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Contents <PLEASE INCLUDE PAGE NUMBERS AFTER EACH CHAPTER TITLE AND AS APPROPRIATE> Preface User's Guide Acknowledgements Path of Discovery Authors Part I Foundations Chapter 1 Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future Chapter 2 Neurons and Glia Chapter 3 The Neuronal Membrane at Rest Chapter 4 The Action Potential Chapter 5 Synaptic Transmission Chapter 6 Neurotransmitter Systems Chapter 7 The Structure of the Nervous System Appendix: An Illustrated Guide to Human Neuroanatomy Part II Sensory and Motor Systems Chapter 8 The Chemical Senses Chapter 9 The Eye Chapter 10 The Central Visual System Chapter 11 The Auditory and Vestibular Systems Chapter 12 The Somatic Sensory System Chapter 13 Spinal Control of Movement Chapter 14 Brain Control of Movement Part III The Brain and Behavior Chapter 15 Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior Chapter 16 Motivation Chapter 17 Sex and the Brain Chapter 18 Brain Mechanisms of Emotion Chapter 19 Brain Rhythms and Sleep Chapter 20 Language Chapter 21 Attention Chapter 22 Mental Illness Part IV The Changing Brain Chapter 23 Wiring the Brain Chapter 24 Memory Systems Chapter 25 Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory Glossary References and Resources Index Expanded Contents <PLEASE INCLUDE PAGE NUMBERS AFTER EACH HEAD LEVEL AND BOX TITLE> Part I Foundations Chapter 1 Neuroscience: Past, Present, and Future Introduction The Origins of Neuroscience Views of the Brain in Ancient Greece Views of the Brain During the Roman Empire Views of the Brain From the Renaissance to the Nineteenth Century Nineteenth-Century Views of the Brain Nerves as Wires Localization of Specific Functions to Different Parts of the Brain The Evolution of Nervous Systems The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit of the Brain Neuroscience Today Levels of Analysis Molecular Neuroscience Cellular Neuroscience Systems Neuroscience Behavioral Neuroscience Cognitive Neuroscience Neuroscientists The Scientific Process Observation Replication Interpretation Verification The Use of Animals in Neuroscience Research The Animals Animal Welfare Animal Rights The Cost of Ignorance: Nervous System Disorders Concluding Remarks Chapter 2 Neurons and Glia Introduction The Neuron Doctrine The Golgi Stain Cajal's Contribution Box 2.1 Of Special Interest: Advances in Microscopy The Prototypical Neuron The Soma The Nucleus Box 2.2 Brain Food: Expressing One's Mind in the Post-Genomic Era Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus The Mitochondrion The Neuronal Membrane The Cytoskeleton Microtubules Box 2.3 Of Special Interest: Alzheimer's Disease and the Neuronal Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Neurofilaments The Axon The Axon Terminal The Synapse Axoplasmic Transport Box 2.4 Of Special Interest: Hitching a Ride with Retrograde Transport Dendrites Box 2.5 Of Special Interest: Mental Retardation and Dendritic Spines Box 2.6 Path of Discovery: Spines and the Structural Basis of Memory, by William Greenough Classifying Neurons Classification Based on the Number of Neurites Classification Based on Dendrites Classification Based on Connections Classification Based on Axon Length Classification Based on Neurotransmitter Glia Astrocytes Myelinating Glia Other Non-Neuronal Cells Concluding Remarks Chapter 3 The Neuronal Membrane at Rest Introduction The Cast of Chemicals Cytosol and Extracellular Fluid Water Ions The Phospholipid Membrane The Phospholipid Bilayer Protein Protein Structure Channel Proteins Ion Pumps The Movement of Ions Diffusion Box 3.1 Brain Food: A Review of Moles and Molarity Electricity The Ionic Basis of the Resting Membrane Potential Equilibrium Potentials The Nernst Equation Box 3.2 Brain Food: The Nernst Equation The Distribution of Ions Across the Membrane Relative Ion Permeabilities of the Membrane at Rest Box 3.3 Brain Food: The Goldman Equation The Wide World of Potassium Channels Box 3.4 Path of Discovery: The Atomic Structure of a Potassium Channel, by Roderick MacKinnon The Importance of Regulating the External Potassium Concentration Box 3.5 Of Special Interest: Death by Lethal Injection Concluding Remarks Chapter 4 The Action Potential Introduction Properties of the Action Potential The Ups and Downs of an Action Potential Box 4.1 Brain Food: Methods of Recording Action Potentials The Generation of an Action Potential The Generation of Multiple Action Potentials The Action Potential, in Theory Membrane Currents and Conductances The Ins and Outs of an Action Potential The Action Potential, in Reality The Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Sodium Channel Structure Functional Properties of the Sodium Channel Box 4.2 Brain Food: The Patch-Clamp Method The Effects of Toxins on the Sodium Channel Box 4.3 Path of Discovery: Tetrodotoxin and the Dawn of Ion Channel Pharmacology, by Toshio Narahashi Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels Putting the Pieces Together Action Potential Conduction Factors Influencing Conduction Velocity Box 4.4 Of Special Interest: Local Anesthesia Myelin and Saltatory Conduction Box 4.5 Of Special Interest: Multiple Sclerosis, a Demyelinating Disease Action Potentials, Axons, and Dendrites Box 4.6 Of Special Interest: The Eclectic Electric Behavior of Neurons Concluding Remarks Chapter 5 Synaptic Transmission Introduction Box 5.1 Of Special Interest: Otto Loewi and Vagusstoff Types of Synapses Electrical Synapses Box 5.2 Path of Discovery: Electrical Synapses, by Michael V. L. Bennett Chemical Synapses CNS Synapses The Neuromuscular Junction Principles of Chemical Synaptic Transmission Neurotransmitters Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Storage Neurotransmitter Release Box 5.3 Brain Food: SNARE a Vesicle, and Release Its Transmitter Neurotransmitter Receptors and Effectors Transmitter-Gated Ion Channels Box 5.4 Brain Food: Reversal Potentials G-Protein-Coupled Receptors Autoreceptors Neurotransmitter Recovery and Degradation Neuropharmacology Box 5.5 Of Special Interest: Bacteria, Spiders, Snakes, and You Principles of Synaptic Integration The Integration of EPSPs Quantal Analysis of EPSPs EPSP Summation The Contribution of Dendritic Properties to Synaptic Integration Dendritic Cable Properties Excitable Dendrites Inhibition Box 5.6 Of Special Interest: Startling Mutations and Poisons IPSPs and Shunting Inhibition The Geometry of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses Modulation Concluding Remarks Chapter 6 Neurotransmitter Systems Introduction Studying Neurotransmitter Systems Localization of Transmitters and Transmitter-Synthesizing Enzymes Immunocytochemistry In Situ Hybridization Studying Transmitter Release Studying Synaptic Mimicry Studying Receptors Neuropharmacological Analysis Ligand-Binding Methods Molecular Analysis Neurotransmitter Chemistry Cholinergic Neurons Box 6.1 Brain Food: Pumping Ions and Transmitters Catecholaminergic Neurons Serotonergic Neurons Amino Acidergic Neurons Other Neurotransmitter Candidates and Intercellular Messengers Box 6.2 Of Special Interest: This is Your Brain on Endocannabinoids Box 6.3 Path of Discovery: Deciphering the Language of Neurons, by Roger A. Nicoll Transmitter-Gated Channels The Basic Structure of Transmitter-Gated Channels Amino Acid-Gated Channels Glutamate-Gated Channels Box 6.4 Of Special Interest: The Brain's Exciting Poisons GABA-Gated and Glycine-Gated Channels G-Protein-Coupled Receptors and Effectors The Basic Structure of G-Protein Coupled Receptors The Ubiquitous G-Proteins G-Protein-Coupled Effector Systems The Shortcut Pathway Second Messenger Cascades Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation The Function of Signal Cascades Divergence and Convergence in Neurotransmitter Systems Concluding Remarks Chapter 7 The Structure Of The Nervous System Introduction Gross Organization of the Mammalian Nervous System Anatomical References The Central Nervous System The Cerebrum The Cerebellum The Brain Stem The Spinal Cord The Peripheral Nervous System The Somatic PNS The Visceral PNS Afferent and Efferent Axons The Cranial Nerves The Meninges The Ventricular System Box 7.1 Of Special Interest: Water on the Brain Imaging the Living Brain Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Box 7.2 Brain Food: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Functional Brain Imaging Box 7.3 Brain Food: Functional Imaging of Brain Activity: PET and fMRI Understanding CNS Structure Through Development Formation of the Neural Tube Box 7.4 Of Special Interest: Nutrition and the Neural Tube Three Primary Brain Vesicles Differentiation of the Forebrain Differentiation of the Telencephalon and Diencephalon Forebrain Structure-Function Relationships Differentiation of the Midbrain Midbrain Structure-Function Relationships Differentiation of the Hindbrain Hindbrain Structure-Function Relationships Differentiation of the Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Structure-Function Relationships Putting the Pieces Together Special Features of the Human CNS A Guide to the Cerebral Cortex Types of Cerebral Cortex Areas of Neocortex Neocortical Evolution and Structure-Function Relationships Box 7.5 Path of Discovery: Evolution of My Brain, by Leah A. Krubitzer Concluding Remarks Appendix: An Illustrated Guide to Human Neuroanatomy Part II Sensory and Motor Systems Chapter 8 The Chemical Senses Introduction Taste The Basic Tastes The Organs of Taste Taste Receptor Cells Mechanisms of Taste Transduction Saltiness Sourness Bitterness Sweetness Umami (Amino Acids) Box 8.1 Path of Discovery: A Journey Through the Senses, by Charles S. Zucker Central Taste Pathways Box 8.2 Of Special Interest: Memories of a Very Bad Meal The Neural Coding of Taste Smell Box 8.3 Of Special Interest: Human Pheromones? The Organs of Smell Olfactory Receptor Neurons Olfactory Transduction Central Olfactory Pathways Spatial and Temporal Representations of Olfactory Information Olfactory Population Coding Olfactory Maps Temporal Coding in the Olfactory System Concluding Remarks Chapter 9 The Eye Introduction Properties of Light Light Optics The Structure of the Eye Gross Anatomy of the Eye Ophthalmoscopic Appearance of the Eye Box 9.1 Of Special Interest: Demonstrating the Blind Regions of Your Eye Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Eye Box 9.2 Of Special Interest: Eye Disorders Image Formation by the Eye Refraction by the Cornea Accommodation by the Lens Box 9.3 Of Special Interest: Vision Correction The Pupillary Light Reflex The Visual Field Visual Acuity Microscopic Anatomy of the Retina The Laminar Organization of the Retina Photoreceptor Structure Regional Differences in Retinal Structure Phototransduction Phototransduction in Rods Phototransduction in Cones Color Detection Box 9.4 Of Special Interest: The Genetics of Color Vision Dark and Light Adaptation Calcium's Role in Light Adaptation Retinal Processing Box 9.5 Path of Discovery: Retinal Circuits and Function, by John Dowling Transformations in the Outer Plexiform Layer Bipolar Cell Receptive Fields Retinal Output Ganglion Cell Receptive Fields Types of Ganglion Cells Color-Opponent Ganglion Cells Parallel Processing Concluding Remarks Chapter 10 The Central Visual System Introduction The Retinofugal Projection The Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasm, and Optic Tract Right and Left Visual Hemifields Targets of the Optic Tract Box 10.1 Of Special Interest: David and Goliath Nonthalamic Targets of the Optic Tract The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus The Segregation of Input by the Eye and by Ganglion Cell Type Receptive Fields Nonretinal Inputs to the LGN Anatomy of the Striate Cortex Retinotopy Lamination of the Striate Cortex The Cells of Different Layers Inputs and Outputs of the Striate Cortex Ocular Dominance Columns Innervation of Other Cortical Layers from Layer IVC Striate Cortex Outputs Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs Physiology of the Striate Cortex Receptive Fields Binocularity Orientation Selectivity Box 10.2 Brain Food: Optical Imaging of Neural Activity Direction Selectivity Simple and Complex Receptive Fields Blob Receptive Fields Parallel Pathways and Cortical Modules Box 10.3 Path of Discovery: Vision and Art, by Margaret Livingstone Parallel Pathways Cortical Modules Beyond Striate Cortex The Dorsal Stream Area MT Dorsal Areas and Motion Processing The Ventral Stream Area V4 Area IT From Single Neurons to Perception Box 10.4 Of Special Interest: The Magic of Seeing in 3D From Photoreceptors to Grandmother Cells Parallel Processing and Perception Concluding Remarks Chapter 11 The Auditory and Vestibular Systems Introduction The Nature of Sound Box 11.1 Of Special Interest: Ultrasound and Infrasound The Structure of the Auditory System The Middle Ear Components of the Middle Ear Sound Force Amplification by the Ossicles The Attenuation Reflex The Inner Ear Anatomy of the Cochlea Physiology of the Cochlea The Response of the Basilar Membrane to Sound The Organ of Corti and Associated Structures Box 11.2 Of Special Interest: The Deaf Shall Hear: Cochlear Implants Transduction by Hair Cells Box 11.3 Path of Discovery: From Sound to Sensation, by David P. Corey The Innervation of Hair Cells Amplification by Outer Hair Cells Box 11.4 Of Special Interest: Noisy Ears: Otoacoustic Emissions Central Auditory Processes The Anatomy of Auditory Pathways Response Properties of Neurons in the Auditory Pathway Encoding Sound Intensity and Frequency Stimulus Intensity Stimulus Frequency, Tonotopy, and Phase Locking Tonotopy Phase Locking Mechanisms of Sound Localization Localization of Sound in the Horizontal Plane The Sensitivity of Binaural Neurons to Sound Location Localization of Sound in the Vertical Plane Auditory Cortex Neuronal Response Properties Box 11.5 Of Special Interest: How Does Auditory Cortex Work? Consult a Specialist The Effects of Auditory Cortical Lesions and Ablation Box 11.6 Of Special Interest: Auditory Disorders and Their Treatments The Vestibular System The Vestibular Labyrinth The Otolith Organs The Semicircular Canals Central Vestibular Pathways and Vestibular Reflexes The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) Vestibular Pathology Concluding Remarks Chapter 12 The Somatic Sensory System Introduction Touch Mechanoreceptors of the Skin Vibration and the Pacinian Corpuscle Two-Point Discrimination Primary Afferent Axons The Spinal Cord Segmental Organization of the Spinal Cord Box 12.1 Of Special Interest: Herpes, Shingles, and Dermatomes Sensory Organization of the Spinal Cord The Dorsal Column¿Medial Lemniscal Pathway Box 12.2 Brain Food: Lateral Inhibition The Trigeminal Touch Pathway Somatosensory Cortex Cortical Somatotopy Cortical Map Plasticity Box 12.3 Path of Discovery: When Brain Maps Collide, by Vilayanur S. Ramachandran <h3The Posterior Parietal Cortex Pain Box 12.4 Of Special Interest: The Misery of Life Without Pain Nociceptors and the Transduction of Painful Stimuli Types of Nociceptors Box 12.5 Of Special Interest: Hot and Spicy Hyperalgesia Primary Afferents and Spinal Mechanisms Ascending Pain Pathways The Spinothalamic Pain Pathway The Trigeminal Pain Pathway The Thalamus and Cortex The Regulation of Pain Afferent Regulation Descending Regulation The Endogenous Opiates Box 12.6 Of Special Interest: The Placebo Effect Temperature Thermoreceptors The Temperature Pathway Concluding Remarks Chapter 13 Spinal Control of Movement Introduction The Somatic Motor System The Lower Motor Neuron The Segmental Organization of Lower Motor Neurons Alpha Motor Neurons Graded Control of Muscle Contraction by Alpha Motor Neurons Inputs to Alpha Motor Neurons Types of Motor Units Neuromuscular Matchmaking Box 13.1 Of Special Interest: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Excitation-Contraction Coupling Muscle Fiber Structure The Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction Box 13.2 Of Special Interest: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Spinal Control of Motor Units Box 13.3 Of Special Interest: Myasthenia Gravis Box 13.4 Path of Discovery: Finding the Cause of Myasthenia Gravis, by Jon M. Lindstrom Proprioception from Muscle Spindles The Myotatic Reflex Gamma Motor Neurons Proprioception from Golgi Tendon Organs Proprioception from the Joints Spinal Interneurons Inhibitory Input Excitatory Input The Generation of Spinal Motor Programs for Walking Concluding Remarks Chapter 14 Brain Control of Movement Introduction Descending Spinal Tracts The Lateral Pathways The Effects of Lateral Pathway Lesions Box 14.1 Of Special Interest: Paresis, Paralysis, Spasticity, and Babinski The Ventromedial Pathways TheVestibulospinal Tracts The Tectospinal Tract The Pontine and Medullary Reticulospinal Tracts The Planning of Movement by the Cerebral Cortex Motor Cortex The Contributions of Posterior Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Neuronal Correlates of Motor Planning Box 14.2 Of Special Interest: Behavioral Neurophysiology The Basal Ganglia Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia The Motor Loop Basal Ganglia Disorders Box 14.3 Of Special Interest: Do Neurons in Diseased Basal Ganglia Commit Suicide? The Initiation of Movement by Primary Motor Cortex The Input-Output Organization of M1 The Coding of Movement in M1 The Malleable Motor Map Box 14.4 Path of Discovery: Neurotechnology: Merging Mind and Machines, by John P. Donoghue The Cerebellum Box 14.5 Of Special Interest: Involuntary Movements, Normal and Abnormal Anatomy of the Cerebellum The Motor Loop Through the Lateral Cerebellum Programming the Cerebellum Concluding Remarks Part III The Brain and Behavior Chapter 15 Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior Introduction The Secretory Hypothalamus An Overview of the Hypothalamus Homeostasis Structure and Connections of the Hypothalamus Pathways to the Pituitary Hypothalamic Control of the Posterior Pituitary Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary Box 15.1 Of Special Interest: Stress and the Brain The Autonomic Nervous System ANS Circuits Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions The Enteric Division Central Control of the ANS Neurotransmitters and the Pharmacology of Autonomic Function Preganglionic Neurotransmitters Postganglionic Neurotransmitters The Diffuse Modulatory Systems of the Brain Anatomy and Functions of the Diffuse Modulatory Systems Box 15.2 Of Special Interest: You Eat What You Are The Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus The Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei The Dopaminergic Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area Box 15.3 Path of Discovery: Awakening to Dopamine, by Arvid Carlsson The Cholinergic Basal Forebrain and Brain Stem Complexes Drugs and the Diffuse Modulatory Systems Hallucinogens Stimulants Concluding Remarks Chapter 16 Motivation Introduction The Hypothalamus, Homeostasis, and Motivated Behavior The Long-Term Regulation of Feeding Behavior Energy Balance Hormonal and Hypothalamic Regulation of Body Fat and Feeding Body Fat and Food Consumption Box 16.1 Of Special Interest: The Starving Brains of the Obese The Hypothalamus and Feeding The Effects of Elevated Leptin Levels on the Hypothalamus The Effects of Decreased Leptin Levels on the Hypothalamus The Control of Feeding by Lateral Hypothalamic Peptides The Short-Term Regulation of Feeding Behavior Appetite, Eating, Digestion, and Satiety Gastric Distension Cholecystokinin Insulin Box 16.2 Of Special Interest: Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin Shock Why Do We Eat? Reinforcement and Reward Box 16.3 Of Special Interest: Self-Stimulation of the Human Brain The Role of Dopamine in Motivation Box 16.4 Path of Discovery: Just Rewards, by Kent C. Berridge Box 16.5 Of Special Interest: Dopamine and Addiction Serotonin, Food, and Mood Other Motivated Behaviors Drinking Temperature Regulation Concluding Remarks Chapter 17 Sex and the Brain Introduction Sex and Gender The Genetics of Sex Sexual Development and Differentiation The Hormonal Control of Sex The Principal Male and Female Hormones The Control of Sex Hormones by the Pituitary and Hypothalamus The Neural Basis of Sexual Behaviors Reproductive Organs and Their Control Mammalian Mating Strategies The Neurochemistry of Reproductive Behavior Why and How Male and Female Brains Differ Sexual Dimorphisms of the Central Nervous System Sexual Dimorphisms of Cognition Sex Hormones, the Brain, and Behavior Box 17.1 Of Special Interest: Bird Songs and Bird Brains Mismatches Between Genetic Sex and Hormone Action Box 17.2 Of Special Interest: John/Joan and the Basis of Gender Identity Direct Genetic Effects on Sexual Differentiation of the Brain The Activational Effects of Sex Hormones Brain Plasticity and Maternal Behavior Estrogens, Neurite Growth, and Disease Box 17.3 Path of Discovery: Estrogen and Synapses in the Hippocampus, by Catherine Woolley Sexual Orientation Concluding Remarks Chapter 18 Brain Mechanisms of Emotion Introduction What Is Emotion? Theories of Emotion The James-Lange Theory The Cannon-Bard Theory Unconscious Emotions The Limbic System Concept Broca's Limbic Lobe The Papez Circuit Box 18.1 Of Special Interest: Phineas Gage Difficulties with the Single Emotion System Concept The Klüver-Bucy Syndrome The Amygdala and Associated Brain Circuits Anatomy of the Amygdala The Amygdala and Fear A Neural Circuit for Learned Fear Box 18.2 Path of Discovery: Brains Through the Back Door, by Joseph LeDoux The Amygdala and Aggression Surgery to Reduce Human Aggression Box 18.3 Of Special Interest: The Frontal Lobotomy Neural Components of Aggression Beyond the Amygdala The Hypothalamus and Aggression The Midbrain and Aggression Serotonin and Aggression Serotonin Receptor Knockout Mice Concluding Remarks Chapter 19 Brain Rhythms and Sleep Introduction The Electroencephalogram Recording Brain Waves EEG Rhythms Mechanisms and Meanings of Brain Rhythms The Generation of Synchronous Rhythms Functions of Brain Rhythms The Seizures of Epilepsy Sleep The Functional States of the Brain The Sleep Cycle Box 19.1 Of Special Interest: Walking, Talking, and Screaming in Your Sleep Why Do We Sleep? Box 19.2 Of Special Interest: The Longest All-Nighter Functions of Dreaming and REM Sleep Neural Mechanisms of Sleep Wakefulness and the Ascending Reticular Activating System Falling Asleep and the Non-REM State Mechanisms of REM Sleep Box 19.3 Of Special Interest: Narcolepsy Sleep-Promoting Factors Gene Expression During Sleeping and Waking Circadian Rhythms Biological Clocks The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: A Brain Clock Box 19.4 Of Special Interest: Mutant Hamster Clocks Box 19.5 Path of Discovery: Strange Vision, by David Berson SCN Mechanisms Concluding Remarks Chapter 20 Language Introduction Box 20.1 Of Special Interest: Is Language Unique to Humans? The Discovery of Specialized Language Areas in the Brain Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area Box 20.2 Of Special Interest: The Wada Procedure Types of Aphasia Broca's Aphasia Wernicke's Aphasia Aphasia and the Wernicke-Geschwind Model Conduction Aphasia Aphasia in Bilinguals and the Deaf Asymmetrical Language Processing in the Cerebral Hemispheres Language Processing in Split-Brain Humans Left Hemisphere Language Dominance Language Functions of the Right Hemisphere Anatomical Asymmetry and Language Language Studies Using Brain Stimulation and Brain Imaging The Effects of Brain Stimulation on Language Imaging of Language Processing in the Human Brain Box 20.3 Of Special Interest: Hearing Sight and Seeing Touch Language Acquisition Box 20.4 Path of Discovery: The Origins of Language: A Tale of Two Species, by Patricia Kuhl Box 20.5 Of Special Interest: The Search for Language Genes Concluding Remarks Chapter 21 Attention Introduction Box 21.1 Of Special Interest: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Behavioral Consequences of Attention Enhanced Detection Faster Reaction Times Neglect Syndrome as an Attentional Disorder Physiological Effects of Attention Functional MRI Imaging of Attention to Location PET Imaging of Attention to Features Enhanced Neuronal Responses in Parietal Cortex Box 21.2 Path of Discovery: Finding Neuronal Correlates of Attention, by Robert Wurtz Receptive Field Changes in Area V4 How Is Attention Directed? The Pulvinar Nucleus Attention and Eye Movements Concluding Remarks Chapter 22 Mental Illness Introduction Mental Illness and the Brain Psychosocial Approaches to Mental Illness Biological Approaches to Mental Illness Box 22.1 Path of Discovery: Neuroscience, Genes, and Mental Illness, by Steven E. Hyman Anxiety Disorders A Description of Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder Agoraphobia Box 22.2 Of Special Interest: Agoraphobia with Panic Attacks Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Biological Bases of Anxiety Disorders The Stress Response Regulation of the HPA Axis by the Amygdala and Hippocampus Treatments for Anxiety Disorders Psychotherapy Anxiolytic Medications Affective Disorders A Description of Affective Disorders Major Depression Bipolar Disorder Box 22.2 Of Special Interest: A Magical Orange Grove in a Nightmare Biological Bases of Affective Disorders The Monoamine Hypothesis The Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis Treatments for Affective Disorders Electroconvulsive Therapy Psychotherapy Antidepressants Lithium Schizophrenia A Description of Schizophrenia Biological Bases of Schizophrenia Genes and the Environment The Dopamine Hypothesis The Glutamate Hypothesis Treatments for Schizophrenia Concluding Remarks PART IV The Changing Brain Chapter 23 Wiring the Brain Introduction The Genesis of Neurons Cell Proliferation Box 23.1 Of Special Interest: Neurogenesis in the Adult Neocortex Cell Migration Cell Differentiation Differentiation of Cortical Areas The Genesis of Connections The Growing Axon Axon Guidance Guidance Cues Box 23.2 Path of Discovery: All Roads Lead to Netrin, by Marc Tessier- Lavigne Establishing Topographic Maps Box 23.3 Of Special Interest: Why Our CNS Axons Don't Regenerate Synapse Formation The Elimination of Cells and Synapses Box 23.4 Of Special Interest: The Mystery of Autism Cell Death Changes in Synaptic Capacity Activity-Dependent Synaptic Rearrangement Synaptic Segregation Segregation of Retinal Inputs to the LGN Segregation of LGN Inputs in the Striate Cortex Box 23.5 Brain Food: Ocular Dominance Columns and other Oddities Box 23.6 Brain Food: The Critical Period Concept Synaptic Convergence Synaptic Competition Modulatory Influences Elementary Mechanisms of Cortical Synaptic Plasticity Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in the Immature Visual System Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation Long-Term Synaptic Depression Why Critical Periods End Concluding Remarks Chapter 24 Memory Systems Introduction Types of Memory and Amnesia Declarative and Nondeclarative Memory Box 24.1 Of Special Interest: An Extraordinary Memory Long-Term, Short-Term, and Working Memory Amnesia Box 24.2 Of Special Interest: A Fish Tale of Memory Loss The Search for the Engram Lashley's Studies of Maze Learning in Rats Hebb and the Cell Assembly Box 24.3 Brain Food: A Model of a Distributed Memory Localization of Declarative Memories in the Neocortex Studies in Monkeys Studies in Humans Electrical Stimulation of the Human Temporal Lobes The Temporal Lobes and Declarative Memory The Effects of Temporal Lobectomy A Human Case Study: H.M. The Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory Processing An Animal Model of Human Amnesia The Diencephalon and Memory Processing A Human Case Study: N.A. Korsakoff's Syndrome Memory Functions of the Hippocampus The Effects of Hippocampal Lesions in Rats Spatial Memory and Place Cells Box 24.4 Path of Discovery: A Brief History of the Water Maze, by Richard Morris Spatial Memory, Working Memory, and Relational Memory The Striatum and Procedural Memory Rodent Recordings and Lesions in the Striatum Habit Learning in Humans and Nonhuman Primates The Neocortex and Working Memory The Prefrontal Cortex and Working Memory Imaging Working Memory in the Human Brain Area LIP and Working Memory Concluding Remarks Chapter 25 Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory Introduction Procedural Learning Nonassociative Learning Habituation Sensitization Associative Learning Classical Conditioning Instrumental Conditioning Simple Systems: Invertebrate Models of Learning Nonassociative Learning in Aplysia Habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex Sensitization of the Gill-Withdrawal Reflex Associative Learning in Aplysia Vertebrate Models of Learning Synaptic Plasticity in the Cerebellar Cortex Anatomy of the Cerebellar Cortex Long-Term Depression in the Cerebellar Cortex Mechanisms of Cerebellar LTD Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus Anatomy of the Hippocampus Properties of LTP in CA1 Mechanisms of LTP in CA1 Box 25.1 Brain Food: Synaptic Plasticity: Timing Is Everything Long-Term Depression in CA1 LTP, LTD, and Glutamate Receptor Trafficking LTP, LTD, and Memory Box 25.2 Of Special Interest: Memory Mutants The Molecular Basis of Long-Term Memory Persistently Active Protein Kinases CaMKII and LTP Box 25.3 Path of Discovery: A Memorable Walk on the Beach, by John E. Lisman Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis and Memory Consolidation CREB and Memory Structural Plasticity and Memory Concluding Remarks
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Neurosciences.
Brain.
Brain.
Neurosciences.
Spinal Cord.