Brim, M.S. 2000. Organochlorine, PCB, PAH, and metal concentrations in eggs of loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from northwest Florida, USA. Journal of Environmental Science and Health B 35:705-724.

Alava, J.J., J.M. Keller, J.R. Kucklick, J. Wyneken, L. Crowder, and G.I. Scott. 2006. Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) egg yolk concentrations of persistent organic polluntants and lipid increase during the last stage of embryonic development. Science of the Total Environment 367:170-181.

Albers, P.H. and R.M. Prouty. 1987. Survival of spotted salamander eggs in temporary woodland ponds of coastal Maryland. Environmental Pollution 46:45-61.

Albers, P.H., L. Sileo, and B.M. Mulhern. 1986. Effects of environmental contaminants on snapping turtles of a tidal wetland. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 15:39-49.

Albrecht, J., M Abalos, and T.M. Rice. 2007. Heavy metal levels in Ribbon snakes (Thamnophis sauritus) and anuran larvae from the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, Alabama, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 53:647-654.

Anas, R.E. 1974. DDT Plus PCB's in Blubber of Harbor Seals. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 8: 12-14.

Anas, R.E. 1974. Heavy Metals in the Northern Fur Seal, Callorhinus ursinus, and Harbor Seal, Phoca vitullina richardi. Fishery Bulletin 72:133-137.

Anas, R.E. and A.J. Wilson. 1970. Organochlorine pesticides in fur seals. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 3:198-200.

Anas, R.E. and A.J. Wilson. 1970. Organochlorine pesticides in nursing fur seal pups. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 4: 114-116.

Anderlini, V.C., P.G. Conners, R.W. Risebrough, and J.H. Martin. 1972. Concentrations of heavy metals in some Antarctic and North American sea birds. In B. C. Parker ed., Proceedings of the Colloquium on Conservation Problems in Antarctica. pp. 49-61.

Anderson, J.F. and W. Glowa. 1985. Diazinon poisoning of brown-headed cowbirds. Journal of Field Ornithology 56: 407-408.

Anderson, D. W. and J. J. Hickey. 1970. Oological data on egg and breeding characteristics of brown pelicans. Wilson Bulletin. 82:14-28.

Anderson, D. W. and J. J. Hickey. 1972. Eggshell changes in certain North American birds. Pages 514-540 in K. H. Voous, editor. Proceedings of the XVth International Ornithological Congress, The Hague, Netherlands 30 August-5 September 1970. E. J. Brill, Leiden. viii, 745 pp.

Anderson, D.W., J.R. Jehl, R.W. Risebrough, L.A. Woods, L.R. DeWeese, and W.G. Edgecomb. 1975. Brown pelicans: improved reproduction off the southern California coast. Science 190:806-808.

Anderson, D.W., R.M. Jurek, and J.O. Keith. 1977. The status of Brown pelicans at Anacapa Island in 1975. California Fish and Game 63:4-10.

Anderson, W.L., S.P. Havera, and R.A. Montgomery. 1987. Incidence of ingested shot in waterfowl in the Mississippi Flyway, 1977-1979. Wildlife Society Bulletin 15:181-188.

Anderson, W.L., S.P Havera, and B.W. Zercher. 2000. Ingestion of lead and nontoxic shotgun pellets by ducks in the Mississippi Flyway. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:848-857.

Anderson-Bledsoe, K.L. and P.F. Scanlon. 1983. Heavy metal concentrations in tissues of Virginia river otters. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 30:442-447.

Andres, B. A. 1994. The effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on black oystercatchers breeding in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill State/Federal Natural Resource Damage Assessment Final Report. Bird Study Number 12/Restoration Study Number 17.

Ankley, G. T., G. J. Niemi, K. B. Lodge, H. J. Harris, D. L. Beaver, D. E. Tillitt, T. R. Schwartz, J. P. Giesy, P. D. Jones, and C. Hagley. 1993. Uptake of planar polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins by birds nesting in the lower Fox River and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24:332-344.

Anthony, R.G., M.G. Garrett, and C.A. Schuler. 1993. Environmental contaminants in bald eagles in the Columbia River estuary. Journal of Wildlife Management 57:10-19.

Anthony, R.G., A.K. Miles, J.A. Estes, and F.B. Isaacs. 1999. Productivity, diets, and environmental contaminants in nesting bald eagles from the Aleutian Archipelago. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:2054-2062.

Anthony, R.G., A.K. Miles, M.A. Ricca, and J.A. Estes. 2007. Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs from the Aleutian archipelago. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26:1843-1855.

Arighi, L.S. 1973. Mercury level studies in Migratory Waterfowl. Pages 167-171 in Donald R. Buhler editor. Mercury in the western environment : proceedings of a workshop, Portland, Oregon, February 25-26, 1971, sponsored by Environmental Health Sciences Center, Oregon State University. Continuing Education Publications, Corvallis, 1973. x, 360 pp.

Arndt, Douglas P. 1973. DDT and PCB levels in three Washington State harbor seal (Phoca vitulina richardii) populations. M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle. 65 leaves.

Artmann, J.W. and E.M. Martin. 1975. Incidence of ingested lead shot in sora rails. Journal of Wildlife Management 39:514-519.

Ashpole, S.L., C.A. Bishop, and R.J. Brooks. 2004. Contaminant residues in snapping turtles (Chelydra s. serpentine) eggs from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin (1999-2000). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47: 240-252).

Audet, D.J., D.S. Scott, and S.N. Wiemeyer. 1992. Organochlorines and mercury in osprey eggs from the Eastern United States. Journal of Raptor Research 26:219-224.

Augspurger, T. and K. Looney. 1995. Mercury in Lake Mattamuskeet osprey and largemouth bass, Mattamuskeet National Wildlife Refuge, Hyde County, North Carolina. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Draft.

Augspurger, T., J. Holloman, and M. Canada. 1996. Productivity and contaminant assessment of ospreys from Western Albemarle Sound, North Carolina (USA). Poster No. P0947. Abstract book, Annual meeting of the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:296

Augspurger, T., J.C. Franson, K.A. Converse, P.R. Spitzer, and E.A. Miller. 1998. An epizootic of common loons in coastal waters of North Carolina: concentrations of elemental contaminants and results of necropsies. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:205-209.

Auman, H.J., J.P. Ludwig, C. Summer, D.A. Verbrugge, K.L. Froese, T.L. Colborn, T.L., and J.P. Giesy. 1997 PCBs, DDE, DDT, and TCDD-EQ in two species of albatross on Dand Island, Midway Atoll, North Pacific Ocean. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16:498-504.

Bacon, C.E., W.M. Jarman, and J.P. Costa. 1992. Organochlorine and polychlorinated biphenyl levels in pinniped milk from the Arctic, the Antarctic, California and Australia. Chemosphere 24:779-791.

Bacon, C.E., W.M. Jarman, J.A. Estes, M. Simon, and R.J. Norstrom. 1999. Comparison of organochlorine contaminants among sea otter ( Enhydra lutris) populations in California and Alaska. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:452-458.

Bagley, G.E., L.N. Locke, and G.T. Nightingale. 1967. Lead poisoning in Canada geese in Delaware. Avian Diseases 11:601-608.

Bailey, E.P. and G.H. Davenport. 1972. Die-off of Common murres on the Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island. Condor 74:215-219.

Baker, J.L. and R.L. Thompson. 1979. Shot ingestion by waterfowl on National Wildlife Refuges in Florida. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association Fish and Wildlife Agencies 32:256-262.

Baker, B.E., C.H. Neilson, and E.R. Samuels. 1970. Strontium-90 and cesium-137 in human and other milks collected in Alaska. Journal of Dairy Science 53:241-244.

Baker F.D., C.F. Tumasonis., W.B. Stone., and B. Bush. 1976. Levels of PCB and trace metals in waterfowl in New York State. New York Fish and Game Journal 23:82-91.

Balcomb, R. 1983. Secondary poisoning of red-shouldered hawks with carbofuran. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:1129-1132.

Ballachey, B. 1995. Biomarkers of damage to Sea Otters in Prince William Sound, Alaska, following potential exposure to oil spilled from the Exxon Valdez. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. Marine Mammal Study 6-1. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage. 15 pp. Full text

Ballachey, B. E. and K. A. Kloecker. 1997. Hydrocarbons in hair, livers and intestines of sea otters ( Enhydra lutris) found dead along the path of the Exxon Valdez spill. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. Marine Mammal Study 6-3. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage

Ballachey, B. E. and K. A. Kloecker 1997. Hydrocarbon residues in tissues of sea otters ( Enhydra lutris) collected from southeast Alaska. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. Marine Mammal Study 6-2. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage.

Ballachey, B. and K. A. Kloecker 1997. Hydrocarbon residues in tissues of sea otters ( Enhydra lutris) collected following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. Marine Mammal Study 6-16. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage.

Ballachey, B. E., D. L. Bruden, and K. A. Kloecker 1996. Hematology and clinical chemistry of sea otters captured in Prince William Sound, Alaska following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. Marine Mammal Study 6-17. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Fish and Wildlife Research Center, Anchorage.

Ballard, W. B., M. A. Cronin, M. D. Robards, and W. A. Stubblefield. 2003. Heavy metal concentrations in arctic foxes, Alopex lagopus, in the Prudhoe Bay oil field, Alaska. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 117:119-121.

Bank, M.S., C.S. Loftin, and R.E. Jung. 2005. Mercury bioaccumulation in northern two-lined salamanders from streams in the northeastern United States. Ecotoxicology 14: 181-191.

Bank, M.S., J. Crocker, B. Connery, and A. Amirbahman. 2007. Mercury bioaccumulation in green frog (Rana clamitans) and bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) tadpoles from Acadia National Park, Maine, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26:117-125.

Barclay, J.S. and J.M. Zingo. 1993. Winter scaup populations in Connecticut coastal waters. Connecticut Warbler 13:136-150.

Barclay, J.S., C.R. Perkins, M.E. Tomassone, and K.A. Eccleston. 1995. Declining populations of ducks and influenced by habitat quality in Long Island Sound. Final Report. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 171 pp.

Baskaran, M., G.-H. Hong, S. Dayton, J. L. Bodkin, and J. J. Kelley. 2003. Temporal variations of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in sea otter skull tissue in the North Pacific Ocean. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 64:1-18.

Baskett, T.S. 1975. Mercury residues in breast muscle of wild ducks, 1970-71. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 9:67-78.

Beckett, K.J., S.D. Millsap, A.L. Blankenship, M.J. Zwiernik, J.P. Giesy, and S.J. Bursian. 2005. Squamous epithelial lesion of the mandibles and maxillae of wild mink (Mustela vison) naturally exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24: 674-677.

Beckman, K.B., G.M. Ylitalo, R.G. Towell, M.M. Krahn, T.M. O'Hara, and J.E. Blake. 1999. Factors affecting organochlorine contaminant concentrations in milk and blood of northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) dams and pups from St. George Island, Alaska. Science of the Total Environment 231:183-200.

Beckman, K. B., L. K. Duffy, X. Zhang, and K. W. Pitcher. 2002. Mercury concentrations in the fur of Steller sea lions and northern fur seals from Alaska. Marine Science Bulletin 44:1130-1135.

Beeman, D.K. and T. Augspurger. 1996. Dioxins and furans in wood duck eggs from the lower Roanoke River, North Carolina. Final Reports, Contaminants Study #94-4N38. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Raleigh, North Carolina. 27 pp.

Beeman, D.K., T.A. Augspurger, and W.J. Fleming. 1993. Productivity and PCDDs/PCDFs in eggs from two great blue heron rookeries near a pulp and paper mill on the Roanoke River, North Carolina. Poster number P118 presented at the 14th annual meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), November 14-18, 1993, Houston, TX.

Belant, J. L. and R. K. Anderson. 1990. Environmental contaminants in common loons from northern Wisconsin. Passenger Pigeon 32:307-310.

Bell, D.E. 1969. Amchitka bioenvironmental program: pesticide residues in birds from Amchitka Island. BMI-171-121. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio. 5 pp..

Bell, B., J.R. Spotila, and J. Congdon. 2006. High incidence of deformity in aquatic turtles in the John Heinz National Wildlfie Refuge. Environmental Pollution 142:457-465.

Bellrose, F.C. 1959. Lead poisoning as a mortality factor in waterfowl populations. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 27:235-288.

Bench, G., T.M. Carlsen, P.G. Grant, J.S. Wollett, R. E. Martinelli, J. L. Lewis, and K.K. Divine. 2001. Olfactory bulb uptake and determination of biotransfer factors in the California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) exposed to manganese and cadmium in environmental habitats. Environmental Science & Technology 35:270-277.

Ben David, M., L. K. Duffy, G. M. Blundell, and R.T. Bowyer. 2001. Natural exposure of coastal river otters to mercury: Relation to age, diet, and survival. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:1986-1992.

Benkert, K. 1991. Assessment of organic and metal contaminants in lower Back Bay and upper Currituck Sound. In H.G. Marshall and M.D. Norman editors. Proceedings of the Back Bay Ecological Symposium, Virginia Beach, VA. Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia. v, 305 p

Benkert, K. 1992. Contaminant assessment of biota and sediments in the Albemarle-Pamlico region. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Raleigh Field Office, North Carolina. 57 pp.

Bernard, R. F. 1963. Studies on the Effects of DDT on Birds. Michigan State University, Publications of the Museum. Biological Series 2(3):160-191.

Bevenue, A., J.N. Ogata, L. S. Tengan, and J. W. Hylin. 1975. Mirex residues in wildlife and soils, Hawaiian pineapple-growing areas. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 9:141-149.

Beyer, W.N., G. Miller, and J.W. Simmers. 1990. Trace elements in soil and biota in confined disposal facilities in dredged material. Environmental Pollution 65:19-32.

Beyer, W.N., M. Spalding, and D. Morrison. 1997. Mercury concentrations in feathers of wading birds from Florida. Ambio 26:97-100.

Beyer, W.N., D. Day, A. Morton, and Y. Pachepsky. 1998. Relation of lead exposure to sediment ingestion in mute swans on the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17:2298-22301.

Birdsall, C.W., C.E. Grue, and A. Anderson. 1986. Lead concentrations in bullfrog Rana catesbeiana and green frog R. clamitans tadpoles inhabiting highway drainages. Environmental Pollution (Series A) 40: 233-247.

Bishop, C. A. and A. D. Gendron. 1998. Reptiles and amphibians: Shy and sensitive vertebrates of the Great Lakes Basin and the St. Lawrence River. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 53:225-244.

Bishop, C. A. and J. D. Rouse. 2000. Chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in plasma of the Lake Erie water snake (Nerodia sipedon insularum) and northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon) from the Great Lakes Basin in 1998. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39:500-505.

Bishop, C.A. and J.D. Rouse. 2006. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in plasma and embryonic development in Lake Erie Water Snakes (Nerodia sipedon insularum) from Pelee Island, Ontario, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51:452-457.

Bishop, C. A., R. J. Brooks, J. H. Carey, P. Ng, R. J. Norstrom, and D. R. S. Lean. 1991. The case for a cause-effect linkage between environmental contamination and development in eggs of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra s. serpentina) from Ontario, Canada. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 33:521-547.

Bishop, C. A., D. V. C. Weseloh, N. M. Burgess, J. Struger, R. J. Norstrom, R. Turle, and K. A. Logan. 1992. An atlas of contaminants in eggs of fish-eating birds of the Great Lakes (1970-1988). Technical Report Series 152 and 153. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa.

Bishop, C. A., G. P. Brown, R. J. Brooks, D. R. S. Lean, and J. H. Carey. 1994. Organochlorine contaminant concentrations in eggs and their relationship to body size, and clutch characteristics of the female common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) in Lake Ontario, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27:82-87.

Bishop, C. A., M. D. Koster, A. A. Chek, D. J. T. Hussell, and K. Jock. 1995. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and mercury in sediments, red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from wetlands in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14:491-501.

Bishop, C. A., D. R. S. Lean, R. J. Brooks, J. H. Carey, and P. Ng. 1995. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in early life stages of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) from a coastal wetland on Lake Ontario, Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 14:421-426.

Bishop, C. A., P. Ng, R. J. Norstrom, R. J. Brooks, and K. E. Pettit. 1996. Temporal and geographic variation of organochlorine residues in eggs of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) (1981-1991) and comparisons to trends in the herring gull (Larus argentatus) in the Great Lakes Basin in Ontario, Canada. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31:512-524.

Bishop, C. A., P. Ng, K. E. Pettit, S. W. Kennedy, J. J. Stegeman, R. J. Norstrom, and R. J. Brooks. 1998. Environmental contamination and developmental abnormalities in eggs and hatchlings of the common snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina) from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin (1989-91). Environmental Pollution 101:143-156.

Bishop, C. A., N. A. Mahony, S. Trudeau, and K. E. Pettit. 1999. Reproductive success and biochemical effects in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) exposed to chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants in wetlands of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River Basin, USA and Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:263-271.

Block, E. 1992. Contaminants in great blue heron eggs and nestlings from Dumas Bay and Nisqually heronries, Puget Sound, Washington. Report No. OFO-EC93-1, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fish and Wildlife Enhancement, Olympia Field Office, Washington. 32 pp.

Bloom, P.H., J.M. Scott, O.H. Pattee, and M.R. Smith. 1989. Lead contamination of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos within the range of the California condor. Pages 481-482 in B.U. Meyburg and R.D. Chancellor eds. Raptors in the Modern World, proceedings of the III World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Eilat, Israel, 22-27 March 1987. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin. 611 pp.

Blumton, A.K., J.D. Fraser, R.W. Young, S. Goodbred, S.L. Porter, and D.L. Luukonen. 1990. Pesticide and PCB residues for loggerhead shrikes in the Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, 1985-88. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 45: 697-702.

Blus, L. J. 1970. Measurements of brown pelican eggshells from Florida and South Carolina. BioScience 20:867-869.

Blus, L.J. and T.G. Lamont. 1979. Organochlorine residues in six species of estuarine birds, South Carolina, 1971-1975. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 13:56-60.

Blus, L.J. and R.M. Prouty. 1979. Organochlorine pollutants and population status of least terns in South Carolina. Wilson Bulletin 91:62-71.

Blus, L.J., A.A. Belisle, and R.M. Prouty. 1974. Relation of the brown pelican to certain environmental pollutants. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 7:181-194.

Blus, L. J., B. S. Jr. Neely, A. A. Belisle, and R. M. Prouty. 1974. Organochlorine residues in brown pelican eggs: relation to reproductive success. Environmental Pollution. 7:81-91.

Blus, L.J., B.S. Neely, Jr., T.G. Lamont, and B. Mulhern. 1977. Residues of organochlorines and heavy metals in tissues and eggs of brown pelicans, 1969-1973. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 11:40-53.

Blus, L.J., L.N. Locke, and C.J. Stafford. 1977b. Ruptured-yolk peritonitis and organochlorine residues in a royal tern. Avian Diseases 21:445-447.

Blus, L. J., T. G. Lamont., and B S. Neely, Jr. 1979. Effects of organochlorine residues on eggshell thickness, reproduction, and population status of brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis) in South Carolina and Florida, 1969-76. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 12:172-184.

Blus, L.J., R.M. Prouty, and B.S. Neely, Jr. 1979b. Relation of environmental factors to breeding status of royal and sandwich terns in South Carolina, USA. Biological Conservation 16:301-320.

Blus, L.J., E. Cromartie, L. McNease, and T. Joanen. 1979. Brown pelican: population status, reproductive success, and organochlorine residues in Louisiana, 1971-1976. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22:128-135.

Blus, L.J. and C.J. Stafford. 1980. Breeding biology and relation of pollutants to black skimmers and gull-billed terns in South Carolina. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report--Wildlife 230. 18 pp.

Blus, L.J., O.H. Pattee, C.J. Henny, and R.M. Prouty. 1983. 1st records of chlordane related mortality in wild birds. Journal of Wildlife Management 47:196-198.

Blus, L.J., C.J. Henny, A. Anderson, and R.E. Fetzner. 1985. Reproduction, mortality, and heavy metal concentrations of great blue herons from three colonies in Washington and Idaho. Colonial Waterbirds 8:110-116.

Blus, L.J., R.K. Stroud, B. Reiswig, and T. Mceneaney. 1989. Lead poisoning and other mortality factors in trumpeter swans. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8:263-271.

Blus, L.J., R.E. Fitzner, L.L. Leschner, and U.W. Wilson. 1999. DDE, PCBs, cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations rhinoceros auklets from Washington. Northwestern Naturalist 80:14-16.

Boardman, Constance Jean. 1988. Organochlorine pesticides in California least terns (Sterna antillarum browni). M.S. Thesis. California State University, Long Beach. 25 pp.

Boardman, C.J. and C.T. Collins. 1993. Lead in the feathers of the California least tern (Sterna antillarum browni). Bulletin Southern California Academy of Sciences 92:95-99.

Boersma, D. C., J. A. Ellenton, and A. Yagminas. 1986. Investigation of the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system in herring gull embryos in relation to environmental contaminants. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5:309-318.

Borthwick, P.W., T.W. Duke, A.J. Wilson Jr., J.I. Lowe, J.M. Patrick Jr., and J.C. Oberheu. 1973. Accumulation and movement of mirex in selected estuaries of South Carolina, 1969-1971. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 7:6-26.

Botero, J. E., M. W. Meyer, S. S. Hurley, and D. H. Rusch. 1996. Residues of organochlorines in mallards and blue-winged teal collected in Colombia and Wisconsin, 1984-1989. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31:225-231.

Bourne, W.R.P and J.A. Bogan. 1976. Seabirds and pollution. Appendix: Estimations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in marine birds. Pages 482-493 in R. Johnson ed., Marine Pollution. Academic Press, New York. 729 pp.

Bowerman, W. W., IV, E. D. Evans, J. P. Giesy, and S. Postupalsky. 1994. Using feathers to assess risk of mercury and selenium to bald eagle reproduction in the Great Lakes region. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 27:294-298.

Bowerman, W. W. I., D. A. Best, J. P. Jr. Giesy, T. J. Kubiak, and J. G. Sikarskie. 1994. The influence of environmental contaminants on bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes, North America. Pages 703-707 in B.-U. Meyburg and R.D. Chancellor, eds. Raptor Conservation Today, proceedings of the IV World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin, Germany, 10-17 May 1992. World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls, London and distributed in the U.S.A. by Buteo Books, Shipman, Virginia. 799 pp.

Bowman, T. D., P. F. Schempf, and J. A. Bernatowicz. 1993. Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on bald eagles. Exxon Valdez oil spill state/federal natural resource damage assessment study final report. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Anchorage, Alaska. Bird study No. 4. 141 pp. Full text

Bowerman, W.W., D.A. Best, J.P.Giesy, M.C. Shieldcastle, M.W. Meyer, S. Postupalsky and J.G. Sikarskie. 2003. Associations between regional differences in polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene in blood of nestling bald eagles and reproductive productivity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22:371-376.

Bowyer, R. T., G. M. Blundell, M. Ben David, S. C. Jewett, T. A. Dean, and L. K. Duffy. 2003. Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on river otters: injury and recovery of a sentinel species. Wildlife Monograph 153:1-53.

Braham, H.W. 1973. Lead in the California sea lion ( Zalophus californianus). Environmental Pollution 5:253-258.

Braune, B. M. and R. J. Norstrom. 1989. Dynamics of organochlorine compounds in herring gulls: III. Tissue distribution and bioaccumulation in Lake Ontario Gulls. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 8:957-968.

Brown, C.S., J.Leubbert, D. Mulcahy, J. Schamber and D.H. Rosenberg. 2006. Blood lead levels of wild Steller’s Eiders (Polysticta stelleri) and Black Scoters (Melanitta nigra) in Alaska using a portable blood lead analyzer. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 37:361-365.

Bryant, C.P., R.W. Young, and R.L. Kirkpatrick. 1978. Kepone residues in body tissues of raccoons collected along the James River, East of Hopewell, Virginia. Virginia Journal of Science 29:57.

Britt, J.O. and E.B. Howard. 1983. Tissue residues of selected environmental contaminants in marine mammals. Pages 80-94 in Edwin B. Howard ed. Pathobiology of marine mammal diseases, volume I. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida

Bryan A.M., W.B. Stone., and P.G. Olaffson. 1987. Disposition of toxic PCB congeners in snapping turtle eggs: expressed as toxic equivalents of TCDD. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 39:791-796.

Buck, J.A., R.G. Anthony, C.A. Schuler, F.B. Isaacs and D.E. Tillitt. 2005. Changes in productivity and contaminants in bald eagles nesting along the lower Columbia River, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24:1779-1792.

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Southeast Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Clinical Necropsy Records, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Kills and Spills Events Database, Water Data Access project, Resource Protection Division.

Tome, M. 1996. Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey. Personal communication.

Tri-State Bird Rescue and Research, Inc., Newark, Delaware. Oil Spill Response History.

Virginia Department of Game & Inland Fisheries, Williamsburg, VA. Wildlife Kill Reports.

Welch, Linda J. Unpublished bald eagle and osprey data. University of Maine.

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin, Necropsy Reports.

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