(2003). Der chirurgische Notfallpatient: Erstversorgung, Stabilisierung, Triage, chirurgische Therapie [The surgical emergency patient. First aid; stabilization; triage; surgical treatment], May 22, 2003-May 29, 2003, Lugano,Switzerland, Schweizerische Vereinigung fur Kleintiermedizin: Zurich, Switzerland, 177 p.
Descriptors: radiography, emergencies, ultrasound, fluid therapy, analgesia, anesthesia, shock, thoracocentesis, catheters, oxygen administration, venous cutdown, soft tissue trauma, opHthalamic emergencies, abdominal surgery.
Language of Text: German and English.

Abeynayake, P. (1997). Management of pain in dogs and cats using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics. Australian Veterinary Journal 75(5): 353. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: management, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, pain, analgesics, cats.
Notes: Interpretive summary of Matthews, K. A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflamatory analgesics in pain management in dogs and cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal (1996) 37, 539-545.

Aitkin, L., L. Tran, and J. Syka (1994). The responses of neurons in subdivisions of the inferior colliculus of cats to tonal, noise and vocal stimuli. Experimental Brain Research 98(1): 53-64. ISSN: 0014-4819.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to gain information from anesthetized cats about the differential coding properties of neurons in the three major subdivisions of the inferior colliculus: the central (CNIC) and external (EN) nuclei and dorsal cortex (DC). Stimuli were presented in the free field from a speaker facing the contralateral pinna. For each unit, the characteristic frequency (CF, where threshold was lowest) was determined, and impulse rates to CF tone bursts, noise bursts and four feline vocal stimuli were measured as a function of increasing sound pressure level (rate/level functions). Peristimulus-time histograms were computed for responses to all stimuli. Sustained firing patterns to CF stimuli were observed for 81% of units in CNIC, for 50% of units in EN and 27% of units in DC. Sustained discharges were evoked by noise in 78-100% of units in all regions, and by at least one vocal stimulus in 86% of units in CNIC, 82% in EN and 55% in DC. In the CNIC, non-monotonic rate/level functions to CF stimuli were more common (41%) than either monotonic or plateau functions, whereas the reverse was the case with noise and vocal stimuli. Non-monotonic functions were uncommon to any stimulus in EN and DC (21-24%). Vocal stimuli were more effective in terms of higher firing rates than noise or CF stimuli in 27% of units in CNIC, 82% in EN and 72% in DC. There were no units that responded exclusively to one vocal stimulus, but a high proportion of units in EN responded strongly to broad band stimuli, and some of these showed clear preferences for one vocal stimulus over others.
Descriptors: acoustic stimulation, inferior colliculus, neurons, anesthesia, cats, histocytochemistry, inferior colliculus, microelectrodes, noise, vocalization, animal.

Algate, D.R., J. Augustin, P.R. Atterson, D.J. Beard, C.M. Jobling, S. Laufer, P.L. Munt, and S. Tries (1995). General pharmacology of [2,2-dimethyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-phenyl-2,3- dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-5-yl]-acetic acid in experimental animals. Arzneimittel-Forschung 45(2): 159-165. ISSN: 0004-4172.
Abstract: [2,2-Dimethyl-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-5- yl]-acetic acid (ML 3000) is a newly synthesized compound with analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity. The general pharmacological effects of ML 3000 following oral administration were investigated in experimental animals. The results showed that with regard to the CNS, ML 3000 did not affect behaviour in the Irwin test, locomotor activity or hexobarbital-induced sleep at doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg. ML 3000, at a single dose of 100 mg/kg administered intraduodenally, had no notable effect on the cardiovascular system or respiration in anaesthestised rats and dogs nor on neuromuscular function in anaesthetised cats. No evidence of gastric damage or disturbance of peristalsis was observed following oral administration of ML 3000. In vitro, ML 3000 evoked a weak spasmogenic response in the guinea-pig ileum with a dose-related inhibition of acetylcholine, histamine and barium chloride-induced responses. A small transient reduction in urine volume was observed after the highest dose accompanied by decreases in electrolyte excretion at doses of 100 and 300 mg/kg in rats. The results demonstrate that ML 3000 has no notable general pharmacological effects under the experimental conditions reported.
Descriptors: acetic acids, lipoxygenase inhibitors, pyrroles, animal behavior, cats, central nervous system, digestive system, dogs, guinea pigs, hemodynamic processes, kidney, mice, mice, inbred icr, muscle contraction, muscle, skeletal, muscle, smooth, rats, rats, wistar, respiratory system.

Allen, S.L. and P.W. Hellyer (2000). An overview of common anesthetic monitoring devices. Veterinary Medicine 95(Suppl.): 10-17. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: anesthesia, pressure, surgical equipment, cats.

Ally, A., A.F. Meintjes, J.H. Mitchell, and L.B. Wilson (1994). Central cholinergic modulation of the exercise pressor reflex in anesthetized cats. American Journal of Physiology 267(1 Pt 2): H109-H117. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: Effects of central administration of a cholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, on cardiovascular responses to static contraction and passive stretch of the triceps surae were studied using anesthetized cats. Contraction increased mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) by 44 +/- 5 mmHg, 18 +/- 1 beats/min, and 86 +/- 6%, respectively. MAP, HR, and RSNA increased during stretch by 44 +/- 5 mmHg, 15 +/- 1 beats/min, and 61 +/- 4%, respectively. Administration of physostigmine (100 micrograms; 5 microliters) into the third ventricle decreased resting MAP by 22 +/- 3 mmHg and RSNA by 32 +/- 4%, with no effect on HR. Physostigmine attenuated the contraction-evoked responses as MAP, HR, and RSNA increased by 17 +/- 2 mmHg, 3 +/- 1 beats/min, and 31 +/- 6%, respectively. Also, physostigmine blunted MAP, HR, and RSNA responses to stretch (16 +/- 2 mmHg, 4 +/- 1 beats/min, and 9 +/- 6%, respectively). Posterior hypothalamic stimulation increased MAP by 39 +/- 3 mmHg, which was unaffected by physostigmine, despite a lower baseline. Cardiovascular and RSNA responses to contraction and stretch returned to control 90-120 min after physostigmine. Preadministration of the muscarinic antagonist, atropine sulfate (100 micrograms; 5 microliters), blocked the effects of physostigmine. Results suggest central cholinergic stimulation can inhibit the exercise pressor reflex in anesthetized cats.
Descriptors: blood pressure, brain stem, motor activity, parasympathetic nervous system, reflex, anesthesia, atropine, cats, electric stimulation, hypothalamus, posterior, injections, intraventricular, muscle contraction, pHysostigmine.

Ally, A., L.B. Wilson, A.C. Nobrega, and J.H. Mitchell (1995). Cardiovascular effects elicited by central administration of physostigmine via M2 muscarinic receptors in conscious cats. Brain Research 677(2): 268-276. ISSN: 0006-8993.
Abstract: The cardiovascular effects of an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of physostigmine were studied using conscious cats. Physostigmine (5-25 micrograms: 5 microliters) caused a dose-dependent increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). The highest dose (25 micrograms) increased MAP and HR by 32 +/- 3 mmHg and 45 +/- 5 beats/min, respectively (n = 5). Pre-administration of the muscarinic receptor antagonist, atropine (25 micrograms; i.c.v.) blocked the effects of physostigmine (25 micrograms; i.c.v.). Also, the pre-administration of the M2 muscarinic antagonist, methoctramine (25 micrograms; i.c.v.), antagonized the cardiovascular effects of physostigmine without altering the baseline variables. However, the M1 muscarinic antagonist, pirenzepine (100 micrograms; i.c.v.) did not alter baseline MAP or HR, and also failed to inhibit the cardiovascular responses to physostigmine. Similarly, the M3 muscarinic blocker, 4-diphenyl-acetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (50 micrograms; i.c.v.), neither changed baseline cardiovascular variables nor blocked the effects of physostigmine. When the same cats were anesthetized with intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital (25-30 mg/kg), physostigmine (25 micrograms; i.c.v.) evoked a decrease in MAP and HR of 13 +/- 6 mmHg and 15 +/- 6 bpm, respectively (n = 5). These results demonstrate that the increases in MAP and HR to the i.c.v. administration of physostigmine in conscious cats are possibly mediated through stimulation of central M2 muscarinic receptors. In addition, anesthesia reverses the effects elicited by the central administration of physostigmine to a decrease in MAP and HR.
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, pHysostigmine, receptors, muscarinic, atropine, animal behavior, pressure, cardiovascular, cats, consciousness, dose response relationship, drug, evans blue, heart rate, injections, intraventricular, pentobarbital.

Amzica, F. and M. Steriade (1995). Short- and long-range neuronal synchronization of the slow (< 1 Hz) cortical oscillation. Journal of Neurophysiology 73(1): 20-38. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Abstract: 1. Multisite, extra- and intracellular recordings were carried out in cats under ketamine and xylazine anesthesia to assess the degree of synchrony and time relations among cellular activities in various neocortical fields during a slow (< 1 Hz) oscillation consisting of long-lasting depolarizing and hyperpolarizing phases. 2. Recordings were performed from visual areas 17, 18, 19, and 21, association suprasylvian areas 5 and 7, motor pericruciate areas 4 and 6, as well as some related thalamic territories, such as the lateral geniculate (LG), perigeniculate (PG), and rostral intralaminar nuclei. We used spike analyses (auto- and cross-correlograms) to reveal rhythmicities, time relations and coherence properties, analyses of field potentials recorded through the same microelectrodes as used for unit discharges (auto-and cross-correlation functions and their spectral equivalents), and spike-triggered averages. The results are based on 194 groups of neurons with a total of 591 neurons. Seventeen groups included intracellular recordings of cortical neurons with membrane potentials more negative than -60 mV and overshooting action potentials. 3. The most obvious and frequent signs of neuronal synchrony were found within and between association areas 5 and 7 and 18/19 and 21. Closely located cells or neuronal pools were also "closer" in time. The shortest mean time lag was found between cells within adjacent foci (1-2 mm) of areas 5 and 7 and was 12 +/- 11.2 (SE) ms, with more caudal neurons preceding the rostral ones in 70% of cases. In visual cortical fields, the time lag between areas 18/19 and 21 neurons was 27.6 +/- 36 ms, between areas 17 and 21 was 36.2 +/- 47.8 ms, and between areas 18/19 and 17 was 40 +/- 73 ms. In the majority of cases, neuronal firing in area 21 preceded that in areas 18/19. The longest time lags were found in distant recordings from visual and motor areas, with a mean of 124 +/- 86.8 ms, although in some cell groups the time intervals between neuronal firing in areas 18/19 or 21 and areas 4 or 6 were as short as approximately 20 ms. 4. Similar time relations were found in those instances in which the unit firing of the same cortical neuron was used as reference in spike triggered averages and was related to the field potential recorded from an adjacent area before impaling a neuron and, thereafter, to membrane potential fluctuations after impaling the cell. 5. The PG reticular thalamic neurons reflected the slow cortical oscillation in 75% of multisite recordings.
Descriptors: electroencephalography, motor cortex, neurons, visual cortex, automatic data processing, cats, oscillometry.

Anderson, I.K., G.R. Martin, and A.G. Ramage (1995). Evidence that activation of 5-HT2 receptors in the forebrain of anaesthetized cats causes sympathoexcitation. British Journal of Pharmacology 116(2): 1751-1756. ISSN: 0007-1188.
Abstract: 1. The aim of the present experiments was to determine whether the effects of lateral ventricular application of 5-HT on cardiovascular and respiratory variables in anaesthetized cats are mediated by forebrain 5-HT2 receptors. This was carried out by determining whether the effects of 5-HT are blocked by the 5-HT2 antagonist, cinanserin and if they are mimicked by the selective 5-HT2 agonist, 1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane (DOI). 2. Cats were anaesthetized with a mixture of alpha-chloralose and pentobarbitone sodium, neuromuscularly blocked and artifically ventilated. The following cardiovascular and respiratory variables were recorded: renal, splanchnic and cardiac sympathetic nerve activities, phrenic nerve activity, heart rate, arterial blood pressure, femoral arterial conductance and tracheal pressure. All drugs were administered via the lateral ventricle and the action of these agonists was restricted to forebrain sites by a cannula placed in the Aqueduct of Sylvius. 3. Cumulative doses of 5-HT (10-160 nmol kg-1) and DOI (80-320 nmol kg-1) injected into the lateral ventricle caused significant increases in blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity and a decrease in femoral arterial conductance. DOI and 5-HT caused a greater increase in cardiac compared with splanchnic nerve activity and failed to change renal nerve activity. 5-HT but not DOI significantly increased the magnitude and the number of phrenic bursts as well as significantly increasing tracheal pressure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Descriptors: blood pressure, prosencepHalon, receptors, serotonin, serotonin, sympathetic nervous system, anesthesia, cats, cinanserin, dose response relationship, drug, heart rate, time factors.

Andersson, G. (1995). Cortico-cortical mediation of short-latency (lemniscal) sensory input to the motor cortex in deeply pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 153(4): 381-392. ISSN: 1748-1708.
NAL Call Number: QP1.A2
Abstract: In pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cats, responses were recorded as surface positive potentials in the motor cortex on forelimb and brachium conjunctivum stimulation. In such a preparation, the forelimb nerve responses are mediated via the spino-cervical tract and the dorsal column-lemniscal pathway. Lesions of the sensory cortex (sparing only the depth of the coronary sulcus) abolished or reduced short-latency peripheral responses, in the motor cortex, on both skin and muscle nerve stimulation to less than 10% of control, while brachium conjunctivum responses were unchanged. Lesions of the second somatosensory area alone reduced the motor cortex responses on peripheral nerve stimulation by 10-20%. When the sensory cortex was inactivated by spreading depression, peripheral responses in the motor cortex were abolished before the spreading depression reached the recording point, as judged from the brachium conjunctivum response. The depth distribution of positive and negative field potentials, constituting the early components of a peripheral response in the motor cortex, closely resembled that of a cortico-cortical response evoked on stimulation in area 3. It differed from that of thalamo-cortical response evoked on brachium conjunctivum stimulation. These data suggest that most, if not all, sensory input through the dorsal column and spino-cervical tract to the motor cortex is mediated via the sensory cortex.
Descriptors: anesthesia, motor cortex, neurons, afferent, pentobarbital, cats, electrophysiology, microelectrodes, radial nerve, somatosensory cortex, spinal cord, spreading cortical depression, ulnar nerve.

Angyan, L. (1996). Cardiorespiratory effects of electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus in cats. Physiology and Behavior 59(3): 455-459. ISSN: 0031-9384.
NAL Call Number: QP1.P4
Abstract: Increase in the arterial blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) was regularly evoked by electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus (GP) in awake, freely moving cats. The somatomotor responses to GP stimulations consisted of either slow movements, localized mainly on the head, or contraversive circling. Both the peak and the shape of the BP curve were related to the stimulus intensity. Stimulations repeated under blockade of the adrenergic alpha-receptors failed to increase BP whereas the somatomotor responses occurred as in drug-free animals. Intra-arterious injection of procaine did not interfere with the electrically elicited elevation of BP. GP stimulations also caused arterial blood pressure changes under chloralose anesthesia. It is concluded that the globus pallidus has a role in connecting somatomotor activities with the appropriate cardiorespiratory changes.
Descriptors: globus pallidus, hemodynamic processes, respiratory mechanics, adrenergic alpha antagonists, anesthesia, pressure, cats, chloralose, electric stimulation, heart rate, movement, phentolamine, pressoreceptors, procaine.

Anonymous (2004). Perioperative deaths in small animals: Findings so far. Veterinary Record 154(17): 516-517. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: anesthesia, cause of death, intraoperative, anesthesia, anesthesia mortality, cats, dogs, intraoperative, intraoperative mortality, rabbits.

Ansah, O.B., M. Raekallio, and O. Vainio (2000). Correlation between serum concentrations following continuous intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine or medetomidine in cats and their sedative analgesic effects. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapy 23(1): 1-8. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call Number: SF915. J63
Abstract: Dexmedetomidine (DEX) may have some therapeutic advantages over the racemate medetomidine (MED). Here we have examined how serum concentrations of DEX correlate with some of its anaesthetic effects. Cats (n = 6) were administered with a continuous stepwise intravenous (i.v.) infusion of DEX or MED on different occasions in a cross-over design. Maintenance infusion rates (mg/kg/min) used were: DEX = 0.25 (MED = 0.50); DEX = 1 (MED = 2) and DEX = 4 (MED = 8) for infusion steps 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Each maintenance infusion lasted at least 50 min and was preceded with a loading dose. There was no significant difference between serum DEX and 0.5 serum MED concentrations at any dose level nor was there a significant difference between serum DEX and the (entire) serum MED concentrations. There was no significant difference between DEX and MED for sedation, analgesia, muscular relaxation and heart and respiratory rates. For both DEX and MED, serum drug concentration and analgesia were dose-dependent and sedation increased until the end of infusion step 2 (dose level 2) and decreased at the end of step 3 (dose level 3. Muscular relaxation was not dose-dependent. We conclude that increasing the blood concentration of DEX or MED beyond a certain level decreases the level of sedation instead of increasing it even though analgesia increases. The rate at which DEX and MED are metabolized in cats may not be the same.
Descriptors: cats, medetomidine, isomers, intravenous injection, serum, anesthesia, heart rate, respiration rate, drug.

Ansah, O.B., M. Raekallio, and O. Vainio (1998). Comparison of three doses of dexmedetomidine with medetomidine in cats following intramuscular administration. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapy 21(5): 380-387. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call Number: SF915. J63
Descriptors: cats, medetomidine, isomers, dosage, anesthesia, intramuscular injection.

Ansah, O.B., O. Vainio, C. Hellsten, and M. Raekallio (2002). Postoperative pain control in cats: clinical trials with medetomidine and butorphanol. Veterinary Surgery 31(2): 99-103. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911. V43
Descriptors: analgesics, analgesics, butorphanol, cats, hysterectomy, medetomidine, postoperative pain, analgesics, analgesics, butorphanol, cats surgery, injections, intramuscular, medetomidine, pain measurement, single blind method, time factors.

Aramaki, Y., M. Uechi, and K. Takase (2002). Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of intracellular cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-modulating agents in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 64(11): 981-96. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604 .J342
Abstract: The inotropic, chronotropic, and vasodilatory effects of five commonly used cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-modulating agents were evaluated. Hemodynamic functions were measured continuously in isoflurane-anesthetized cats during infusion of the following: dobutamine (DOB; 2.5, 5 and 10 microg/kg/min; n=8), dopamine (DOP; 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 microg/kg/min; n=5), milrinone (MIL; 2.5, 5 and 10 microg/kg/min; n=8), 6-(3-dimethyl-aminopropionyl) forskolin hydrochloride (COL; 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 microg/kg/min; n=7), and bucladesine sodium (BUC; 10, 20, and 40 microg/kg/min; n=9). At the highest infusion rate, DOB and DOP produced the greatest positive inotropic (increase in left ventricular (LV) dP/dt = 89 +/- 4% and 75 +/- 6%, respectively) and chronotropic (increase in heart rate (HR) = 42 +/- 4% and 22 +/- 6%, respectively) effects. MIL and COL produced similar albeit less pronounced positive inotropic (increase in LV dP/dt = 18 +/- 3% and 22 +/- 6%, respectively) and chronotropic (increase in HR = 13 +/- 4% and 21 +/- 4%, respectively) effects. Both also had significant vasodilatory effects (decrease in peripheral resistance (PR) = -30 +/- 2% and -35 +/- 7%, respectively). In contrast, BUC produced only vasodilatation (decrease in PR = -33 +/- 6%). Hence, MIL, COL, and BUC had significant vasodilatory effects and less-pronounced inotropic effects than the catecholamines DOB and DOP. The vasodilatory effects of non-catecholamine drugs for treatment of congestive heart failure should translate into beneficial decreases in both pre-load and after-load. In contrast, the strong inotropic effects of DOB and DOP should be beneficial in the treatment of acute heart failure and anesthetic crisis.
Descriptors: anesthetics, cardiotonic agents, cardiovascular system, cyclic amp, hemodynamic processes, isoflurane, pressure, bucladesine, cardiovascular system, cats, dobutamine, dopamine, heart rate, milrinone, regional flow, vasodilation.

Arisawa, H., K. Fukui, N. Fujise, and H. Masunaga (2002). General pharmacological profile of the novel muscarinic receptor agonist SNI-2011, a drug for xerostomia in Sjogren's syndrome. 2nd communication: effects on somatic nervous system and on autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle. Arzneimittel Forschung 52(2): 81-88. ISSN: 0004-4172.
Abstract: A novel muscarinic receptor agonist SNI-2011 ((+/-)-cis-2-methylspirol[1,3-oxathiolane-5,3'-quinuclidine] monohydrochloride hemihydrate, cevimeline, CAS 153504-70-2), is a candidate therapeutic drug for xerostomia in Sjogren's syndrome. The general pharmacological properties of this drug on the somatic nervous system and on the autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle were investigated in mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and cats. 1. Somatic nervous system: SNI-2011 had no effect on the neuromuscular junction in rats and no muscle relaxant effect in mice. No surface anesthetic effect was observed in guinea pigs, but infiltration anesthetic effect was found after intracutaneous injection of solution (1% or higher). 2. Autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle: SNI-2011 tended to cause mydriasis at 3 mg/kg i.v. or higher in rabbits and dose-dependently caused mydriasis at 10 mg/kg p.o. or higher in rats. Mydriasis in rats was also observed by ophthalmic instillation, caused via the peripheral muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. SNI-2011 elevated the base line tension of nictitating membrane in cats when it was injected intravenously at 3 mg/kg or higher. In the smooth muscle, SNI-2011 increased the spontaneous movement of isolated rabbit ileum (1 x 10(-6) mol/l or higher), contractions of isolated guinea pig ileum (1 x 10(-6) mol/l or higher) and isolated guinea pig trachea (3 x 10(-6) mol/l or higher). SNI-2011 relaxed the histamine- and noradrenaline-induced contractions of isolated guinea pig aorta and augmented noradrenaline- and phenylephrine-induced contractions of isolated rat vas deferens. These effects were induced by relatively higher concentrations only i.e. 1 x 10(-5) mol/l or higher. From these results, SNI-2011 has muscarinic side effects on the somatic nervous system and on the autonomic nervous system and smooth muscle, however, in the case of oral administration, that is clinical administration route, SNI-2011 caused no muscarinic side effect at the effective doses needed for saliva secretion.
Descriptors: autonomic nervous system, muscarinic agonists, muscle, smooth, peripheral nervous system, quinuclidines, sjogren's syndrome, thiopHenes, xerostomia, anesthetics, catecholamines, catecholamines, cats, guinea pigs, histamine antagonists, mice, mice, inbred icr, muscle contraction, muscle relaxants, central, muscle, smooth, vascular, neuromuscular junction, nictitating membrane, pupil, rabbits, rats, rats, inbred f344, rats, wistar, sjogren's syndrome, xerostomia.

Arisawa, H., E. Imai, N. Fujise, K. Fukui, and H. Masunaga (2002). General pharmacological profile of the novel muscarinic receptor agonist SNI-2011, a drug for xerostomia in Sjogren's syndrome. 1st communication: effects on general behavior and central nervous system. Arzneimittel-Forschung 52(1): 14-20. ISSN: 0004-4172.
Abstract: A novel muscarinic receptor agonist, SNI-2011 ((+/-)-cis-2-methylspiro[1,3-oxathiolane-5,3'-quinuclidine] monohydrochloride hemihydrate, cevimeline, CAS 153504-70-2), is a candidate therapeutic drug for xerostomia in Sjogren's syndrome. The general pharmacological properties of this drug on general behavior and the central nervous system were investigated in mice, rats and cats. 1. General behavior: When SNI-2011 was administered orally to mice at 100 mg/kg, mydriasis, a decrease of spontaneous motor activity, tremor, convulsions, salivation, abnormal posture, abnormal gait, reduced grip strength and reduced response against external stimulating were observed, and 2 out of 6 animals died. At 10 mg/kg or lower, no particular sign was observed except mydriasis, which appeared to be caused via the peripheral muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. 2. Central nervous system: SNI-2011 had no effect on the motor coordination in mice. Hypothermia was observed in rats and reduced spontaneous motor activity, analgesia and enhanced maximum electroshock-induced convulsions were observed in mice after oral administration of 30 mg/kg SNI-2011. Slight increase in the rate of theta-wave band in the hippocampal EEG of rats and spinal multisynaptic reflexes in cats were observed after intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg SNI-2011. At an oral dose of 10 mg/kg, prolongation of thiopental-induced sleeping time in mice was observed. The prolongation of sleeping time was inhibited by a peripheral muscarinic antagonist. These results suggest that SNI-2011 has muscarinic effects on general behavior and the central nervous system at the doses approximately 10-fold higher than the effective doses needed for saliva secretion.
Descriptors: muscarinic agonists, quinuclidines, sjogren's syndrome, thiopHenes, xerostomia, anesthetics, intravenous, anticonvulsants, animal behavior, body temperature, cats, central nervous system, electroencephalography, electroshock, mice, mice, inbred icr, motor activity, muscarinic agonists, pain measurement, psychomotor performance, quinuclidines, rats, rats, wistar, reflex, thiopental.

Baik, E.J., Y. Jeong, T.S. Nam, W.K. Kim, and K.S. Paik (1995). Mechanism of transmission and modulation of renal pain in cats; effect of nucleus raphe magnus stimulation on renal pain. Yonsei Medical Journal 36(4): 348-360. ISSN: 0513-5796.
Abstract: Initially, when periaqueductal gray (PAG) is electrically stimulated, analgesia is induced, and this phenomenon is called stimulation-produced analgesia. Nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) as well as PAG are known to be the potent analgesic centers. NRM could modulate the nociceptive response of spinal cord neurons through spinally projecting fibers. However, as well as the above analgesic effects have been confined to the somatic pain, it was variable according to species, and the analgesic effect by NRM stimulation on the visceral pain was not yet clarified. In this study the analgesic effect by NRM stimulation on the visceral pain was examined through recording the activities of the dorsal horn neurons with renal input and renal pain, as a type of visceral pain. The renal pain was induced by ureteral occlusion or renal arterial occlusion, which in turn activated the renal mechanoreceptor or chemoreceptor. These cells had concomitant somatic input. In order to compare the effects of NRM stimulation on the renal pain with somatic pain, the somatic stimulation such as squeezing was conducted on the peripheral receptive field. The main results are summarized as follows: 1) After an electrical stimulation of NRM, spontaneous activities of dorsal horn neurons with renal input were reduced to 73.3 +/- 9.7% of the control value. 2) After an electrical stimulation of NRM, activities of dorsal horn neurons with renal input evoked by a brush, a type of non-noxious stimuli, did not change significantly. But the activities by a squeeze, a type of noxious stimuli, the activities were reduced to 63.2 +/- 7.2% of the control value. 3) After an electrical stimulation of NRM, activities of dorsal horn neurons with renal input evoked by occlusion of ureter or renal artery were reduced to 46.7 +/- 8.8% and 49.0 +/- 8.0% of the control value respectively. 4) The inhibitory effect of NRM on the dorsal horn neurons with renal input did not show any difference between renal A delta fiber and C fiber group. 5) By the electrical stimulation of NRM, the activities evoked by ureteral occlusion showed more reduction in the high threshold cell group than in the wide dynamic range cell group. These results suggest that activation of NRM can alleviate the renal pain as well as the somatic pain by modulating the dorsal horn neurons activities.
Descriptors: kidney, pain threshold, raphe nuclei, afferent pathways, cats, electric stimulation, kidney innervation, nervous system, neurons, spinal cord.

Barter, L.S., J.E. Ilkiw, B.H. Pypendop, and E.P. Steffey (2004). Evaluation of the induction and recovery characteristics of anesthesia with desflurane in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 65(6): 748-51. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the characteristics of desflurane with regard to the induction of and recovery from anesthesia in cats. ANIMALS: 6 cats. PROCEDURE: Anesthesia was induced and maintained with desflurane in oxygen. Individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) values were determined; anesthesia was maintained at 1.25 x MAC for a total anesthesia time (including MAC determination) of 5 hours. Cats were allowed to recover from anesthesia. Induction and recovery periods were video recorded and later scored by use of a grading scale from 0 to 100 (100 being the best outcome). Timing of events was recorded. RESULTS: The MAC of desflurane was 10.27 +/- 1.06%, and mean dose was 5.6 +/- 0.2 MAC-hours. Times to loss of coordination, recumbency, and endotracheal intubation were 1.3 +/- 0.4, 2.3 +/- 0.3, and 6.4 +/- 1.1 minutes, respectively. Median score for quality of anesthetic induction was 93 (range, 91 to 94). Times to first movement, extubation, standing, and ability to jump and land with coordination were 2.8 +/- 1.0, 3.8 +/- 0.5, 14.3 +/- 3.9, and 26.4 +/- 5.1 minutes, respectively. Alveolar washout of desflurane was rapid. Median score for quality of anesthetic recovery was 94 (range, 86 to 96). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Desflurane was associated with rapid induction of and recovery from anesthesia in cats; assessors rated the overall quality of induction and recovery as excellent. Results appear to support the use of desflurane for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in healthy cats.
Descriptors: anesthesia recovery period, inhalation anesthesia, anesthetics, cats, isoflurane, isoflurane, drug evaluation, time factors, video recording.

Bartlett, D.Jr. and S.L. Knuth (1994). Influence of hypoxia on ventilatory responses to intralaryngeal CO2 in cats. Respiration Physiology 96(1): 61-9. ISSN: 0034-5687.
NAL Call Number: QP121. A1R4
Abstract: In decerebrate, vagotomized cats, introduction of CO2 into the isolated laryngeal airway while systemic PCO2 is held constant evokes dose-related reflex changes in ventilatory activity. Because systemic hypoxia is known to exaggerate ventilatory responses to other types of laryngeal chemostimulation in neonates, we have compared the responses of phrenic and hypoglossal nerve activities to ventilation of the larynx with 10% CO2 during systemic hyperoxia (FIO2 = 1.00) to those during hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.12). Compared with the hyperoxic baseline condition, hypoxia stimulated phrenic activity but attenuated the reduction in phrenic activity evoked by intralaryngeal CO2. Hypoglossal activity was increased by intralaryngeal CO2 and this response appeared to be reduced by hypoxia, but neither of these findings was statistically significant. The response of phrenic activity to intralaryngeal CO2 during systemic hypercapnia was similar to that during hypoxia. The increase of phrenic activity in response to hypoxia was prevented by carotid body resection. Similarly, the hypoxic attenuation of the phrenic response to intralaryngeal CO2 appeared to be absent after carotid body resection, although this finding was not established statistically. These results differ from previous reports of exaggerated laryngeal chemoreflex responses during hypoxia. The difference may reflect differences in the receptors and synaptic mechanisms of the reflexes, the severity and time course of hypoxia or the presence or depth of general anesthesia or sleep.
Descriptors: anoxia, carbon dioxide, larynx, respiration, carbon dioxide analysis, cats, dose response relationship, drug, hypoglossal nerve, larynx, phrenic nerve, respiration, time factors.

Beal, M.W., D.C. Brown, and F.S. Shofer (2000). The effects of perioperative hypothermia and the duration of anesthesia on postoperative wound infection rate in clean wounds: a retrospective study. Veterinary Surgery 29(2): 123-127. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911. V43
Descriptors: dogs, cats, surgical operations, wounds, healing, infections, anesthesia, duration, hypothermia, incidence, body temperature, risk factors, risk assessment, postoperative.

Berkenbosch, A., C.N. Olievier, J.G. Wolsink, J. DeGoede, and J. Rupreht (1994). Effects of morphine and physostigmine on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide. Anesthesiology 80(6): 1303-10. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: It has been reported that physostigmine antagonizes morphine-induced respiratory depression, but it is not known whether this is due to a central chemoreceptor effect, an effect on the peripheral chemoreflex loop, or both. We therefore assessed the effect of morphine and physostigmine on the normoxic hypercapnic ventilatory response mediated by the central and peripheral chemoreceptors in ten alpha-chloralose-urethan-anesthetized cats. METHODS: The breath-by-breath ventilatory responses to stepwise changes in end-tidal CO2 tension were determined before (control), after administration of morphine hydrochloride (0.15 mg.kg-1) and during intravenous infusion of physostigmine salicylate (bolus of 0.05 mg.kg-1 followed by 0.025 mg.kg-1.h-1). Each response was separated into a central and a peripheral chemoreflex characterized by CO2 sensitivity (Sc and Sp), time constant, time delay, and apneic threshold (a single off-set B). RESULTS: Morphine increased B and decreased Sc and Sp (P < 0.01), but not the ratio Sp/Sc. Subsequent infusion of physostigmine decreased B (P < 0.01), without further change of Sp and Sc. Premedication with physostigmine decreased B, Sp and Sc (P < 0.01) vs. control, but not Sp/Sc. Subsequent administration of morphine decreased Sp and Sc further but increased B (P < 0.01), while Sp/Sc remained constant. CONCLUSIONS: Because morphine diminishes the Sc and Sp of the chemoreflex loop to the same extent this depressant effect is presumably due to an action on the respiratory integrating centers rather than on the peripheral and central chemoreceptors as such and is not antagonized by physostigmine. We argue that the increase in B may be due to changes in the amount of acetylcholine available in the brain and can be antagonized by physostigmine.
Descriptors: anesthesia, carbon dioxide, chemoreceptors, morphine, pHysostigmine, respiration, carbon dioxide, cats, naloxone.

Besancon, M., M. Buttrick, and C. Baldwin (1998). Considerations in general anesthesia for cesarean section in small animals. Iowa State University Veterinarian 60(1): 28-34. ISSN: 0099-5851.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V6425
Descriptors: dogs, cats, placenta.

Bhunia, S., N. Bhattacharya, and M. Fahim (1995). Effect of acute haemodilution on right atrial type-B receptor activity in anaesthetized cats. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 39(3): 216-22. ISSN: 0019-5499.
NAL Call Number: QP1. I54
Abstract: In order to investigate whether the sensitivity of atrial type-B receptors to its natural stimulus is altered during acute haemodilution, experiments were conducted in nine anaesthetized, artificially ventilated and thoracotomized cats. Haemodilution was achieved by replacement of blood by the same volume of dextran (MW 150000). Atrial receptor activity, arterial blood pressure, right atrial pressure and ECG were recorded. Heart rate was calculated from ECG records. Arterial blood hematocrit was measured. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were not altered by haemodilution even at a hematocrit level of 12.17 +/- 0.93 percent. Average activity of type-B atrial receptors, mean right atrial pressure, right atrial peak 'v' pressure, right atrial initial 'v' pressure and right atrial 'v' wave amplitude were changed significantly (P < 0.05) during acute haemodilution when the hematocrit was 12.17 +/- 0.93 percent but the atrial type-B receptor activity per cycle did not show any significant change. Average activity of type-B receptors increased from 8.56 +/- 1.02 spikes/sec to 9.56 +/- 1.11 spikes/sec. Mean right atrial pressure, right atrial 'v' wave amplitude, right atrial peak 'v' pressure increased significantly (P < 0.05) from respective control values. Right atrial initial 'v' wave pressure decreased significantly. Heart rate changed from 168.11 +/- 5.42 beats/min to 170.89 +/- 5.65 beats/min. Mean arterial pressure changed from 134.33 +/- 0.89 mmHg to 135.67 +/- 1.46 mmHg.
Descriptors: heart, hemodilution, pressoreceptors, anesthesia, atrial function, pressure, cats, heart rate, hematocrit, muscle fibers.

Bilbrough, G. (2002). Opioids as analgesics and sedatives in cats. Veterinary Times 32(44): 12-13. ISSN: 1352-9374.
Descriptors: analgesics, butorphanol, drug delivery systems, drug toxicity, neuroleptics, opioids, cats.

Birt, D., S. Aou, and C.D. Woody (2003). Intracellularly recorded responses of neurons of the motor cortex of awake cats to presentations of Pavlovian conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. Brain Research 969(1-2): 205-16. ISSN: 0926-6410.
Abstract: The electrical responses to a conditioned stimulus (click CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (glabella tap US) were studied in single units of the pericruciate cortex of awake cats. There has been no previous direct, in vivo characterization of the intracellular effects in cortical neurons of a CS and US used for associative Pavlovian conditioning. Earlier studies showed that ablation of the pericruciate cortex prevented the development of short latency blink CRs produced by associative pairing of these stimuli. Both the CS and the US produced depolarizing EPSPs and increases in spike discharge in intracellularly recorded units. The magnitude of the EPSPs was greater in response to the tap US than to the click CS, and the degree of unit discharge in response to the tap US was greater than that to the click CS. The onset latencies of the spike responses were distributed in three ranges. For click CS the ranges were 6-15, 20-35 and 40-85 ms. For tap US the ranges were 6-25, 30-45 and 50-85 ms. An additional response was observed in the period 0.5-6.0 ms after tap onset. It was thought to be elicited mechanically by vibration of the electrode tip following tap delivery. Pentobarbital anesthesia abolished the unconditioned motor response to tap, but failed to abolish the neuronal responses in any of the latency ranges, suggesting that the responses were not produced by feedback from the movement. Both the CS and the US are needed for the development of blink conditioning, and are distinguished behaviorally by the US producing an unconditioned motor response whose form resembles that of the conditioned response which develops after the stimuli are paired. Both the click CS and the tap US also produced hyperpolarizing IPSPs. Injection of steady, hyperpolarizing current disclosed two types of IPSPs in response to the tap US. One reversed with hyperpolarization; the other increased in magnitude with hyperpolarization. The magnitude of inhibition, measured by reduced discharge, was greater in response to the click CS than to the tap US. We conclude that the major differences between effects of this CS and US on cells of the motor cortex of cats are that the CS elicits less activity than the US and has a larger inhibiting effect. The US elicits greater depolarization than does the CS, as well as an initial discharge component of greater magnitude and longer duration.
Descriptors: conditioning, classical, membrane potentials, neurons, blinking, cats, consciousness, electromyogrphy, excitatory postsynaptic potentials, microelectrodes, motor cortex.

Bjorling, D.E. (1998). Analgesia for onychectomy in cats. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 12: 570.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: analgesics, claws, surgical operations, onychectomy, cats.

Bocian, R. and J. Konopacki (2001). Effect of posterior hypothalamic injection of procaine on the hippocampal theta rhythm in freely moving cats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 61(2): 125-34. ISSN: 0065-1400.
Abstract: Earlier in vivo studies conducted on freely moving and anesthetized rats demonstrated that the posterior hypothalamus (PH) comprises pathways critical for producing the synchronous hippocampal formation (HPC) theta rhythm. In addition, these findings suggested that the frequency of the HPC theta was encoded in the PH and then was fed via the medial forebrain bundle to the medial septum and HPC. In the present study we attempted to verify this hypothesis with use of a different in vivo model--freely moving cats. The microinjection of the local anaesthetic, procaine, into the PH region reversibly suppressed the spontaneous as well as sensory and electrically induced HPC theta. However, in contrast to rats, in freely moving cats microinjection of procaine into the PH reduced the amplitude of the HPC theta but had no effect on theta frequency. We conclude that in freely moving cats the PH region comprises a critical part of the ascending brainstem pathway, for production of the HPC theta rhythm. In contrast to rats, in freely moving cats ascending inputs from the brainstem to the PH contribute mainly to the amplitude of the HPC theta rhythm.
Descriptors: local anesthetics, hippocampus, hypothalamus, posterior, procaine, theta rhythm, cats, hippocampus, hypothalamus, posterior, hypothalamus, posterior, motor activity, neural pathways.

Bonora, M. and M. Vizek (1995). Changes in end-expiratory lung volume and diaphragmatic activity during hypoxia and hypercapnia in cats. Journal of Applied Physiology 79(6): 1900-7. ISSN: 8750-7587.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 J825
Abstract: To assess the role of diaphragmatic activity at the end of expiration (DE) in the control of end-expiratory lung volume (EELV), 1) these two parameters were correlated in anesthetized cats breathing different gas mixtures; and 2) expiratory flow volume curves in normoxia and hypoxia together with changes in esophageal pressure were measured. The influence of volume feedback on DE control was tested by applying positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). The effect of anesthesia was determined by measuring DE in unanesthetized cats. In hyperoxia, DE (but not EELV) decreased. In hypocapnic hypoxia (12, 10, and 8% O2), both DE and EELV gradually increased, and these changes were significantly correlated. When normocapnia was restored in 8% O2, DE and EELV decreased but remained higher than in air. Hypercapnia affected neither DE nor EELV. PEEP blocked the hypoxia-induced increase in DE. Hypoxia decreased expiratory flow and esophageal pressure. Finally, the increases in DE at 12 and 10% O2 were more pronounced when the cats were unanesthetized. These results suggest that the increase in diaphragmatic activity induced by hypocapnic hypoxia during expiration affects expiratory flow and thoracic volume and, therefore, plays a major role in increasing EELV. This phenomenon may also be controlled by volume feedback.
Descriptors: anoxia, diaphragm, hypercapnia, lung, cats, electromyogrphy, kinetics, oxygen, pulmonary gas exchange, respiration.

Boothe, D.M. (2001). The analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory drugs. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 8: 433-451. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call Number: SF915. J63
Descriptors: antipyretics, anti-inflammatory agents, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, inflammation, osteoarthritis, treatment, livestock, pets, cats.

Bootle, D.J., J.J. Adcock, and A.G. Ramage (1996). Involvement of central 5-HT1A receptors in the reflex activation of pulmonary vagal motoneurones by inhaled capsaicin in anaesthetized cats. British Journal of Pharmacology 117(4): 724-8. ISSN: 0007-1188.
Abstract: 1. The aim of the present experiments was to determine whether 5-HT1A receptors play a role in the control of the reflex activation of pulmonary vagal motoneurones. This was carried out by investigating the effects of intracisternal injections (i.c.) of the 5-HT1A receptor ligands, 8-OH-DPAT (50 micrograms kg-1), buspirone (200 micrograms kg-1), WAY-100635 (100 micrograms kg-1), methiothepin (200 micrograms kg-1) and (-)-pindolol (100 micrograms kg-1) and the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, cinanserin (200 micrograms kg-1), on the reflex bronchoconstriction evoked by inhaled capsaicin aerosol in alpha-chloralose anaesthetized, neuromuscularly blocked and artificially ventilated cats. Recordings were made of heart rate, blood pressure and upper tracheal pressure. 2. Central application of all the 5-HT1A receptor antagonists (methiothepin, WAY-100635 and (-)-pindolol) attenuated the reflex bronchoconstriction in the upper trachea. However, the same dose of WAY-100635 given i.v. had no effect on this reflex bronchoconstriction. The 5-HT1A receptor agonist, 8-OH-DPAT (50 micrograms kg-1) given i.c., potentiated the capsaicin-evoked reflex bronchoconstriction, whereas buspirone (200 micrograms kg-1) i.c. had no effect. The 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, cinanserin (200 micrograms kg-1) also had no effect. 3. It is concluded that the reflex excitation of pulmonary vagal motoneurones by inhaled capsaicin in alpha-chloralose anaesthetized cats involves the activation of central 5-HT1A receptors.
Descriptors: capsaicin, lung innervation, motor neurons, inhalation anesthesia, cats, motor neurons, serotonin agonists, serotonin antagonists, vagus nerve.

Boudinot, E., M. Morin Surun, A.S. Foutz, M. Fournie Zaluski, B.P. Roques, and M. Denavit Saubie (2001). Effects of the potent analgesic enkephalin-catabolizing enzyme inhibitors RB101 and kelatorphan on respiration. Pain 90(1-2): 7-13. ISSN: 1083-0707.
Online: http://www.iasp-pain.org
Abstract: We investigated whether the enkephalin-catabolizing enzyme inhibitors RB101 and kelatorphan, which have been shown to be potent analgesics, depress respiration as do opioid analgesics. Ventilation was measured in cats and rodents by the barometric method, in the awake state and during anesthesia. Tissue distribution of the inhibitors was either generalized (RB101, 40-160 mg/kg i.p.), largely restricted by the blood-brain barrier to the periphery (kelatorphan, 0.7-20 mg/kg i.v.), or restricted to the brainstem (i.c.v. injection of RB101 in the fourth ventricle). RB101 did not affect ventilation in any condition tested, and large doses of kelatorphan produced a naloxone-reversible increase in ventilation and breathing frequency. Thus endogenous opioids released during conditions of normal ventilation do not exert any depressant neuromodulatory effect on this function, even when their extracellular concentrations are increased by peptidase inhibitors. The differential effect of these inhibitors on ventilation and nociception is discussed. We conclude that kelatorphan and RB101 are devoid of respiratory-depressant effects and might be interesting pharmacological alternatives to morphine and other opioid agonists.
Descriptors: analgesics, dipeptides, disulfides, enkephalins, enzyme inhibitors, phenylalanine, respiration, cats, enkephalins, mice, naloxone, narcotic antagonists, sprague dawley rats, opioid receptors.

Boydell, P. (2000). Iatrogenic pupillary dilation resembling Pourfour du Petit syndrome in three cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice 41(5): 202-203. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: cats, case reports, eye diseases, trauma, ears, age, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, anesthesia, benign course.

Branson, K.R., C.C. Wagner Mann, and F.A. Mann (1997). Evaluation of an oscillometric blood pressure monitor on anesthetized cats and the effect of cuff placement and fur on accuracy. Veterinary Surgery 26(4): 347-353. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911. V43
Descriptors: cats, pressure, monitors, fur, clipping, measurement, accuracy, anesthesia, position, limbs.

Brizzi, L., L.H. Ting, and D. Zytnicki (2002). Positive proprioceptive feedback elicited by isometric contractions of ankle flexors on pretibial motoneurons in cats. Journal of Neurophysiology 88(5): 2207-14. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Abstract: Pretibial flexor motoneurons were recorded intracellularly in anesthetized cats during unfused isometric contractions of a subpopulation of motor units from either tibialis anterior (TA) or extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. The contractions elicited excitatory postsynaptic potentials in 23 of 28 pretibial flexor motoneurons. No effect was observed in the remaining motoneurons. In control experiments, the effects of electrical stimulation of afferents within the TA nerve were investigated to help identify afferents responsible for the contraction-induced positive feedback. This feedback was ascribed to actions of Ia fibers because the pattern of the contraction-induced excitatory potentials was consistent with the known pattern of Ia discharge; in control experiments, electrical stimulation of group I fibers elicited only monosynaptic excitatory potentials; and the distribution of both the contraction-induced positive feedback among motor nuclei as well as the electrically evoked Ia excitatory monosynaptic potentials were restricted to homonymous and synergic motoneurons. Observation of the Ia contraction-induced positive feedback was facilitated by the absence of Ib autogenic inhibition. This contraction-induced Ia excitatory feedback in ankle flexors might either reinforce Ia-induced reflexes when these muscles are lengthened or help to lift the leg over an obstacle.
Descriptors: feedback, isometric contraction, joints, motor neurons, muscle, skeletal innervation, muscle, skeletal, proprioception, anesthesia, cats, decerebrate state, electric stimulation, electrophysiology, excitatory postsynaptic potentials, membrane potentials, muscle spindles, nerve endings, neurons, afferent, paralysis, spinal cord.

Broadstone, R.V. (1999). Prolonged anesthetic recovery. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 14(1): 56-64. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: anesthesia, small animal practice, recovery, drug, cats.

Brock, N. (1996). Feline anesthesia. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 37(12): 751-2. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: anesthesia, cats, intravenous anesthesia, intubation, intratracheal, masks, safety.

Brock, N. (1995). Low flow anesthesia revisited. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 36(6): 366-7. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: inhalation anesthesia, inhalation anesthesia, cats, dogs.

Brock, N. (1995). Treating moderate and severe pain in small animals. Canadian Veterinary Journal 36(10): 658-660. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: dogs, cats, pain, treatment, analgesics, opioids.

Brock, N. (1996). Most commonly asked questions about anesthetic equipment. Canadian Veterinary Journal 37(6): 373-374. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: equipment, small, methoxyflurane, isoflurane, halothane, cleaning, anesthesia, surgical equipment, cats.

Bromberg, N.M. (2002). Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive for treatment of refractory corneal ulceration. Veterinary Ophthlmology 5(1): 55-60. ISSN: 1463-5216.
NAL Call Number: SF891 .V47
Descriptors: dogs, cats, rabbits, cornea, ulcers, adhesives, treatment, evaluation, anesthesia, healing, vessels, corticoids.

Brondani, J.T., C.C. Natalini, J.E.W. Schossler, S.T.L. Pinto Filho, and A.P. Bertin (2003). Cardiovascular changes in cats submitted to intercostal thoracotomy, premedication with association tramadol, butorphanol, atropine, anesthetised with propofol and halothane [Alteracoes cardiovasculares de gatos submetidos a toracotomia intercostal, pre-medicados com associacao de tramadol, butorfanol e atropina e anestesiados com propofol e halotano]. Ciencia Rural 33(5): 869-873. ISSN: 0103-8478.
NAL Call Number: S192. R4
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, atropine, butorphanol, dissolved oxygen, hemoglobin, halothane, heart rate, pharmacodynamics, preanesthetic medication, propofol, veterinary surgery, cats.
Language of Text: Portuguese; Summary in English.

Browning, J.L., M.L. Heizer, M.A. Widmayer, and D.S. Baskin (1997). Effects of halothane, alpha-chloralose, and pCO2 on injury volume and CSF beta-endorphin levels in focal cerebral ischemia. Molecular and Chemical Neuropathology 31(1): 29-42. ISSN: 1044-7393.
Abstract: Anesthetic agent, arterial pCO2 level, and opioid peptides have all been implicated in the pathophysiology of experimental stroke models. The effects of halothane, alpha-chloralose, and differing concentrations of arterial pCO2 on injury volume and CSF beta-endorphin levels were studied in a feline model of experimental focal cerebral ischemia. The type of anesthetic agent used had no effect on injury volume following 6 h of focal cerebral ischemia. Over a 6-h period, beta-endorphin levels significantly increased from 10.1 +/- 5.0 fmol/mL at zero time to 14.4 +/- 7.2 fmol/mL at 6 h under halothane anesthesia (p < 0.05), whereas they did not significantly change (10.1 +/- 6.7 to 7.8 +/- 4.7 fmol/mL) under alpha-chloralose anesthesia. In contrast, hypercapnia had no effect on beta-endorphin levels, but significantly increased injury volume from 30.6 +/- 5.7% of the ipsilateral hemisphere under normocapnic conditions to 37.1 +/- 5.9% under hypercapnic conditions (p < 0.05). These results suggest that hypercapnia increases injury volume in a feline model of focal cerebral ischemia, and pCO2 should be controlled in experimental focal cerebral ischemia models.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics, carbon dioxide, chloralose, halothane, ischemic attack, transient cerebrospinal fluid, beta endorphin cerebrospinal fluid, brain, brain, cats, ischemic attack, transient.

Burzaco, O.H., J.I. Cruz, and M.T. Tejedor (1998). Estimacion del riesgo anestesico en la clinica de pequenos animales por medio del analisis de regresion logistica. [Estimation of the anaesthetic risk in small animal medicine using logistic regression analysis]. Medicina Veterinaria 15(3): 169-179. ISSN: 0212-8292.
Descriptors: anesthesia, risk factors, sex, pain, cats, dogs.
Language of Text: Spanish; Summary in English.

Canpolat, I. and M. Dinc (1995). Kedi ve kopeklerde analjezi. [Analgesia in dogs and cats]. Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi 1(1): 43-46. ISSN: 1300-7106.
Descriptors: anesthesia, analgesics, cats.
Language of Text: Turkish with a summary in English.

Carroll, G.L. (1996). How to manage perioperative pain. Veterinary Medicine 91(4): 353-357. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: dogs, cats, analgesics, pain, preoperative care, postoperative care, dosage, duration, anesthesia.

Carroll, G.L. (1999). Analgesics and pain. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 29(3): 701-717. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V523
Descriptors: analgesics, pain, monitoring, opioids, local anaesthetics, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, cats.

Cervantes, M., A. Antonio Ocampo, R. Ruelas, A. Contreras Gomez, and I. Chavez Carrillo (1996). Effects of diazepam on fentanyl-induced epileptoid EEG activity and increase of multineuronal firing in limbic and mesencephalic brain structures. Archives of Medical Research 27(4): 495-502. ISSN: 0188-4409.
Abstract: Electroencephalographic and clinical signs of epileptoid activity have been associated with the administration of fentanyl during surgery in patients. These phenomena have been in turn related to changes in metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, and blood flow in specific brain structures both in humans and experimental animals. However, direct evidence showing changes in neuronal firing in specific brain regions during fentanyl-induced epileptoid activity has not been reported. Eight adult male cats with chronically implanted bipolar electrodes in the mesencephalic reticular formation, hippocampus, amygdala, and parieto-occipital cortex were included in the study. Different treatments, i.e., vehicle-fentanyl or diazepam-fentanyl, were administered to the experimental animals at 7-day intervals under neuromuscular blockade and assisted ventilation. Electroencephalographic (EEG) seizures, grouped and isolated spikes, and significant increases of multineuronal activity (MUA) were elicited by fentanyl, 50 micrograms/kg iv, in these brain structures. Both EEG and MUA changes reached their maximal values within 6 min of fentanyl administration, and then diminished as time elapsed. Diazepam, 100, 200, or 400 micrograms/kg, but not 50 micrograms/kg iv, significantly reduced or prevented the fentanyl-induced epileptoid EEG activity and MUA increases. The present results show that both fentanyl-induced epileptoid EEG activity as well as the concomitant increase in MUA of brain subcortical structures are part of the same epileptogenic phenomenon, mainly generated at limbic structures. In addition, the effects of diazepam against both epileptoid EEG activity and increase of MUA of brain subcortical structures support the use of benzodiazepines as premedicants for fentanyl anesthesia in order to prevent or to reduce epileptoid phenomena that can result from opioid administration during the anesthetic procedures.
Descriptors: diazepam, electroencephalography, epilepsy, limbic system, mesencephalon, neurons, cats, epilepsy, fentanyl, limbic system, mesencephalon, seizures, seizures, seizures.

Chai, C.Y., S.Y. Chen, S.D. Wang, J.C. Liu, and J.S. Kuo (1996). Effects of precollicular decerebration on the vasomotor and sympathetic nerve responses to locus coeruleus stimulation. The Chinese Journal of Physiology 39(2): 95-104. ISSN: 0304-4920.
Abstract: In 25 cats under intraperitoneal alpha-chloralose (40 mg/kg) and urethane (400 mg/kg) anesthesia, cardiovascular reactive sites of locus coeruleus (L.C) were stimulated by rectangular pulses (0.5 ms, 80 Hz, 100 to 200 microA) and/or by microinjection of sodium glutamate (Glu, 0.25 M, 70-150 nl). Changes of systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and sympathetic vertebral (VNA) and renal (RNA) nerve activities following stimulations were analyzed and, furthermore, SAP responses were compared before and after precollicular decerebration (PD). Microinjection of Glu in this region often produced a moderate increase and less often decrease in SAP. Depressor points were located dorsal to the sites eliciting pressor responses. In the majority of LC stimulations (69%) VNA increased along with the increase of SAP, while the RNA decreased. In a few stimulations marked increase in VNA and decrease in RNA occurred with little change in SAP. PD itself produced various degrees of a temporary (lasted for 5 to 15 min) decrease in SAP from 40 to 100 mmHg. Following PD, three types of change in the LC induced SAP responses were observed in a decreasing order, i.e., the responses were slightly reduced or slightly augmented, or the LC induced depressor responses were converted to a pressor one. Findings of the present study showed that neural mechanism in LC responsible for the changes of SAP and sympathetic nerve activities may exist in a topographic organization. LC is different from the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) located in the same rostral pons. The marked pressor responses elicited by activation of the FTG depend entirely on the rostral brain structure, while LC is not. Some brain structures rostral to superior colliculi may exert both inhibitory and excitatory influences over LC in cardiovascular integration.
Descriptors: decerebrate state, locus coeruleus, muscle, smooth, vascular, superior colliculus, sympathetic nervous system, pressure, pressure, cats, electric stimulation, glutamic acid, heart rate, heart rate, muscle, smooth, vascular, muscle, smooth, vascular innervation, stimulation, chemical.

Chai, C.Y., S.Y. Chen, S.D. Wang, C.J. Tseng, R.H. Lin, S.P. Mao, H.T. Horng, J.C. Liu, and J.S. Kuo (1994). Precollicular decerebration reduces the pressor responses evoked by stimulation of rostral pons but not medulla in cats. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 46(1-2): 147-59. ISSN: 0165-1838.
Abstract: In 30 cats under chloralose (40 mg/kg) and urethane (400 mg/kg) anesthesia, the ponto-medullary region involved in cardiovascular integration were stimulated by rectangular pulses (0.5 ms, 80 or 5 Hz, 100 to 200 microA) and/or by microinjection of sodium glutamate (Glu, 0.25-0.5 M, 70-200 nl). Changes of systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RNA) following stimulation were compared before and after precollicular decerebration. Precollicular decerebration itself resulted in an immediate but brief (5 to 15 min) hypotension with a decrease in SAP ranging from 40 to 100 mmHg. Stimulation of the lateral tegmental field (FTL) produced depressor responses. After precollicular decerebration, the stimulation induced depressor responses were either abolished or converted to mild pressor responses. Stimulation of the dorsal gigantocellular tegmental field-periventricular grey (dFTG-PVG) produced pressor responses. These responses were abolished after precollicular decerebration without exception. On the other hand, precollicular decerebration did not reduce pressor responses produced by stimulation of the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) and the dorsal medulla (DM). In 7 additional cats killed with an overdose of pentobarbital, the brain stem were processed for dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH). The pressor areas of the VLM and DM were DBH positive, indicating the presence of norepinephrine, while the dFTG-PVG and FTL were not. These findings suggest that the depressor mechanism of the FTL and the pressor mechanism of the dFTG, but not of the VLM or DM depend on actions of the brain structures rostral to superior colliculi.
Descriptors: blood pressure, decerebrate state, medulla oblongata, pons, superior colliculus, cats, dopamine beta hydroxylase, electric stimulation, glutamates, glutamic acid, heart rate, immunohistochemistry, kidney innervation, periaqueductal gray, pressoreceptors, stereotaxic techniques, sympathetic nervous system, tegmentum mesencephali.

Chai, C.Y., C.M. Luo, H.C. Fung, C.J. Wang, J.J. Hwang, and W.C. Wu (1995). Carbachol, glycine and gamma aminobutyric acid also activate cardiovascular neurons of pontomedulla responsive to glutamate. The Chinese Journal of Physiology 38(2): 49-56. ISSN: 0304-4920.
Abstract: Thirty-three cats under intraperitoneal chloralose (40 mg/kg) and urethane (400 mg/kg) anesthesia were used to explore the effect of microinjections (100 nl) of carbachol (CCh, 0.5 M), a cholinergic analogue, glycine (Gly, 1 M) and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA, 0.4 M) on the cardiovascular-reactive sites in the pontomedulla that responded to microinjection of monosodium glutamate (Glu, 0.25 M, 100 nl) resulting in changes of systemic arterial pressure (SAP). Brain sites under exploration included gigantocellular tegmental field and lateral tegmental field (FTG-FTL), the dorsomedial (DM) and ventrolateral (VLM) medulla which produced pressor responses; caudal VLM (CVLM) and paramedian reticular nucleus (PRN) which produced depressor responses. It was found that CCh produced significant fall of SAP in DM and VLM while the rise of SAP in the same site by Glu. CCh produced SAP decrease in CVLM similar to Glu. GABA significantly caused a slight to moderate increase of SAP in FTG-FTL, DM and VLM, and decrease of SAP in CVLM, all in direction similar to that of Glu. Gly produced significant and marked increase of SAP in DM and VLM similar to Glu both in magnitude and duration. Gly produced increase of SAP in CVLM but the fall of SAP by Glu. PRN was relatively non-reactive except a few microinjections of CCh which produced hypotension. In conclusion, the cardiovascular-reactive sites in the pontomedulla that respond to Glu may also react to other chemicals or neurotransmitters. It is highly possible that multiple receptors of different nature co-exist in neurons of some cardiovascular regions in the pontomedulla.
Descriptors: blood pressure, carbachol, glycine, heart rate, medulla oblongata, gamma aminobutyric acid, cats, glutamic acid, heart, microinjections.

Chen, S.Y., S.P. Mao, and C.Y. Chai (2001). Role of nitric oxide on pressor mechanisms within the dorsomedial and rostral ventrolateral medulla in anaesthetized cats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 28(3): 155-63. ISSN: 0305-1870.
Abstract: 1. The role of nitric oxide (NO) in central cardiovascular regulation and the correlation between NO and glutamate-induced mechanisms is not clear. Microinjection of glutamate (3 nmol/30 nL) into dorsomedial medulla (DM) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) increased arterial blood pressure (BP) and sympathetic vertebral nerve activity (VNA). Thus, in the present study, we examined the modulation by NO of glutamate-induced pressor responses in the DM and RVLM of cats. 2. Histochemical methods using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) as a marker to stain neurons containing NO synthase (NOS), showed positive findings of NOS in both the DM and RVLM. 3. Microinjection of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a NOS inhibitor, into the DM or RVLM did not alter resting BP and VNA, but it did cause a dose-dependent attenuation of glutamate-induced pressor responses. Interestingly, the increase in NO levels that resulted from pretreatment with L-arginine (L-Arg) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) did not alter resting BP and VNA, but still inhibited glutamate-induced pressor responses in the DM and RVLM in a dose-dependent manner. 4. We also examined whether NO modulated the pressor responses induced by activation of different excitatory amino acid receptors. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionic acid (AMPA) were used. Consistent with the results from the initial glutamate studies, we observed that not only L-NAME, but also L-Arg and SNP attenuated pressor responses induced by NMDA and AMPA. No difference was found between the effects of NO on NMDA- and AMPA-induced pressor responses. 5. To investigate the possibility of a loss of agonist selectivity, the effects of D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-AP5) and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) on AMPA and NMDA responses in the DM were examined. The results showed that CNQX did not alter NMDA-induced pressor responses, while D-AP5 failed to alter AMPA-induced responses. 6. Our results suggest that activation of the glutamate-induced pressor mechanism is regulated by changes in NO levels in the DM and RVLM. This implies that NO may play a permissive role to allow operation of the glutamate-activation mechanism.
Descriptors: blood pressure, medulla oblongata, nitric oxide, 6 cyano 7 nitroquinoxaline 2,3 dione, anesthesia, arginine, pressure, cats, electric stimulation, enzyme inhibitors, excitatory amino acid antagonists, immunohistochemistry, medulla oblongata, nadpH dehydrogenase, ng nitroarginine methyl ester, nitric oxide donors, nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide synthase, nitroprusside, receptors, glutamate, sympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system.

Chen, X., J. Gallar, and C. Belmonte (1997). Reduction by antiinflammatory drugs of the response of corneal sensory nerve fibers to chemical irritation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 38(10): 1944-53. ISSN: 0146-0404.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been applied topically to reduce ocular pain caused by corneal injury or anterior segment surgery. The authors investigated whether the analgesic effects of the NSAIDs diclofenac, indomethacin, and flurbiprofen and of the calcium channel antagonist diltiazem on corneal pain are mediated by a reduction of nerve activity in corneal polymodal nociceptive fibers. METHODS: Impulse activity of single A-delta and C corneal nerve fibers was recorded from the ciliary nerves of anesthetized cats. Polymodal units were identified by their response to both touching with the Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer and to acidic stimulation with 30-second pulses of 80% or 98.5% CO2 or 60 microl of 10 mM acetic acid, applied to the corneal receptive area. Ongoing impulse activity, firing responses to CO2 or acetic acid, and mechanical threshold of single fibers were recorded before and at various times (5 to 90 minutes) after topical application of 0.1% sodium diclofenac, 0.03% sodium flurbiprofen, 0.1% indomethacin, and 0.045% diltiazem hydrochloride or of their vehicles. RESULTS: Indomethacin, diclofenac, and flurbiprofen, in decreasing order of potency, gradually reduced the mean frequency of the impulse response of corneal polymodal nerve fibers evoked by CO2 stimuli. The progressive increase of ongoing activity, observed in vehicle-treated eyes after repeated CO2 stimulation was also prevented by NSAIDs. Diltiazem also attenuated the response to CO2 for a shorter period of time and with a faster time course. The mechanical threshold of corneal polymodal fibers was not affected by treatment with any of these drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Indomethacin, diclofenac, and flurbiprofen, as well as the calcium antagonist diltiazem, diminish the responsiveness of corneal polymodal nociceptors to chemical stimuli. This appears to be caused, in part, by a direct effect of these drugs on the excitability of polymodal nerve endings, but also by an inhibition by NSAIDs of the formation of cyclooxygenase products such as prostaglandins, thus reducing the enhanced responsiveness of nociceptors caused by local release of arachidonic acid metabolites from injured cells.
Descriptors: anti inflammatory agents, non steroidal, cornea innervation, nerve fibers, nociceptors, pain, trigeminal nerve, acetic acid, analgesia, calcium channel blockers, carbon dioxide, cats, cornea, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, diclofenac, diltiazem, electrophysiology, flurbiprofen, indomethacin, nerve fibers, pain, trigeminal nerve.

Chen, Z., D.L. Anderson, W.L. Faison, and P.G. Baer (2001). Biphasic urethral sphincter responses to acetic acid infusion into the lower urinary tract in anesthetized cats. The Journal of Urology 166(4): 1539-48. ISSN: 0022-5347.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Varying the concentration of infused acetic acid produced bladder irritation and dose dependent increases in external urethral sphincter electromyography activity in cats. We further characterized acetic acid induced external urethral sphincter electromyography activity in intact and acute spinal cord injured animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Bladder cystometrography and external urethral sphincter electromyography were continuously recorded in chloralose anesthetized cats. Dilute 0.05% to 0.8% acetic acid was infused into the lower urinary tract through the bladder dome. Intravesical or intraurethral infusion was performed separately in bladder neck ligated preparations. In some animals the spinal cord was transected at L1 to L2 2 to 8 hours before the study. RESULTS: Acetic acid infusion into the lower urinary tract elicited dose dependent increases in tonic external urethral sphincter activity. However, a prolonged infusion of 0.7% to 0.8% acetic acid usually inhibited external urethral sphincter activity. The excitatory external urethral sphincter response was elicited by intraurethral but not by intravesical infusion. This response remained in acute spinal cord injured animals. The inhibition of tonic external urethral sphincter activity during 0.7% to 0.8% acetic acid infusion was observed when there was extreme bladder irritation characterized by continual contractions. Induced tonic external urethral sphincter activity was attenuated by intrathecal administration of prazosin or scopolamine and abolished by hexamethonium. CONCLUSIONS: Acetic acid infusion into the lower urinary tract elicits biphasic external urethral sphincter responses. The early excitatory response is a spinal urethrourethral reflex and the late inhibitory phase results from negative vesicourethral feedback control. Spinal muscarinic cholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors are involved in acetic acid induced excitatory external urethral sphincter responses.
Descriptors: acetic acid, urethra, urethra, intravesical administration, anesthesia, cats, dose response relationship, drug, electromyogrphy, spinal cord injuries.

Cheng, H. and A. Kawai (2003). Acetylene derivatives as anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents. Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents 1266(2) ISSN: 0098-1133.
Online: http://www.uspto.gov/web/menu/patdata.html
NAL Call Number: T223. A21
Descriptors: pharmacology, treatment , Alzheimer's disease, nervous system disease, arthritis, joint disease, colon cancer, digestive system disease, inflammation, immune system disease, cats, acetylene derivatives.

Cheung, S.W., S.S. Nagarajan, P.H. Bedenbaugh, C.E. Schreiner, X. Wang, and A. Wong (2001). Auditory cortical neuron response differences under isoflurane versus pentobarbital anesthesia. Hearing Research 156(1-2): 115-27. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Abstract: Response properties of the middle layers of feline primary auditory cortex neurons to simple sounds were compared for isoflurane versus pentobarbital anesthesia in a within subject study control design. Initial microelectrode recordings were made under isoflurane anesthesia. After a several hour washout period, recordings were repeated at spatially matched locations in the same animal under pentobarbital. The median spatial separation between matched recording locations was 50 microns. Excitatory frequency tuning curves (n=71 pairs) to tone bursts and entrainment to click train sequences (n=64 pairs) ranging from 2 to 38 Hz were measured. Characteristic frequency and BW10 and BW30 were not different under either anesthetic. The spontaneous rate was slightly decreased (P<0.05) for isoflurane (median 4.2 spikes/s) compared to pentobarbital (median 5.8 spikes/s). Minimum median threshold and latency were elevated by 12 dB and 2 ms, respectively, under isoflurane. Entrainment to click sequences assumed a lowpass filter profile under both anesthetics, but was markedly impoverished under isoflurane. Responses to click sequences under isoflurane were phasic to the first click but had very poor following to subsequent elements. Compared to pentobarbital, isoflurane appears to have a profound impact on response sensitivity and temporal response properties of auditory cortical neurons.
Descriptors: anesthesia, inhalation anesthetics, auditory cortex, hypnotics and sedatives, isoflurane, neurons, afferent, pentobarbital, acoustic stimulation, auditory cortex, auditory threshold, cats, electrophysiology, reaction time.

Churiukanov, V.V. (2003). [Neirokhimicheskii analiz i farmakologicheskaia reguliatsiia kortikofugal'nykh mekhanizmov kontrolia notsitseptivnykh signalov v afferentnykh putiakh.] Neurochemical analysis and pharmacological regulation of the corticofugal control of the nociceptive signals in the afferent pathways. Eksperimental'Naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia 66(2): 24-31. ISSN: 0869-2092.
Abstract: Experimental and clinical data indicate that the cerebral cortex plays an important role in pain perception and endogenous antinociceptive system function. Moreover, the enhancement of descending inhibitory cortical control may be involved in the mechanisms of analgesic effect of some agents. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of cortical electrical stimulation (as a model of descending inhibitory control) on the behavioral and electrophysiological signs of nociceptive response, elucidate the mechanisms involved therein and evaluate the action of central analgesics (both opioid and non-opioid) on descending cortical control. In acute experiments on cats, the inhibitor y cortical influence upon neuronal activity produced by nociceptive stimuli (electrical stimulation of tooth pulp, C-fibers of afferent somatic nerves, afferent cardiac structures) was most marked after stimulation of the first and second sensory and fron-to-orbital areas. In chronic experiments on rats, cortical stimulation reduced behavioral signs of visceral pain (writhing test) and also delayed the development of neuropathic pain syndrome along with lowering its intensity. mu-Opioid receptor agonists (morphine, fentanyl) potentiated the inhibitory cortical effect on the evoked neuronal activity. Pentazocine, which has pronounced kappa-receptor agonist activity, was less effective. Naloxone eliminated the effects of both cortical stimulation and opioid analgesics. Serotonin receptor antagonist methysergide, as well as p-chlorophenylalanine significantly decreased inhibitory cortical control and the effect of opioids. Monoamine re-uptake inhibitors with analgesic properties (imipramine, fluoxetine) potentiated the inhibitory effect of cortical stimulation. Adreno-, dopamine-, acetylcholine-, GABA-receptor agents and antagonists of NMDA receptors had minor or no effect. Among non-narcotic analgesics, the cyclooxygenase inhibitors metamysole and ketorolak increased only moderately the descending cortical control of nociception. Thus, the cerebral cortex is able to control the nociceptive processing in different pain syndromes (somatic, visceral or neuropathic pain). Opioidergic and serotonergic systems play the key role in this control. Action through the cortical descending control is likely to be one of the components of the analgesic effect exerted by opioids and some other central analgesics.
Descriptors: analgesics, cerebral cortex, nociceptors, action potentials, afferent pathways, analgesics, animal behavior, cats, cerebral cortex, animal disease models, electric stimulation, nociceptors, pain, rats, receptors, biogenic amine, receptors, biogenic amine, receptors, glutamate, receptors, glutamate, receptors, opioid, receptors, opioid.
Language of Text: Russian.

Cistola, A.M., F.J. Golder, L.A. Centonze, L.W. McKay, and J.K. Levy (2004). Anesthetic and physiologic effects of tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine combination (TKX) in feral cats undergoing surgical sterilization. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6(5): 297-303. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Abstract: Tiletamine (12.5 mg), zolazepam (12.5 mg), ketamine (20 mg), and xylazine (5 mg) (TKX; 0.25 ml, IM) combination was evaluated as an anesthetic in 22 male and 67 female adult feral cats undergoing sterilization at high-volume sterilization clinics. Cats were not intubated and breathed room air. Oxygen saturation (SpO(2)), mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and core body temperature were recorded. Yohimbine (0.25 ml, 0.5 mg, IV) was administered at the completion of surgery. TKX produced rapid onset of lateral recumbency (4+/-1 min) and surgical anesthesia of sufficient duration to complete surgical procedures in 92% of cats. SpO(2) measured via a lingual pulse oximeter probe averaged 92+/-3% in male cats and 90+/-4% in females. SpO(2) fell below 90% at least once in most cats. MBP measured by oscillometry averaged 136+/-30 mm Hg in males and 113+/-29 mm Hg in females. MBP increased at the onset of surgical stimulation suggesting incomplete anti-nociceptive properties. HR averaged 156+/-19 bpm, and RR averaged 18+/-8 bpm. Neither parameter varied between males and females or over time. Body temperature decreased significantly over time, declining to 38.0+/-0.8 degrees C at the time of reversal in males and 36.6+/-0.8 degrees C at the time of reversal in females. Time from anesthetic reversal to sternal recumbency was prolonged (72+/-42 min). Seven cats (8%) required an additional dose of TKX to maintain an adequate plane of anesthesia at the onset of surgery, and this was associated with significantly longer recovery times (108+/-24 min).
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, combined, castration, cats, animals, wild, castration, castration statistics and numerical data, cats surgery, florida epidemiology, ketamine, tiletamine, treatment outcome, xylazine, zolazepam.

Clark, G.N. (1994). Gastric surgery with surgical stapling instruments. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 24(2): 279-303. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Abstract: The use of stapling instruments to perform gastric surgery in small animal patients provides alternative techniques that are often more reliable and are usually performed more quickly than conventional techniques with manual sutures. In addition to reducing anesthetic and operating times, the risk of contamination of the abdominal cavity may be decreased significantly.
Descriptors: cats, dogs, stomach surgery, surgical staplers, duodenum surgery, gastrectomy, gastrostomy, jejunum surgery.

Clarke, K.W. (1999). Desflurane and sevoflurane: new volatile anesthetic agents. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 29(3): 793-810. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: anesthetics, reviews, anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics, cats.

Clavier, N., J.R. Kirsch, P.D. Hurn, and R.J. Traystman (1994). Cerebral blood flow is reduced by N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester during delayed hypoperfusion in cats. American Journal of Physiology 267(1 Pt 2): H174-81. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that decreased tonic release of nitric oxide (NO) or a NO-containing compound, during postischemic delayed hypoperfusion, would result in an impaired response of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to NO synthase inhibition. We measured CBF (microspheres), cerebral oxygen consumption, and physiological variables in 30 halothane-anesthetized cats. In 12 animals, complete cerebral ischemia (verified by midischemic CBF measurement) was produced for 12 min by brachiocephalic and left subclavian artery occlusion with hemorrhagic hypotension (mean arterial blood pressure = 40 mmHg). Steady-state hypoperfusion was present by 120 min of reperfusion (30 +/- 4% of baseline). Nonischemic animals (n = 12) were submitted to the same surgical procedures and anesthetic duration. N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg iv) or saline was administered 160 min after baseline measurements, equivalent to 140 min of reperfusion for animals treated with ischemia (n = 6 in each group). Blood pressure was controlled (aortic ligature) so that there was no change following L-NAME administration both in the ischemic and nonischemic groups. L-NAME reduced CBF during reperfusion in ischemic animals (from 37 +/- 2 to 24 +/- 2 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1) and in nonischemic animals (from 122 +/- 15 to 68 +/- 8 ml.min-1 x 100 g-1) with no change in cerebral oxygen consumption. In six additional cats, administration of L-arginine (250 mg/kg iv) reversed the effect of L-NAME. We conclude that tonic NO-mediated cerebral vasodilation occurs following transient global ischemia despite delayed hypoperfusion.
Descriptors: arginine, brain ischemia, cerebrovascular circulation, arginine, brain, brain ischemia, cats, evoked potentials, somatosensory, ng nitroarginine methyl ester, nitric oxide, oxygen consumption, perfusion, time factors, vascular resistance.

Clutton, E. (1995). The right anaesthetic breathing system for you? In Practice 17(5): 229-237. ISSN: 0263-841X.
NAL Call Number: SF601.I4
Descriptors: respiration, young animals, anesthesia, equipment, apparatus, cats, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats.

Connolly, G. (2000). Companion animal analgesics: assessment of pain. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Veterinarian 15(5): 4-7. ISSN: 1057-6223.
NAL Call Number: SF917.F42
Descriptors: pain, pets, analgesics, horses, dogs, cats.

Contreras, D., A. Destexhe, T.J. Sejnowski, and M. Steriade (1996). Control of spatiotemporal coherence of a thalamic oscillation by corticothalamic feedback. Science 274(5288): 771-4. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Abstract: The mammalian thalamus is the gateway to the cortex for most sensory modalities. Nearly all thalamic nuclei also receive massive feedback projections from the cortical region to which they project. In this study, the spatiotemporal properties of synchronized thalamic spindle oscillations (7 to 14 hertz) were investigated in barbiturate-anesthetized cats, before and after removal of the cortex. After complete ipsilateral decortication, the long-range synchronization of thalamic spindles in the intact cortex hemisphere changed into disorganized patterns with low spatiotemporal coherence. Local thalamic synchrony was still present, as demonstrated by dual intracellular recordings from nearby neurons. In the cortex, synchrony was insensitive to the disruption of horizontal intracortical connections. These results indicate that the global coherence of thalamic oscillations is determined by corticothalamic projections.
Descriptors: cerebral cortex, thalamus, anesthesia, cats, cerebral cortex surgery, cortical synchronization, electrophysiology, feedback, neural pathways, sleep, synaptic transmission.

Cornick-Seaborn, J.L. (1998). Veterinary Anesthesia. In: D.M. McCurnin (Editor), Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 5th edition, W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, USA, p. 357-383. ISBN: 0721691641.
NAL Call Number: SF745.C625
Descriptors: anesthesia, neuroleptics, opioids, drugs, acepromazine, diazepam, xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine, barbiturates, ketamine, propofol, guaifenesin, preanaesthetic medication, dogs, cats, horses, cattle, goats, sheep, pigs.

Cornick-Seahom, J. (2000). Choosing the "right" anesthetic protocol for your patients. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 14: 15-17.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: anesthetics, anesthesia, dogs, cats, dosage, costs.

Cote, E. (1998). Over-the-counter human medications in small animals. II. Analgesic, respiratory, and dermatologic drugs. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 20(7): 791-808, 829. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: dogs, cats, analgesics, side effects, salicylic acids, disinfectants, antihistaminics, drugs, respiratory system agents, topical application, bactericides, fungicides, haproxen , ibuprofen , decongestants , aspirin , ketoprofen , half life, dermatological agents.

Cross, B.A., R.P. Stidwill, K.R. Hughes, R. Peppin, and S.J.G. Semple (1995). Aortic pH oscillations in conscious humans and anaesthetised cats and rabbits. Respiration Physiology 102(1): 51-62. ISSN: 0034-5687.
NAL Call Number: QP121. A1R4
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, circulation, hematology, neurology , pulmonary medicine, acid base balance, anesthesia , cats, humans, rabbits, tridodecylamine, arterial gas exchange, breathing control, pulmonary ventilation, respiration, tidal volume.

Csepe, V. (1995). On the origin and development of the mismatch negativity. Ear and Hearing 16(1): 91-104. ISSN: 0196-0202.
Abstract: This review summarizes a number of findings related to the generation, development, and diagnostic value of mismatch negativity (MMN). The animal analogue of MMN to frequency contrast can be observed in the primary and secondary auditory cortical and also in the association cortical recordings. It is shown that subcortical sensory specific and archicortical structures may also contribute to the processes involved. The results are more complex than would be predicted by the notion that only the primary system plays an active role in the comparison processes reflected by the MMN that and the nonprimary pathway acts only as a modulating influence. The fundamental nature of the brain functions reflected by MMN is suggested by the demonstration of MMN in sleep and anesthesia, though in limited conditions. The postnatal development of automatic stimulus comparison, as indexed by MMN, presents an isochronicity, contrary to other evoked potential components whose development is not complete until puberty. Thus, the MMN provides a stable measure for electrophysiological assessment of auditory perception. This possible diagnostic value of the MMN is shown in studies of aphasics which emphasize the nature of perceptual deficits in the processing various speech and nonspeech stimuli.
Descriptors: auditory perception, anesthesia, auditory cortex, brain, cats, evoked potentials, auditory, sleep.

Cullen, L.K. (1996). Medetomidine sedation in dogs and cats: a review of its pharmacology, antagonism and dose. The British Veterinary Journal 152(5): 519-35. ISSN: 0007-1935.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V643
Abstract: Medetomidine is a relatively new sedative analgesic in dogs and cats but some precautions are required when using it. It is a potent alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist and stimulates receptors centrally to produce dose-dependent sedation and analgesia and receptors centrally and peripherally to cause marked bradycardia and decrease the cardiac output. While hypotension occurs frequently, higher doses of the sedative can raise the blood pressure due to an affect on peripheral receptors. Slowing of the respiratory rate is a frequent effect of medetomidine with some dogs showing signs of cyanosis. Other actions that follow medetomidine use are slowing of gastrointestinal motility, hypothermia, changes to endocrine function and, occasionally, vomiting and muscle twitching. The clinical use of medetomidine in dogs and cats is discussed. Recommended dose rates are presented along with precautions that should be taken when it is used alone for sedation, as an anaesthetic premedicant or in combination with ketamine, propofol or opioids. Hypoxaemia occurs frequently in dogs given medetomidine and propofol. The actions of medetomidine can be rapidly reversed with the specific alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist, atipamezole, which is an advantage because undesirable and sedative actions of medetomidine can be terminated.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha agonists, imidazoles, adrenergic alpha agonists, adrenergic alpha agonists, adrenergic alpha antagonists, analgesia, cats, dogs, imidazoles, imidazoles, imidazoles, medetomidine.

Cunha, J.M., S.R.G. Cortopassi, and A. Machado (2002). Transoperative analgesia induced by morphine or meperedine in cats submitted to osteosynthesis [Analgesia transoperatoria induzida pela morfina ou meperidina em gatos submetidos a osteossintese]. Ciencia Rural 32(1): 67-72. ISSN: 0103-8478.
NAL Call Number: S192. R4
Descriptors: cats, bone diseases, surgical operations, morphine, anesthesia, sao paulo, alkaloids , america , brazil , musculoskeletal diseases, organic diseases, south america, gato , osteossOntese , anesthesia , sCo paulo.
Language of Text: Portuguese.

Daude Lagrave, A., C. Carozzo, P. Fayolle, E. Viguier, V. Viateau, and P. Moissonnier (2001). Infection rates in surgical procedures: a comparison of cefalexin vs. a placebo. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 14(3): 146-150. ISSN: 0932-0814.
NAL Call Number: SF910.5 V4
Abstract: .
Descriptors: antibiotics, chemoprophylaxis, contamination, infection, placebos, potency, surgery, surgical operations, wounds, randomized controlled trials, cats.

Davidson, C.D., G.R. Pettifer, and J.D.Jr. Henry (2004). Plasma fentanyl concentrations and analgesic effects during full or partial exposure to transdermal fentanyl patches in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 224(5): 700-5. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AM3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare plasma fentanyl concentrations and analgesic efficacy during full or partial exposure to 25-microg/h transdermal fentanyl patches (TFPs) in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial. ANIMALS: 16 client-owned cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were randomly assigned to receive full or partial exposure to a TFP; patches were applied approximately 24 hours prior to ovariohysterectomy. Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood glucose concentration, and blood pressure were measured and pain severity was assessed periodically for 72 hours after patch application. Venous blood samples were collected for determination of plasma fentanyl concentration 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours after patch application. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD steady state plasma fentanyl concentration in cats in the full TFP exposure group (1.78 +/- 0.92 ng/mL) was significantly greater than concentration in cats in the partial exposure group (1.14 +/- 0.86 ng/mL). Steady state plasma fentanyl concentrations were evident between 18 and 72 hours after patch application. Subjective scores used to evaluate analgesic efficacy were not significantly different between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that delivery of fentanyl from TFPs can be reduced by decreasing the amount of exposed surface area. In cats weighing < 4 kg (9 lb), exposure to half a 25-microg/h TFP appears to provide adequate analgesia following ovariohysterectomy.
Descriptors: analgesia, analgesics, cats, fentanyl, postoperative pain, cutaneous administration, analgesia, analgesics, cats, cats surgery, dose response relationship, drug, fentanyl, hysterectomy, ovariectomy, pain measurement, postoperative pain, treatment outcome.

Deflandre, C. (2004). Anaesthetic equipment. 2. Breathing systems and intubation equipment. Irish Veterinary Journal 57(3): 181-183. ISSN: 0368-0762.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 IR4
Descriptors: anesthesia, inhaled anaesthetics, respiration, reviews, small animal practice, surgical equipment, cats.

Dehkordi, O., G.C. Dennis, R.M. Millis, and C.O. Trouth (1996). Cardiorespiratory effects of cocaine and procaine at the ventral brainstem. Neurotoxicology 17(2): 387-95. ISSN: 0160-2748.
Abstract: The caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) is an area of the brainstem, in the vicinity of the hypoglossal nerve roots, where cholinergic and adrenergic neurons participate in respiratory and vasomotor control. Cardiorespiratory depression has been produced by topical application of cocaine to the CVLM. In the present studies, the effects of topical pretreatments of the CVLM with alpha-adrenergic blockers (prazosin 4.8 mM) and beta-adrenergic blockers (propranolol 11.3 mM) on the cardiorespiratory responses to topically administered cocaine (37 mM) were investigated in urethane anesthetized cats. Both prazosin and propranolol failed to produce ventilatory responses and to counteract cocaine-induced apneustic breathing. However, the cocaine-induced decrement in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) following pretreatment of the CVLM with propranolol was found to be 11 +/- 5%, compared to the 18 +/- 5% decrement produced by cocaine alone. These differences were not statistically significant. Procaine (37 mM) in equimolar doses to cocaine, produced a small statistically significant decrement in MABP (P < 0.05) without ventilatory effects. Topical administration of procaine (73.3 mM), at approximately twice the equimolar dosage of cocaine, produced apneustic breathing that was indistinguishable from that produced by cocaine. The neurotoxic properties of cocaine that produce apneustic breathing appear to be similar to that produced by the anesthetic agent procaine, and the alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blockers prazosin and propranolol do not appear to antagonize the vasomotor depression induced by cocaine at the CVLM.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha antagonists, adrenergic beta antagonists, cocaine toxicity, hemodynamic processes, medulla oblongata, narcotics toxicity, prazosin, procaine toxicity, propranolol, respiration, cats, hemodynamic processes, injections, intraventricular, medulla oblongata, respiration.

Dempsey, R.J., M.K. Baskaya, D.J. Combs, D. Donaldson, A.M. Rao, and M.R. Prasad (1996). Delayed hyperglycemia and intracellular acidosis during focal cerebral ischemia in cats. Acta Neurochirurgica 138(6): 745-51. ISSN: 0001-6268.
Abstract: The effects of hyperglycemia on permanent focal brain ischemia is controversial; its effects on the size of the infarct are variable according to experimental conditions. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to assess brain pH and high-energy phosphate metabolites after focal middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemia in hyperglycemic and normoglycemic cats. Sixteen adult cats underwent (MCA) occlusion under general anesthesia and nuclear magnetic resonance 31P spectroscopy to assess intracellular brain pH and energy metabolites throughout permanent ischemia. Animals were treated two hours after the onset of ischemia with either saline or glucose perfusions. Significant hyperglycemia (488 vs 105 mg/100 ml) was achieved in the experimental group. The response to hyperglycemia was dependent on the initial characteristics of the infants. A distinct pattern of phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate recovery within 20 minutes of ischemia predicted a small infarct size. The addition of hyperglycemia did not affect acidosis, infarct size, or metabolite ratios in these animals. The lack of phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate recovery within 20 minutes of ischemia was predictive of an eventual large infarct. In these animals, the delayed addition of hyperglycemia significantly lowered intracellular pH during the ischemic period (5.45 vs. 6.25, p = 0.25). These data support the theory that the response to hyperglycemia is very dependent on the initial metabolic state of the injured brain. This state can be predicted by early 31P spectroscopy data, which may, in turn, prove to be a useful marker for recoverable ischemic deficit in the cerebral region of interest.
Descriptors: acid base equilibrium, acidosis, brain ischemia, hyperglycemia, glucose, brain, brain edema, cats, cerebral infarction, energy, glucose solution, hypertonic, hydrogen ion concentration, intracellular fluid, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, neurons, phosphates.

Di, X., R. Bullock, J. Watson, P. Fatouros, B. Chenard, F. White, and F. Corwin (1997). Effect of CP101,606, a novel NR2B subunit antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, on the volume of ischemic brain damage off cytotoxic brain edema after middle cerebral artery occlusion in the feline brain. Stroke 28(11): 2244-51. ISSN: 0039-2499.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the neuroprotective compound CP101,606 will ameliorate the increase in lactate, retard the development of cytotoxic edema, and decrease the infarct volume after ischemic stroke. METHODS: Seventeen adult cats were allocated to control (n = 7) and CP101,606-treated groups (n = 10). Transorbital middle cerebral artery occlusion was performed under anesthesia. Extracellular fluid lactate by microdialysis as well as infarct volume measurement by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-stained section, with and without neuroprotective agents, was used to determine the value of these potential "surrogate markers" of ischemic damage. RESULTS: The control group showed an increased dialysate lactate (15.5% increase) at 30 minutes and a peak (332.0% increase) in dialysate lactate at 1 hour after middle cerebral artery occlusion compared with the drug-treated group. Significant differences between control and drug-treated groups were seen in the rate of fall of the apparent diffusion coefficient at both 1 and 5 hours. A close correlation was seen between the 1- and 5-hour apparent diffusion coefficient maps and the TTC-stained sections. There was a significantly smaller lesion in the CP101,606-treated group (62.9% reduction in infarct size compared with the control group; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: CP101,606 ranks very highly among the current neuroprotection candidates for clinical trials, and its excellent safety record in both animals and phase II studies in conscious, moderate head injury patients suggests that it will be highly effective in human occlusive stroke.
Descriptors: arterial occlusive diseases, brain edema, brain ischemia, cerebral arteries, excitatory amino acid antagonists, neuroprotective agents, piperidines, brain, brain edema diagnosis, brain ischemia diagnosis, cats, cerebral infarction, dialysis solutions, lactates analysis, magnetic resonance imaging, receptors, n methyl d aspartate, staining and labeling, tetrazolium salts.

Dick, T.E., M.C. Bellingham, and D.W. Richter (1994). Pontine respiratory neurons in anesthetized cats. Brain Research 636(2): 259-69. ISSN: 0926-6410.
Abstract: The pontine respiratory neurons (PRG) in the 'pneumotaxic centre' have been hypothesized to contribute to phase-switching of neural respiratory activity, especially in terminating inspiration. To define the neural elements involved in phase-switching, we recorded respiratory neurons extra- and intracellularly in anesthetized cats with an intact central nervous system. In total, 54 neurons were recorded: 49 neurons with activity modulated by central respiratory rhythm (20 inspiratory, 17 postinspiratory and 12 expiratory) and 5 neurons with activity correlated to tracheal pressure. The recorded neurons were clustered in dorsolateral pontine tegmentum within the Kolliker-Fuse (KF) subnucleus of the parabrachial nuclei. Stable intracellular membrane potential was recorded in 11 of the 49 respiratory neurons (8 postinspiratory, 1 early inspiratory and 2 inspiratory). During continuous injection of chloride ions (n = 6), synaptic noise increased and IPSPs reversed, including a wave of IPSPs during stage-2 expiration in postinspiratory neurons. Further, relative input resistance varied through the respiratory cycle such that the least input resistance occurred during the neuron's (n = 5) quiescent period. No IPSPs nor EPSPs were evoked in pontine respiratory neurons by vagal stimulation. In conclusion, various types of respiratory neurons were recorded in the KF nucleus. Prominent excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic activities were similar to those described for medullary neurons. These pontine respiratory neurons do not appear to receive a strong afferent input from the vagus. Rather, vagal afferent inputs seem to be directed towards non-respiratory neurons that are located more medially in the dorsal pons.
Descriptors: anesthesia, neurons, pons, respiration, cats, electric stimulation, electrodes, membrane potentials, neurons, afferent, phrenic nerve, pons, pons, synapses, vagus nerve.

Dixon, M.J., S.A. Robertson, and P.M. Taylor (2002). A thermal threshold testing device for evaluation of analgesics in cats. Research in Veterinary Science 72(3): 205-210. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: analgesics, cats, heat, pain measurement, pain threshold, drug evaluation, meperidine, meperidine, pain measurement, skin temperature.

Dobbins, S., N.O. Brown, and F.S. Shofer (2002). Comparison of the effects of buprenorphine, oxymorphone hydrochloride, and ketoprofen for postoperative analgesia after onychectomy or onychectomy and sterilization in cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 38(6): 507-14. ISSN: 0587-2871.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .A5
Abstract: In this prospective, randomized, blinded study, 68 clinically healthy cats that had onychectomy (n = 20), onychectomy and castration (n = 20), or onychectomy and ovariohysterectomy (n = 28) were randomly assigned to one of four postoperative analgesic treatment groups: buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg body weight, intramuscularly [IM]), oxymorphone hydrochloride (0.05 mg/kg body weight, IM), ketoprofen (2 mg/kg body weight, IM), and placebo (physiological saline). Sedation scores, visual analog pain scores, cumulative pain scores, serum cortisol concentration, and appetite were used to assess postoperative analgesic effect. Buprenorphine demonstrated the highest efficacy with the lowest cumulative pain scores and serum cortisol levels.
Descriptors: analgesics, castration, cats, cats surgery, postoperative pain, buprenophrine, hydrocortisone, injections, intramuscular, ketoprofen, oxymorphone, pain measurement, postoperative pain, prospective studies, single blind method, treatment outcome.

Dohoo, S.E. and I.R. Dohoo (1996). Postoperative use of analgesics in dogs and cats by Canadian veterinarians. Canadian Veterinary Journal 37(9): 546-551. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: surgery, small animal practice, opioid peptides, butorphanol, education, orthopedics, castration, pain, analgesics, postoperative care, cats.
Language of Text: English; Summary in French.

Dohoo, S.E. and I.R. Dohoo (1996). Factors influencing the postoperative use of analgesics in dogs and cats by Canadian veterinarians. Canadian Veterinary Journal 37(9): 552-556. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: opioid peptides, surgery, small animal practice, abdomen, statistical analysis, analgesics, postoperative care, dogs, cats.
Language of Text: English; Summary in French.

Duke, T., A.M. Cox, A.M. Remedios, and P.H. Cribb (1994). The analgesic effects of administering fentanyl or medetomidine in the lumbosacral epidural space of cats. Veterinary Surgery 23(2): 143-8. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911. V43
Abstract: The analgesic effects of fentanyl (4 micrograms/kg) and medetomidine (10 micrograms/kg) in 1 mL saline injected epidurally were measured in 15 cats. The response to an electrical cutaneous stimulus from a constant current generator was used as the index of analgesia. The stimulus was applied to a forelimb before epidural injection, and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes post-injection (PI). The hindlimb was tested 5 minutes later. One mL saline only was used to control for volume of injection and saline. Medetomidine significantly increased the pain threshold for the hindlimb at 20 to 245 minutes PI compared with the preinjection level. Fentanyl significantly increased the pain threshold at 20 minutes PI only compared with preinjection levels. Medetomidine significantly increased the pain threshold of the forelimb at 15 to 120 minutes PI compared with the preinjection levels. Fentanyl did not significantly increase the pain threshold of the forelimb. Administration of medetomidine produced emesis in 12 of 15 cats in an average of 6.4 minutes PI (range, 3 to 11 minutes) and mild sedation in all cats. Injection of fentanyl produced no visible side effects in any of the cats.
Descriptors: epidural analgesia, analgesics, cats, fentanyl, imidazoles, medetomidine, pain threshold, postoperative pain, postoperative pain, time factors.

Duke, T., A.M. Cox, A.M. Remedios, and P.H. Cribb (1994). The cardiopulmonary effects of placing fentanyl or medetomidine in the lumbosacral epidural space of isoflurane-anesthetized cats. Veterinary Surgery 23(2): 149-55. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911. V43
Abstract: The cardiopulmonary effects of fentanyl (4 micrograms/kg) or medetomidine (10 micrograms/kg) in saline injected epidurally were measured for 2 hours in 15 isoflurane (2.4%)-anesthetized cats. One milliliter of saline without drug was used to control for saline and volume of injection. Baseline was taken as preinjection time 0. Medetomidine significantly increased (P < .05) mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) 5 to 20 minutes postinjection (PI) compared with baseline. MAP significantly decreased 30 to 120 minutes PI compared with baseline. Fentanyl significantly decreased MAP 5 to 120 minutes PI compared with baseline. Heart rate and respiratory rates significantly decreased in the medetomidine and fentanyl groups 5 to 120 minutes PI compared with baseline. Arterial pCO2 significantly increased while arterial pH significantly decreased 15 to 120 minutes PI in the fentanyl and medetomidine groups compared with baseline. Blood bicarbonate concentration significantly increased 90 to 120 minutes PI in the medetomidine group compared with baseline.
Descriptors: epidural analgesia, analgesics, cats, fentanyl, imidazoles, inhalation anesthesia, pressure, drug synergism, heart rate, isoflurane, medetomidine, respiration.

Dyson, D. and K.A. Mathews (2004). Managing pain for non-elective procedures: medical, surgical or traumatic. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association. 18: 801-804.
NAL Call Number:
Descriptors: adverse effects, anesthesia, anesthetics, analgesics, catecholamines, central nervous system, cerebrospinal fluid, diazepam, fentanyl, foreign bodies, isoflurane, ketamine, lidocaine, local anesthesia, morphine, newborn animals, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, opioids, oxygen, pain, pancreatitis, pharmacodynamics, propofol, shock, stomach diseases, surgery, trauma, cats.

Dyson, D.H. (2000). Chemical restraint and analgesia for diagnostic and emergency procedures. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 30(4): 885-898. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: analgesics, emergencies, restraint of animals, reviews, diagnosis, dogs, cats.

Dyson, D.H., M.G. Maxie, and D. Schnurr (1998). Morbidity and mortality associated with anesthetic management in small animal veterinary practice in Ontario. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 34(4): 325-335. ISSN: 0587-2871.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .A5
Descriptors: dogs, cats, anesthesia, preanesthetic medication, small animal practice, inhaled anesthetics, injectable anesthetics, cardiac output, breed differences, xylazine, surgery, species differences, dosage, ontario, cardiac arrest, intubation .

Edwards A.V. , G. Tobin, J. Ekstrom, and S.R. Bloom (1995). Submandibular responses to stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation in the presence of an inhibitor of nitric oxide (no) synthesis in anaesthetized cats. Journal of Physiology 487P(0): 118P. ISSN: 0022-3751.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 J82
Descriptors: membranes, cell biology, nervous system, anesthesia , meeting abstract, n nitro l arginine methyl ester, synapse, vasoactive intestinal peptide, nutrition.

Eggermont, J.J. and G.M. Smith (1996). Burst-firing sharpens frequency-tuning in primary auditory cortex. Neuroreport 7(3): 753-7. ISSN: 0959-4965.
Abstract: Frequency-tuning in 46 high-firing single units from primary auditory cortex of ketamine-anaesthetized cats was studied separately for isolated-spike firing and burst spike firing. The tuning curve for burst firing was significantly narrower than for the overall firing rate condition and, consequently, much narrower than for the isolated spikes. The burst firing was found in excess of that predicted from a modulated Poisson process, so the results cannot be explained on basis of a change in firing rate criterion. We propose that burst firing in auditory cortex may selectively enhance frequency tuning dynamically controlled by the behavioural state of the animal as well as its stimulus history. Thus burst firing may have functional implications for cortical processing.
Descriptors: auditory cortex, pitch perception, acoustic stimulation, anesthesia, general, auditory cortex, cats, electrophysiology, evoked potentials, auditory, neurons, afferent, poisson distribution.

Emukhvari, N.M., I.R. Rukhadze, M.M. Mgaloblishvili, E.O. Chijavadze, M.R. Babilodze, L.M. Maisuradze, N.D. Lordkipanidze, M.D. Eliozishvili, N.G. Dabrundashvili, M.V. Gogichadze, and T.G. Basishvili (2005). The role of opioid system in the regulation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle. Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'Nosti Imeni I/ P/ Pavlova 55(1): 100-109. ISSN: 0044-4677.
Descriptors: behavior , nervous system, neural coordination, psychic derangement, behavioral and mental disorders, drug induced, morphine, autonomic disorder, nervous system disease , behavioral and mental disorders, sleep disorder, nervous system disease, drug induced, EEG , electroencephalography , clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, sleep quality, wakefulness cycle, sleep waking cycle, behavioral waking, somato vegetative parameters.
Language of Text: Russian.

Eremeev, V.S., A.I. Tiukavin, R.S. Khrustaleva, and I.I. Shcherbin (1995). Sistemnaia gemodinamika bodrstvuiushchikh i narkotizirovannykh kotov pri infuzii noradrenalina [The systemic hemodynamics of waking and anesthetized male cats during noradrenaline infusion] . Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal Imeni I/M/ Sechenova Rossiiskaia Akademiia Nauk 81(7): 57-63. ISSN: 0869-8139.
NAL Call Number: QP1.F58
Abstract: Dynamics of arterial pressure and its hemodynamic components were shown to dramatically differ in conscious and anesthetised animals. The data obtained suggest that conscious male cats, along with a baroreflex mechanism of resistance against involvement of the heart into the pressor response, have another mechanism acting in deficiency of baroreflex effects.
Descriptors: anesthesia, hemodynamic processes, norepinephrine, vasoconstrictor agents, wakefulness, intravenous anesthetics, baroreflex, baroreflex, cats, chloralose, hemodynamic processes, hypnotics and sedatives, infusions, intravenous, norepinephrine, pentobarbital, vasoconstrictor agents, wakefulness.
Language of Text: Russian.

Erhardt, W., J. Henke and C. Lendl (2002). Narkosenotfalle [Anesthesia Emergencies], XIV edition, Enke Verlag: Stuttgart, Germany,
Descriptors: accidents, anesthesia, aviary birds, emergencies, small animal practice, AmpHibia, birds, cats, reptiles.
Language of Text: German.

Erickson, K.M. and W.L. Lanier (2003). Anesthetic technique influences brain temperature, independently of core temperature, during craniotomy in cats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 96(5): 1460-6, Table of Contents. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Abstract: Because anesthetic technique has the potential to dramatically affect cerebral blood flow and metabolism (two determinants of brain thermoregulation), we tested the hypothesis that, after craniotomy, anesthetic technique would influence brain temperature independent of core temperature. Twenty-one cats (2.7 +/- 0.4 kg; mean +/- SD) undergoing a uniform right parasagittal craniotomy received 1) halothane 1.5% end-expired and normocapnia (HN), 2) halothane 1.5% and hypocapnia (HH), or 3) large-dose pentobarbital and normocapnia (PN) (n = 7 per group). Heating devices initially maintained core and right subdural normothermia (38.0 degrees C). Thereafter, cranial heating was discontinued. Brain-to-core temperature gradients during the 3 h study were greatest in the right subdural area, averaging -2.5 degrees C +/- 0.9 degrees C in HN, -2.5 degrees C +/- 0.8 degrees C in HH, and -4.1 degrees C +/- 1.1 degrees C in PN. Gradients within the unexposed left subdural area and in the right cortex 0.5 and 1.0 cm below the brain surface were -0.8 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C to -1.1 degrees C +/- 0.6 degrees C for both HN and HH but were twice this amount in PN (-1.9 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C to -2.1 degrees C +/- 0.7 degrees C) (P < 0.05 for PN versus HN and HH). Deep barbiturate anesthesia can reduce brain temperature independently of core temperature, presumably by reducing the metabolic rate and associated brain heat production. The magnitude is sufficient to augment any direct cerebroprotective properties of the barbiturates. IMPLICATIONS: Deep barbiturate anesthesia reduced brain temperature independently of body temperature in cats and significantly more than the reduction seen with halothane anesthesia. The magnitude of temperature reduction was sufficient to account for cerebral protection by barbiturates independently of any other properties of the drug.
Descriptors: anesthesia, body temperature, brain, craniotomy, anesthetics, inhalation anesthetics, inhalation anesthetics, brain, carbon dioxide, cats, cerebrovascular circulation, electroencephalography, halothane, halothane, pentobarbital.

Fantoni, D.T., J.L.J. Krumenerl, and M.P. Galego (2000). Utilizacao de analgesicos em pequenos animais [Use of analgesics in small animals] . Clinica Veterinaria 5(28): 23-33. ISSN: 0009-9082.
Descriptors: analgesics, pain, reviews, dogs, cats.
Language of Text: Portuguese; Summary in English.

Farber, N.E., K.A. Poterack, J.P. Kampine, and W.T. Schmeling (1994). The effects of halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane on thermoregulatory responses in the neuraxis of cats. Anesthesiology 80(4): 879-91. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Normal thermoregulatory function is believed to be modulated by thermosensitive neurons in the preoptic region of the anterior hypothalamus and other sites within the central nervous system including the spinal cord. Previous evidence has demonstrated modulation of segmental spinal cord thermoregulatory mechanisms from more rostral central nervous system sites. The ability of the volatile anesthetics to disrupt normal thermoregulatory function and produce shivering-like activity during emergence is well documented. The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the action purpose of the current investigation was to examine the action of the volatile anesthetics halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane on thermoregulatory responses produced at the preoptic region and spinal cord. METHODS: Cats were chronically instrumented with bilateral cannulas allowing selective heating and cooling of the preoptic region. Electrodes were implanted in hindlimb and forelimb muscles for electromyographic (EMG) analysis. Animals underwent selective heating and cooling of the preoptic region in the awake state, during volatile agent anesthesia and during emergence. In a separate series of animals, pontine-transected cats with epidural thermodes and a thermocouple underwent alternate heating and cooling of the spinal cord. Heating and alternate heating and cooling of the spinal cord. Heating and cooling was performed in the nonanesthetized state, at graded concentrations of halothane, and during emergence. In all animals deep core peritoneal temperature, epidural spinal cord temperature, forelimb and hindlimb EMG activity were continuously recorded and digitally processed. EMG responses in both experiments were quantitated and analyzed for power spectral density. RESULTS: In the chronically prepared animals, heating and cooling of the preoptic region in the conscious state resulted in appropriate thermoregulatory responses, including shivering-like activity and increased EMG power with preoptic region cooling. Halothane, isoflurane, and enflurane each abolished these thermoregulatory responses. During emergence from anesthesia, however, the typical spontaneous increases in EMG power observed at normothermia were significantly attenuated by heating of the preoptic region and augmented by cooling of the preoptic region. In the acutely prepared animals, cooling of the spinal cord produced graded increases in EMG activity. Increased concentrations of halothane dose-dependently diminished this response to cooling of the spinal cord. During emergence, cooling of the spinal cord resulted in a shivering response similar to those observed during control conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The ability of preoptic region heating and cooling to modulate postanesthetic shivering implies that while thermoregulatory pathways remain intact, volatile anesthetics produce an imprecision in the control of thermoregulatory responses at the level of the anterior hypothalamus. Attenuation of shivering-like responses generated at spinal cord levels in pontine-transected cats implies a significant blunting action of thermoregulatory response mechanisms at the level of the spinal cord or lower brain stem.
Descriptors: anesthetics, body temperature regulation, central nervous system, body temperature regulation, cats, central nervous system, electrodes, electromyogrphy, enflurane, halothane, heating, hypothermia, induced, isoflurane, preoptic area, preoptic area, preoptic area, spinal cord, tegmentum mesencephali.

Farber, N.E., K.A. Poterack, and W.T. Schmeling (1997). Dexmedetomidine and halothane produce similar alterations in electroencephalographic and electromyographic activity in cats. Brain Research 774(1-2): 131-41. ISSN: 0006-8993.
Abstract: Dexmedetomidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, produces sedation and reduces volatile anesthetic requirements. This investigation compared the actions of dexmedetomidine and halothane on the processed EEG and on the electromyogram (EMG) which has not been previously described. Chronically instrumented cats were prepared with arterial and venous cannulae, quadriceps EMG electrodes and EEG electrodes in the lateral geniculate nucleus and over the frontal and occipital cortices. Hemodynamics, EEG and EMG were recorded in the conscious state and after randomly administered halothane or intravenous dexmedetomidine (on separate days). Blink and tail-clamp responses also assessed level of consciousness. Halothane resulted in unconsciousness and a lack of response to tail clamping, while dexmedetomidine produced profound sedation, with preservation of tail-clamp responses. Both agents similarly decreased (P < 0.05) the median power frequency from 9.5 +/- 0.9 to 5.7 +/- 0.4 Hz (2% halothane) and from 9.6 +/- 0.7 to 5.9 +/- 0.8 Hz (20 microg/kg dexmedetomidine), and 95% power frequency from 23.0 +/- 0.2 to 18.2 +/- 0.6 Hz (2% halothane) and from 23.0 +/- 0.2 to 19.1 +/- 0.8 Hz (20 microg/kg dexmedetomidine). Both agents increased the total spectral power and delta band power of the EEG and reduced integrated EMG activity. Halothane and dexmedetomidine produced differing effects on level of consciousness as assessed by response to tail clamping. The results suggest that conventional processing of EEG and EMG parameters are inadequate to assess anesthetic depth in the presence of alpha2-adrenergic agonists.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha agonists, inhalation anesthetics, brain, halothane, imidazoles, muscle, skeletal, brain, cats, electroencephalography, electromyogrphy, medetomidine, muscle, skeletal.

Farber, N.E., E. Samso, J.P. Kampine, and W.T. Schmeling (1995). The effects of halothane on cardiovascular responses in the neuraxis of cats. Influence of background anesthetic state. Anesthesiology 82(1): 153-65. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study examined the effects of halothane on arterial pressure after central nervous system (CNS) pressor site stimulation in anesthetized cats, cats rendered unconscious by midcollicular transection, and conscious cats. METHODS: Two anesthetized groups and two nonanesthetized groups were used. Cats were anesthetized with either alpha-chloralose and urethane or pentobarbital. Nonanesthetized groups were cats with midcollicular transections or conscious cats with chronically implanted electrodes. Stimulating electrodes were placed into vasomotor areas of the hypothalamus (HYP), reticular formation (RF), and medulla, and arterial pressure responses to increasing stimulus currents were examined during different halothane concentrations. Two groups of cats were also anesthetized with either pentobarbital or urethane and underwent bilateral carotid artery occlusion. RESULTS: Stimulation at each CNS site produced increases in arterial pressure and heart rate. Halothane attenuated pressor responses evoked by stimulation of all loci in all groups of cats. The inhibition by halothane on these cardiovascular responses was greatest at HYP and RF sites, while the medulla was more resistant to the effects of halothane in the anesthetized animals. Midcollicular transection decreased this medullary resistance. The inhibition of pressor responses by halothane was also greater in pentobarbital-than chloralose urethane-anesthetized animals. In contrast, pressor responses elicited by bilateral carotid occlusion were attenuated by halothane similarly in both anesthetic groups. Reticular formation stimulation in conscious animals resulted in "altering responses" in addition to pressor effects, both of which were attenuated by halothane. CONCLUSIONS: Modulation of CNS cardiovascular control centers contribute to halothane-induced hemodynamic alterations. Baseline anesthesia, CNS stimulation site, and the suprabulbar system influence the effects of halothane.
Descriptors: anesthesia, brain, cardiovascular system, halothane, carotid stenosis, cats, chloralose, electrodes, hemodynamic processes, pentobarbital, pressoreceptors, urethane.

Farber, N.E., E. Samso, M. Staunton, D. Schwabe, and W.T. Schmeling (1999). Dexmedetomidine modulates cardiovascular responses to stimulation of central nervous system pressor sites. Anesthesia and Analgesia 88(3): 617-624. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Descriptors: arterial pressure, cardiovascular regulation, heart rate, halothane, central nervous system, dexmedetomidine, cats, anesthesia.

Fedorova, I.M. and A.S. Basile (2001). Characterization of the cannabimimetic actions of oleamide, an endogenous hypnotic. Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 15(5): A911. ISSN: 0892-6638.
NAL Call Number: QH301 .F3
Descriptors: oleamide, OA, endogenous fatty-acid amide, behavior, cannabinoid induced behavioral syndrome, hypothermia, analgesia, spontaneous locomotor activity, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology on Experimental Biology 2001, Orlando, Florida, USA; March 31-April 4, 2001.

Feldman, J.T.E., J. Stutzmann, and P. Bousquet (1994). Medullary hypotensive effect of endothelin1 in anaesthetized animals. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 8(1): 64-70. ISSN: 0767-3981.
Abstract: In anaesthetized animals, systemic injection of ET1 at doses from 3 to 100 ng.kg-1 provoked only a transient hypotensive effect. At 300 ng.kg-1 we observed the classical biphasic effect, consisting of a transient lowering of the arterial pressure followed by a long-lasting hypertensive effect. Direct injection of the peptide into the vertebral artery of anaesthetized animals only affected arterial pressure (AP) when the blood-brain barrier was permeabilised. Under these conditions, a dose-dependent decrease in AP was observed, which was not associated with a significant effect on the heart rate. Micro-injections of the peptide in the medullary nucleus reticularis lateralis area (NRL), a medullary vasopressive centre, at doses of 30 to 60 ng.kg-1 led to a significant reduction in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (17 +/- 4% and 36.5 +/- 6%) respectively without a significant change in heart rate. These effects lasted less than 2 hours. These results suggest a possible role of ET1 as a neuromodulator involved in the central regulation of vasomotor tone, in the NRL region.
Descriptors: anesthesia, pressure, endothelins, medulla oblongata, pentobarbital, brain barrier, cats, dose response relationship, drug, endothelins, heart rate, injections, intra arterial, injections, intravenous, microinjections, rabbits.

Fields, A.M., T.A. Richards, I. Ibrahim, B. Dewitt, R. Hofbauer, and A.D. Kaye (2002). A proposed mechanism of action for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension using the opioid remifentanil: a study in the feline pulmonary vascular bed. Anesthesia and Analgesia 94(2S Supplement): S.24. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Descriptors: pharmacology , remifentanil, respiration , pulmonary hypertension, vascular disease, therapy, feline pulmonary vascular bed.
Notes: Meeting Information: International Anesthesia Research Society 76th Clinical and Scientific Congress, San Diego, California, USA; March 16-20, 2002.

Fisenko, V.P. (2001). Neurochemical relationships in the action of opioid analgesics on cerebral cortex. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 132(1): 613-9. ISSN: 0007-4888.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B87AE
Abstract: The experiments with unrestrained cats showed that opioid analgesics in near-analgesic doses decreased the amplitude of the primary test response recorded in the second sensorimotor zone of the cerebral cortex in 20-150-msec interval between the stimuli applied to thalamocortical fibers radiating from thalamic n. VPL. Application of test substances affecting certain neurotransmitter processes and microionophoretic application of drugs and neurotransmitters to cortical neurons showed that the inhibitory effect of opioid analgesics on cerebral cortex is probably realized through GABA-, serotonin-, beta-adreno-, and cholinergic structures. The excitatory amino acids are also involved into this process.
Descriptors: analgesics, cerebral cortex, neurons, afferent pathways, cats, cerebral cortex, cerebral cortex, electric stimulation, iontophoresis, levodopa, neurons, pain, thalamus, thalamus, gamma aminobutyric acid.

Fodor, G., B. Kaser Hotz, and D. Kuhn (1996). Erfahrungen mit Propofol als Injektions-narkotikum bei der Strahlentherapie von Hunden und Katzen. [Experiences with propofol as an injection narcotic for radiotherapy of cats and dogs]. Tierarztliche Praxis 24(1): 62-67. ISSN: 1434-1239.
NAL Call Number: SF603 .V433
Abstract: In a clinical study propofol has been used intravenously for multiple anesthesias. The results show that repeated anesthesias are possible, even in geriatric patients; patients need no premedication; maintenance of desired anesthetic depth is easily achievable by titrating the propofol dose; quality of anesthesia has been entirely satisfactory for our purposes; recovery is rapid, free from agitation and complete. However, propofol is rather expensive and any unused propofol must be discarded immediately after the anesthesia due to the danger of microbial contamination.
Descriptors: intravenous anesthetics, cats, dogs, radiotherapy, drug contamination, premedication, propofol.
Language of Text: German.

Fodor, G., B. Kaser Hotz, and D. Kuhn (1996). Erfahrungen mit Propofol als Injektionsnarkotikum bei der Strahlentherapie von Hunde und Katzen [Experience with propofol as a injectable anaesthetic for dogs and cats during radiotherapy]. Tierarztliche Praxis 24(1): 62-67. ISSN: 0303-6286.
NAL Call Number: SF603 .V4
Descriptors: anesthesia, injectable anaesthetics, radiotherapy, propofol, cats, dogs.
Language of Text: German with a summary in English.

Franks, J.N., H.W. Boothe, L. Taylor, S. Geller, G.L. Carroll, V. Cracas, and D.M. Boothe (2000). Evaluation of transdermal fentanyl patches for analgesia in cats undergoing onychectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217(7): 1013-1020. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, fentanyl, transdermal application, surgical operations, efficacy, pain, safety, recovery.

Furukawa, T., R.J. Myerburg, N. Furukawa, S. Kimura, and A.L. Bassett (1994). Metabolic inhibition of ICa,L and IK differs in feline left ventricular hypertrophy. American Journal of Physiology 266(3 Pt 2): H1121-31. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: To determine the intrinsic responsiveness of hypertrophied myocardium, electrophysiological properties of endocardial myocytes enzymatically dissociated from normal and hypertrophied feline left ventricle (LV) were compared during metabolic inhibition by 1 mM CN-. Chronic pressure overload was induced under surgical anesthesia. A single-pipette, whole cell clamp method was used to record action potential and membrane currents. Before CN-, action potential duration (APD) values at 90% repolarization (APD90) and at 0 mV (APD0mV) were significantly longer in hypertrophied cells. The current density of L-type Ca2+ currents (ICa,L) was not significantly different, whereas the time constant of the slow component (tau s) of ICa,L inactivation was significantly longer in hypertrophied cells. The current density of delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) was significantly smaller, the fast component (tau f) and tau s of IK activation were delayed, and those of IK deactivation were enhanced in hypertrophied cells. During exposure to CN-, APD shortened significantly more in hypertrophied cells; amplitude of ICa,L decreased, and the tau f and tau s of ICa,L inactivation shortened only in hypertrophied cells. However, IK showed no significant differences in changes in amplitude or kinetics during CN- exposure between normal and hypertrophied cells. Thus enhanced APD responsiveness to CN- is an intrinsic property of hypertrophied LV cells and ICa,L appears to be particularly affected by metabolic perturbation in such cells.
Descriptors: calcium, hypertropHy, left ventricular, potassium, cats, electrophysiology, hypertropHy, left ventricular, kinetics.

Galatos, A.D., T. Rallis, and D. Raptopoulos (1994). Post anaesthetic oesophageal stricture formation in three cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice 35(12): 638-642. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: cats, anesthesia, postoperative, esophgus, predisposition, diagnostic techniques, treatment, atropine, xylazine, ketamine, esophagoscopy .

Garcia Ramos, J. and A. Cobian Solorio (1995). On the glottal activity of experimental hiccup. Archives of Medical Research 26(2): 155-61. ISSN: 0188-0128.
Abstract: In cats, rats and rabbits under light barbiturate anesthesia, glottal activity during spontaneous or evoked hiccups was studied. By measuring laryngeal pressure or resistance to flow to a constant current of air, and controlling several sources of error, it was found that glottal closure is an important component of this complex phenomenon. Adductor activity of the vocal cords seemed more labile to the anesthetic action and, under this condition, showed a weaker force of contraction than the abductor one. It is suggested that this can be due to the correlation of glottal adduction with expiratory premotoneurons that are more depressed by anesthesia than the inspiratory ones. In hiccup, both adductor and abductor muscles would act simultaneously but in different proportions. The results add evidence to the idea of considering hiccup as due to a specific complex mechanism integrated at specific networks of the breathing generator.
Descriptors: glottis, hiccup, airway resistance, cats, esophgus, laryngeal nerves, larynx, manometry, neck muscles, rabbits, rats.

Garrod, L.A. and L. Wetmore (1999). Anesthetic agents in trauma patients. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 21(9): 800-811. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: trauma, anesthesia, anesthetics, reviews, dosage, dogs, cats.

Gaynor, J.S., C.I. Dunlop, A.E. Wagner, E.M. Wertz, A.E. Golden, and W.C. Demme (1999). Complications and mortality associated with anesthesia in dogs and cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35(1): 13-17. ISSN: 0587-2871.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .A5
Descriptors: dogs, cats, mortality, anesthesia, hypotension, pressure, hemorrhage, hematocrit, hypercapnia, hypoxia, gases, resuscitation, arrhythmia, causes of death.

Gebber, G.L., S. Zhong, and S.M. Barman (1995). Synchronization of cardiac-related discharges of sympathetic nerves with inputs from widely separated spinal segments. American Journal of Physiology 268(6 Pt 2): R1472-83. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: We used phase spectral analysis to study the relationships between the cardiac-related discharges of pairs of postganglionic sympathetic nerves in urethan-anesthetized or decerebrate cats. Phase angle when converted to a time interval should equal the difference in conduction times from the brain to the nerves (i.e., transportation lag) if their cardiac-related discharges have a common central source. Transportation lag was estimated as the difference in the onset latencies of activation of the nerves by electrical stimulation of the medulla or cervical spinal cord. The phase angle for the cardiac-related discharges of two nerves was not always equivalent in time to the transportation lag. For example, in some cases the cardiac-related discharges of the renal nerve were coincident with or led those of the inferior cardiac nerve. In contrast, the electrically evoked responses of the renal nerve lagged those of the inferior cardiac nerve by > or = 32 ms. These observations are consistent with a model of multiple and dynamically coupled brain stem generators of the cardiac-related rhythm, each controlling a different sympathetic nerve or exerting nonuniform influences on different portions of the spinal sympathetic outflow.
Descriptors: blood pressure, brain, heart, heart rate, neural conduction, spinal cord, sympathetic nervous system, anesthesia, general, cats, cerebellum, decerebrate state, heart innervation, kidney innervation, laminectomy, laterality, medulla oblongata.

Gee, B.Y., Tjen A., S.C. Looi, J.M. Hill, P.S. Chahal, and J.C. Longhurst (2002). Role of spinal NMDA and non-NMDA receptors in the pressor reflex response to abdominal ischemia. American Journal of Physiology 282(3): R850-7. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: Abdominal ischemia induces a pressor reflex caused mainly by C-fiber afferent stimulation. Because excitatory amino acids, such as glutamate, bind to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA [dl-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA)] receptors and serve as important spinal neurotransmitters, we hypothesized that both receptors play a role in the abdominal ischemia pressor reflex. In chloralose-anesthetized cats, NMDA receptor blockade with 25.0 mM dl-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate did not alter the pressor reflex (33 +/- 9 to 33 +/- 7 mmHg, P > 0.05, n = 4), whereas AMPA receptor blockade with 4.0 mM 6-nitro-7-sulfamylbenzo(f)quinoxaline-2,3-dione significantly attenuated the reflex (29 +/- 5 to 16 +/- 4 mmHg, P < 0.05, n = 6). Because several studies suggest that anesthesia masks the effects of glutamatergic receptors, this experiment was repeated on decerebrate cats, and in this group, NMDA receptor blockade with 25.0 mM dl-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate significantly altered the pressor reflex (36 +/- 3 to 25 +/- 4 mmHg, P < 0.05, n = 5). Our combined data suggest that spinal NMDA and AMPA receptors play a role in the abdominal ischemia pressor reflex.
Descriptors: baroreflex, receptors, ampa, spinal cord, 2 amino 5 phosphonovalerate, abdomen supply, baroreflex, cats, decerebrate state, excitatory amino acid antagonists, ischemia, quinoxalines, quinoxalines, receptors, n methyl d aspartate.

Gellasch, K.L., K.T. Kruse Elliott, C.S. Osmond, A.N. Shih, and D.E. Bjorling (2002). Comparison of transdermal administration of fentanyl versus intramuscular administration of butorphanol for analgesia after onychectomy in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 220(7): 1020-1024. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AM3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare postoperative discomfort assessed by subjective pain score and plasma cortisol concentrations in cats undergoing onychectomy that received analgesia by use of transdermal fentanyl (TDF) patches or an i.m. injection of butorphanol. DESIGN: Randomized prospective clinical trial. ANIMALS: 22 client-owned cats weighing 2.2 to 5 kg (4.84 to 11 lb) undergoing onychectomy. PROCEDURE: Researchers were blinded to which cats received a TDF patch (25 microg/h) 18 to 24 hours prior to surgery or an i.m. injection of butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg (0.09 mg/lb]) at the time of sedation, immediately following extubation, and at 4-hour intervals thereafter for 12 hours. Clinical variables, plasma cortisol concentration, and pain scores were evaluated and recorded 24 hours prior to surgery, at extubation, and 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery. RESULTS: The TDF group had a lower pain score than the butorphanol group only at 8 hours after surgery. Both groups had significantly lower mean plasma cortisol concentrations 0, 24, 36, and 48 hours after surgery, compared with mean plasma cortisol concentrations prior to surgery. No significant differences in appetite or response to handling the feet were observed between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our data did not reveal a difference in pain relief between administration of TDF and butorphanol. Plasma cortisol concentrations were not different between groups. Fentanyl appeared to provide equivalent analgesia to butorphanol in cats undergoing onychectomy. The primary advantage of using a TDF patch is that repeated injections are not required.
Descriptors: analgesics, butorphanol, cats, fentanyl, hoof and claw surgery, postoperative pain, cutaneous administration, analgesia instrumentation, analgesia, analgesia, cats surgery, hydrocortisone, injections, intramuscular, pain measurement, postoperative pain, prospective studies, treatment outcome.
Notes: Comment In: J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2002 Jul 1;221(1):31; author reply 31-2.

Gilbert, K.A. and R. Lydic (1994). Pontine cholinergic reticular mechanisms cause state-dependent changes in the discharge of parabrachial neurons. American Journal of Physiology 266(1 Pt 2): R136-50. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: The present study examined the hypothesis that cholinoceptive reticular mechanisms in the gigantocellular tegmental field (FTG) of the medial pontine reticular formation cause state-dependent changes in the discharge of parabrachial neurons. In chronically implanted, unanesthetized cats, extracellular recordings were made from nonrespiratory and respiratory neurons in the parabrachial nuclear complex (PBNC) during the natural sleep-wake cycle and during the rapid eye movement (REM) sleeplike state caused by FTG microinjection of carbachol or neostigmine. PBNC cells that increased discharge during natural REM sleep (REM-on cells) revealed similar increased discharge during the carbachol-induced REM sleeplike state (DCarb). Cells that decreased discharge in natural REM sleep (REM-off cells) displayed decreased discharge during both DCarb and the neostigmine-induced REM sleeplike states. The limited sample of parabrachial respiratory neurons revealed significantly diminished discharge during the cholinergically induced REM sleeplike state. Thus cholinoceptive mechanisms localized to specific regions of the pontine reticular formation can cause state-dependent changes in the firing rates of respiratory and nonrespiratory neurons in the PBNC.
Descriptors: parasympathetic nervous system, pons, reticular formation, carbachol, cats, electrophysiology, neostigmine, neurons, pons, respiratory center, respiratory system innervation, sleep stages, sleep stages, sleep, rem, wakefulness.

Gladden, M.H. and H. Matsuzaki (2002). Static gamma-motoneurones couple group Ia and II afferents of single muscle spindles in anaesthetised and decerebrate cats. The Journal of Physiology 543(Pt 1): 273-88. ISSN: 0022-3751.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 J82
Abstract: Ideas about the functions of static gamma-motoneurones are based on the responses of primary and secondary endings to electrical stimulation of single static gamma-axons, usually at high frequencies. We compared these effects with the actions of spontaneously active gamma-motoneurones. In anaesthetised cats, afferents and efferents were recorded in intramuscular nerve branches to single muscle spindles. The occurrence of gamma-spikes, identified by a spike shape recognition system, was linked to video-taped contractions of type-identified intrafusal fibres in the dissected muscle spindles. When some static gamma-motoneurones were active at low frequency (< 15 Hz) they coupled the firing of group Ia and II afferents. Activity of other static gamma-motoneurones which tensed the intrafusal fibres appeared to enhance this effect. Under these conditions the secondary ending responded at shorter latency than the primary ending. In another series of experiments on decerebrate cats, responses of primary and secondary endings of single muscle spindles to activation of gamma-motoneurones by natural stimuli were compared with their responses to electrical stimulation of single gamma-axons supplying the same spindle. Electrical stimulation mimicked the natural actions of gamma-motoneurones on either the primary or the secondary ending, but not on both together. However, gamma-activity evoked by natural stimuli coupled the firing of afferents with the muscle at constant length, and also when it was stretched. Analysis showed that the timing and tightness of this coupling determined the degree of summation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by each afferent in alpha-motoneurones and interneurones contacted by terminals of both endings, and thus the degree of facilitation of reflex actions of group II afferents.
Descriptors: motor neurons, gamma, muscle spindles, neurons, afferent, action potentials, anesthesia, cats, decerebrate state, excitatory postsynaptic potentials, muscle, skeletal innervation, muscle, skeletal, reflex, stretch.

Gleed, R.D. (1994). Anesthesia of the very old and very young: Is age a disease. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 8: 68.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: anesthesia, dogs, cats, age differences.

Glerum, L.E., C.M. Egger, S.W. Allen, and M. Haag (2001). Analgesic effect of the transdermal fentanyl patch during and after feline ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Surgery 30(4): 351-358. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911. V43
Descriptors: cats, fentanyl, transdermal application, ovariectomy, hysterectomy, pain, efficacy, stress, hydrocortisone, sugar, body temperature.

Glowaski, M.M. and L.A. Wetmore (1999). Application in veterinary sedation and anesthesia. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 14(1): 1-9. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: propofol, anesthesia, dogs, cats, literature reviews.

Glowaski, M.M. and L.A. Wetmore (1999). Propofol: application in veterinary sedation and anesthesia. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 14(1): 1-9. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911.S45
Descriptors: small animal practice, propofol, anesthesia, injectable anaesthetics, usage, cats.

Goldstein, I.M., P. Ostwald, and S. Roth (1996). Nitric oxide: a review of its role in retinal function and disease. Vision Research 36(18): 2979-2994. ISSN: 0042-6989.
NAL Call Number: QP474 .I5
Abstract: Nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine, exists in three major isoforms, neuronal, endothelial, and immunologic. Neuronal and endothelial isoforms are constitutively expressed, and require calcium for activation. Both of these isoforms can be induced (i.e., new protein synthesis occurs) under appropriate conditions. The immunologic isoform is not constitutively expressed, and requires induction usually by immunologic activation; calcium is not necessary for its activation. Neuronal and immunologic NOS have been detected in the retina. Neuronal NOS may be responsible for producing nitric oxide in photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Nitric oxide stimulates guanylate cyclase of photoreceptor rod cells and increases calcium channel currents. In the retina of cats, NOS inhibition impairs phototransduction as assessed by the electroretinogram. Inducible nitric oxide synthase, found in Muller cells and in retinal pigment epithelium, may be involved in normal phagocytosis of the retinal outer segment, in infectious and ischemic processes, and in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Nitric oxide contributes to basal tone in the retinal circulation. To date, findings are conflicting with respect to its role in retinal autoregulation. During glucose and oxygen deprivation, nitric oxide may increase blood flow and prevent platelet aggregation, but it may also mediate the toxic effects of excitatory amino acid release. This reactive, short-lived gas is involved in diverse processes within the retina, and its significance continues to be actively studied.
Descriptors: nitric oxide, retina, choroid supply, cyclic gmp, cytokines, hyperemia, ischemia, nitric oxide synthase, photoreceptors, pigment epithelium of eye, rabbits, rats, retinal diseases, vision.

Gozal, D., X.W. Dong, D.M. Rector, and R.M. Harper (1995). Maturation of kitten ventral medullary surface activity during pressor challenges. Developmental Neuroscience 17(4): 236-45. ISSN: 0378-5866.
Abstract: We used large-array optical recording procedures to examine maturation of regional neural activity within the ventral medullary surface (VMS) of anesthetized kittens during pharmacologically induced blood pressure elevation. Under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, the VMS was exposed in 10, 20 and 30- to 45-day-old kittens and in adult cats. Arterial pressure, costal diaphragmatic EMG, and ECG were continuously monitored. An imaging camera, composed of a charge-coupled device and a coherent bundle of optic fibers, was positioned over the VMS. Light at 660 nm illuminated the neural tissue, and was collected by the probe. Resulting light-scatter images were acquired at 2-second intervals during a baseline period, and following intravenous administration of phenylephrine at 10, 20 and 40 micrograms/kg. Sixty to seventy-five images within each epoch were averaged, and subtracted from baseline. Regional differences within the image were determined by ANOVA procedures (alpha = 0.05). Phenylephrine elicited dose-dependent elevations of blood pressure accompanied by decreased diaphragmatic EMG activity which were less profound in younger animals. With maturation, responsiveness of respiratory patterning to the pressor response increased. In contrast to adult cats, 10-day kittens increased VMS neural activity in a dose-dependent fashion with pressor stimulation. A progressive transition to adult response patterns was observed with increasing postnatal age, and was established in over half of the kittens by 30-45 days. We conclude that phenylephrine-induced baroreceptor stimulation elicits divergent VMS activity responses in developing and mature animals. Such a developmental pattern may reflect immature function of central and/or peripheral baroreflexes.
Descriptors: blood pressure, heart rate, medulla oblongata, respiratory mechanics, aging, gas analysis, pressure, cardiotonic agents, cats, diaphragm, dose response relationship, drug, electorcardiography, electromyogrphy, electrophysiology, computer assisted image processing, medulla oblongata growth and development, pHenylepHrine, pressoreceptors, tidal volume.

Greene, S.A. (1995). Anesthetic considerations for surgery of the reproductive system. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Small Animal 10(1): 2-7. ISSN: 0882-0511.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: anesthesia, genitalia, female surgery, anesthesia, anesthesia, general, anesthesia, local, cats, cesarean section, dogs, hemodynamic processes, lung, orchiectomy, ovariectomy.

Greene, S.A. (1999). Pros and cons of using alpha-2 agonists in small animal anesthesia practice. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 14(1): 10-14. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine, anesthesia, drug combinations, parasympatholytics, opioids, drug antagonism, dogs, cats.

Grenier, F., I. Timofeev, S. Crochet, and M. Steriade (2003). Spontaneous field potentials influence the activity of neocortical neurons during paroxysmal activities in vivo. Neuroscience 119(1): 277-91. ISSN: 0306-4522.
NAL Call Number: QP351.N48
Abstract: Field-potential recordings with macroelectrodes, and extra- and intracellular potentials with micropipettes were used to determine the influence of spontaneous field potentials on the activity of neocortical neurons during seizures. In vivo experiments were carried out in cats under anesthesia. Strong negative field fluctuations of up to 20 mV were associated with electroencephalogram "spikes" during spontaneously occurring paroxysmal activities. During paroxysmal events, action potentials displayed an unexpected behavior: a more hyperpolarized firing threshold and smaller amplitude than during normal activity, as determined with intracellular recordings referenced to a distant ground. Considering the transmembrane potential (the difference between extra- and intracellular potential) qualified this observation: firing threshold determined from the transmembrane potential did not decrease, and smaller action-potential amplitude was associated with depolarized firing threshold. The hyperpolarization of intracellular firing threshold was thus related to the field potentials. Similar field-potential effects on neuronal activities were observed when the paroxysmal events included very fast oscillations or ripples (80-200 Hz) that represent rapid fluctuations of field potentials (up to 5 mV in <5 ms). Neuronal firing was phase-locked to those oscillations. These results demonstrate that: (a) strong spontaneous field potentials influence neuronal behavior, and thus play an active role during paroxysmal activities; and (b) transmembrane potentials have to be used to accurately describe the behavior of neurons in conditions in which field potentials fluctuate strongly. Since neuronal activity is presumably the main generator of field potentials, and in return these potentials may increase neuronal excitability, we propose that this constitutes a positive feedback loop that is involved in the development and spread of paroxysmal activities, and that a similar feedback loop is involved in the generation of neocortical ripples. We propose a mechanism for seizure initiation involving these phenomena.
Descriptors: neocortex, neurons, cats, cortical synchronization, electroencephalography, electrophysiology, evoked potentials, intracellular membranes, membrane potentials, neocortex, neural conduction, oscillometry, periodicity, synaptic transmission.

Grenier, F., I. Timofeev, and M. Steriade (2001). Focal synchronization of ripples (80-200 Hz) in neocortex and their neuronal correlates. Journal of Neurophysiology 86(4): 1884-98. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Abstract: Field potentials from different neocortical areas and intracellular recordings from areas 5 and 7 in acutely prepared cats under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia and during natural states of vigilance in chronic experiments, revealed the presence of fast oscillations (80-200 Hz), termed ripples. During anesthesia and slow-wave sleep, these oscillations were selectively related to the depth-negative (depolarizing) component of the field slow oscillation (0.5-1 Hz) and could be synchronized over ~10 mm. The dependence of ripples on neuronal depolarization was also shown by their increased amplitude in field potentials in parallel with progressively more depolarized values of the membrane potential of neurons. The origin of ripples was intracortical as they were also detected in small isolated slabs from the suprasylvian gyrus. Of all types of electrophysiologically identified neocortical neurons, fast-rhythmic-bursting and fast-spiking cells displayed the highest firing rates during ripples. Although linked with neuronal excitation, ripples also comprised an important inhibitory component. Indeed, when regular-spiking neurons were recorded with chloride-filled pipettes, their firing rates increased and their phase relation with ripples was modified. Thus besides excitatory connections, inhibitory processes probably play a major role in the generation of ripples. During natural states of vigilance, ripples were generally more prominent during the depolarizing component of the slow oscillation in slow-wave sleep than during the states of waking and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep. The mechanisms of generation and synchronization, and the possible functions of neocortical ripples in plasticity processes are discussed.
Descriptors: neocortex, neurons, periodicity, action potentials, action potentials, adrenergic alpha agonists, anesthetics, dissociative, inhalation anesthetics, arousal, cats, electroencephalography, electrophysiology, epilepsy, halothane, ketamine, neocortex, neurons, sleep, sleep, rem, xylazine.

Grisneaux, E. and P. Pibarot (1998). La place des anti-inflammatoires non steroidiens dand l'analgesie postoperatoire [Usage of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in postoperative analgesia]. Medecin Veterinaire Du Quebec 28(1): 19-23. ISSN: 0225-9591.
Descriptors: analgesics, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, postoperative care, surgical operations, aspirin, phenylbutazone, flunixin, ketoprofen, reviews, cats.
Language of Text: French.

Grosenbaugh, D.A. and W.W. Muir (1998). Using end-tidal carbon dioxide to monitor patients. Veterinary Medicine 93(1): 67-74. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: dogs, cats, carbon dioxide, monitoring, internal pressure, equipment, monitors, anesthesia, accuracy, acid base equilibrium, resuscitation, carpnography , end tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure, arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure, cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Grosenbaugh, D.A. and W.W. Muir (1998). Blood pressure monitoring. Veterinary Medicine 93(1): 48-59. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: dogs, cats, pressure, monitoring, equipment, monitors, measurement, anesthesia, hypertension, accuracy.

Gross, M.E. (1994). Monitoring the anesthetized patient. In: Student American Veterinary Medical Association Symposium 1994 Proceedings, College of Veterinary Medicine and Coperative Extension Service of the University of Missouri-Columbia: Columbia, Missouri USA, p. 235-237.
Online: http://www.savma.org
Descriptors: small animal practice, electroencepHalograms, haemodynamics, respiration, body temperature, anesthesia, cats.

Gross, M.E., E.R. Pope, J.M. Jarboe, D.P. O'Brien, J.R. Dodam, and J. Polkow Haight (2000). Regional anesthesia of the infraorbital and inferior alveolar nerves during noninvasive tooth pulp stimulation in halothane-anesthetized cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 61(10): 1245-1247. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: cats, local anesthesia, peripheral nerves, halothane, teeth, electrical stimulation.

Grover, J.K., S. Khandkar, V. Vats, Y. Dhunnoo, and D. Das (2002). Pharmacological studies on Myristica fragrans--antidiarrheal, hypnotic, analgesic and hemodynamic (blood pressure) parameters. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 24(10): 675-80. ISSN: 0379-0355.
Abstract: Recurrent diarrhea is prevalent in developing countries, particularly in tropical regions. A natural based antidiarrheal home remedy can serve as an ideal health tool to limit diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality. In the traditional Indian medical science of Ayurveda, nutmeg is one such plant said to possess antidiarrheal activity. A study was therefore planned to assess the various pharmacological effects (antidiarrheal, sedative, analgesic and blood pressure) of nutmeg. Both Nutmeg crude suspension (NMC) and petroleum ether (PE), but not aqueous extract (Aq), decreased the mean number of loose stools or increased the latency period. NMC increased intestinal tone while PE had no such effect. PE had no effect on guinea pig ileum, but inhibited the contraction produced by acetylcholine, histamine and prostaglandin. NMC but not PE extract showed a significant but weak analgesic effect. While PE effectively potentiated both phenobarbitone and pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time, NMC was considerably less effective. NMC administered intraduodenally did not produce much effect on blood pressure (BP), but potentiated the action of exogenously administered adrenaline and nor-adrenaline. On the other hand, PE in higher, but not lower, doses caused a precipitous fall in BP not blocked by atropine. Thus, overall extracts of nutmeg showed a good antidiarrheal effect, with a significant sedative property. The extracts possessed only a weak analgesic effect, with no harmful effects on blood pressure and ECG.
Descriptors: analgesics, antidiarrheals, antihypertensive agents, barbiturates, pressure, myristica fragrans, oral administration, analgesics, antidiarrheals, antihypertensive agents, barbiturates, cathartics, cathartics, cats, dogs, gastrointestinal motility, hypnosis, ileum, mice, mice, inbred strains, plant preparations, plant preparations, plants, medicinal, rats.

Haghighi, S.S., D.H. York, R.W. Gaines, and J.J. Oro (1994). Monitoring of motor tracts with spinal cord stimulation. Spine 19(13): 1518-24. ISSN: 0362-2463.
Online: http://www.spinejournal.com
Abstract: STUDY DESIGN. Sensory- and motor-evoked potentials were recorded after high thoracic (T2) epidural electrical stimulation of the spinal cord. Under general anesthesia, 22 cats underwent single or repetitive spinal cord stimulation. OBJECTIVES. Sensory-evoked potentials were recorded after antidromic activation of the posterior column sensory fibers at lower electrical intensities (< 5 V). Motor tract activation was accomplished by recording the ventral root and muscle action potential using single pulse stimulation (> 50 V). METHODS. Sensory-evoked potentials were recorded from the lumbar spinal cord (n = 20), dorsal root (n = 80), and peroneal nerve (n = 40). Motor-evoked potentials were recorded from the ventral root (n = 40) and the hindlimb musculature (n = 10). RESULTS. The lumbar spinal-evoked response resisted lesioning and showed a minimal change after a spinal cord hemisection. Dorsal rhizotomy abolished the ipsilateral peroneal nerve action potential, indicating antidromic activation of afferent fibers. Motor responses did not change after the dorsal rhizotomy, suggesting involvement of nonsensory pathways. CONCLUSIONS. These findings indicate that spinal cord stimulation activates sensory and motor tracts that can be recorded at various sites along the central or the peripheral nervous system.
Descriptors: motor cortex, motor neurons, spinal cord, action potentials, cats, electric stimulation, evoked potentials, evoked potentials, somatosensory, monitoring, intraoperative, muscle, skeletal innervation, muscle, skeletal, spinal nerve roots.

Haji, A., Y. Momose, R. Takeda, S. Nakanishi, T. Horiuchi, and M. Arisawa (1994). Increased feline cerebral blood flow induced by dehydroevodiamine hydrochloride from Evodia rutaecarpa. Journal of Natural Products 57(3): 387-9. ISSN: 0163-3864.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 L77
Abstract: Dehydroevodiamine hydrochloride (0.1-0.3 mg/kg iv), which was isolated from the leaves of Evodia rutaecarpa, increased the cerebral blood flow recorded from the surface of the supra-sylvian gyrus in anesthetized cats. This action reached a maximum 1-4 min after injection and continued for 10 min. However, the compound had negligible effects on other cardiorespiratory functions at the doses examined. These results suggest that the compound selectively increases cerebral blood flow.
Descriptors: alkaloids, cerebrovascular circulation, drugs, chinese herbal, alkaloids, anesthesia, cats, drugs, chinese herbal, hemodynamic processes, respiratory function tests.

Hale, F.A. and J.M.G. Anthony (1997). Prevention of hypothermia in cats during routine oral hygiene procedures. Candian Veterinary Journal 38(5): 297-299. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: cats, anesthesia, prevention, hypothermia, body temperature, dentistry, oraly hygiene procedures.
Language of Text: English; Summary in French.

Hall, L. (2001). Veterinary Anesthesia, 10th edition, Saunders, W.B.: New York, New York, 561 p. ISBN: 0702020354.
NAL Call Number: SF914 .H34
Descriptors: anesthesia, patient preparation, anesthetic techniques, monitoring devices, diseases, dogs, cats, birds, small, reptiles, horses, camelids, ruminants, pigs, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, dosages, storing drugs, high risk patients.

Harrington, M.L., R.S. Bagley, M.P. Moore, and J.W. Tyler (1996). Effect of craniectomy, durotomy, and wound closure on intracranial pressure in healthy cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57(11): 1659-61. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To establish intracranial pressure (ICP) measurements in healthy cats under isoflurane anesthesia, using a fiberoptic monitoring system; to assess brain lesions associated with such monitoring; and to determine whether decompressive intracranial surgery decreases ICP in healthy cats. ANIMALS: 6 healthy cats. PROCEDURE: Craniectomy and durotomy were performed, and the effect of these procedures on ICP was determined. ICP was monitored by use of a fiberoptic monitoring system. Gross and microscopic evaluations of brain tissues were performed after data collection. RESULTS: ICP decreased significantly after craniotomy and durotomy. After wound closure, ICP remained significantly reduced relative to initial pressures. However, postsurgical pressures were significantly increased, compared with those associated with ICP after durotomy. Gross and histologic abnormalities associated with placement of the ICP monitoring cable included mild focal acute hemorrhage and mechanical cortical disruption. CONCLUSIONS: Craniectomy and durotomy significantly decreased ICP in healthy cats. ICP increased after wound closure, but remained significantly lower than initial pressures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Craniectomy and durotomy may be used to decrease ICP in cats.
Descriptors: cats surgery, dura mater surgery, intracranial pressure, skull surgery, cats.

Hartsfield, S.M. (1999). Anesthetic equipment. In: R.R. Paddleford (Editor), Manual of Small Animal Anesthesia, 2nd edition, W.B. Saunders.: Philadelphia, USA, p. 89-109. ISBN: 0721649695.
Descriptors: anesthesia, pets, equipment, inhaled anaesthetics, cats.

Hartsfield, S.M. (1999). Equipment for inhalant anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 29(3): 645-663. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: equipment, reviews, anesthesia, inhaled anaesthetics, artificial respiration, cats.

Hasegawa, T., I. Kato, K. Harada, T. Ikarashi, M. Yoshida, and Y. Koike (1994). The effect of uvulonodular lesions on horizontal optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus in cats. Acta Oto Laryngologica/ Supplementum 511: 126-30. ISSN: 0365-5237.
Abstract: The effect of uvulonodular lesions on horizontal optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and optokinetic after-nystagmus (OKAN) was investigated in alert cats. A lesion in each of 6 cats was made by suction-ablation under anesthesia. In the 3 cats with only a uvular lesion, both the initial slow phase velocity and the time constant of OKAN were unchanged. In the remaining 3 cats whose lesions included the nodulus as well as the uvula, the time constant of OKAN was markedly prolonged, but the initial slow phase velocity of OKAN was not affected. The postoperative average time constant of OKAN increased from the normal value of 9 s to about 40 s. In contrast, OKN parameters (the steady-state velocity and the rising time constant) were not affected by uvular or uvulonodular lesions. These results strongly suggest that the nodulus is involved in the velocity storage mechanism and might control the discharge characteristics of the velocity storage integrator.
Descriptors: cerebellar diseases, nystagmus, optokinetic, nystagmus, pathologic, vestibular nuclei, brain diseases, brain diseases, cats, cerebellar diseases, cerebellum, electrooculography, eye movements, time factors, vestibular nuclei, visual pathways, visual pathways.

Hedman, A.E., K. Matsukawa, and I. Ninomiya (1994). Origin of cardiac-related synchronized cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in anaesthetized cats. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 47(1-2): 131-40. ISSN: 0165-1838.
Abstract: To study the origin of cardiac-related rhythm in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA), ECG, aortic pressure and CSNA were recorded when cardiac interval was changed by artificial pacing, or when the aortic nerve was stimulated after baroreceptor denervation in anaesthetized cats. CSNA was averaged by using the R-wave of ECG, or stimulus pulse as a trigger. Delay times from arterial pulse or stimulus pulse to the onset and half amplitude of inhibition and to the maximal inhibition were measured from the averaged data. The delay of inhibition in CSNA was constant and independent of pacing interval. Stimulation of the aortic nerve with single shocks caused an inhibition in averaged CSNA. The delay of inhibition was constant and independent of stimulus frequency. These results indicate that the cardiac-related rhythm in CSNA is produced reflexly by inhibiting the transmission of the fundamental rhythmicity due to periodic baroreceptor input.
Descriptors: heart innervation, sympathetic nervous system, anesthesia, pressure, cardiac pacing, artificial, carotid sinus, cats, electorcardiography, heart rate, muscle denervation, norepinephrine, pressoreceptors.

Hedman, A.E. and I. Ninomiya (1995). Periodicity, amplitude and width of synchronized cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in anaesthetized cats. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 55(1-2): 81-91. ISSN: 0165-1838.
Abstract: Using a recently developed method, we studied periodicity, amplitude and width of synchronized cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA) at various intervals of periodic baroreceptor input in anaesthetized cats. ECG, aortic pressure and CSNA were recorded when cardiac interval was changed by artificial pacing, or when the aortic nerve was stimulated after baroreceptor denervation. The periodicity of synchronized CSNA showed mainly two modes: one was 8-14 Hz rhythmicity (Tc) and the other was related to cardiac cycle (Tb). The Tc mode was almost constant and independent of cardiac interval or stimulation. The probability of the Tc mode increased as pacing interval increased. The Tb mode reflected the interval of inhibition in CSNA due to pulsatile baroreceptor input. The mode of inhibitory rhythm (Ts) related to the stimulation of the aortic nerve was almost constant and independent of the stimulation interval. The probability of the Ts mode was highest at a 250-ms interval and decreased with increase in stimulus interval. The mean peak height or mean peak width did not changed significantly during pacing the heart at various intervals nor after baroreceptor denervation. The peak height and peak width had a significant linear relationship at any cardiac interval or after baroreceptor denervation, whereas no relationship between the peak-to-peak interval and the peak height or peak width was found. These results indicate that the cardiac-related rhythm is produced by inhibition of transmission of the fundamental rhythm by periodic baroreceptor input. Our results suggest also that the amplitude and periodicity of synchronized CSNA are separately regulated.
Descriptors: heart innervation, sympathetic nervous system, algorithms, anesthesia, aorta innervation, pressure, cardiac pacing, artificial, cats, electric stimulation, electorcardiography, heart, muscle denervation, periodicity, pressoreceptors, sinoatrial node innervation, sinoatrial node.

Heldmann, E., D.E. Holt, D.J. Brockman, D.C. Brown, and S.Z. Perkowski (1999). Use of propofol to manage seizure activity after surgical treatment of portosystemic shunts. Journal of Small Animal Practice 40(12): 590-594. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: surgery, anesthesia, treatment, liver, vascular diseases, case reports, portal circulation, cats, dogs.

Hellebrekers, L.J. (1998). Injection anesthesia in companion animals. Veterinary Quarterly 20(1): S49-S50. ISSN: 0165-2176.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V46
Descriptors: injectable anaesthetics, anesthesia, preanaesthetic medication, postoperative care, cats.

Hellebrekers, L.J. (1996). Injection anesthesia in dogs and cats. Veterinary Quarterly 18: S62-S63. ISSN: 0165-2176.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V46
Descriptors: postoperative care, anesthesia, injectable anaesthetics, cats.

Hellebrekers, L.J. (1996). Artificial ventilation and monitoring in companion animal anesthesia. Veterinary Quarterly 18: S64-S65. ISSN: 0165-2176.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V46
Descriptors: artificial ventilation, monitoring, anesthesia, artificial respiration, cats.

Hellebrekers, L.J. (1996). Anesthetic crisis in companion animals. Veterinary Quarterly 18: S65-S66. ISSN: 0165-2176.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V46
Descriptors: complications, postoperative, anesthesia, cats.

Hellebrekers, L.J., A.H.A. Kusters, and I.C. Akkerdaas (1998). Cardiac disease and companion animal anesthesia. Veterinary Quarterly 20(1): S54-S56. ISSN: 0165-2176.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V46
Descriptors: anesthesia, heart diseases, preanaesthetic medication, postoperative care, cats.

Hellsten, C. (1997). Kipulaakkeiden kaytto kissalla kirjallisuuskatsaus. 1. Tulehduskipulaakkeet [Use of analgesics in cats. 1. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]. Suomen Elainlaakarilehti 103(12): 714-718. ISSN: 0039-5501.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 F49
Descriptors: anti-inflammatory agents, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, drugs, analgesics, pain, reviews, cats.
Language of Text: Finnish with a summary in English.

Hellyer, P.W. (1999). Minimizing dogs' and cats' pain after surgery. First Line(Oct/Nov): 16-22.
Descriptors: pain, surgery, postoperative care, neuroleptics, cats.

Henderson, L.A., C.A. Richard, P.M. Macey, M.L. Runquist, P.L. Yu, J.P. Galons, and R.M. Harper (2004). Functional magnetic resonance signal changes in neural structures to baroreceptor reflex activation. Journal of Applied Physiology 96(2): 693-703. ISSN: 8750-7587.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 J825
Abstract: The sequence of neural responses to exogenous arterial pressure manipulation remains unclear, especially for extramedullary sites. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging procedures to visualize neural responses during pressor (phenylephrine) and depressor (sodium nitroprusside) challenges in seven isoflurane-anesthetized adult cats. Depressor challenges produced signal-intensity declines in multiple cardiovascular-related sites in the medulla, including the nucleus tractus solitarius, and caudal and rostral ventrolateral medulla. Signal decreases also emerged in the cerebellar vermis, inferior olive, dorsolateral pons, and right insula. Rostral sites, such as the amygdala and hypothalamus, increased signal intensity as arterial pressure declined. In contrast, arterial pressure elevation elicited smaller signal increases in medullary regions, the dorsolateral pons, and the right insula and signal declines in regions of the hypothalamus, with no change in deep cerebellar areas. Responses to both pressor and depressor challenges were typically lateralized. In a subset of animals, barodenervation resulted in rises and falls of blood pressure that were comparable to these resulting from the pharmacological challenges but different regional neural responses, indicating that the regional signal intensity responses did not derive from global perfusion effects but from baroreceptor mediation of central mechanisms. The findings demonstrate widespread lateralized distribution of neural sites responsive to blood pressure manipulation. The distribution and time course of neural responses follow patterns associated with early and late compensatory reactions.
Descriptors: baroreflex, pressure, magnetic resonance imaging, solitary nucleus, anesthesia, aorta, thoracic, baroreflex, carotid sinus, cats, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, heart rate, hypothalamus, laterality, pHenylepHrine, pons, sodium chloride, sympathectomy, sympathetic nervous system, sympathomimetics.

Heraud, J., J. Orofino, M. Trub, and N. Mei (1996). Electrophysiologic evidence showing the existence of sensory receptors within the alveolar bone in anesthetized cats. The International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Implants 11(6): 800-5. ISSN: 0882-2786.
Abstract: Single-nerve activities were recorded in the gasserian ganglia of anesthetized cats by glass extracellular micro-electrodes to determine whether sensory endings exist within the alveolar bone. Trigeminal cells responded to mechanical and/or thermal stimulation applied to the maxillary bone. Some were activated by specific kinds of fairly precise mechanical stimuli (moderate forces applied in a preferential direction); others exhibited a coarse mechanical sensitivity. In addition, electrical stimulation was applied to the maxillary bone to determine the conduction velocities of the relevant fibers. These mainly ranged between 1 and 6 m/s, which indicates that the fibers belonged to the small-diameter category (thinnest myelinated and unmyelinated fibers). Similar results were obtained from animals with osseointegrated implants. It was concluded that the alveolar bone is endowed with sensory endings capable of detecting mechanical and thermal changes, and that these receptors may provide compensatory sensitivity in edentulous subjects whose main (periodontal) sensitivity has been eliminated.
Descriptors: alveolar process innervation, receptors, sensory, action potentials, anesthesia, general, cats, dental implants, electric stimulation, electrophysiology, glass, jaw, edentulous, maxilla innervation, microelectrodes, nerve fibers, nerve fibers, myelinated, neural conduction, osseointegration, periodontium innervation, physical stimulation, stress, mechanical, temperature, trigeminal ganglion, trigeminal nerve.

Hernandez, P., P. Navalesi, F. Maltais, A. Gursahaney, and S.B. Gottfried (1994). Comparison of static and dynamic measurements of intrinsic PEEP in anesthetized cats. Journal of Applied Physiology 76(6): 2437-42. ISSN: 8750-7587.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 J825
Abstract: Dynamic measurements of intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi,dyn) considerably underestimate values obtained under static conditions (PEEPi,stat) in patients with severe airway obstruction. This may be related to regional differences in respiratory system mechanical properties and/or viscoelastic behavior. To evaluate this concept, PEEPi,stat and PEEPi,dyn were compared in six anesthetized paralyzed cats during dynamic hyperinflation produced by inverse ratio ventilation (IRV) and aerosolized methacholine (MCh). PEEPi,stat did not differ between IRV and MCh, averaging 2.70 +/- 0.33 (SE) and 2.70 +/- 0.25 cmH2O, respectively. PEEPi,dyn was significantly less with MCh (0.25 +/- 0.05 cmH2O) than IRV (2.05 +/- 0.28 cmH2O) (P < 0.0001), resulting in a lower PEEPi,dyn/PEEPi,stat ratio for MCh (0.10 +/- 0.02) than for IRV (0.76 +/- 0.03) (P < 0.0001). Compared with control values (33.5 +/- 3.7 cmH2O.l-1.s), maximum resistance (Rmax) was unchanged during IRV (29.1 +/- 2.1 cmH2O.l-1.s) but increased considerably with MCh (288.8 +/- 18.4 cmH2O.l-1.s) (P < 0.0001). Similar changes in minimum resistance (Rmin) and delta R (Rmax-Rmin) were noted. There was a strong inverse relationship between delta P, an index of time constant inequalities and viscoelastic pressure losses and PEEPi,dyn/PEEPi,stat ratio. No correlation was found between this ratio and Rmax, Rmin, delta R, or compliance. In conclusion, PEEPi,dyn considerably underestimates PEEPi,stat in acute nonhomogeneous airway obstruction with MCh in contrast to IRV, where the magnitude and distribution of mechanical properties remain unaltered. These findings support the concept that the difference between PEEPi,dyn and PEEPi,stat is related to regional time constant inequalities and/or increased viscoelastic pressure losses.
Descriptors: anesthesia, positive pressure respiration, airway obstruction, bronchoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, cats, elasticity, lung compliance, lung compliance, methacholine compounds, pentobarbital, respiration, artificial, respiratory mechanics, respiratory mechanics.

Hernandez, Y.M., V.F. Raczkowski, K.L. Dretchen, and R.A. Gillis (1996). Cocaine inhibits sympathetic neural activity by acting in the central nervous system and at the sympathetic ganglion. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 277(2): 1114-21. ISSN: 0022-3565.
NAL Call Number: 396.8 J82
Abstract: The effects of cocaine on spontaneous pre- and postganglionic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), mean blood pressure and heart rate were assessed in anesthetized cats. I.v. administration of 2 and 4 mg/kg decreased preganglionic SNA by -24 +/- 7% (n = 4) and -63 +/- 15% (n = 5), respectively. The 4 mg/kg dose produced a decrease in mean blood pressure (-49 +/- 6 mm Hg) with no change in heart rate. Similar sympathoinhibition was obtained in animals with denervated cardiovascular reflexes. Cocaine methiodide (4 mg/kg), a quaternary derivative of cocaine with limited central nervous system access, reduced mean blood pressure (-47 +/- 9 mm Hg) but did not inhibit preganglionic SNA. Cocaine (4 mg/kg) also reduced sympathetic discharge to the adrenal medulla as evidenced by a -62 +/- 6% (n = 5) decrease in splanchnic nerve firing. Cocaine, 2 and 4 mg/kg i.v., decreased postganglionic cardiac SNA by -54 +/- 5% (n = 7) and -60 +/- 13% (n = 4), respectively. The 2 mg/kg dose depressed postganglionic SNA to a greater extent that it did preganglionic SNA. Furthermore, cocaine methiodide (2 mg/kg) reduced postganglionic SNA by -85 +/- 15%. The depressant effect of cocaine (2 mg/kg) on postganglionic cardiac SNA was attenuated after treatment with phentolamine (5 mg/kg i.v.). Lidocaine administered in doses equimolar to those of cocaine did not significantly affect sympathetic discharge. These results indicate that cocaine acts in the central nervous system and at the stellate ganglion to inhibit sympathetic discharge and that these sympathoinhibitory effects are unrelated to cocaine's local anesthetic action.
Descriptors: brain, cocaine, ganglia, sympathetic, sympathetic nervous system, pressure, cats, heart rate.

Hikasa, Y., N. Ohe, K. Takase, and S. Ogasawara (1997). Cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane in cats: comparison with isoflurane, halothane, and enflurane. Research in Veterinary Science 63(3): 205-210. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: The cardiopulmonary effects of sevoflurane (mean, 2.6, 3.8-3.9 and 5.2 per cent) were compared with those of halothane (1.2, 1.8 and 2.4 per cent), enflurane (2.4, 3.6 and 4.8 per cent) and isoflurane (1.6, 2.4 and 3.2-3.3 per cent) at end-tidal concentrations equivalent to 1, 1.5 and 2 minimal alveolar concentrations (MACs) during spontaneous or controlled ventilation (SV or CV) in 57 cats. Cats were assigned to four groups of nine animals each in SV trial and four groups of five or six animals each in CV trial. During SV, respiration rate was decreased by sevoflurane and isoflurane at 2 MAC and by enflurane at each MAC multiple when compared with control values, whereas halothane increased respiration rate at 2 MAC. The degree of hypercapnia and acidosis induced by sevoflurane was not different from that induced by isoflurane and was less than that induced by halothane at 1 to 1.5 MAC or enflurane at 2 MAC. During SV and CV, four anaesthetics decreased heart rate at 2 MAC when compared with control values, but there was no significant difference between anaesthetics. Sevoflurane, like halothane and isoflurane, induced hypotension at 2 MAC when compared with 1 MAC.
Descriptors: cats, inhaled anesthetics, anesthesia, isoflurane, halothane, respiration rate, heart rate, gases, acid base equilibrium, pressure.

Ho, C.M., S.T. Ho, J.J. Wang, T.Y. Lee, and C.Y. Chai (2001). Effects of dexamethasone on emesis in cats sedated with xylazine hydrochloride. American Journal of Veterinary Research 62(8): 1218-1221. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: cats, dexamethasone, antiemetics, prophylaxis, xylazine, dosage effects, efficacy, vomiting, anesthesia.

Hosgood, G. (1994). Modalita operatoire ed anestetiche per cuccioli e gattini [Surgical and anesthetic management of puppies and kittens]. Veterinaria Cremona 8(4): 85-98. ISSN: 0394-3151.
Descriptors: young animals, puppies, kittens, surgery, anesthesia, cats.
Language of Text: Italian.

Howe, L.M. (1999). Prepubertal gonadectomy in dogs and cats. I. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 21(2): 103-111, 176. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: puppies, kittens, castration, ovariectomy, preanesthetic medication, anesthesia, body heat loss, clinical examination, fluid therapy.

Huang, Z.S. (1996). The coherence between the frontal-parietal cortex and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in cats. Sheng Li Xue Bao; [Acta Physiologica Sinica] 48(1): 1-7. ISSN: 0371-0874.
Abstract: Experiments were performed on 86 cats anesthetized with chloralose, paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide and ventilated artificially. Autospectral and coherence analysis revealed that the frontal-parietal cortex activity (EEG) and cardiac sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) were remarkably correlated in 33/44 cats. SND lagged EEG by 50 +/- 20 ms with a cross-correlation value of 0.4 +/- 0.1. Coherence value was 0.25 +/- 0.05, indicating a statistically significant relationship between the two signals. Midbrain transection at stereotaxic plane A3 preferentially decreased SND power at frequencies 3-4.2 Hz, accompanied by a fall in mean blood pressure (5.47 +/- 0.13 kPa). The coherence of SND to EEG was eliminated after decerebration. However, the total power in EEG was not significantly affected. The SND rhythm and blood pressure returned nearly to control level within 1 h after decerebration. The effects of midbrain transection were significantly attenuated by prior minor lesions of the lateral hypothalamus or medial thalamus. These results suggest that the forebrain is responsible significantly for a component of sympathetic tone in anesthetic cats. The integrity of diencephalon is required for the participation of forebrain in setting the level of basal SND. Reduction in SND following decerebration was due in part to interruption of the descending influence from diencephalon and brain stem sympathetic rhythm generators are involved in compensating for the loss of the forebrain dependent component of SND.
Descriptors: frontal lobe, heart innervation, parietal lobe, sympathetic nervous system, cats, decerebrate state, electroencephalography.
Language of Text: Chinese.

Hubbell, J.A. and W.W. Muir (1996). Evaluation of a survey of the diplomates of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine on use of analgesic agents in animals used in biomedical research. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209(5): 918-21. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the analgesic agents administered to animals frequently used in biomedical research. DESIGN: Telephone survey. SAMPLE POPULATION: Diplomates of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine. PROCEDURE: 200 of 429 active diplomates listed in the 1993 directory of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine were selected at random for telephone interviews. Diplomates were asked to identify the species that they cared for and the dosages, dosing intervals, and routes of administration for analgesic agents. RESULTS: 90 of 200 (45%) diplomates completed the survey. Twenty-two analgesic agents were identified for use in 472 applications in 16 species. Opioid analgesics were the most frequently selected agents, with buprenorphine hydrochloride and butorphanol being most frequently used. Intramuscular and subcutaneous routes of administration were used most frequently. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Among diplomates of the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, opioids are the most frequently selected agents used to induce analgesia in animals used in biomedical research. Dosages and dosing intervals used vary widely among animals of various species as well as for animals in each species.
Descriptors: analgesics, drug utilization review, research, medicine standards, cats, data collection, dogs, drug administration routes, drug administration schedule, ferrets, goats, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits, sheep, telepHone, united states.

Hubbell, J.A.E. (2000). Practical methods of anesthesia. In: S.J. Birchard and R.G. Sherding (Editors), Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice , 2nd edition, W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, p. 12-20. ISBN: 072163219X.
NAL Call Number: SF981 .S29
Descriptors: anesthesia, acepromazine, medetomidine, diazepam, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, NSAIDS, ketamine, cats.

Hudson, L.C., T.W. Vahlenkamp, C.B. Howard , and M.R.B. Tompkins (2002). Cerebrospinal fluid centesis at the cerebellomedullary cistern of kittens. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 41(5): 30-2. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF45.5.A23
Abstract: We needed an effective technique for obtaining cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from young (2- to 18-week-old) kittens. Standard veterinary technique was not suitable, so we adapted a previously published technique for rats. We first established an effective isoflurane-only anesthetic protocol for young kittens. After inhalant anesthesia, the kittens were positioned on a supporting platform to gain flexion of the head and neck. A micromanipulator was used to hold and slowly advance the collection needle. At the time this report was written, we had collected a total of 33 samples from eight kittens without causing apparent neurologic deficits. Correct positioning of the animal and collection needle was critical for success. This procedure enabled the collection of approximately 0.5 ml CSF from kittens younger than 12 weeks and larger volumes from older kittens.
Descriptors: cats cerebrospinal fluid, cats surgery, specimen handling, specimen handling, age factors, anesthesia, general, anesthesia, general, inhalation anesthetics, inhalation anesthetics, isoflurane, isoflurane, specimen handling instrumentation.

Ichiyama, R.M., B.G. Ragan, G.W. Bell, and G.A. Iwamoto (2002). Effects of topical analgesics on the pressor response evoked by muscle afferents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34(9): 1440-5. ISSN: 0195-9131.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Pressor responses are reflexly evoked by the activation of groups III and IV muscle afferents, which are also known to mediate nociceptive responses. In this experiment, the effects of analgesic balm (AB) application on these responses were investigated without the interference of other types of anesthesia or effects from the higher brain. METHODS: Heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and end-tidal CO(2) were monitored in midcollicularly decerebrated cats. Static contractions (30 s) of hindlimb muscles were evoked by electric stimulation of L7 and S1 ventral roots. After control runs, a commercial AB (1% capsaicin, 12.5% methyl salicylate) was applied to the skin surface over the contracting muscles. Muscle contractions were evoked every 10 min, alternating between the two hindlimbs. RESULTS: Changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) evoked by static ipsilateral muscular contraction were significantly attenuated 20 min and 40 min after AB application. The decreases in the pressor response were significant at both the initial and the last parts of the stimulus intervention after 20 min of AB application. There were no significant changes in the response to contraction of the hindlimb contralateral to the AB application. Application of AB to the contralateral leg did not add to the ipsilateral effects. CONCLUSIONS: AB application to the skin surface over contracting muscles significantly decreased autonomic responses to static muscular contraction. This effect was independent of higher cortical processing and strongly suggests that application of methyl salicylate and capsaicin on the skin has analgesic effects on signals from receptors located in muscle.
Descriptors: capsaicin, muscles innervation, neurons, afferent, pressoreceptors, salicylates, topical administration, analysis of variance, cats, electric stimulation, muscle contraction, muscle contraction, neurons, afferent, pressoreceptors.

Ide, T., M. Shirahata, C.L. Chou, and R.S. Fitzgerald (1995). Effects of a continuous infusion of dopamine on the ventilatory and carotid body responses to hypoxia in cats. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 22(9): 658-64. ISSN: 0305-1870.
Abstract: 1. We investigated how a continuous infusion of dopamine (DA; 5 micrograms/kg per min), which is often used clinically, would affect the ventilation and carotid chemoreceptor neural activity in anaesthetized cats. 2. In anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats, tidal volume (VT) and respiratory frequency (f) were continuously monitored at five levels of inspired oxygen (PIO2 = 110, 130, 150, 170, 760 mmHg) during Da or saline infusion. VT and f were sampled for 1 min after 3 min exposure to each level of PIO2. Time control study was also performed. 3. DA infusion significantly lowered VT under both normoxia and hypoxia in seven of eight cats. Respiratory frequency was not affected by DA infusion. Depression of ventilation during post-hypoxic hyperoxia was augmented by DA infusion. Chemodenervation abolished the ventilatory response to hypoxia and DA did not further affect the ventilatory response to hypoxia. 4. In a second group of artificially ventilated cats, carotid chemoreceptor neural activity was recorded at five levels of arterial oxygen tension. DA infusion significantly depressed carotid chemoreceptor neural activity during normoxia and hypoxia in six of seven cats. 5. These findings suggest that changes in ventilation during low dosage of DA infusion closely correlate with carotid body neural output. A predominant effect of this dosage of DA (5 micrograms/kg per min) was depression in the ventilatory response to hypoxia due to an inhibition of carotid body neural output.
Descriptors: anoxia, carotid arteries, dopamine, respiratory mechanics, anesthesia, anoxia, pressure, carbon dioxide, carotid body, cats, chemoreceptors, denervation, dopamine, hydrogen ion concentration, hyperbaric oxygenation, infusions, intravenous, oxygen, oxygen.

Ijima, T., Y. Kubota, T. Kuroiwa, and H. Sankawa (1994). Blood-brain barrier opening following transient reflex sympathetic hypertension. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplementum 60: 142-4. ISSN: 0065-1419.
Abstract: Numerous researchers have shown that experimentally induced hypertension opens the blood-brain barrier (BBB), whereas physiologically induced hypertension is accompanied by sympathetic activation, which exerts a protective effect on the BBB via cerebral vasoconstriction. It has not yet been established that transient reflex sympathetic hypertension can open the BBB. In this study, 14 lightly-anesthetized adult cats were subjected to electrical stimulation of a tooth and transient reflex sympathetic hypertension (duration of less than 60 s) was elicited repeatedly. Continuous flowmetry of the cerebral blood flow showed that autoregulation breakthrough occurred. Light halothane anesthesia supplemented with 30 or 60% nitrous oxide, or 1.2% halothane anesthesia occasionally suppressed the elicited pressor response and prevented such breakthrough. Leakage of Evans blue (EB), which was administered before the hypertensive insult, was confirmed in the marginal and suprasylvian gyri in 5 cats. The EB positive cats reached a significantly (p < 0.05) higher mean arterial blood pressure (198 +/- 16 mmHg) during reflex sympathetic hypertension than EB negative cats (189 +/- 19 mmHg). Breakthrough occurred 16 times in EB positive, but only 8 times in EB negative cats. In conclusion, transient reflex sympathetic hypertension can elicit cerebrovascular autoregulation breakthrough and if the breakthrough occurs repeatedly it is followed by the opening of the BBB.
Descriptors: blood brain barrier, brain edema, hypertension, reflex, sympathetic nervous system, pressure, cats, cerebral cortex supply, dental pulp innervation, electric stimulation, homeostasis, nociceptors, vascular resistance.

Ikeda, Y., K. ishikawa, K. Ohashi, T. Mori, and A. Asada (2003). Epidural clonidine suppresses the baroreceptor-sympathetic response depending on isoflurane concentrations in cats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 97(3): 748-54. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Abstract: Epidural administration of clonidine induces hypotension and bradycardia secondary to decreased sympathetic nerve activity. In this study, we sought to elucidate the change in baroreflex response caused by epidural clonidine. Thirty-six cats were allocated to six groups (n = 6 each) and were given either thoracic epidural clonidine 4 micro g/kg or lidocaine 2 mg/kg during 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC) isoflurane anesthesia. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA) were measured. Depressor and pressor responses were induced by IV nitroprusside 10 micro g/kg and phenylephrine 10 micro g/kg, respectively. Baroreflex was evaluated by the change in both CSNA and HR relative to the peak change in MAP (deltaCSNA/deltaMAP and deltaHR/deltaMAP, respectively). These measurements were performed before and 30 min after epidural drug administration. Epidural clonidine and lidocaine decreased HR, MAP, and CSNA by similar extents. deltaCSNA/deltaMAP and deltaHR/deltaMAP for depressor response were suppressed with epidural lidocaine and clonidine in all groups but the clonidine 0.5 MAC isoflurane group (0.197 +/- 0.053 to 0.063 +/- 0.014 and 0.717 +/- 0.156 to 0.177 +/- 0.038, respectively, by epidural lidocaine [P < 0.05] but 0.221 +/- 0.028 to 0.164 +/- 0.041 and 0.721 +/- 0.177 to 0.945 +/- 0.239, respectively, by epidural clonidine during 0.5 MAC isoflurane). Those for pressor response were suppressed in all groups. We conclude that thoracic epidural clonidine suppresses baroreflex gain during isoflurane anesthesia >1.0 MAC but may offer certain advantages compared with epidural lidocaine during 0.5 MAC isoflurane by virtue of preserving baroreflex sensitivity when inadvertent hypotension occurs.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha agonists, inhalation anesthetics, clonidine, isoflurane, pressoreceptors, sympathetic nervous system, acidosis, acidosis, adrenergic alpha agonists, local anesthetics, pressure, cats, clonidine, epidural space, heart, heart innervation, heart rate, injections, lidocaine.

Ilkiw, J.E. (1999). Balanced anesthetic techniques in dogs and cats. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 14(1): 27-37. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911. S45
Descriptors: anesthesia, techniques, drug combinations, opioids, inhaled anesthetics, anesthetics, conduction anesthesia, injectable anesthetics, cats.

Ilkiw, J.E., T.B. Farver, C. Suter, D. McNeal, and E.P. Steffey (2002). The effect of intravenous adminsitration of variable-dose flumazenil after fixed-dose ketamine and midazolam in healthy cats. Journal Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapy 25(3): 181-188. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL Call Number: SF915. J63
Abstract: The effects of intravenous administration of variable-dose flumazenil (0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01, and 0.1 mg/kg) after ketamine (3 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.0 and 0.5 mg/kg) were studied in 18 healthy unmedicated cats from time of administration until full recovery. End-points were chosen to determine whether flumazenil shortened the recovery period and/or modified behaviors previously identified and attributed to midazolam. Overall, flumazenil administration had little effect on recovery or behaviors. One minute after flumazenil administration, all cats were recumbent but a greater proportion of cats which received the highest dose assumed sternal recumbency with head up than any other group. Although not significant, those cats that received the highest flumazenil dose also had shorter mean times for each of the initial recovery stages (lateral recumbency with head up, sternal recumbency with head up and walking with ataxia) than any of the other treatment groups that received midazolam. For complete recovery, flumazenil did decrease the proportion of the cats that was sedated, but did not shorten the time to walking without ataxia. Based on this study, the administration of flumazenil in veterinary practice, at the doses studied, to shorten and/or improve the recovery from ketamine and midazolam in healthy cats cannot be recommended.
Descriptors: cats, intravenous injection, narcotic antagonists, ketamine, injectable anesthetics, anesthesia, recovery, dosage.

Ilkiw, J.E. and P.J. Pascoe (2003). Cardiovascular effects of propofol alone and in combination with ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(7): 913-7. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiovascular effects of equipotent infusion doses of propofol alone and in combination with ketamine administered with and without noxious stimulation in cats. ANIMALS: 6 cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were anesthetized with propofol (loading dose, 6.6 mg/kg; constant rate infusion [CRI], 0.22 mg/kg/min) and instrumented for blood collection and measurement of blood pressures and cardiac output. Cats were maintained at this CRI for a further 60 minutes, and blood samples and measurements were taken. A noxious stimulus was applied for 5 minutes, and blood samples and measurements were obtained. Propofol concentration was decreased to 0.14 mg/kg/min, and ketamine (loading dose, 2 mg/kg; CRI, 23 microg/kg/min) was administered. After a further 60 minutes, blood samples and measurements were taken. A second 5-minute noxious stimulus was applied, and blood samples and measurements were obtained. RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, stroke index, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary vascular resistance index, oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, oxygen utilization ratio, partial pressure of oxygen in mixed venous blood, pH of arterial blood, PaCO2, arterial bicarbonate concentration, and base deficit values collected during propofol were not changed by the addition of ketamine and reduction of propofol. Compared with propofol, ketamine and reduction of propofol significantly increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure and venous admixture and significantly decreased PaO2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of propofol by CRI for maintenance of anesthesia induced stable hemodynamics and could prove to be clinically useful in cats.
Descriptors: anesthesia, intravenous anesthetics, cardiovascular system, ketamine, ketamine, propofol, propofol, intravenous anesthetics, pressure, cats, dose response relationship, drug, hemodynamic processes, oxygen.

Ilkiw, J.E., P.J. Pascoe, and L.D. Fisher (1997). Effect of alfentanil on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 58(11): 1274-9. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effect of incremental doses of alfentanil on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in cats to determine whether alfentanil reduces isoflurane MAC and, if so, maximal isoflurane MAC reduction. ANIMALS: 6 healthy spayed female cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane and instrumented to allow collection of arterial blood for measurement of gas tensions, pH, and plasma alfentanil concentration and to measure arterial blood pressure. Isoflurane MAC was determined in triplicate, and alfentanil was administered i.v., using a computer-driven syringe pump to achieve estimated plasma alfentanil concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 ng/ml; isoflurane MAC was determined at each alfentanil concentration. Cats were allowed to recover, and the process was graded as poor, good, or excellent. RESULTS: Alfentanil had a significant dose effect on isoflurane MAC reduction. Significant regression was found for normalized isoflurane MAC versus estimated plasma alfentanil concentration. A quadratic term was necessary to fit the model and, using this curve, MAC reduction (35.0 +/- 6.6%) was estimated to be maximal at a plasma alfentanil concentration of 500 ng/ml. Significant differences were evident in rectal temperature, bicarbonate concentration, base deficit, arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions, and arterial pH between isoflurane alone and some plasma alfentanil concentration and the corresponding reduction in isoflurane concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Infusion of alfentanil resulted in maximal MAC reduction midway between that reported for horses and dogs. At such plasma alfentanil concentration, adverse effects were minimal, but included increase in rectal temperature, metabolic acidosis, and decrease in PaO2. Provided cats were not handled during the recovery period, recovery was smooth and quiet. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Infusion of alfentanil decreases the need for potent inhalant anesthetics in cats and could potentially be a clinically useful anesthetic regimen in sick cats.
Descriptors: alfentanil, inhalation anesthetics analysis, intravenous anesthetics, cats, isoflurane analysis, pulmonary alveoli, acid base equilibrium, acid base equilibrium, inhalation administration, alfentanil, alfentanil, inhalation anesthetics, inhalation anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics, gas analysis, pressure, pressure, dose response relationship, drug, drug interactions, heart rate, heart rate, injections, intravenous, isoflurane, isoflurane.

Ilkiw, J.E., P.J. Pascoe, and L.D. Tripp (2003). Effect of variable-dose propofol alone and in combination with two fixed doses of ketamine for total intravenous anesthesia in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(7): 907-12. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the minimum infusion rate (MIR50) for propofol alone and in combination with ketamine required to attenuate reflexes commonly used in the assessment of anesthetic depth in cats. ANIMALS: 6 cats. PROCEDURE: Propofol infusion started at 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg/min for propofol alone or 0.025 mg/kg/min for propofol and ketamine (low-dose ILD] constant rate infusion [CRI] of 23 microg/kg/min or high-dose [HD] CRI of 46 microg/kg/min), and after 15 minutes, responses of different reflexes were tested. Following a response, the propofol dose was increased by 0.05 mg/kg/min for propofol alone or 0.025 mg/kg/min for propofol and ketamine, and after 15 minutes, reflexes were retested. RESULTS: The MIR50 for propofol alone required to attenuate blinking in response to touching the medial canthus or eyelashes; swallowing in response to placement of a finger or laryngoscope in the pharynx; and to toe pinch, tetanus, and tail-clamp stimuli were determined. Addition of LD ketamine to propofol significantly decreased MIR50, compared with propofol alone, for medial canthus, eyelash, finger, toe pinch, and tetanus stimuli but did not change those for laryngoscope or tail-clamp stimuli. Addition of HD ketamine to propofol significantly decreased MIR50, compared with propofol alone, for medial canthus, eyelash, toe pinch, tetanus, and tail-clamp stimuli but did not change finger or laryngoscope responses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Propofol alone or combined with ketamine may be used for total IV anesthesia in healthy cats at the infusion rates determined in this study for attenuation of specific reflex activity.
Descriptors: anesthesia, intravenous anesthetics, hemodynamic processes, ketamine, ketamine, propofol, propofol, intravenous anesthetics, cats, dose response relationship, drug, reflex.

Imon, H., K. Ito, L. Dauphin, and R.W. McCarley (1996). Electrical stimulation of the cholinergic laterodorsal tegmental nucleus elicits scopolamine-sensitive excitatory postsynaptic potentials in medial pontine reticular formation neurons. Neuroscience 74(2): 393-401. ISSN: 0306-4522.
NAL Call Number: QP351.N48
Abstract: A large and consistent body of data implicates mesopontine cholinergic neurons in the production of rapid eye movement sleep, and indicates that many rapid eye movement sleep events are mediated by activation of pontine reticular formation neurons. There is anatomical evidence for projections from the mesopontine cholinergic nuclei to the pontine reticular formation, but no study has shown that stimulation of this cholinergic zone produces excitatory postsynaptic potentials in pontine reticular formation neurons. In the present study, intracellular recording were made from 168 pontine reticular formation neurons, identified by antidromic activation from the bulbar reticular formation and by neurobiotin intracellular labeling, in acutely anesthetized cats. The effects of single-pulse electrical stimulation of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus portion of the ipsilateral mesopontine cholinergic zone were evaluated in these neurons. Under urethane anesthesia this stimulation produced, in 21 of 22 recorded neurons, long-latency excitatory postsynaptic potentials (mean = 3 ms), consistent with the conduction velocity of unmyelinated cholinergic fibers (measured conduction velocity was 2 m/s). This excitatory postsynaptic potential was virtually abolished by intravenous administration of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker scopolamine (n = 40 neurons), and by acute cuts separating the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and the recorded neurons (n = 40). In contrast, a short-latency excitatory postsynaptic potential (0.7-1.5 ms) was not reduced in amplitude by scopolamine and could still be elicited following acute transverse cuts. Unlike the longer-latency excitatory postsynaptic potential, its amplitude was not reduced by barbiturate anesthesia. These data, suggesting the presence of an excitatory, cholinergic laterodorsal tegmental nucleus projection to the pontine reticular formation, provide further support to other lines of evidence implicating mesopontine cholinergic neurons in the production of rapid eye movement sleep, and are compatible with a model of rapid eye movement sleep generation in which a key element is mesopontine cholinergic input depolarizing and increasing the excitability of reticular core neurons.
Descriptors: cholinergic fibers, membrane potentials, pons, scopolamine, tegmentum mesencephali, cats, electric stimulation.

Iwasaki, K., J. Kato, S. Saeki, and S. Ogawa (1994). Effects of ketamine on somatosympathetic reflex discharges in cats. The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 43(11): 1727-36. ISSN: 0021-4892.
Abstract: Effects of ketamine on somatosympathetic reflex discharges induced from sympathetic trunk with electrical stimulation of superficial peroneal nerve were investigated in 51 cats under anesthesia with urethane and alpha chloralose. These reflex discharges through spinal cord and medulla oblongata consist of two components, A and C reflexes, which are derived from somatic myelinated and unmyelinated afferent fiber respectively. Amplitudes of both A and C reflex potentials were depressed significantly after intravenous injection of ketamine 10 mg.kg-1. The maximum depression was observed 5 min after administration. In decerebrated cats with surgical transection at the midbrain, both A and C reflexes were also depressed after administration of the same dosages, and the maximum level of the depression was more profound than that in brain intact cats. After intrathecal injection of ketamine 1 mg.kg-1 to the lumbar spinal region, a slight depression of C reflex was found, but, dosages of 10 mg.kg-1 significantly depressed both A and C reflexes to the similar levels as those in iv injection to brain intact cats. The maximum depression was observed 30 min after administration. The depressive effects on both reflexes of intravenous ketamine 10 mg.kg-1 were not antagonized by naloxone 0.06 mg.kg-1 in brain intact cats. These results suggest that the suppressive effects of ketamine on somatosympathetic reflexes are caused by direct inhibition of medulla oblongata and spinal cord, whereas supra-midbrain regions may be activated by ketamine, and the effect of ketamine is predominant on medulla oblongata in this situation rather than on the spinal cord.
Descriptors: ketamine, reflex, sympathetic nervous system, action potentials, anesthesia, cats, electric stimulation, injections, intravenous, ketamine, medulla oblongata, peroneal nerve.
Language of Text: Japanese.

Jacobs, D.E., M.J. Hutchinson, and W.G. Ryan (2001). Control of flea populations in a simulated home environment model using lufenuron, imidacloprid or fipronil. Medical Veterinary Entomology 15(1): 73-77. ISSN: 0269-283X.
NAL Call Number: RA639.M44
Abstract: Control strategies were evaluated over a 6-month period in a home simulation model comprising a series of similar carpeted pens, housing matched groups of six cats, in which the life-cycle of the flea Ctenocephalides felis felis Bouche (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) had been established. Additional adult fleas were placed on the cats at intervals to mimic acquisition of extraneous fleas from outside the home. Treatment strategies included a single subcutaneous deposition of injectable lufenuron supported by initial treatments with a short-acting insecticidal spray, or monthly topical applications of imidacloprid or fipronil. An untreated control group indicated that conditions were suitable for flea replication and development. Controls had to be combed on 18 occasions to remove excessive flea burdens and two developed allergic reactions. Lufenuron cats were combed once and required two insecticidal treatments in the first month to achieve control. Even so, small flea burdens were constantly present thereafter. Imidacloprid and fipronil treatments appeared to give virtually complete control throughout. Single fleas were found on imidacloprid cats on two occasions, whereas none were recovered from fipronil cats at any time after the first treatment. Tracer cats were used to monitor re-infestation rates at the end of the trial period. Small numbers of host-seeking fleas were demonstrated in all treatment pens, indicating that total eradication had not been accomplished. It is concluded that the home environment simulation model incorporating tracer animals could provide a powerful tool for studying flea population dynamics under controlled conditions but improved techniques are.
Descriptors: cats, Ctenocephalides felis felis, insecticides, dichlorvos, fenitrothion, imidacloprid, subcutaneous injection, spraying, topical application, insect control, efficacy, reinfestation, monitoring, environment, simulation models, flea burden, flea control, tracer cats.

Jeong, Y., E.J. Baik, T.S. Nam, and K.S. Paik (1995). Effects of iontophoretically applied naloxone, picrotoxin and strychnine on dorsal horn neuron activities treated with high frequency conditioning stimulation in cats. Yonsei Medical Journal 36(4): 336-347. ISSN: 0513-5796.
Abstract: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS), acupuncture-needling, and electroacupuncture are useful non-ablative methods in medical practice for relief of pain. These procedures appear to work by causing an increased discharge in afferent nerve fibers which in turn modifies the transmission of impulses in pain pathways. It is known that the mechanism of analagesic effect via these maneuvers are variable depending on the stimulating parameters. For example, the endogenous opioid system is profoundly related to the mechanism when a peripheral nerve stimulation is applied with parameters of low frequency and high intensity. However, when stimulated with parameters of high frequency and high intensity, the reduced activity of dorsal horn neurons is only slightly reversed by a systemic administration of naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist. Thus, the present study was performed to investigate the neurotransmitter that concerns the mechanism of peripheral nerve stimulation with parameters of high frequency and high intensity. We used an iontophoretic application of antagonists of possible related neurotransmitters. The dorsal horn neuron activity which was evoked by squeezing the peripheral cutaneous receptive field, was recorded as an index of pain with a microelectrode at the lumbo-sacral spinal cord. Naloxone, picrotoxin and strychnine were applied at 200nA during a period of conditioning nerve stimulation. We observed the effects of these drugs on the change of dorsal horn neuron activities. The main results of the experiment can be summarized as follows. The spontaneous activity of dorsal horn neurons increased in the presence of glutamate and decreased with GABA. It did not change with naloxone, picrotoxin or strychnine. When naloxone was applied iontophoretically during peripheral nerve stimulation, there was no statistically significant analgesic effect compared with that of the control group. When picrotoxin was applied iontophoretically during peripheral nerve stimulation, the analgesic effect was reduced. When strychnine was applied, the analgesic effect was reduced but did not show a statistically significant difference with the control group. These results suggested that the GABAergic system may have been partially related in the analgesic action of peripheral nerve stimulation with parameters of high frequency and high intensity.
Descriptors: conditioning psychology, naloxone, picrotoxin, spinal cord, strychnine, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, cats, iontophoresis, neurons.

Jezdimirovic, M. (1995). Pharmacokinetic and receptor factors in regulating drug dose in dogs and cats. Veterinarski Glasnik 49(7-8): 443-448. ISSN: 0350-2457.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J93
Descriptors: gastrointestinal tract, absorption, peptidine, opiods, cats, analgesia, glucuronyl transferase, glucuronic acid, histamine .
Language of Text: Polish.

Johnson, M.E. (2001). Neurotoxicity of spinal procaine--a caution. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 26(3): 288. ISSN: 1098-7339.
Descriptors: spinal anesthesia, local anesthetics, neurotoxicity syndromes, procaine, cats, lidocaine, polyradiculopathy.

Jones, J.F., G.R. Martin, and A.G. Ramage (1995). Evidence that 5-HT1D receptors mediate inhibition of sympathetic ganglionic transmission in anaesthetized cats. British Journal of Pharmacology 116(2): 1715-7. ISSN: 0007-1188.
Abstract: In anaesthetized cats, 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (0.3-300 micrograms kg-1,i.v.) inhibited the postganglionic compound action potential evoked by preganglionic electrical stimulation (0.5 Hz) with a similar potency in the stellate and splanchnic ganglia. In the 5-HT experiments transmission thorough the inferior mesenteric ganglia was also recorded. The maximal inhibitory effect of 5-HT was greater on the stellate and splanchnic ganglia (60 +/- 4 and 52 +/- 5%) than on the inferior mesenteric (15 +/- 2%). The effects of 5-HT were unaffected by pretreatment with antagonists (1 mg kg-1;i.v.) for 5-HT2 (BW501C67), 5-HT1A (WAY-100635) and 5-HT3 receptors (ondansetron). However, responses to both 5-HT and 5-CT were attenuated significantly by GR127935 (1 mg kg-1) except the responses to 5-HT at the inferior mesenteric ganglia. These results are consistent with the involvement of 5-HT1D receptors mediating inhibition of sympathetic ganglionic transmission in vivo.
Descriptors: receptors, serotonin, serotonin, serotonin, serotonin agonists, synaptic transmission, action potentials, anesthesia, cats, dose response relationship, drug, electric stimulation, sympathetic nervous system.

Jones, J.L. (1996). Noninvasive monitoring techniques in anesthetized animals. Veterinary Medicine 91(4): 326-336. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: dogs, cats, anesthesia, monitoring, techniques, cardiovascular system, heart rate, arrhythmia, animal tissues, pressure, respiratory system, respirometry, oxygen, carbon dioxide, central nervous system, thermoregulation, noninvasive techniques.

Kania, B.F. and K. Kania (2003). Pharmacological and toxicological aspects of combination of beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotic, prednisolone and procaine hydrochloride on the example of vetramycin. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 6(4): 279-296. ISSN: 1505-1773.
NAL Call Number: SF604. P65
Descriptors: pharmacology, antibiotics, dosage, cats, toxicology .

Kato, M., A. Nishida, Y. Aga, J. Kita, Y. Kudo, H. Narita, and T. Endo (1997). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of central effect of the novel antiallergic agent betotastine besilate. Arzneimittel Forschung 47(10): 1116-24. ISSN: 0004-4172.
Abstract: Betotastine besilate (betotastine CAS 125602-71-3, TAU-284) is a novel antiallergic agent with histamine H1 receptor antagonistic activity. As the classical antihistamines are known to produce drowsiness, the present study was conducted to assess a possible influence of betotastine on the central nervous system (CNS). Measurement of the drug concentration in brain and plasma after i.v. administration revealed that betotastine, as well as cetirizine and epinastine, poorly penetrate into the CNS, while terfenadine do so slightly more and ketotifen remarkably more. In vitro receptor binding assays demonstrated that betotastine is a highly specific histamine H1 receptor ligand, having no significant binding affinity for histamine H3, adrenergic alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, dopamine D2L, serotonin 5-HT2, muscarinic, and benzodiazepine receptors. On global behavior of mice, oral administration of betotastine did not produce any marked changes at the doses of 100-1000 mg/kg, but suppressed huddling behavior at 1000 mg/kg and caused slight mydriasis at 300 mg/kg and more. Betotastine did not significantly affect spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and hexobarbital-induced anesthesia in mice up to 300 mg/kg p.o. In the sleep-wakefulness pattern of cats, it reduced the total duration of sleep at 10 mg/kg p.o., but did not show significant effect at 30 and 100 mg/ kg p.o. Cetirizine showed a similar profile as betotastine in these experiments, whereas ketotifen and epinastine induced sedative signs or toxic symptoms in lower doses, and terfenadine affected SMA and the anesthesia at a high dose. These results suggest the very low liability of betotastine to produce sedative side-effect in a therapeutic dose range.
Descriptors: anti allergic agents, anti allergic agents, central nervous system, piperidines, piperidines, pyridines, pyridines, arousal, cho cells, cats, chromatography, high pressure liquid, guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, motor activity, rats, rats, wistar, receptors, drug, receptors, drug, sleep.

Keene, B.W. (2004). Evaluating and minimizing anaesthetic risk in patients with heart disease. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 18: 148-150.
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, diagnosis, heart, heart diseases, risk assessment, risk factors, cats.

Keifer, J.C., H.A. Baghdoyan, L. Becker, and R. Lydic (1994). Halothane decreases pontine acetylcholine release and increases EEG spindles. Neuroreport 5(5): 577-80. ISSN: 0959-4965.
Abstract: This study tested the hypothesis that halothane anesthesia would cause decreased acetylcholine (ACh) release within the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF). ACh was collected by microdialysis and measured by high pressure liquid chromatography during wakefulness and during halothane-induced anesthesia. The electroencephalogram (EEG) showed that spindles were a reliable indicator of anesthetic depth. There was a statistically significant disease in ACh release during halothane anesthesia compared with ACh release during wakefulness. Spindles always disappeared during noxious stimulation and during emergence from anesthesia when pontine ACh levels began to increase. These results are consistent with previous data concerning brain stem cholinergic influences on thalamocortical spindle generation, and suggest that similar mechanisms generate cortical spindles during natural sleep and halothane anesthesia.
Descriptors: acetylcholine secretion, anesthesia, electroencephalography, halothane, pons, cats, pons secretion, sleep, wakefulness.

Keifer, J.C., H.A. Baghdoyan, and R. Lydic (1996). Pontine cholinergic mechanisms modulate the cortical electroencephalographic spindles of halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 84(4): 945-54. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Halothane anesthesia causes spindles in the electroencephalogram (EEG), but the cellular and molecular mechanisms generating these spindles remain incompletely understood. The current study tested the hypothesis that halothane-induced EEG spindles are regulated, in part, by pontine cholinergic mechanisms. METHODS: Adult male cats were implanted with EEG electrodes and trained to sleep in the laboratory. Approximately 1 month after surgery, animals were anesthetized with halothane and a microdialysis probe was stereotaxically placed in the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF). Simultaneous measurements were made of mPRF acetylcholine release and number of cortical EEG spindles during halothane anesthesia and subsequent wakefulness. In additional experiments, carbachol (88 mM) ws microinjected in the the mPRF before halothane anesthesia to determine whether enhanced cholinergic neurotransmission in the MPRF would block the ability of halothane to induce cortical EEG spindles. RESULTS: During wakefulness, mPRF acetylcholine release averaged 0.43 pmol/10 min of dialysis. Halothane at 1 minimum alveolar concentration decreased acetylcholine release (0.25 pmol/10 min) while significantly increasing the number of cortical EEG spindles. Cortical EEG spindles caused by 1 minimum alveolar concentration halothane were not significantly different in waveform, amplitude, or number from the EEG spindles of nonrapid eye movement sleep. Microinjection of carbachol into the mPRF before halothane administration caused a significant reduction in number of halothane-induced EEG spindles. CONCLUSIONS: Laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental neurons, which provide cholinergic input to the mPRF, play a causal role in generating the EEG spindles of halothane anesthesia.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, electroencephalography, halothane, parasympathetic nervous system, reticular formation, acetylcholine analysis, carbachol, cats, parasympathetic nervous system.

Kenet, T., D. Bibitchkov, M. Tsodyks, A. Grinvald, and A. Arieli (2003). Spontaneously emerging cortical representations of visual attributes. Nature 425(6961): 954-6. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: Spontaneous cortical activity--ongoing activity in the absence of intentional sensory input--has been studied extensively, using methods ranging from EEG (electroencephalography), through voltage sensitive dye imaging, down to recordings from single neurons. Ongoing cortical activity has been shown to play a critical role in development, and must also be essential for processing sensory perception, because it modulates stimulus-evoked activity, and is correlated with behaviour. Yet its role in the processing of external information and its relationship to internal representations of sensory attributes remains unknown. Using voltage sensitive dye imaging, we previously established a close link between ongoing activity in the visual cortex of anaesthetized cats and the spontaneous firing of a single neuron. Here we report that such activity encompasses a set of dynamically switching cortical states, many of which correspond closely to orientation maps. When such an orientation state emerged spontaneously, it spanned several hypercolumns and was often followed by a state corresponding to a proximal orientation. We suggest that dynamically switching cortical states could represent the brain's internal context, and therefore reflect or influence memory, perception and behaviour.
Descriptors: anesthesia, visual cortex, visual perception, algorithms, brain mapping, cats, fluorescent dyes, orientation.

Keroack, S., B. Langevin, and E. Troncy (2002). Les analgesiques en phase perioperatoire [Analgesics in the perioperative phase in dogs and cats]. Le Point Veterinaire 33(224): 20-25. ISSN: 0303-4997.
NAL Call Number: SF602.P6
Descriptors: analgesics, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, reviews, surgery, cats.
Language of Text: French.

Keroack, S., B. Langevin, and E. Troncy (2002). Analgesie des carnivores domestiques: quels analgesiques utiliser en periode perioperatoire [Which analgesics are suitable for use before and after surgical operations in dogs and cats?]. Le Point Veterinaire 33(223): 48-53. ISSN: 0303-4997.
NAL Call Number: SF602.P6
Descriptors: analgesics, pain, surgery, surgery, cats, dogs.
Language of Text: French.

Khater Boidin, J., F. Wallois, P. Toussaint, and B. Duron (1994). Nonvagal reflex apnea in the newborn kitten and during the early postnatal period. Biology of the Neonate 65(1): 41-50. ISSN: 0006-3126.
NAL Call Number: Q301. B46
Abstract: The aim of this work was to study the nonvagal mechanisms which might induce apneic reflexes in kittens. Experiments were performed on spontaneously breathing animals (19 kittens at different postnatal ages). Animals were anesthetized (halothane) or decerebrated by transcollicular section of the brainstem. Weakly nociceptive cutaneous stimulations and various oral stimulations were administered in all animals. In 10 kittens, one of the lingual nerves was stimulated electrically. In 3 decerebrate kittens the effects of serotonin on respiratory activity and on muscles innervated by the hypoglossal nerve were studied. All the stimulations produced apneas of variable duration, and expiratory reinforcement was associated with activation of pretracheal muscles. Similar effects were observed after applying serotonin to the floor of the 4th ventricle. Thus serotonin may be involved in the mechanisms that cause some apneas.
Descriptors: animals, newborn, apnea, anesthesia, brain stem surgery, cats, decerebrate state, electric stimulation, electromyogrphy, electrophysiology, hypoglossal nerve, lingual nerve, mouth innervation, mouth, nociceptors, reflex, respiration, respiratory muscles, serotonin.

Kii, Y., K. Nakatsuji, I. Nose, M. Yabuuchi, Y. Mizuki, and T. Ito (2001). Effects of 5-HT(4) receptor agonists, cisapride and mosapride citrate on electrocardiogram in anaesthetized rats and guinea-pigs and conscious cats. Pharmacology and Toxicology 89(2): 96-103. ISSN: 0901-9928.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the arrhythmogenic potential of 5-HT4 receptor agonists, cisapride and mosapride citrate (mosapride) in vivo. In anaesthetized rats, cisapride at intravenous infusion of 10 and 30 mg/kg/hr for 1 hr prolonged the electrocardiographic RR and QT intervals, whereas at 3 mg/kg/hr, it prolonged the RR interval without affecting the QT interval. Mosapride at 30 mg/kg/hr for 1 hr slightly, but not significantly, prolonged the QT interval. In anaesthetized guinea-pigs, cisapride at intravenous infusion of 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg over 15 min. prolonged the RR interval (18-44%), QT interval (18-42%) and the corrected QT interval (QTc; 8-19%). Mosapride at 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg over 15 min. little affected the QTc although at 30 mg/kg, it slightly prolonged the RR and QT intervals. With repeated oral administrations of 30 mg/kg twice a day for 7 days, cisapride prolonged the QT interval (11-35%) and QTc (11-32%) at the 3rd and 7th days in conscious cats. In addition, cisapride depressed the ST segment in two out of five cats. Mosapride at 60 mg/kg twice a day for 7 days did not affect the QT interval or QTc in cats. The maximal plasma concentrations of mosapride and its main metabolite (a des-4-fluorobenzyl-mosapride) at the 7th day in cats were 9.4+/-2.8 microM and 2.5+/-0.3 microM , respectively, being 100 and 30-60 times higher than those in man given therapeutic doses (Sakashita et al. 1993a&b). These results indicate that mosapride has little arrhythmogenic potential.
Descriptors: benzamides, cisapride, electorcardiography, heart ventricles, morpholines, serotonin agonists, anesthesia, cats, consciousness, dose response relationship, drug, guinea pigs, heart rate, heart ventricles, long qt syndrome, rats, rats, sprague dawley.

Kimura, A., Y. Hamada, Y. Kawai, and Y. Tamai (1996). Sensory response properties of cortical neurons in the anterior ectosylvian sulcus of cats: intracellular recording and labeling. Neuroscience Research 26(4): 357-67. ISSN: 0168-0102.
Abstract: Visual and auditory sensory responses of cortical neurons in the caudal half of the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) of cats were examined under alpha-chloralose anesthesia, using intracellular recording and labeling techniques. Stable intracellular recordings were obtained from 155 neurons, and 141 neurons exhibited responses to sensory stimuli. Of 141 sensory neurons, 74 (52%) were bimodal neurons that responded to both visual and auditory stimuli, and 67 (48%) were unimodal showing sensory responses only to visual (25) or auditory stimulation (42). Forty-five neurons (35 pyramidal neurons, 5 non-pyramidal neurons, 5 not classified) responsive to sensory stimuli were labeled with biocytin. The percentage of bimodal neurons of the biocytin-labeled neurons was 40% (4/10) in layer II, 50% (10/20) in layer III-IV, 70% (7/10) in layer V and 60% (3/5) in layer VI. Thus the convergence of visual and auditory inputs on single neurons was most intense in layer V. Auditory response latencies were in a narrow range from 10 to 40 ms, whereas visual response latencies were in a wide range from 15 to 100 ms. Late visual responses (> 60 ms) were more commonly elicited in biomodal neurons than in visual unimodal neurons. Visual responses in layer II were all elicited over 40 ms, whereas early visual responses within 40 ms were observed in the other cortical layers. A subgroup of neurons (22/141) had a propensity to exhibit a burst discharge, a train of three to seven action potentials on a depolarizing envelope in response to sensory stimuli. Their specific distribution in cortical tissue was suggested by the result that six out of nine biocytin-labeled neurons (seven pyramidal neurons, two non-pyramidal neurons) showing burst discharges to sensory stimuli were observed in layer V. These results are considered to signify some aspects of intracortical organization related to the cross-modal integration of sensory inputs.
Descriptors: auditory cortex, neurons, afferent, visual cortex, cats, reaction time.

Kimura, A. and A. Sato (1997). Somatic regulation of autonomic functions in anesthetized animals--neural mechanisms of physical therapy including acupuncture. The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research 45(3): 137-45. ISSN: 0047-1917.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V6446
Abstract: This paper concerns somato-autonomic reflex responses in various visceral organs following somatic sensory stimulation in animals anesthetized to eliminate emotional factors. Various forms of somatic sensory stimulation can produce different autonomic reflex responses, depending on the visceral organs and which somatic afferents are stimulated. Some responses have a dominant sympathetic efferent involvement, whereas others have predominantly parasympathetic efferent involvement. Some responses have propriospinal and segmental characteristics, while others have supraspinal and systemic characteristics in their reflex nature. These somato-autonomic reflex responses may be functioning during physical therapy including acupuncture.
Descriptors: acupuncture therapy, anesthesia, autonomic nervous system, reflex, unconsciousness, acupuncture therapy, anesthesia, bladder, cardiovascular, cats, digestion, endocrine system, immune system, rats, regional flow.

Kishikawa, K., H. Uchida, Y. Yamamori, and J.G. Collins (1995). Low-threshold neuronal activity of spinal dorsal horn neurons increases during REM sleep in cats: comparison with effects of anesthesia. Journal of Neurophysiology 74(2): 763-9. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Abstract: 1. Cats were prepared for chronic recordings from the lumbar enlargement of the spinal dorsal horn. At the beginning of each recording session, a tungsten microelectrode was advanced through the dura in a physiologically intact, awake, drug-free animal, until amplitude discrimination provided a single neuron with a receptive field on the hindquarters. 2. Extracellular recordings of activity of each neuron were made during receptive field stimulation with tactile and thermal nonnoxious and noxious stimuli. 3. Baseline responses obtained in the awake state were compared with responses of the same neurons during slow-wave or rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. In a subpopulation of neurons, the effects of anesthesia (propofol, 7.5 mg/kg iv) were observed after the completion of sleep studies. 4. The low-threshold receptive fields of the seven neurons studied during REM sleep were all increased in size when compared with the baseline value. The average increase was 52.6% (range 26.2-96.7%). 5. The low-threshold receptive fields of the seven neurons studied during REM sleep were reduced by propofol anesthesia by an average of 49.1% (range 29-74%). 6. Neuronal response to receptive field brushing was observed in 15 neurons during REM sleep. The effect of propofol on receptive field brushing was observed in 8 of those neurons. In only one of those eight neurons were the effects of REM sleep and anesthesia in the same direction. 7. Changes in neuronal responses were less consistent during slow-wave sleep but still differed from changes induced by propofol.
Descriptors: anesthesia, neurons, sleep, REM, spinal cord, afferent pathways, cats, pentobarbital, photic stimulation.

Kitagawa, H., T. Yamazaki, T. Akiyama, H. Mori, and K. Sunagawa (2003). Effects of ketamine on exocytotic and non-exocytotic noradrenaline release. Neurochemistry International 42(3): 261-267. ISSN: 0197-0186.
NAL Call Number: QP356.3
Descriptors: exocytosis, ketamine, norepinephrine, cats, electric stimulation, neurons, neurons, ouabain.

Kitagawa, H., T. Yamazaki, T. Akiyama, H. Mori, and K. Sunagawa (2001). Effects of ketamine on in vivo cardiac sympathetic nerve endings. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 38(Suppl 1): S39-42. ISSN: 0160-2446.
Abstract: Using the dialysis technique, we examined the effect of ketamine on dialysate norepinephrine (NE) levels in the myocardial interstitial space in anesthetized cats. Dialysis probes were implanted in the left ventricular myocardium, and we measured the dialysate NE levels serving as an indicator of NE output at the cardiac sympathetic nerve endings. During local administration of ketamine (10 mM), we examined the time-course of the change in dialysate NE levels and the dialysate NE response to coronary occlusion. Dialysate NE levels significantly increased from 39+/-7 pg/ml at control to 133+/-22 pg/ml 30 min after beginning the ketamine administration. Addition of either omega-conotoxin GVIA (N-type calcium channel blocker) at 10 microg/kg intravenously or desipramine (neuronal NE transport blocker) at 100 microM did not inhibit the increment in dialysate NE evoked by ketamine. These findings suggest that the increase in dialysate NE evoked by ketamine is dependent neither on the activity of NE exocytosis nor on the neuronal NE transport. Left descending coronary artery occlusion evoked increments in dialysate NE. The addition of ketamine augmented the dialysate NE response to coronary occlusion. A ketamine-induced increment in dialysate NE might occur as a consequence of NE exocytosis independent or membrane NE transport insensitive efflux of NE.
Descriptors: excitatory amino acid agonists, ketamine, myocardium, myocardium secretion, nerve endings, sympathetic fibers, postganglionic, cats, coronary disease, dialysis, dialysis solutions analysis, dialysis solutions, heart ventricles, heart ventricles, heart ventricles secretion, myocardial ischemia, nerve endings, nerve endings secretion, norepinephrine, norepinephrine secretion, sympathetic fibers, postganglionic, sympathetic fibers, postganglionic secretion.

Kitagawa, H., T. Yamazaki, T. Akiyama, N. Yahagi, T. Kawada, H. Mori, and K. Sunagawa (2002). Modulatory effects of ketamine on catecholamine efflux from in vivo cardiac sympathetic nerve endings in cats. Neuroscience Letters 324(3): 232-6. ISSN: 0304-3940.
NAL Call Number: QP351.N3
Abstract: With the use of the microdialysis technique, we examined the modulatory effect of ketamine on catecholamine efflux from in vivo cardiac sympathetic nerve endings. A dialysis probe was implanted in the left ventricular myocardium, and dialysate norepinephrine (NE) levels in anesthetized cats were measured with liquid chromatogram-electrical detection. A 60-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery caused increases in dialysate NE levels. Through the dialysis probe, locally applied ketamine (10 mM) augmented the dialysate NE responses to coronary occlusion in the presence and absence of desipramine (membrane NE transport blocker). Thus, the ketamine-induced NE increment is not mediated through the neuronal NE transporter. The sympathomimetic action of ketamine may augment the NE efflux evoked by myocardial ischemia.
Descriptors: catecholamines, excitatory amino acid antagonists, heart, ketamine, presynaptic terminals, synaptic transmission, adrenergic uptake inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, catecholamines secretion, cats, coronary arteriosclerosis, desipramine, epinephrine, epinephrine secretion, heart innervation, heart, myocardial ischemia, norepinephrine, norepinephrine secretion, presynaptic terminals, presynaptic terminals secretion, sympathetic fibers, postganglionic, sympathetic fibers, postganglionic secretion, symporters, synaptic transmission, omega conotoxin gvia.

Kitagawa, H., T. Akiyama, and T. Yamazaki (2002). Effects of mild hypothermia on cardiac autonomic nerve endings function. In: 2000 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists: Abstracts of Scientific Papers, October 16, 2000-October 18, 2000, San Francisco, CA, USA, Vol. 2000, p. Abstract No. 727.
Online: http://www.asa-abstracts.com
Descriptors: cardiovascular system:, hypothermia, cardiac autonomic nerve endings, norepinephrine, acetylcholine.

Kitano, Y., M. Makino, C. Usui, K. Takasuna, Y. Kasai, M. Hirohashi, K. Tamura, S. Takayama, H. Kojima, H. Iizuka, and et al. (1994). General pharmacological profile of the new cognition-enhancing agent nefiracetam. Arzneimittel Forschung 44(2a): 199-210. ISSN: 0004-4172.
Abstract: The general pharmacological properties of a novel cognition-enhancing agent, nefiracetam (N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide, DM-9384, CAS 77191-36-7) were investigated, and the following results were obtained. 1. Central nervous system: Nefiracetam showed depressant activities (such as ataxia) on general behavior (mice), and inhibited spontaneous locomotor activity, rota-rod and traction performances (mice) and polysynaptic potential of the spinal reflex (rats), and potentiated pentobarbital anesthesia (mice). The drug inhibited electroshock-induced seizure at relatively low doses, but did not affect chemoshock-induced seizure (mice). Nefiracetam failed to show analgesic activity in the tail pinch test, but inhibited the acetic acid-induced writhing syndrome (mice). An inhibitory pattern in the electroencephalogram was observed (cats). Nefiracetam had little or no effect on body temperature (rats). 2. Respiratory and cardiovascular systems: Nefiracetam induced transient decreases in blood pressure, left ventricular pressure and LV dp/dt max at higher doses (dogs). 3. Autonomic nervous system: Nefiracetam had no influence on pupil size (rabbits). The drug induced no significant effect on the pressor response to norepinephrine or depressor response to acetylcholine, but inhibited the contractile response of the nictitating membrane to preganglionic cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation at the highest dose (dogs). 4. Gastrointestinal system: Nefiracetam inhibited gastrointestinal propulsion (mice), gastric emptying rate and gastric secretion (rats) at higher doses. Nefiracetam produced no apparent damage in the gastric mucosa, and had no effect on bile secretion (rats). 5. Isolated smooth muscle: Nefiracetam had no effect on the resting tonus of isolated ileum, whereas it inhibited the contractile response to acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin, nicotine and BaCl2 at higher concentrations (guinea pigs). Nefiracetam had no effect on the resting tonus or the serotonin-induced contraction of stomach fundus (rats). The drug had no effect on the resting tonus or the norepinephrine-induced contraction of vas deferens, but tended to inhibit the contraction induced by nerve stimulation (guinea pigs). Nefiracetam had little or no effect on the resting tonus or oxytocin-induced contraction of virgin uterus, or on spontaneous contraction of pregnant uterus (rats). Nefiracetam did not affect the resting tonus of trachea, whereas it inhibited isoproterenol-induced relaxation at the highest concentration (guinea pigs). Nefiracetam had no chronotropic effect in isolated atria, but showed a slight negative inotropic effect at the highest concentration (guinea pigs). 6. Miscellaneous: Nefiracetam slightly decreased urinary volume, whereas it did not affect urinary electrolyte excretion (rats).
Descriptors: psychotropic drugs, pyrrolidinones, autonomic nervous system, animal behavior, cardiovascular system, cats, central nervous system agents, digestive system, dogs, guinea pigs, mice, mice, inbred icr, mice, inbred strains, muscle, smooth, psychotropic drugs, pyrrolidinones, rabbits, rats, rats, sprague dawley, respiratory system.

Kocsis, B. and K. Gyimesi Pelczer (2002). Activation of the 10-Hz sympathetic generator during the second phase of severe hypoxia-hypercapnia and Cushing reaction. Autonomic Neuroscience Basic and Clinical 98(1-2): 41-4. ISSN: 1566-0702.
Abstract: Under urethane anesthesia, as in freely moving cats, the sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) contains a 10-Hz component, either as a single peak in the autospectra or in addition to the cardiac-related or 2-6-Hz rhythm. In this study, we examined the changes in these rhythmic SND components during the reaction to asphyxia and to sudden elevation in the intracranial pressure (Cushing reaction). In all cats included in this study, resting SND was dominated by 2-6-Hz rhythm, but a peak at 10 Hz was also present in the coherence functions. During asphyxia or Cushing reaction, the 2-6-Hz component exhibited the usual two-phase pattern of activation followed by suppression. In phase 2, however, the SND did not desynchronize, as in chloralose-urethane anesthetized cats [Am. J. Physiol. 256 (1989) R120; J. Physiol. (London) 469 (1993) 37], and the massive SND activation and the resulting pressor reaction was due to strengthening of the 10-Hz rhythm. After the ischemic reaction, the 10-Hz component diminished and 2-6-Hz rhythm recovered. These findings suggest that two-phase response to hypoxia-hypercapnia is not due to hypoxic neuronal damage but represents a physiological sympathetic reaction involving different patterns of SND.
Descriptors: anoxia, hypercapnia, intracranial pressure, sympathetic nervous system, aspHyxia, pressure, cats, electrophysiology, oscillometry, time factors.

Kore, A.M. (1997). Over-the-counter analgesic drug toxicoses in small animals. Veterinary Medicine 92(2): 158, 160, 162-165. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: dogs, cats, poisoning, salicylic acids, drugs, anti-inflammatory agents, symptoms, acids , aromatic compounds, drugs , organic acids, phenolic acids, phenolic compounds, aspirin , acetaminophen , non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, treatment .

Kotliarov, A.A. and L.D. Smirnov (2004). [Vliianie oksimetiletilpiridina suktsinata na elektrofiziologicheskie i gemodinamicheskie parametry serdtsa pri torakotomii i pri ostroi ishemii miokarda v eksperimente] Effect of hydroxymethylethylpyridine succinate on the cardiac electrophysiological and hemodynamic parameters during experimental thoracotomy and acute myocardial ischemia. Eksperimental'Naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia 67(3): 14-7. ISSN: 0869-2092.
Abstract: Effects of the natural antioxidant hydroxymethylethylpyridine succinate (mexidol) on the electrophysiological and hemodynamic cardiac parameters were studied on narcotized mongrel cats with experimental thoracotomy and acute myocardial ischemia, as manifested by sinoatrial node automatism, conduction, effective refractory period, and excitability of myocardium. The rate of contractility (dp/dtmax) in the left ventricle and the arterial pressure level (p) were monitored using a special differentiating device. The antiarrhythmic activity of mexidol was studied by ECG. The cardioprotective effect of the drug is manifested by normalization of the electrophysiological parameters during operation (accompanied by artificial lung ventilation, thoraco- and pericardiotomy). The positive effect was also observed in operated animals with acute ischemia model. The prophylactic administration of mexidol in a dose of 7 mg/kg prevented the cardio-depressant consequences of acute ischemia and reduced the risk of ventricular arrhythmia during coronary artery occlusion.
Descriptors: antioxidants, pressure, heart, myocardial contraction, myocardial ischemia, picolines, acute disease, antioxidants, cats, electrophysiology, heart, myocardial ischemia, myocardial ischemia surgery, picolines, thoracotomy.
Language of Text: Russian.

Kramer, S. (1997). Padiatrische und geriatrische Kleintierpatienten als Risikogruppen beim Narkosemanagement. [Pediatric and geriatric small animal patients as risk groups in anesthesia management]. Tierarztliche Praxis 25(6): 637-42. ISSN: 1434-1239.
NAL Call Number: SF603 .V433
Abstract: In the first 12 weeks of postnatal life puppies and kittens are defined by the term pediatric, because of their immature organ systems. In anaesthesiology they are considered as high risk patients. Dogs and cats can be defined by the term geriatric when they have completed 80% of their expected life spans. These patients show age-related decline in organ functions or in their mechanisms of compensation. Physiological and pathophysiological characteristics of pediatric and geriatric patients are discussed and principles of the perioperative anaesthetic management and of pediatric and geriatric anaesthetic techniques are given.
Descriptors: anesthesia, cats growth and development, dog growth and development, age factors, life expectancy, risk factors.
Language of Text: German.

Kristensen, M.P., S.A. McErlane, and P.J. Soja (2000). Gaba and glycine inhibit trigeminal sensory neurons in unanesthetized animals. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 26(1-2): Abstract No.-454.2. ISSN: 0190-5295.
NAL Call Number: QP351. S6
Descriptors: cats, ventrolateral thalamus, anesthesia, neural coordination, GABA, glycine, receptors, trigemino thalamic tract, sensory reception, spontaneous spike activity.
Notes: Meeting Information: 30th Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA, USA; November 4-9, 2000.

Kurahashi, K., M. Iwamoto, S. Aoki, A. Kawaguchi, H. Jino, H. Usui, H. Nishiwaki, and H. Kitagawa (1997). Inhibitory effects of various spasmolytics on the vagal afferent gastric excitatory response in cats. Life Sciences 61(8): 831-8. ISSN: 0024-3205.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 L62
Abstract: The inhibitory effects of atropine, cimetropium, pirenzepine and N-butylscopolamine on the vagal afferent gastric excitatory response in cats under anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium and infusion of gallamine were examined. Electrical stimulation of vagal trunk in left side (10 Hz in frequency, 3 msec in duration, 15 V in intensity and for 10 sec) caused an initial gastric excitatory response during the period of stimulation followed by a late excitatory gastric response after stimulation in normal cats. The initial response was inhibited by atropine (100 microg/kg, i.v.) and hexamethonium (10 mg/kg, i.v.), while the late response was inhibited by atropine but not by hexamethonium (10 mg/kg, i.v.). In chronic supranodose vagotomized cats 11-15 days after the operation, stimulation of the vagal trunk caused a late gastric excitatory response after the stimulation period, which was inhibited by atropine (100 microg/kg, i.v.) but not by hexamethonium (10 mg/kg, i.v.). The two types of gastric responses in normal cats have been defined as follows: the initial gastric excitatory response (atropine- and hexamethonium- sensitive) is due to activation of vagal efferent fibers and the late gastric excitatory response (atropine-sensitive and hexamethonium-resistant) is due to activation of vagal afferent fibers. ED50 values of atropine, cimetropium, pirenzepine and N-butylscopolamine in inhibiting the vagal afferent gastric response were 7.2 microg/kg (n=4), 2.4 microg/kg (n=6), 82.6 microg/kg (n=3) and 93.0 microg/kg (n=4), respectively. The inhibitory effects of atropine and cimetropium on the vagal afferent gastric excitatory response (hexamethonium-resistant) were more potent than those of pirenzepine and N-butylscopolamine. These results suggested that the potent inhibitory effects of cimetropium and atropine on the vagal afferent gastric response may involve a potent spasmolytic effect.
Descriptors: neurons, afferent, neurons, efferent, parasympatholytics, stomach innervation, vagus nerve, atropine, butylscopolammonium bromide, cats, electric stimulation, neurons, afferent, neurons, efferent, pirenzepine, scopolamine derivatives, vagus nerve.

Kurata, J., S. Nakao, M. Murakawa, T. Adachi, T. Shichino, and K. Mori (1994). The cerebral cortex origin of enflurane-induced generalized seizure in cats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 79(4): 713-8. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Abstract: The role of sensorimotor cortex (anterior and posterior sigmoid gyri) as the origin of enflurane-induced generalized seizures was examined and compared to that of lidocaine-induced seizures in cats. The inhaled enflurane concentration was adjusted at 3.5% in oxygen, the maximum potency to induce generalized seizures. Repetitive electrical stimulation with supramaximum intensity at a forepaw (2 Hz, 0.5 ms, 10 V) induced generalized seizures, which ended with a sudden appearance of isoelectricity in the electroencephalogram (EEG), the so-called "postictal depression." Repetitive auditory stimuli also induced similar grand mal-type EEGs. Unilateral ablation of the sensorimotor cortex completely blocked the induction of generalized seizures by contralateral somatosensory stimuli. However, it had little effect on the induction of seizures by ipsilateral somatosensory stimuli or bilateral auditory stimuli. In contrast, bilateral ablation of the sensorimotor cortex did not have a significant effect on the lidocaine-induced seizures. These findings indicate that the involvement of the sensorimotor cortex is essential for the development of enflurane-induced but not lidocaine-induced seizures.
Descriptors: cerebral cortex, enflurane toxicity, evoked potentials, seizures, acoustic stimulation, cats, cerebral decortication, electric stimulation, electroencephalography, evoked potentials, somatosensory, random allocation.

Kuroki, K., K. Nagaoka, K. Nakayama, and T. Kaneko (1997). Surgical treatment of aural hematoma using biopsy punch. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Anesthesia and Surgery 28(4): 95-101. ISSN: 0916-5908.
Descriptors: pet animals, surgical operations, hemorrhage, anesthesia, cartilage, biopsy, dogs, cats, biological analysis, body parts, bones.
Language of Text: Japanese; Summaries in English and Japanese.

Kushner, L.I. and C.A. Calvert (2000). Perianesthetic arrhythmias. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 22(1): 61-73. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: dogs, cats, arrhythmia, anesthesia, electrocardiograms, heart rate, case reports.

Kustritz, M.V. (2002). Early spay-neuter: clinical considerations. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 17(3): 124-8. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Abstract: Early spay-neuter is ovariohysterectomy or castration of puppies or kittens 6 to 14 weeks of age. Pediatric animals may have an enhanced response to relatively low doses of anesthetic agents. Animals should be fasted no more than 3 to 4 hours before surgery to prevent hypoglycemia, and hypothermia should be avoided. Heart and respiratory rates must be monitored carefully throughout anesthesia. Pediatric gonadectomy surgeries are quick with minimal bleeding. Anesthetic recovery is rapid. No significant short-term or long-term effects have been reported. Prepuberal gonadectomy is most useful for humane organizations and conscientious breeders wishing to preclude reproduction of pet dogs and cats while placing animals at a young enough age to optimize socialization and training.
Descriptors: cats surgery, dogs surgery, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, anesthesia, animals, newborn, cats, dogs, orchiectomy, ovariectomy.

Kuznetsov, I.E. and L.V. Natrus (1999). Characteristics of background firing activity of the rostral hypothalamic neurons and analysis of it modifications due to stimulation of evolutionary distinct cortical areas. Fiziolohichnyi Zhurnal 45(5): 24-30. ISSN: 0201-8489.
Descriptors: cats, ketamine, nitrous oxide, hypothalamic neurons, frequency histograms, nervous system, neural coordination.
Language of Text: Ukrainian.

Lacroix, J.S., L.G. Ulman, and E.K. Potter (1994). Sympathetic and parasympathetic interaction in vascular control of the nasal mucosa in anaesthetized cats. The Journal of Physiology 480(Pt 2): 325-31. ISSN: 0022-3751.
Abstract: In cats anaesthetized with pentobarbitone sodium (45 mg kg-1), electrical stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve fibres to the nasal mucosa evoked frequency-dependent increases in nasal arterial blood flow whereas stimulation of the superior cervical sympathetic nerve induced marked vasoconstriction. 2. Sympathetic nerve stimulation for 3 min at 10 Hz evoked significant (P < 0.05) and prolonged (> 30 min) attenuation of the vasodilatory response to subsequent parasympathetic stimulation. 3. Combined pretreatment with adrenergic and cholinergic blockers reduced the vasoconstrictory effect of sympathetic stimulation by 28 +/- 4% (mean +/- S.E.M.) and the parasympathetically evoked vasodilatation by 20 +/- 5%. 4. The vasodilatory effects of exogenous vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, peptide histidine isoleucine and galanin, and the vasoconstrictory effects of exogenous neuropeptide Y (NPY) and alpha,beta-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate were not altered by adrenoceptor antagonists and atropine whereas the effects of exogenous noradrenaline and acetylcholine were virtually abolished. 5. The atropine-resistant parasympathetic vasodilatation remained significantly attenuated for more than 30 min after the non-adrenergic sympathetically evoked vasoconstriction. 6. Exogenous NPY (25 x 10(-9) mol) mimicked the effect of sympathetic stimulation in attenuating subsequent parasympathetically evoked vasodilatation.
Descriptors: nasal mucosa supply, nasal mucosa innervation, parasympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, acetylcholine, anesthesia, cats, electric stimulation, nasal mucosa, neuropeptide y, norepinephrine, vasoactive intestinal peptide, vasoconstriction, vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vasodilation.

Lamont, L.A. (2002). Feline perioperative pain management. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 32(4): 747-63. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Abstract: Veterinary surgeons today are performing increasingly complex and invasive feline surgical procedures. In light of this, it is crucial that perioperative pain management in these patients be a top priority. This article outlines pain physiology and pathophysiology, pain recognition and management strategies, relevant pharmacology, and techniques for local and regional analgesia in cats.
Descriptors: cats surgery, postoperative pain, analgesics, anesthesia, epidural, local anesthetics, anti inflammatory agents, non steroidal, postoperative pain.

Lamont, L.A., W.J. Tranquilli, and K.A. Mathews (2000). Adjunctive analgesic therapy. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 30(4): 805-813. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V523
Descriptors: analgesics, adjuvants, local anaesthetics, neuroleptics, dogs, cats.

Lanska, D.J. (2002). Classic articles of 19th-century American neurologists: a critical review. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 11(2): 156-73. ISSN: 0964-704X.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to critically review citation classics of 19th-century members of the American Neurological Association (ANA), and to elaborate what these works contributed and why they continue to be important. Most classic articles of 19th-century American neurologists were initial or early descriptions of clinical conditions, diseases, or procedures. These include descriptions by Beard of the Jumping Frenchmen of Maine; by Sachs of "amaurotic family idiocy" (Tay-Sachs disease); by Hun of the lateral medullary syndrome; by Mitchell of phantom limbs; and by Dana of familial tremor. Few of these were the initial description, although most were clear and fairly complete by modern standards. Several citation classics were cited mainly as a point of comparison with later events or developments, including those by Corning on spinal anesthesia, Bartholow on electrical stimulation of the brain, Mitchell on the status of American psychiatry, and Starr on childhood brain tumors. The reports of Corning, Bartholow, and Mitchell have been the subjects of continued controversy. The only examples of basic neuroscience among the citation classics are the classic studies by Onuf and Collins involving ablation of portions of the sympathetic chain in cats, and Onuf's description of the nucleus of Onuf in the human spinal cord. Onuf's basic science work was made possible by a unique and short-lived multidisciplinary research environment created at the New York State Pathological Institute for the scientific investigation of insanity and neurologic diseases.
Descriptors: neurology history, bibliometrics, history, 19th century, united states.

Lantz, G.C. (2003). Regional anesthesia for dentistry and oral surgery. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 20(3): 181-6. ISSN: 0898-7564.
NAL Call Number: SF867.V47
Abstract: Pain is a perception that results from activation of a specific set of receptors by noxious stimuli. Processing by the central nervous system results in the stimulus to be perceived as pain. Thermal receptors respond to temperature changes, mechanoreceptors respond to pressure, tension, stretch, and chemoreceptors respond to substances released during the inflammatory process such as prostaglandins, histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin. The current standard of veterinary medical practice is adequate pain management for all patients. Regional anesthesia is one component of overall pain management of the oral surgery/dental patient and is described step-by-step.
Descriptors: cats, dogs, anesthesia, conduction, anesthesia, dental, surgery, oral.

Larson, M.D., F. Tayefeh, D.I. Sessler, M. Daniel, and M. Noorani (1996). Sympathetic nervous system does not mediate reflex pupillary dilation during desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 85(4): 748-54. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pupil size is determined by an interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Noxious stimulation dilates the pupil in both unanesthetized and anesthetized humans. In the absence of anesthesia, dilation is primarily mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. In contrast, pupillary dilation in cats given barbiturate or cloralose anesthesia is mediated solely by inhibition of the midbrain parasympathetic nucleus. The mechanism by which noxious stimuli dilate pupils during anesthesia in humans remains unknown. Accordingly, the authors tested the hypothesis that the pupillary dilation in response to noxious stimulation during desflurane anesthesia is primarily a parasympathetic reflex. METHODS: In six volunteers, the alpha-I adrenergic receptors of the iris musculature were blocked by unilateral administration of topical dapiprazole; six other volunteers were given unilateral topical tropicamide to block the muscarinic receptors in the iris. Desflurane anesthesia was subsequently induced in all volunteers. Sympathetic nervous system activation, with reflex dilation of the pupil, was produced by noxious electrical stimulation during 4% and 8% end-tidal desflurane, and by a rapid 4%-to-8% step-up in the desflurane concentration. Pupil diameter and the change in pupil size induced by a light stimulus (light reflex amplitude) were measured with infrared pupillometry. RESULTS: Dapiprazole drops produced a Horner's miosis, but pupils were equally small after induction of anesthesia. Pupillary dilation after noxious stimulation and desflurane step-up was identical in the unblocked and dapiprazole-blocked pupils. After tropicamide administration, the pupil was dilated and the light reflex was completely inhibited. Noxious stimulation nonetheless produced a slight additional dilation. CONCLUSIONS: During desflurane anesthesia, pupillary dilation in response to noxious stimulation or desflurane step-up is not mediated by the sympathetic nervous system (as it is in unanesthetized persons). Although inhibition of the pupillo-constrictor nucleus may be the cause of this dilation, the mechanism remains unknown.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthesia, inhalation anesthetics, isoflurane, reflex, pupillary, reflex, pupillary, sympathetic nervous system, sympathetic nervous system, topical administration, adrenergic alpha antagonists, adult, cats, isoflurane, muscarinic antagonists, triazoles, tropicamide.

Lascelles, B.D. and S.A. Robertson (2004). Antinociceptive effects of hydromorphone, butorphanol, or the combination in cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 18(2): 190-5. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .J65
Abstract: The goal of this study was to assess the antinociceptive activity of a single dose of hydromorphone or butorphanol and to examine the effect of their coadministration on thermal thresholds in cats. Thermal thresholds were measured after IM administration of hydromorphone (0.1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg), a combination of butorphanol and hydromorphone (0.4 and 0.1 mg/kg), or saline to each of 6 cats in a randomized, blinded, crossover study design. There were at least 12 days between treatments. Thermal thresholds were measured by a thorax-mounted thermal threshold-testing device specifically developed for cats. Thermal thresholds were measured before treatment, at varying intervals to 12 hours, and at 24 hours after treatments. Data were analyzed by an analysis of variance with a repeat factor of time. Dysphoria was associated with butorphanol administration but not with hydromorphone or hydromorphone-butorphanol combined administration. Vomiting was seen with hydromorphone but not with butorphanol or hydromorphone-butorphanol combined. The control treatment group was stable over time (P = .22; mean threshold, 40.1 degrees C). Thresholds were significantly (P < .05) higher than the control treatment between 15 and 165 minutes for butorphanol, between 15 and 345 minutes for hydromorphone, and between 15 and 540 minutes for hydromorphone-butorphanol combined. The addition of butorphanol to hydromorphone decreased the intensity of antinociception during the 1st 2 hours but extended the duration of observable antinociception from 5.75 to 9 hours. The present study suggests that the combination of butorphanol and a pure OP3 (mu) receptor agonist clinically does not produce increased analgesia and indeed may result in decreased analgesia.
Descriptors: analgesics, body temperature, butorphanol, cats, analgesics, analgesics, butorphanol, combination, hydromorphone.

Lascelles, B.D.X., C.A. Capner, and A.E. Waterman Pearson (1999). Current British veterinary attitudes to perioperative analgesia for cats and small mammals. Veterinary Record 145(21): 601-604. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: cats, analgesics, surgery, veterinarians, attitudes, pain.

Lawrence, D.T., J. Lang, J. Culvenor, G. Mischol, S. Haynes, and G. Swinney (1999). Intrathoracic tracheal rupture. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 1(1): 43-51. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Descriptors: cats, trachea, rupture, clinical aspects, treatment, surgery, anesthesia, postoperative, prognosis, case reports.

Lemke, K.A. (2004). Perioperative use of selective alpha-2 agonists and antagonists in small animals. The Canadian Veterinary Journal 45(6): 475-80. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Abstract: Alpha-2 agonists are the only single class of anesthetic drugs that induce reliable, dose-dependent sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation in dogs and cats. Used at low doses, as adjuncts to injectable and inhalational anesthetics, selective alpha-2 agonists dramatically reduce the amount of anesthetic drug required to induce and maintain anesthesia. This reduction in anesthetic requirements is achieved without significant depression of pulmonary function and with limited effects on cardiovascular function. Selective alpha-2 agonists can also be used postoperatively to potentiate the analgesic effects of opioids and other drugs. Given the nearly ideal pharmacodynamic profile and reversibility of alpha-2 agonists, these drugs will play a central role in balanced approaches to anesthesia and the management of perioperative pain in healthy dogs and cats.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha agonists, adrenergic alpha agonists, adrenergic alpha antagonists, adrenergic alpha antagonists, anesthesia, cats, dogs, perioperative care, anesthesia, anesthetics, combined, receptors, adrenergic, alpha 2 agonists, receptors, adrenergic, alpha 2, receptors, adrenergic, alpha 2.

Lemke, K.A. and S.D. Dawson (2000). Local and regional anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 30(4): 839-857. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V523
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, local anesthetics, pain, cats.

Lerche, P., W.W.I. Muir, and R.M. Bednarski (2000). Rebreathing anesthetic systems in small animal practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217(4): 485-492. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: anesthesia, inhaled anaesthetics, artificial respiration, respiration, equipment, cats.

Lerche, P., W.W.I. Muir, and R.M. Bednarski (2000). Nonrebreathing anesthetic systems in small animal practice. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 217(4): 493-497. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: equipment, inhaled anaesthetics, anesthesia, respiration, artificial respiration, cats.

Lerner, R.A. (1997). A hypothesis about the endogenous analogue of general anesthesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94(25): 13375-7. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL Call Number: 500 N21P
Descriptors: anesthesia, general, biological models, anesthetics, general, brain, cats, gap junctions, membrane fluidity, membrane lipids, membrane proteins, oleic acids.

Lestienne, R. (1996). Determination of the precision of spike timing in the visual cortex of anaesthetised cats. Biological Cybernetics 74(1): 55-61. ISSN: 0340-1200.
Abstract: Neuronal cortical spike trains contain precisely replicating patterns whose presence cannot be accounted for by change production. A comparison of the number of triplets of spikes present two times with the number of doublets replicated three times in the same window duration gives a frequency-insensitive measure of this type of fine temporal organisation. By varying the tolerance with which such precisely replicating patterns are detected, one can evaluate the accuracy of spike timing in spike trains. In the sample of data here analysed, it was found that replicating patterns were best seen in the precision range 0.4-1.4 ms (a result evidently at variance with a simple 'integrate and fire' model of neurons). Surprisingly, the fine temporal structure of spike trains thus evidenced was stronger at relatively low firing rate discharges and was present in both the 'spontaneous' and 'evoked' responses.
Descriptors: action potentials, visual cortex, anesthesia, cats, cybernetics, electrophysiology, evoked potentials, visual, biological models, time factors.

Li, J. (2002). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) coexists with activated neurons by skeletal muscle contraction in the brainstem of cats. Life Sciences 71(24): 2833-43. ISSN: 0024-3205.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 L62
Abstract: Contraction of skeletal muscle evokes increases in arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Some regions of the brainstem have been implicated for expression of the cardiovascular responses to muscle contraction. Previous studies have reported that static muscle contraction induced c-Fos protein in the nucleus of tractus solitarii (NTS), lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), lateral tegmental field (FTL), subretrofacial nucleus (SRF), A1 region and periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the brainstem. Furthermore, neuronal NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), which is considered as a marker of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), has been localized in those same regions. In this study, static muscle contraction was induced by electrical stimulation of the L7 and S1 ventral roots in anaesthetized cats. Distribution of c-Fos protein within neurons containing nNOS was evaluated by double labeling methods in order to determine if nNOS containing neurons in the brainstem were activated during muscle contraction. The results indicate that c-Fos protein colocalized with NADPH-d positive staining within the neurons of the SRF and PAG, but not within the NTS neurons. Distinct number of neurons with c-Fos protein was in close proximity to NADPH-d positive staining in the NTS, SRF, and PAG. Coexisting of c-Fos protein and NADPH-d positive staining was not observed in the LRN, FTL and A1 region. These findings demonstrate that nNOS containing neurons were activated by muscle contraction in the selective regions of the brainstem, and nNOS positive staining had close anatomic contacts with the neurons activated by contraction. This result provides neuroanatomic evidence suggesting that nitric oxide modulates the cardiovascular responses to muscle contraction within the NTS, SRF and PAG of the brainstem.
Descriptors: brain stem, muscle contraction, muscle, skeletal, neurons, nitric oxide synthase, anesthesia, brain stem, cats, cell count, electrophysiology, immunoenzyme techniques, lumbosacral region, neurons, proto oncogene proteins c fos, reflex.

Lien, C.A., M.R. Belmont, A. Abalos, L. Eppich, S. Quessy, M.M. Abou Donia, and J.J. Savarese (1995). The cardiovascular effects and histamine-releasing properties of 51W89 in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid/barbiturate anesthesia. Anesthesiology 82(5): 1131-8. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Atracurium consists of a mixture of ten stereoisomers. One of these isomers, 51W89, is a potent intermediate-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Its ED95 is 0.05 mg.kg-1 in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid anesthesia. In preclinical trials, 51W89 did not show evidence of histamine release in cats at doses up to 80 times the human ED95. This study was undertaken to determine the cardiovascular effects and histamine-releasing properties of 51W89 in patients undergoing elective surgical procedures. METHODS: Sixty patients, ASA physical status 1 or 2, anesthetized with nitrous oxide/fentanyl/thiopental were studied. Patients received either 2 times the ED95 of atracurium or 51W89 or 4 or 8 times the ED95 of 51W89 as a rapid intravenous bolus under stable anesthesia, before surgical stimulation. Blood pressure and heart rate were measured by oscillometry and the electrocardiogram in patients receiving 2 times the ED95 of 51W89 or atracurium and by an intraarterial catheter and a tachograph triggered by the arterial pulse waveform in patients receiving 4 or 8 times the ED95 of 51W89. Maximal blood pressure and heart rate changes during the 5 min after administration of the muscle relaxant were recorded. Venous blood samples were obtained before the administration of relaxant and at 2 and 5 min after the administration of relaxant for determination of plasma histamine concentrations by radioenzymatic assay. RESULTS: Maximal blood pressure and heart rate changes in all groups of patients receiving 51W89 were small and similar to those observed in patients receiving 2 times the ED95 of atracurium. The mean maximum percent changes (+/- SE) in heart rate and mean arterial pressure were -0.6 +/- 1.5 and 0.4 +/- 2.5, respectively, in the group receiving 2 times the ED95 atracurium; -1.3 +/- 3.3 and 2.3 +/- 4.4, respectively, in the group receiving 2 times the ED95 51W89; -2.6 +/- 1.0 and 2.6 +/- 1.5, respectively, in the group receiving 4 times the ED95 51W89; and -2.4 +/- 1.5 and -1.0 +/- 1.3, respectively, in the group receiving 8 times the ED95 51W89. No patient developed a decrease in blood pressure > or = 20% or an increase in heart rate > or = 20% that was attributable to muscle relaxant administration. There was no dose-related change in plasma histamine concentration associated with the administration of 51W89. One patient in the study developed transient facial flushing after the administration of atracurium. CONCLUSIONS: 51W89 is a benzylisoquinolinium-type, nondepolarizing muscle relaxant that does not affect plasma histamine concentrations. No cutaneous flushing or clinically important cardiovascular effects were noted after rapid injection of doses up to and including 8 times its ED95 (0.4 mg.kg-1) in healthy patients undergoing elective surgical procedures.
Descriptors: atracurium, pressure, heart rate, histamine release, adult, aged, anesthesia, dose response relationship, drug, fentanyl, middle aged, nitrous oxide, stereoisomerism, thiopental.

Liu, Z., R. Sakakibara, K. Nakazawa, T. Uchiyama, T. Yamamoto, T. Ito, and T. Hattori (2004). Micturition-related neuronal firing in the periaqueductal gray area in cats. Neuroscience 126(4): 1075-1082. ISSN: 1471-2202.
Descriptors: action potentials, bladder, neurons, periaqueductal gray, urination, brain mapping, cats, electric stimulation, electromyogrphy, smooth muscle, neural inhibition, neural inhibition radiation effects, neurons classification, neurons radiation effects, periaqueductal gray, pons radiation effects, reflex.

Ludders, J.W. (1994). Anesthesia for difficult cats. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference 8: 8-10.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: anesthesia, cats, behavior.

Lundy, K.M., H. Cheng, S.M. Sakya, J. Li, M.L. Minich, and C. Uchida (2003). Heterocyclo-alkylsulfonyl pyrazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents. Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents 1268(2) ISSN: 0098-1133.
Online: http://www.uspto.gov/web/menu/patdata.html
NAL Call Number: T223. A21
Descriptors: pharmacology, cats, heterocyclo alkylsulfonyl pyrazole, anti inflamatory drug, Alzheimer's disease, Colonic Neoplasms, digestive system disease, osteoarthritis, joint disease, rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue disease, immune system disease, joint disease.

Machon, R.G., M.R. Raffe, and E.P. Robinson (1999). Warming with a forced air warming blanket minimizes anesthetic-induced hypothermia in cats. Veterinary Surgery 28(4): 301-310. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911. V43
Descriptors: cats, hypothermia, halothane, equipment, prevention, body temperature, anesthesia.

Mangusheva, N.A., L.L. Katalymov, and A.S. Solov'ev (1995). Vliianie CO2 na blokirovanie provedeniia vozbuzhdeniia mestnymi anestetikami v A-del'ta- i C-voloknakh koshek. [The effect of CO2 on the blocking of excitation conduction by local anesthetics in feline A-delta and C fibers] . Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal Imeni I/M/ Sechenova Rossiiskaia Akademiia Nauk 81(10): 15-9. ISSN: 0869-8139.
NAL Call Number: QP1. F58
Abstract: Five adult clinically-healthy mongrel dogs and cats were used in the study. Following anaesthetic routine and surgical protocol, five incisions (2 cm in length) were made on the left costal region and another five in right costal region of each animal. The right side costal wounds were sutured with surgical nylon 3-0, while the left side costal wounds were repaired by methyl-2-cyanoacrylate. The animals were submitted to clinical evaluation every three days while biopsy was performed at three, six, nine, twelve and fifteen days after the surgery. In both species, no clinical or histologic difference were noted between the two treatments used.The data obtained showed that the CO2 potentiated the conduction blockade of the saphenous nerve with tertiary amine trimecaine in anesthetised cats. The data suggests that acidification of cytoplasm with increased CO2 increases the concentration of active cationic protonated forms of a local anesthetic agent.
Descriptors: local anesthetics, benzocaine, carbon dioxide, nerve fibers, nerve fibers, myelinated, neural inhibition, trimecaine, action potentials, cats, drug interactions, electric stimulation, hydrogen ion concentration, nerve fibers, nerve fibers, myelinated.
Language of Text: Russian.

March, P.A. and W.W.3. Muir (2003). Minimum alveolar concentration measures of central nervous system activation in cats anesthetized with isoflurane. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(12): 1528-33. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane required to prevent corticocerebral activation, autonomic responses, and purposeful movements after somatic or visceral stimulation in cats anesthetized with isoflurane. ANIMALS: 17 healthy spayed female cats. PROCEDURE: Bispectral index (BIS), autonomic parameters, and purposeful movements were monitored before and after somatic or visceral stimuli in cats anesthetized with isoflurane. End-tidal (ET) isoflurane concentration was varied to determine MAC values for cortical arousal (MAC(BIS)), autonomic responsiveness (MAC(BAR)), and purposeful movement (MAC). Bispectral index values > or = 60 were considered to represent corticocerebral activation. RESULTS: Minimum alveolar concentration for purposeful movement was significantly less than MAC(BIS) and MAC(BAR) for both somatic and visceral stimulation. Individual MAC values for somatic stimulation were not significantly different from respective MAC values for visceral stimulation. The percentage of cats that had a BIS response > or = 60 was inversely related to the end-tidal isoflurane concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Corticocerebral arousal and subcortical autonomic reflexes occured at isoflurane anesthetic concentrations at which reflexive or purposeful movements were absent. These results suggested that isoflurane had a preferential effect on voluntary motor output at low end-tidal isoflurane concentrations, and that sensory pathways, subcortical sympathetic output, and cortical responsiveness are less susceptible to the anesthetic effects of isoflurane. Bispectral index values obtained after somatic or visceral stimulation were sensitive for the detection of early changes in cortical excitability.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, central nervous system, electroencephalography, isoflurane, movement, analysis of variance, inhalation anesthetics, cats, central nervous system, electroencephalography, isoflurane.

March, P.A. and W.W.3. Muir (2003). Use of the bispectral index as a monitor of anesthetic depth in cats anesthetized with isoflurane. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(12): 1534-41. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the prestimulation bispectral index (BIS) value or relative change in BIS after noxious stimulation can be used to assess the depth of isoflurane anesthesia in cats. ANIMALS: 17 healthy female cats. PROCEDURE: Electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns and BIS values were examined in cats that received increasing end-tidal (ET) isoflurane concentrations. Subsequently, BIS values were determined before and after either a noxious somatic or visceral stimulus in cats that received ET isoflurane concentrations ranging from 1.8% to 2.4%. Electrical stimuli of the tail base and bladder distension to 50 cm of water were the somatic and visceral stimuli, respectively. RESULTS: he resting BIS at ET isoflurane concentrations from 1.4% to 1.9% steadily decreased concurrently with increasing degrees of EEG suppression. Prestimulation BIS values, however, were not related to 1.8% to 2.4% ET isoflurane concentrations and not useful for prediction of BIS values or hemodynamic and movement responses after a noxious stimulus. The poststimulation BIS value and the difference between mean BIS values before and after stimulation were inversely correlated with increasing ET isoflurane concentrations. Poststimulation BIS values > 60 were observed at ET isoflurane concentrations greater than those associated with a movement response after a stimulus. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The prestimulation BIS value has limited use in assessing anesthetic depth in cats during isoflurane anesthesia. The change in BIS values after a noxious somatic or visceral stimulus was a reliable measure of anesthetic depth and may be a useful measure of early arousal from the hypnotic state.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, central nervous system, electroencephalography, electroencephalography, isoflurane, movement, analysis of variance, cats, central nervous system.

Marks, S.L., I.M. Straeter Knowlen, M. Moore, R. Speth, M. Rishniw, and G.G. Knowlen (1996). Effects of acepromazine maleate and phenoxybenzamine on urethral pressure profiles of anesthetized, healthy, sexually intact male cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57(10): 1497-500. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of 2 compounds with alpha adrenergic antagonist properties on the urethral pressures of anesthetized, healthy, sexually intact male cats, and to evaluate one of the compounds for effect on striated muscle. ANIMALS: 20 healthy, sexually intact male cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were anesthetized with halothane, and urethral pressure profilometry was performed before and after treatment. 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin bound to nicotinic receptors of murine skeletal muscle was used in a competitive binding study with acepromazine maleate. RESULTS: Acepromazine maleate significantly decreased intraurethral pressures in the preprostatic (19%) and prostatic (21%) regions of the urethra. There was no effect on the postprostatic/penile segment. Acepromazine did not inhibit 125I-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin binding to nicotinic receptors in murine skeletal muscle. Phenoxybenzamine significantly decreased intraurethral pressures (14%) in the preprostatic region of the urethra only. CONCLUSIONS: Acepromazine maleate and phenoxybenzamine have effects on the smooth muscle of the urethra of healthy, male cats. Acepromazine has no effect on striated muscle. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: alpha-Adrenergic compounds may be used in the pharmacologic management of feline urinary tract disease.
Descriptors: acepromazine, pHenoxybenzamine, urethra, anesthesia, general, binding, competitive, bungarotoxins, cats, halothane, iodine radioisotopes, mice, muscle, skeletal, muscle, smooth, muscle, smooth, pressure, radioligand assay, receptors, nicotinic, urethra.

Marshall, R.J., A.W. Muir, T. Sleigh, and D.S. Savage (1994). An overview of the pharmacology of rocuronium bromide in experimental animals. European Journal of Anaesthesiology/ Supplement 9: 9-15. ISSN: 0265-0215.
Abstract: In various animal species anaesthetized with a-chloralose (cats and pigs) or pentobarbitone (Beagle dogs and Rhesus monkeys), rocuronium has been shown to be a readily reversible, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with a similar duration of action as vecuronium but a 6-10 fold lower potency. The outstanding features of its action is rapidity of onset. It is not expected to have any marked cardiovascular or autonomic side-effects when used in the neuromuscular blocking dose range. There is no evidence of any selective pre-junctional effect and there is no clinically relevant inhibition of acetycholinesterase. Screening in rats has not demonstrated any oestrogenic, androgenic, anabolic, glucocorticoid-like or gonad-inhibiting properties, although there was a slight increase in pituitary weight in male rats.
Descriptors: androstanols, neuromuscular nondepolarizing agents, acetylcholinesterase, anesthesia, cardiovascular system, cats, dogs, Macaca mulatta, neuromuscular junction, neuromuscular junction, rats, swine, synaptic transmission.

Martin, G.R. (1997). Pre-clinical pharmacology of zolmitriptan (zomig; formerly 311c90), a centrally and peripherally acting 5ht1b/1d agonist for migraine. Cephalalgia 17(SUPPL. 18): 4-14. ISSN: 0333-1024.
Abstract: .
Descriptors: nervous system, cats, 5 hydroxytryptamine receptor agonist, migraine, vascular disease, zolmitriptan, Zomig, 311C90, sumatriptan, trigeminal nucleus caudalis, nucleus tractus solitarius, nervous system disease, drug treatment.

Mates, N., A. Timen, A. Muste, L. Oana, and D. Neculoiu (1997). Influenta unor anestezice asupra starii generale la animalele supuse interventiilor operatorii [Influence of some anaesthetics (promazine and a tiletamine-zolazepam combination) on the general condition of animals subjected to surgery]. Revista Romana De Medicina Veterinara 7(3): 293-303. ISSN: 1220-3173.
Descriptors: anesthesia, surgery, anesthetics, neuroleptics, promazine, sheep, dogs, cats, mink, Capreolus capreolus.
Language of Text: Romanian with summaries in French and English.

Mates, N., A. Timen, A. Muste, L. Oana, and D. Neculoiu (1995). Folosirea anestezicelor in interventiile chirurgicale la animale [Anaesthetics used in surgery on animals: Romtiazin (Promazine) and Zoletil (zolazepam and tiletamine)]. Buletinul Universitatii De Stiinte Agricole Cluj Napoca Seria Zootehnie Si Medicina Veterinara 49: 433-443. ISSN: 0557-4668.
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, promazine, sheep, dogs, cats, rabbits, mink, Capreolus capreolus.
Language of Text: Romanian with a summary in English.

Mathews, K.A. (2000). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics. Indications and contraindications for pain management in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 30(4): 783-804. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V523
Descriptors: analgesics, pain, treatment, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, reviews, anti-inflammatory agents, cats.

Mathews, K.A. (1996). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics in pain management in dogs and cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal 37(9): 539-545. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Descriptors: pain, flunixin, ketoprofen, aspirin, acetaminophen, sucralfate, stomach ulcers, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, cats.

Matot, I. and O. Jurim (2001). The protective effect of acadesine on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. Anesthesia and Analgesia 92(3): 590-5. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Abstract: The purine precursor acadesine is highly effective in preventing ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury of the heart and intestine. The aim of this study was to test the effect of acadesine on I-R--induced lung injury. The lobar artery of the left lower lung lobe in intact-chest, spontaneously breathing cats was occluded for 2 h (Group 1, ischemia) and reperfused for 3 h (Group 2, I-R). Animals were subjected to one of the following three protocols: acadesine administered IV 15 min before ischemia (Group 3), 15 min before reperfusion (Group 4), or 30 min after reperfusion (Group 5). Acadesine was administered at an initial dose of 2.5 mg. kg(-1). min(-1) for 5 min, followed by 0.5 mg. kg(-1). min(-1) until the end of reperfusion. Injury was assessed by histologic examination. The right lower lobe served as control. Compared with the right lower lobe, which showed no abnormal findings in any group (percentage of injured alveoli, 2% +/- 1% to 4% +/- 2%), the left lower lung lobe in the I-R group revealed a disrupted alveolar structure with 63% +/- 9% injured alveoli. Ischemia alone did not produce alterations in alveolar structure. Acadesine significantly reduced the number of injured alveoli when given before ischemia (4% +/- 1%) or reperfusion (6% +/- 2%) but not when administered after reperfusion (62% +/- 8%). In conclusion, acadesine, when administered before ischemia or reperfusion, can blunt I-R-induced lung injury. The mechanism underlying the protection remains to be elucidated. IMPLICATIONS: Acadesine reduces ischemia-reperfusion-induced lung injury in spontaneously breathing cats when administered before ischemia or reperfusion, but not after reperfusion.
Descriptors: aminoimidazole carboxamide, ischemia, lung supply, reperfusion injury, ribonucleosides, adenosine triphosphate, aminoimidazole carboxamide, pressure, cats.

Mayrand, S., L. Tremblay, and N. Diamant (1994). In vivo measurement of feline esophageal tone. American Journal of Physiology 267(5 Pt 1): G914-21. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: Using an isotonic recording device (barostat), we assessed feline esophageal smooth and striated muscle tone in vivo and determined the effects of a cholinergic agonist (bethanechol) and antagonist (atropine) and the effect of body position on this tone. Studies were performed on six cats under light intravenous ketamine anesthesia. Two parameters were analyzed: compliance and resistance to initial stretch (resting tone). Smooth muscle compliance (0.51 +/- 0.03 ml/mmHg) was significantly greater than that of the striated muscle section (0.26 +/- 0.02 ml/mmHg; P = 0.0260). Resting tone was low in both esophageal sections. Neither atropine nor bethanechol had any significant effect on the two tone parameters measured in smooth muscle. Change in body position had no influence on the intraesophageal balloon volume. We conclude that esophageal wall compliance varies according to location (smooth vs. striated muscle) and that esophageal smooth muscle tone is not under cholinergic excitatory control. Isotonic recording in vivo should allow further investigations of the nature of the neural and myogenic control of esophageal tone and of the relationships between phasic and tonic activity.
Descriptors: esophgus, muscle tonus, atropine, balloon dilatation, bethanechol, cats, esophgus, posture, pressure.

Mazzaferro, E. and A.E. Wagner (2001). Hypotension during anesthesia in dogs and cats: recognition, causes, and treatment. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 23(8): 728-737. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: dogs, cats, hypotension, anesthesia, anesthetics, cardiovascular system, arteries, pressure, monitoring, pathogenesis, medical treatment, perianesthetic hypotension, arterial pressure, inotrope therapy.

McAllen, R.M. and C.N. May (1994). Effects of preoptic warming on subretrofacial and cutaneous vasoconstrictor neurons in anaesthetized cats. The Journal of Physiology 481(Pt 3): 719-30. ISSN: 0022-3751.
Abstract: 1. Sympathetic and subretrofacial neuron responses to preoptic warming were studied in chloralose- or Saffan-anaesthetized, paralysed cats. 2. Warming a thermode in the preoptic region inhibited the activity of cutaneous vasoconstrictor fibres supplying hairy skin. Muscle vasoconstrictor fibre activity recorded at the same time was either unaffected or raised. 3. Small injections of sodium glutamate (5 nl, 0.1 M) were made into the region of the subretrofacial nucleus in the ventrolateral medulla. The part of that region where glutamate injections evoked brisk increases in cutaneous vasoconstrictor fibre activity was chosen for further study. 4. Extracellular single unit recordings were made in that area from seventy-seven subretrofacial neurons, which were identified by their barosensitivity (inhibition by carotid blind sac inflation). Forty-seven of them were antidromically activated by stimulation in the spinal cord. 5. The activity of twenty subretrofacial neurons (twelve proven bulbospinal) was significantly reduced by periods of preoptic warming. Cutaneous vasoconstrictor activity recorded at the same time also fell. Forty-nine subretrofacial neurons (thirty-five proven bulbospinal) were unaffected or excited by periods of preoptic warming that inhibited cutaneous vasoconstrictor fibres. The response of eight neurons was unclear. 6. No difference in either mean firing rate or axonal conduction velocity was found between neurons inhibited by preoptic warming and other subretrofacial neurons. 7. The subretrofacial neurons inhibited by warming were found intermingled with those unaffected or excited. Marked recording sites of warm-inhibited neurons were clustered around the ventromedial border of the subretrofacial nucleus. 8. In two cats, bilateral inhibition of subretrofacial neurons by surface application of 1 M glycine reduced cutaneous vasoconstrictor fibre activity to 32 and 44% of control levels. 9. The results suggest that specific cutaneous vasoconstrictor premotor neurons exist in the subretrofacial nucleus. These apparently provide most of the background excitatory drive to cutaneous vasomotor neurons. Central warming stimuli may act, at least in part, by withdrawing that drive.
Descriptors: autonomic fibers, preganglionic, medulla oblongata, sympathetic nervous system, vasoconstriction, anesthesia, body temperature regulation, cats, electrophysiology, heat, medulla oblongata, muscle, skeletal innervation, neural conduction, neural pathways, neurons classification, preoptic area, skin innervation.

McEvoy, F.J., M.A. Forster van Hijfte, and R.N. White (1998). Detection of portal blood flow using per-rectal 99mTc-pertechnetate scintigraphy in normal cats. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 39(3): 234-237. ISSN: 1058-8183.
Online: Raleigh. NC
NAL Call Number: SF757.8 .A4
Descriptors: cats, scintigraphy, detection, flow, portal vein, anesthesia, restraint of animals, liver, heart.

McKelvey, D. and K.W. Hollingshead (1994). Small Animal Anesthesia: Canine and Feline Practice., Mosby: St. Louis, 332 p. ISBN: 0801679613.
NAL Call Number: SF991.M22
Descriptors: dogs, surgery, cats, anesthesia.

McKelvey, D. and W. Hollingshead (2000). Small Animal Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd edition, Mosby: St. Louis, Missouri, 334 p. ISBN: 0323002730 .
NAL Call Number: SF991 .M27
Descriptors: dogs, cats, surgery, anesthesia, workplace safety, anesthetic problems and emergencies, analgesia.

McLoughlin, P., R.A. Linton, and D.M. Band (1995). Effects of potassium and lactic acid on chemoreceptor discharge in anaesthetized cats. Respiration Physiology 99(3): 303-12. ISSN: 0034-5687.
NAL Call Number: QP121. A1R4
Abstract: Both increasing [K+]a and falling pHa stimulate ventilation through an action on the peripheral chemoreceptors. We have examined the effect on afferent carotid chemoreceptor discharge, of intravenous infusion of lactic acid alone, KCl alone, and both combined at constant PETCO2 in anaesthetized, artificially ventilated cats. Infusions of lactic acid alone and KCl alone caused similar increases in both the mean and amplitude of oscillation of chemoreceptor discharge. In the case of the lactic acid alone infusion the increase in the amplitude of oscillation could be accounted for by the resultant increase in carbon dioxide production. Simultaneous infusion of KCl and lactic acid caused an increase in the mean and amplitude of the discharge which was greater than either given alone, although the combined effect was less than additive. The alterations in mean and amplitude of oscillation of discharge during infusion of both agents together may be completely accounted for by a combined effect of increased carbon dioxide production and elevated [K+]a.
Descriptors: anesthesia, carotid body, lactates, potassium, gas analysis, carbon dioxide, cats, hydrogen ion concentration, lactic acid, tomography, emission computed.

McLoughlin, P., R.A. Linton, and D.M. Band (1994). Effects of intravenous infusions of KCl and lactic acid on chemoreceptor discharge in anaesthetized cats. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 360: 245-7. ISSN: 0065-2598.
NAL Call Number: QP901 A33
Descriptors: chemoreceptors, lactates, potassium chloride, anesthesia, general, carbon dioxide, cats, chemoreceptors, hydrogen ion concentration, infusions, intravenous, lactates, lactic acid, oxygen, partial pressure, potassium, potassium chloride.

McMurphy, R.M. and D.S. Hodgson (1995). The minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane in cats. Veterinary Surgery 24(5): 453-455. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911. V43
Descriptors: cats, inhaled anesthetics, anesthesia, lungs, concentration, potency.

McMurphy, R.M., D.S. Hodgson, and P.H. Cribb (1995). Modification of a nonrebreathing circuit adapter to prevent barotrauma in anesthetized patients. Veterinary Surgery 24(4): 352-355. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911. V43
Descriptors: inhaled anaesthetics, instruments, pneumothorax, case reports, surgery, anesthesia, cats.

Mealey, K.A. and N.S. Matthews (1999). Drug interactions during anesthesia: general principles. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 29(3): 629-643. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V523
Descriptors: pharmacology, anesthesia, drugs, drug combinations, pharmacodynamics, drug synergy, anesthetics, reviews, drug, cats.

Mendes, G.M. and A.L. Selmi (2003). Use of a combination of propofol and fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil for total intravenous anesthesia in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 223(11): 1608-13. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AM3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the cardiorespiratory effects of an i.v. infusion of propofol alone or in association with fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil in cats and, for each combination, the minimal infusion rate of propofol that would inhibit a response to noxious stimuli. DESIGN: Randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: 6 cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were anesthetized 4 times in random order. After i.v. administration of fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil, or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, anesthesia was induced with propofol (7 mg/kg 13.2 mg/lb], i.v.) and maintained for 90 minutes with a continuous infusion of propofol in conjunction with fentanyl (0.1 microg/kg/min [0.045 microg/lb/min]), alfentanil (0.5 microg/kg/min [0.23 microg/lb/min]), sufentanil (0.01 microg/kg/min [0.004 microg/lb/min]), or saline solution (0.08 mL/kg/min [0.036 mL/lb/min]). RESULTS: Minimal infusion rate of propofol required to prevent a response to a noxious stimulus was higher when cats received saline solution. After 70 minutes, minimal infusion rate of propofol was significantly higher with fentanyl than with sufentanil. Decreases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate were detected with all treatments. Oxygen saturation did not change significantly, but end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide increased with all treatments. There were no significant differences in recovery times or sedation and recovery scores among treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that infusion of propofol in combination with fentanyl, alfentanil, or sufentanil results in satisfactory anesthesia in cats.
Descriptors: intravenous anesthesia, anesthetics, combined, intravenous anesthetics, cats, alfentanil, alfentanil, anesthesia recovery period, anesthetics, combined, intravenous anesthetics, pressure, cross over studies, fentanyl, fentanyl, heart rate, infusions, intravenous, kinetics, propofol, propofol, respiration, sufentanil, sufentanil.

Miebach, H. (2000). Untersuchungen zum metabolischen Zustand mittels der quantitativen Saure-Basen-Analyse nach Stewart wahrend der Langzeitanasthesie bei experimental-chirurgischen Eingriffen an Katzen [Studies on metabolic acid-base-status Stewart's quantitative acid-base-analysis during long-term anesthesia in cats undergoing experimental surgery]. Dissertation, Tierarztliche Hochschule Hannover: Hannover , Germany. 127 p.
NAL Call Number: DISS F2000150
Descriptors: cats, anesthesia, blood pH, Stewart's quantitative acid-base analysis.
Language of Text: German with a summary in English.

Mitchell, S.K., R.L. Toal, G.B. Daniel, and B.W. Rohrbach (1998). Evaluation of renal hemodynamics in awake and isoflurane-anesthetized cats with pulsed-wave doppler and quantitative renal scintigraphy. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound 39(5): 451-458. ISSN: 1058-8183.
NAL Call Number: SF757.8 .A4
Descriptors: cats, kidneys, flow, anesthesia, scintigraphy, renal function, ultrasonography, isoflurane, hemodynamics.

Mitsanyi, A. and L. Fedina (1996). Spontaneous activity of various postganglionic sympathetic nerves in anaesthetized cats. Neurobiology 4(3): 271-2. ISSN: 1216-8068.
Descriptors: efferent pathways, ganglia, sympathetic, sympathetic nervous system, anesthesia, general, cats, kidney innervation, spine innervation, tidal volume.

Miyashita, M., T. Suzuki Inatomi, and N. Hirai (2003). Respiratory control during postural changes in anesthetized cats. Journal of Vestibular Research Equilibrium and Orientation 13(2-3): 57-64. ISSN: 0957-4271.
Abstract: The effect of postural changes on respiration was investigated in ten anesthetized cats by applying body tilting during the inspiration phase while recording respiratory patterns, as given by the diaphragmatic EMG, together with either the lung volume or the air flow temperature. The results show that the head-up tilting during inspiration reduced the period of the inspiratory phase and increased the end-inspiratory lung volume. On the other hand, the head-down tilting during inspiration had opposite effects. These effects disappeared after transection of the vagus nerve. However, labyrinthectomy did not diminish the effects, probably because of functional suppression of the vestibular system due to the anesthetic. When correlating the activity of 15 vagal afferents presumably originating from the slowly adapting lung stretch receptors with lung volume changes during tilting, their maximum firing rate (87 +/- 15.7 Hz) was increased with an increase in the lung inflation volume and was attained earlier on head-up tilting and it was reduced with a decrease of the lung volume on head-down tilting (63 +/- 16.6 Hz) as compared with the value in the horizontal position (74 +/- 14.2 Hz). These results suggest that respiratory modulation during head-up or head-down tilting is consistent with the Hering-Breuer reflexes and minimizes the externally induced lung volume changes during postural changes.
Descriptors: posture, respiratory, body temperature, cats, diaphragm, electromyogrphy, electrophysiology, head down tilt, inhalation, lung, lung volume measurements, mechanoreceptors, neurons, afferent, pulmonary ventilation, reflex, tidal volume, vagotomy, vagus nerve, vagus nerve.

Mochida, K., K. Shinomiya, H. Komori, and K. Furuya (1995). A new method of multisegment motor pathway monitoring using muscle potentials after train spinal stimulation. Spine 20(20): 2240-6. ISSN: 0362-2436.
Abstract: Evoked muscle and nerve action potentials after spinal stimulation for intraoperative monitoring were investigated using a modified stimulation technique. Animal experiments and clinical application were performed. OBJECTIVES. To contrive a useful method of intraoperative motor pathway monitoring under inhalation anesthesia. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA. Many different kinds of procedures have been reported. No reliable method that reflects pure motor tract function has been established. METHODS. Characteristic of our stimulating technique was the use of numbered consecutive pulses ("train stimulation"). In 16 cats, optimum condition of train stimulation, effects of anesthetic agents, and conductive pathway were examined. In 35 patients, muscle potentials evoked by train stimulation were recorded, and clinical usefulness was evaluated. RESULTS. In the experimental study, the optimum stimulus condition was determined 1 ms interstimulous interval train of five pulses. Conductive pathway of this method was identified as a lateral column by selective spinal cord transection. In the clinical application, by using train stimulation, multisegmental muscle potentials were obtainable even using inhalation anesthetics. CONCLUSIONS. The facilitative effects of train stimulation, attributed to temporal summation, are considered to overcome the suppression of inhalation anesthesia. The evoked muscle potentials by train spinal stimulation reflect the functions of pure motor tract and is the only, extremely efficient method for intraoperative motor pathway monitoring.
Descriptors: electric stimulation, laminectomy, monitoring, intraoperative, muscles, spinal diseases, spinal diseases surgery, action potentials, inhalation anesthesia, cats, middle aged, sciatic nerve.

Moens, Y.P.S. (1996). Drugs in the spinal cord. Small Animal' s Anesthesia., Djurkliniken.: Moelndal, Sweden, p. 33-34.
Descriptors: dogs, cats, analgesics, spine, pain, body parts, bones , disease control, drugs , musculoskeletal system, neurotropic drugs, therapy , spinal analgesia.

Moon, P.F. (1997). Cortisol suppression in cats after induction of anesthesia with etomidate, compared with ketamine-diazepam combination. American Journal of Veterinary Research 58(8): 868-71. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate duration and magnitude of adrenocortical function suppression after administration of etomidate to cats. ANIMALS: 15 purpose-bred, healthy cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were allotted to 2 groups. Anesthesia was induced with etomidate (ET, 2 mg/kg of body weight, i.v.; n = 8) or a mixture (KD, n = 7) of ketamine (5 mg/kg; i.v) and diazepam (0.25 mg/kg, i.v.). Anesthesia was maintained with halothane in all cats for 2 hours. ACTH gel (2.2 U/kg, i.m.) was administered 30 minutes after anesthesia induction. Blood samples for cortisol assay were taken before anesthesia induction (T -30), and before (T0) and at 30, 60, 120, 180, 300, and 420 minutes after ACTH administration. Anesthesia was discontinued after the T120 sample was obtained. RESULTS: After anesthesia induction, median (interquartile range [Q1-Q3]) cortisol values were significantly lower in the ET group (4 [3 to 4] micrograms/dl) at T0, compared with T -30 values and with T0 values in the KD group (5 [3 to 9] micrograms/dl). After ACTH administration, cortisol values in the ET group continued to decrease two- to threefold below T -30 values and remained decreased over the 2-hour anesthesia period. After ACTH administration, cortisol values increased twofold for 2 hours in the KD group, compared with T -30 values. One hour after anesthesia recovery, cortisol values in the ET group (3 [2 to 3] micrograms/dl) remained significantly lower than values in the KD group (9 [7 to 11] micrograms/dl) and preanesthesia values. By T300, both groups had cortisol concentration near 7 micrograms/dl, similar to preanesthesia values. CONCLUSION: Induction of anesthesia with etomidate caused suppression of adrenocortical function during 2 hours of halothane anesthesia and 1 hour of recovery in cats. Cortisol concentration did not return to baseline until after 2 additional hours. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results from these healthy cats suggest profound suppression of important stress hormones after anesthesia induction with etomidate, use of which could put critically ill cats at further risk.
Descriptors: anesthesia, diazepam, etomidate, hydrocortisone secretion, ketamine, anesthesia, body temperature, cats, drug combinations, heart rate, hydrocortisone, respiration, systole, tidal volume.

Morray, J.P., R. Nobel, L. Bennet, and M.A. Hanson (1996). The effect of halothane on phrenic and chemoreceptor responses to hypoxia in anesthetized kittens. Anesthesia and Analgesia 83(2): 329-35. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Abstract: We examined the effect of halothane on phrenic never and carotid sinus discharge during hypoxia in anesthetized kittens. In 12 animals, phrenic amplitude was measured during normoxia, during isocapnic hypoxia, and after a return to normoxia, both with and without halothane. Without halothane, all animals had an increase in phrenic amplitude during hypoxia. With halothane, half the animals showed an increase in phrenic amplitude followed by a decline. In a second group of animals, recordings were obtained from single or a few fiber strands of carotid sinus nerve. Without halothane, an increase in chemoreceptor discharge frequency during hypoxia was seen. With 1.0% halothane, frequency was decreased during normoxia and did not increase during hypoxia. Thus, halothane's effect on the ventilatory response to hypoxia, as measured by phrenic discharge, is at least partially explained by an effect on peripheral chemoreceptors.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthesia, inhalation anesthetics, anoxia, chemoreceptors, halothane, phrenic nerve, action potentials, pressure, carbon dioxide, carotid sinus, carotid sinus innervation, cats, electromyogrphy, glossopHaryngeal nerve, oxygen, oxygen, respiration, signal processing, computer assisted.

Muir, A.W., T. Sleigh, R.J. Marshall, E. Pow, K.A. Anderson, L.H. Booij, and D.R. Hill (1998). Neuromuscular blocking and cardiovascular effects of org 9487, a new short-acting aminosteroidal blocking agent, in anaesthetized animals and in isolated muscle preparations. European Journal of Anaesthesiology 15(4): 467-479. ISSN: 0265-0215.
Descriptors: pharmacology , cardiovascular effects, neuromuscular blockade, aminosteroid, suxmethonium, vecuronium, neostigmine, pyridostigmine, cats, anesthesia.

Muir, W.W. (1998). Anesthesia for dogs and cats with cardiovascular disease. II. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 20(4): 473-484. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: dogs, cats, cardiovascular diseases, anesthesia, anesthetics, preanesthetic medication, dosage, electrocardiograms, hemodynamics, opioids, benzodiazepines, analgesics, respiration, pressure, heart rate, body temperature, gases, cholinergic receptors, antagonists, treatment, literature reviews.

Muir, W.W. and J.E. Gadawski (2002). Cardiovascular effects of a high dose of romifidine in propofol-anesthetized cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 63(9): 1241-6. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the hemodynamic effects of IM administration of romifidine hydrochloride in propofol-anesthetized cats. ANIMALS: 15 adult domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were randomly assigned to receive romifidine (0, 400, or 2,000 microg/kg, IM). Cats were anesthetized with propofol and mechanically ventilated with oxygen. The right jugular vein, left carotid artery, and right femoral artery and vein were surgically isolated and catheterized. Heart rate; duration of the PR, QRS, and QT intervals; mean pulmonary artery pressure; mean right atrial pressure; systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures; left ventricular systolic pressure; left ventricular end-diastolic pressure; and cardiac output were monitored. Systemic vascular resistance, rate of change of left ventricular pressure, and rate pressure product were calculated. Arterial and venous blood samples were collected anaerobically for determination of pH and blood gas tensions (Po2 and Pco2). RESULTS: Administration of romifidine at 400 and 2,000 microg/kg, IM, decreased heart rate, cardiac output, rate of change of left ventricular pressure, rate pressure product, and pH. Arterial and pulmonary artery pressures, left ventricular pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and right atrial pressure increased and then gradually returned to baseline values. Arterial blood gas values did not change, whereas venous Pco2 increased and venous Po2 decreased. Significant differences between low and high dosages were rare, suggesting that the dosages investigated produced maximal hemodynamic effects. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Romifidine produces cardiovascular effects that are similar to those of other alpha2-agonists. High dosages of romifidine should be used with caution in cats with cardiovascular compromise.
Descriptors: anesthetics, cardiovascular system, cats, imidazoles, imidazoles, propofol, anesthesia, anesthetics, chemical analysis, gas analysis, dose response relationship, drug, time factors.

Muir, W.W.I. (2000). New injectable and inhalant anesthetics in cats. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, January 15, 2000-January 19, 2000, Orlando, Fla., Eastern States Veterinary Association: Gainsville, Fla., Vol. 14, p. 38-40.
Descriptors: anesthesia, intramuscular injection, inhaled anesthetics.

Muir, W.W.I. (2000). Hypothermia in cats. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 14 : 36-37.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: anesthesia, body temperature regulation, cats, lungs, hypothermia.

Muir, W.W.I. (1999). Anesthesia and analgesia for trauma patients. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 13: 103-105.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: dogs, cats, trauma, analgesics, pain.

Muir, W.W.I. (1994). Anesthesia and anesthetic concerns for the critically ill. In: Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, January 15, 1994-January 20, 1994, Orlando, Florida, Eastern States Veterinary Association: Gainesville, Fla, 25-27 p.
Descriptors: anesthesia, intensive care, dogs, cats.

Muir, W. (2000). Veterinary Anesthesia. In: Handbook of Veterinary Anesthesia, 3rd edition, Mosby: St. Louis, MissouriISBN: 0323008011.
NAL Call Number: SF914 .M85
Descriptors: veterinary anesthesia, handbooks, manuals, euthanasia, acupuncture, intavenous anesthesia, inhalation anesthesia, neuromuscular blocking agents, fluid administration, shock.

Murison, P. (2001). Prevention and treatment of perioperative hypothermia in animals under 5 kg bodyweight. In Practice 23(7): 412, 415-418. ISSN: 0263-841X.
NAL Call Number: SF601.I4
Descriptors: anesthesia, hypothermia, prevention, treatment, body weight, dogs, cats, heat loss, pharmacodynamics.

Nagy, A., G. Eordegh, and G. Benedek (2003). Spatial and temporal visual properties of single neurons in the feline anterior ectosylvian visual area. Experimental Brain Research 151(1): 108-114. ISSN: 0014-4819.
Descriptors: nervous system, sensory reception, drifting sinusoidal grating, motion perception, neuron visual property, feline anterior ectosylvian visual area, halothane.

Nakata, A., A. Jozaki, N. Hirata, and M. Tokuriki (1994). Crossed and uncrossed segmental synaptic effects on obliquus externus abdominis motoneurons from cutaneous and cutaneous-muscle nerve in spinal cats and alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 56(3): 503-9. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604 .J342
Abstract: Segmental synaptic responses in the obliquus externus abdominis (OEA) for stimulation of the dorsal cutaneous and cutaneous-muscle (CD) nerve and the ventral cutaneous and cutaneous-muscle (CV) nerve were investigated in 49 spinal cats and 28 cats under alpha-chloralose anesthesia (chloralose cats) with an intracellular recording method. The result that there was no monosynaptic PSP in OEA motoneurons for stimulation of the CD or CV nerves (containing the cutaneous-muscle nerve) indicates that the cutaneous muscle of the dorsal or ventral area does not connect monosynaptically to the OEA motoneuron. The OEA motoneurons in chloralose cats received few effects from descending pathways coming from the upper spinal cord and the brain. Almost all OEA neurons had polysynaptic EPSP responses for stimulation of the ipsilateral or contralateral CD or CV nerves at 5-10T stimulus intensity in spinal or chloralose cats, which indicates that the OEA muscle can contract bilaterally when strong impulses of superficial afferents from the left or right skin or cutaneous muscle enter in the spinal cord.
Descriptors: cats, motor neurons, muscles innervation, skin innervation, spinal cord, synapses, anesthesia, general, chloralose, electric stimulation, evoked potentials, synaptic transmission, time factors.

Nam, T.S., E.J. Baik, Y.U. Shin, Y. Jeong, and K.S. Paik (1995). Mechanism of transmission and modulation of renal pain in cats: Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on renal pain. Yonsei Medical Journal 36(2): 187-201. ISSN: 0513-5796.
Abstract: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) has widely been employed as a method of obtaining analgesia in medical practice. The mechanisms of pain relief by TENS are known to be associated with the spinal gate control mechanism or descending pain inhibitory system. However, most of the studies concerning the analgesic effects and their mechanisms for TENS have dealt with somatic pain. Thus, in this experiment, we investigated the analgesic effects of TENS on renal pain as a model of visceral pain, and the characteristics of the dorsal horn cells with renal inputs. The renal pain was induced by acute occlusion of the ureter or renal artery. The main results are summarized as follows: 1) The renal nerve was composed of A beta, A delta and C fiber groups; the thresholds for each group were 400-800 mV, 1.1-1.5 V, and 2.1-5.8 V, respectively. 2) The dorsal horn cells tested received A and/or C afferent fibers from the kidney, and the more C inputs the dorsal horn cells had, the greater was the response to the stimuli that elicited the renal pain. 3) 94.9% of cells with renal input had the concomitant somatic receptive fields on the skin; the high threshold (HT) and wide dynamic range (WDR) cells exhibited a greater responses than low threshold (LT) cells to the renal pain-producing stimuli. 4) TENS reduced the C-responses of dorsal horn cells to 38.9 +/- 8.4% of the control value and the effect lasted for 10 min after the cessation of TENS. 5) By TENS, the responses evoked by acute occlusion of the ureter or renal artery were reduced to 37.5 +/- 9.7% and 46.3 +/- 8.9% of the control value, respectively. This analgesic effects lasted 10 min after TENS. 6) The responses elicited by squeezing the receptive fields of the skin were reduced to 40.7 +/- 7.9% of the control value and the effects lasted 15 min after TENS. These results suggest that most of dorsal horn cells with renal inputs have the concomitant somatic inputs and TENS can alleviate the renal pain as well as somatic pain.
Descriptors: kidney, pain therapy, transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation, cats, kidney innervation, pain.

Nastasa, V., P. Cura, and V. Vulpe (2002). The analgesic plan: a strategy to control pain. Lucrai Stiinifice Medicina Veterinara, 45(4(1)): 296-301. ISSN: 1454-7406.
Descriptors: adverse effects, analgesics, pain, cats.

Neely, C.F. and I. Matot (1996). Pharmacological probes for A1 and A2 adenosine receptors in vivo in feline pulmonary vascular bed. American Journal of Physiology 270(2 Pt 2): H610-9. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: Under conditions of controlled pulmonary blood flow and constant left atrial pressure, adenosine produces dose-dependent, tone-dependent responses in the pulmonary vascular (PV) bed of intact-chest, spontaneously breathing cats. The potency profile for adenosine receptor agonists to produce vasoconstriction at low baseline PV tone is 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine > or = CGS-21680 > or = 2-chloroadenosine (2-CADO) > or = [R]-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA) > or = N6-cyclopentyladenosine > adenosine > > CV-1808. After an increase in PV tone with the use of an intralobar infusion of the thromboxane mimic U-46619, the potency profile for adenosine receptor agonists to produce vasodilation at elevated PV tone is 2-CADO > or = CV-1808 > or = CGS-21680 > R-PIA > or = adenosine. The selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonists xanthine amine congener (XAC) and 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DP-CPX) significantly antagonize the vasoconstrictor responses of adenosine and R-PIA at low baseline PV tone while having less effect on the vasodilator responses of adenosine, 2-CADO, and R-PIA at elevated PV tone. DPCPX antagonizes the vasoconstrictor responses of CGS-21680 at low baseline PV tone. The nonselective A1 and A2 adenosine receptor antagonist BWA-1433U significantly antagonizes vasoconstrictor responses of R-PIA and vasodilator responses of adenosine, 2-CADO, and R-PIA. These data support that adenosine produces vasoconstriction at low baseline PV tone and vasodilation at elevated PV tone in the feline PV bed by acting on A1 and A2 adenosine receptors, respectively. Compared with the adenosine receptor agonists tested in this in vivo model, R-PIA and CV-1808 are the most selective adenosine receptor agonists for A1 and A2 adenosine receptors, respectively, in the feline PV bed. R-PIA, CV-1808, DPCPX, and XAC may be used in this in vivo model to define the roles of A1 and A2 adenosine receptors in acute lung injury and pathophysiological changes in the pulmonary vasculature associated with pulmonary hypertension and edema formation in the same animal model.
Descriptors: pulmonary circulation, pulmonary circulation, receptors, purinergic p1, 15 hydroxy 11 alpha,9 alpha epoxymethanoprosta 5,13 dienoic acid, vessels, vessels, cats, dose response relationship, drug, prostaglandin endoperoxides, synthetic, receptors, purinergic p1 agonists, receptors, purinergic p1, thromboxane a2, thromboxane a2, vascular resistance, vasoconstriction, vasoconstrictor agents, vasodilation, vasomotor system.

Neely, C.F., I. Matot, D. Haile, J. Nguyen, and V. Batra (1995). Tone-dependent responses of histamine in feline pulmonary vascular bed. American Journal of Physiology 268(2 Pt 2): H653-61. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: Under conditions of controlled pulmonary blood flow and constant left atrial pressure, histamine produced tone-dependent responses in the pulmonary vascular (PV) bed of intact-chest, spontaneously breathing cats. At low, baseline PV tone, histamine produced dose-dependent increases in mean lobar arterial pressure that were antagonized by the selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist, diphenhydramine. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor, meclofenamate, and the thromboxane A2 (TxA2) receptor antagonist, SQ-29548, had no effect on these vasoconstrictor responses of histamine. After an increase in PV tone with an intralobar arterial infusion of a TxA2 mimic, U-46619, histamine produced vasodilator responses at low doses, biphasic vasodilator/vasoconstrictor responses at midrange doses, and vasoconstrictor responses at high doses. Diphenhydramine antagonized vasoconstrictor responses and the vasodilator responses of low to midrange doses and enhanced vasodilator responses of high doses of histamine at elevated PV tone. Selective H2-receptor antagonists, ranitidine and meclofenamate, and selective H3-receptor antagonist, thioperamide, did not antagonize vasodilator responses of histamine. H1- and H2-receptor antagonism was more effective in reducing the vasodilator responses of histamine at elevated PV tone than H1-receptor antagonism alone. These data support that histamine produces vasoconstrictor responses at low baseline and elevated PV tone by acting on H1 receptors that do not induce the release of vasoconstrictor prostanoids. At elevated PV tone, histamine produces vasodilation by acting on H1 receptors that are not coupled to the release of vasodilator prostaglandins and also, in part, by acting on H2 receptors.
Descriptors: histamine, pulmonary circulation, vasomotor system, cats, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, dose response relationship, drug, histamine agonists, histamine antagonists, hydrazines, meclofenamic acid, receptors, thromboxane.

Neely, C.F. and I.M. Keith (1995). A-1 adenosine receptor antagonists block ischemia-reperfusion injury of the lung. American Journal of Physiology 268(6 PART 1): L1036-L1046. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, feline, membranes, cell biology, respiratory system, respiration, lung transplantation, pulmonary edema, xanthine amine congener, 1,3 dipropyl 8 cyclopentylxanthine, A1 receptor antagonist, ischemia reperfusion injury, preconditioning.

Neely, K.A., J.T. Ernest, and T.K. Goldstick (1995). Retinal tissue oxygen tension in normoxic cats under enflurane anesthesia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 36(9): 1943-6. ISSN: 0146-0404.
Abstract: PURPOSE. General anesthesia reduces systemic blood pressure and, thus, ocular perfusion pressure (at constant intraocular pressure). Whether this reduction in ocular perfusion pressure produces retinal hypoxia is unknown. To answer this question, the authors measured inner retinal oxygen tension in cats under general enflurane anesthesia at three clinically relevant levels of anesthesia under normoxic conditions. METHODS. Polarographic oxygen microelectrodes were used to measure inner retinal oxygen tension in cats under enflurane anesthesia at 21% inspired oxygen tension. Measurements were made in the preretinal vitreous body within 100 to 200 microns of the internal limiting membrane of the retina. Three levels of enflurane anesthesia were used: 1.2%, 2.4%, and 3.6%, corresponding to 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 minimal alveolar concentration. Intraocular pressure of the cats was maintained at a constant normal level throughout the experiments. RESULTS. Under normoxic conditions, inner retinal oxygen tension remained unchanged or increased slightly as ocular perfusion pressure decreased with deeper levels of enflurane anesthesia. CONCLUSION. Commonly used surgical levels of enflurane general anesthesia do not cause hypoxia of the inner retina in cats breathing 21% inspired oxygen. This may be the result of preservation of retinal vascular autoregulation under enflurane anesthesia, retinal vasodilatation secondary to a direct smooth muscle relaxing effect of enflurane, or decreased retinal oxygen use under enflurane anesthesia.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthesia, enflurane, oxygen, retina, cats, microelectrodes, oxygen consumption, polarograpHy.

Nehashi, S., T. Nishino, and T. Ide (2001). Inhaled furosemide inhibits behavioral response to airway occlusion in anesthetized cats. Anesthesiology 95(5): 1234-7. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: A recent study showed that inhaled furosemide greatly improves experimentally induced dyspnea in humans. The objective of the current study is to test the hypothesis that inhaled furosemide suppresses the behavioral response to airway occlusion without changing the behavioral response to a somatic noxious stimulus in anesthetized animals. METHODS: In 10 spontaneously breathing cats anesthetized with isoflurane, anesthetic ED(50) was determined by measuring an end-tidal anesthetic concentration while observing escape behavior. The monitored behavior consisted of purposeful movement of the head and forearm after endotracheal tube occlusion. The duration from the start of airway occlusion to the onset of the positive response (DOCCL) was measured at the highest concentration of isoflurane permitting the positive motor response to airway occlusion before pretreatment. ED(50) values (minimum alveolar concentration) for the suppression of a somatic motor response to a noxious stimulus induced by toe pinch (toe-pinch ED(50)) were also determined. Then, the effects of inhaled furosemide or vehicle on the ED(50) for the suppression of the behavioral response to airway occlusion, DOCCL, and toe-pinch ED(50) were evaluated in a randomized, cross-over design. RESULTS: The ED(50) for the suppression of the behavioral response to airway occlusion significantly decreased (P < 0.01) and DOCCL was significantly prolonged (P < 0.01) after furosemide inhalation, whereas vehicle inhalation did not change these measurements. The decrease in ED(50) for the suppression of the behavioral response to airway occlusion after furosemide inhalation lasted 3 h. Furosemide inhalation did not affect the toe-pinch ED(50). CONCLUSION: Inhaled furosemide suppressed the behavioral response to airway occlusion in anesthetized animals without affecting the response to somatic noxious stimulus. The authors' animal model of respiratory distress may be applicable to the study of dyspnea in regard to its mechanism and treatment.
Descriptors: airway obstruction, inhalation anesthesia, diuretics, sulfamyl, furosemide, hemodynamic processes, isoflurane, inhalation administration, cats, diuretics, sulfamyl, furosemide.

Nelson, A.J., B.G. Ragan, G.W. Bell, R.M. Ichiyama, and G.A. Iwamoto (2004). Capsaicin-based analgesic balm decreases pressor responses evoked by muscle afferents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 36(3): 444-50. ISSN: 0195-9131.
Abstract: Capsaicin-based analgesic balm decreases pressor responses evoked by muscle afferents. Physically active individuals use countless analgesic balm (AB) products with various active ingredients daily. Despite this, few studies have investigated the mechanism of action and efficacy of AB. PURPOSE: We examined the effects of capsaicin (CAP) application on pressor responses evoked by muscle contraction (MC), which are mediated by group III and IV muscle afferents. METHODS: Heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and end-tidal CO2 were monitored in cats (N = 12) decerebrated under halothane. Decerebration eliminated anesthesia use and effects from the higher brain. Electrical stimulation of L7 and S1 ventral roots evoked static hindlimb MC (30 s). After control runs, a commercial CAP (4.95% Oleoresin Capsicum) AB was applied to the skin over the contracting muscles of one hindlimb. MC were evoked every 10 min, alternating between hindlimbs. Data were analyzed with RM ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. RESULTS: Changes in peak mean arterial pressure (MAP) induced by static ipsilateral MC were significantly attenuated at 20 min and tended to approach baseline levels at 40 min after CAP application. The mean (+/- SEM) of the peak MAP for the ipsilateral side just before application (T = 0), at 20 min (T+20), and 40 min (T+40) were 28.3 mm Hg +/- 6.4, 13.8 mm Hg +/-2.9, and 22.6 mm Hg +/- 5.2, respectively. There were no significant changes in HR. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular effects due to activation of group III and IV afferent fibers were significantly attenuated by the application of CAP. The time course of the effects appeared to support the need for repeated CAP application for pain relief. Central nervous system circuitry responsible for this effect awaits elucidation.
Descriptors: analgesics, pressure, capsaicin, heart rate, muscles innervation, afferent pathways, cats, time factors.

Nemeth, T. and M.P. Dunay (2003). Elso magyarorszagi tapasztalatok az alfaxalone injekcios szteroid anesztetikummal kapcsolatban [First Hungarian experiences with the injectable steroid anaesthetic alfaxalone]. Kisallat Praxis 4(6): 294-295. ISSN: 1585-9142.
Online: www.kisallatpraxis.hu
NAL Call Number: SF981 .K573
Descriptors: acepromazine, anesthesia, anesthetics, diazepam, xylazine, cats.
Language of Text: Hungarian.

Nishikawa, K., T. Terai, O. Morimoto, H. Yukioka, and M. Fujimori (1994). Effects of intravenous lidocaine on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and A-V conduction in halothane-anesthetized cats. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 38(2): 115-20. ISSN: 0001-5172.
Abstract: To study neural contributions to the alterations in intracardiac conduction induced by i.v. lidocaine, we measured cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA) simultaneously with sinus cycle length (SCL) and A-V cats. Sixteen cats were anesthetized with halothane in oxygen and mid-sternotomized. The His-bundle electrogram and CSNA were recorded from an electrode placed in the interatrial septum and from the left ventrolateral or ventromedial nerve, respectively. Atrium-His (A-H), His-Purkinje (H-V), and total intraventricular (H-S) conduction times were measured during atrial pacing conducted at a cycle length of 300 ms. In eight cats, 1 MAC, 2 MAC, and 3 MAC halothane were given during i.v. lidocaine (Groups H-1, H-2 and H-3). In the other eight cats, anesthesia was switched from halothane to i.v. alpha-chloralose (30-50 mg.kg BW-1; Group C). A significant decrease in CSNA with i.v. lidocaine, 2 mg.kg BW-1 was recognized in Groups C and H-1, but not in Groups H-2 and H-3. Prolongations of SCL during the spontaneous cycle, A-H and H-V in the paced mode following i.v. lidocaine were significant in Groups C, H-1 and H-2, but not significant in Group H-3. We conclude that i.v. lidocaine induces a significant decrease in CSNA during alpha-chloralose or 1 MAC halothane anesthesia which partly contributes to the control of intracardiac conduction.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthesia, atrioventricular node, electorcardiography, halothane, heart conduction system, lidocaine, sympathetic nervous system, atrioventricular node, pressure, bundle of his, bundle of his, cardiac pacing, artificial, cats, heart conduction system, injections, intravenous, lidocaine, neurons, efferent, neurons, efferent, purkinje fibers, purkinje fibers, sympathetic nervous system.

Nishikawa, K., M. Yabe, T. Mori, T. Terai, H. Yukioka, and M. Fujimori (1996). The effects of dobutamine and phenylephrine on atrioventricular conduction during combined use of halothane and thoracic epidural lidocaine. Anesthesia and Analgesia 82(3): 551-7. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to measure cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA) and atrioventricular (AV) conduction and to test the effects of dobutamine (DOB) and phenylephrine (PHE) on AV conduction during combined use of halothane and thoracic epidural lidocaine. Cats were anesthetized with 1 % halothane and an epidural catheter was inserted through T-9 laminectomy. His bundle and atrial electrocardiograms were obtained and atrial electric stimulation was performed using quadripolar catheter electrodes. Cats underwent left thoracotomy, and CSNA was recorded directly from the left ventrolateral or ventromedial nerve. In addition to sinus cycle length (SCL) measurement during spontaneous beating, the functional refractory period (FRP) of the atrioventricular node (AV node), effective refractory period (ERP) of the atrium, atrium-His (A-H) intervals were determined just before and 10, 20, and 30 min after epidural administration of 1% lidocaine (0.2 mL/kg) in Group C. DOB 5 micrograms/kg/min (Group DOB) and PHE 0.5-1.0 micrograms/kg/min (Group PHE) were intravenously administered from 12 to 22 min after epidural lidocaine. CSNA and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were markedly decreased and SCL, FRP of AV node, ERP of atrium and A-H interval were significantly prolonged after epidural lidocaine. MAP increased to baseline level during DOB or PHE infusion. Worsening of cardiac electrophysiological variables was improved with DOB infusion, but did not change with PHE infusion. We conclude that thoracic epidural lidocaine during halothane anesthesia almost eliminates CSNA, and thereby attenuates sinus node automaticity and AV node function. DOB restored normal cardiac electrophysiological variables, and therefore is preferable to phenylephrine as a pressor drug.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha agonists, adrenergic beta agonists, anesthesia, epidural, inhalation anesthetics, local anesthetics, atrioventricular node, dobutamine, lidocaine, pHenylepHrine, sympathomimetics, inhalation anesthesia, pressure, bundle of his, cats, electorcardiography, halothane, heart rate, injections, intravenous, sympathetic nervous system, thoracic vertebrae.

Nishikawa, Y., N. Koyama, Y. Yoshida and T. Yokota (1995). Effects of intravenous morphine on responses of thalamic nociceptive neurons in cats. In: Brain and Oral Functions: Oral Motor Function and Dysfunction: International Congress Series, Vol. 1079, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. New York, New York, USA, p. 617-620. ISBN: 0444819630.
Descriptors: cell biology, dental and oral system, cats, nervous system, analgesic drug, morphine, antagonist, book chapter, central stimulant drug, meeting paper, naloxone, pain, splanchnic afferents.
Notes: Meeting Information: Osaka International Oral Physiology Symposium on Brain and Oral Function, Osaka, Japan; September 3-5, 1994.

Niwa, H., Y. Hirota, T. Shibutani, K. Sugiyama, and H. Matsuura (1996). The effects of the hypothalamus on hemodynamic changes elicited by vagal nerve stimulation. Anesthesia Progress 43(2): 41-51. ISSN: 0003-3006.
Abstract: To investigate the means by which neurogenic shock or syncope occur in dentistry, we determined the hemodynamic response to the activation of vagal tone in cats while they were under emotional stress. The hypothalamus and the vagal nerve were electrically stimulated to produce emotional stress and to activate vagal tone, respectively. Hemodynamic changes were recorded during vagal stimulation (Va group) and during vagal stimulation preceded by hypothalamic stimulation (AH + Va group). Although blood pressure decreased in both groups, the degree of hypotensive response in the AH + Va group was greater than the response in the Va group. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) was reduced in the AH + Va group but was increased in the Va group. The blood flow to the skeletal muscles in the AH + Va group was greater than that of the Va group. Reduced TPR, which could be due to vasodilation in the skeletal muscles, was the cause of intensified hypotension in the AH + Va group. Clearly, the hypotension produced by vagal stimulation was worsened when it was preceded by hypothalamic stimulation; this occurrence could be related to the tendency of blood to flow to the skeletal muscles.
Descriptors: hypothalamus, anterior, stress, psychological, vasovagal syncope, vagus nerve, analysis of variance, cats, animal disease models, electric stimulation, hypotension, hypotension, pain, nonparametric statistics, translations, trigeminal nerve.

Nizioek, R. and J. Wypart (2000). Postepowanie anestetyczne u pacjentow z chorobami ukadu krazenia - czesc I [Anaesthetic considerations in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Part I]. Magazyn Weterynaryjny 9(49): 37-41. ISSN: 1230-4425.
Descriptors: anesthesia, cardiovascular diseases, risk factors, cats.
Language of Text: Polish.

Norman, W.M., N.H. Dodman, M.H. Court, and D.C. Seeler (1995). Traumatize kucuk hayvanlarn anestezi yonunden degerlendirilmesi [Anaesthetic management of the traumatized small animal patient]. Veteriner Cerrahi Dergisi 1(1): 49-52. ISSN: 1300-7106.
Descriptors: anesthesia, pets, burns, orthopedics, trauma, cats.
Language of Text: Turkish.

Novo, R.E., J. Churchill, L. Faudskar, and A.J. Lipowitz (2001). Limited approach to the right flank for placement of a duodenostomy tube. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 37(2): 193-199. ISSN: 0587-2871.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .A5
Descriptors: cats, nutritional support, tube feeding, duodenum, surgery, laparotomy, local anesthesia.

Nowak, L.G., M.H. Munk, J.I. Nelson, A.C. James, and J. Bullier (1995). Structural basis of cortical synchronization. I. Three types of interhemispheric coupling. Journal of Neurophysiology 74(6): 2379-400. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Abstract: 1. Single-unit and multiunit activities were recorded at the area 17-18 border of each cortical hemisphere in paralyzed cats anesthetized with nitrous oxide supplemented with halothane. Cross-correlation histograms (CCHs) were computed between 86 pairs of single units and 99 pairs of multiunit activities. Visually evoked peaks in the CCHs were removed by subtracting the shift predictor. 2. Three types of CCH peaks were observed: T peaks with narrow widths (4-28 ms), C peaks with intermediate widths (30-100 ms), and H peaks with large widths (100-1,000 ms). Oscillatory coupling was observed rarely. This tripartite distribution of CCH peaks is similar to that reported in an earlier study on the temporal coupling between areas 17 and 18. Different types of peaks occurred in isolation or in combination. Combination of different peak types was more often observed in multiunit recordings. 3. CCH peaks of all types were usually centered, meaning that units in opposite hemispheres tend to synchronize their discharges. 4. T peaks were observed almost exclusively for units with overlapping receptive fields and preferentially for units with similar optimal orientations. No dependence on receptive field position or optimal orientation was observed for the encounter rate of C and H peaks. 5. A new method, called the peristimulus CCH, was developed to study the time course of the temporal coupling. This showed that H peaks can occur during visual stimulation and that their time course follows that of the visual responses of the coupled neurons. 6. Using one single bar or two simultaneously presented light bars as stimuli, we studied the effect of visual stimulation on the strength of H coupling. This showed that H coupling observed under stimulation with a single moving light bar can be completely abolished, with little change in visual responses, when the stimulus is changed to two noncoherently moving bars. This was related to a strong decrease of the H peaks in the autocorrelograms. 7. These results demonstrate that T, C, and H peaks constitute, together with high-frequency oscillations, universal forms of temporal coupling between neurons located in different cortical areas. The following paper reports on the effects of cortical lesions on the encounter rate and strength of these different types of coupling.
Descriptors: cerebral cortex, cortical synchronization, laterality, anesthesia, cats, electrodes, implanted, electroencephalography, photic stimulation, visual fields.

Nunes, N., A.A. Camacho, S.N. Kronka, and J.L.O. Costa (1996). Electrocardiographic study of the anaesthetic combination of ketamine and chlorpromazine HCL in cats. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science 33(SUPPL.): 313-316. ISSN: 0303-7525.
Descriptors: anesthesia, ketamine, chlorpromazine, electrocardiograms, heart rate, body temperature, cats.
Language of Text: English; Summary in Portuguese.

Nunez, R. and S. Roth (1994). Eye injury, intraocular pressure, succinylcholine, and eye extrusion: an experimental study in cats. Anesthesiology 81(3A): A1098. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Descriptors: muscular system, sensory reception, toxicology, anesthesia, relaxant, toxicity, cats, succinylcholine .

Ogawa, M., Y. Magata, Y. Ouchi, H. Fukuyama, H. Yamauchi, J. Kimura, Y. Yonekura, and J. Konishi (1994). Scopolamine abolishes cerebral blood flow response to somatosensory stimulation in anesthetized cats: PET study. Brain Research 650(2): 249-52. ISSN: 0926-6410.
Abstract: The effect of the cholinergic blocker, scopolamine on the cerebral blood flow (CBF) response to vibrotactile stimulation of a fore paw was studied using high-resolution positron emission tomography and H2 15O in 5 pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. Before scopolamine injection, the CBF response to the stimulation was found in the contralateral somatosensory cortex (mean ratio (contralateral/ipsilateral) control: stimulated 1.02 +/- 0.02: 1.17 +/- 0.05; P < 0.01). After intravenous injection of scopolamine (0.35 mg/kg), the CBF response was abolished. However, the cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRGlu) response to the same stimulation was unchanged after scopolamine injection in the same cats. We concluded that scopolamine abolishes the CBF response but not neuronal response to stimulation. We suggest that cholinergic mechanisms may play an important role for mediating CBF coupling to neuronal activity during physiological stimulation.
Descriptors: anesthesia, cerebrovascular circulation, scopolamine, brain, cats, deoxyglucose, deoxyglucose, fluorodeoxyglucose f18, glucose, magnetic resonance imaging, physical stimulation, tomography, emission computed.

Ohashi, K., K. Nishikawa, M. Hatano, T. Mori, and A. Asada (2002). Dose-related attenuation of cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and intracardiac conduction with thoracic epidural clonidine in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized cats. Osaka City Medical Journal 48(1): 45-58. ISSN: 0030-6096.
Abstract: Epidural clonidine produces hypotension, bradycardia and sympatholysis. We studied the dose-effects of thoracic epidural and intravenous clonidine (1 to 8 microg/kg) on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA), hemodynamics and intracardiac conduction in cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Mean arterial pressure was decreased with epidural clonidine doses above 2 microg/kg, and to a greater extent with 4 microg/kg than 8 microg/kg. Sinus heart rate, Wenckebach atrial rate and CSNA were significantly decreased and corrected sinus node recovery time and Atrium-His interval were significantly prolonged with doses above 2 microg/kg. Vagotomy induced no significant change in these parameters. Thoracic epidural clonidine doses above 2 microg/kg caused a similar extent of sympatholysis. Less of CSNA decrease and hemodynamic changes by intravenous clonidine suggested that sympatholysis caused by epidural clonidine was primarily mediated by spinal mechanism, although hemodynamic changes were influenced by clonidine systemically redistributed from epidural space. Vagal facilitation played no role in suppression of the sinoatrial and AV nodal functions.
Descriptors: clonidine, heart innervation, heart conduction system, sympathetic nervous system, anesthesia, pressure, cats, chloralose, dose response relationship, drug, epidural space, heart conduction system, heart rate.

Orem, J. and R. Lydic (2002). Upper airway function during sleep and wakefulness: experimental studies on normal and anesthetized cats. Sleep 25(5): 49-68. ISSN: 0161-8105.
Descriptors: sleep apnea, obstructive, sleep, rem, wakefulness, anesthesia, brain stem, cats, cricoid cartilage, diaphragm, electric stimulation instrumentation, electrodes, implanted, electrooculography, inspiratory capacity, laryngeal muscles, sleep stages.

Osawa, M., K. Shingu, M. Murakawa, T. Adachi, J. Kurata, N. Seo, T. Murayama, S. Nakao, and K. Mori (1994). Effects of sevoflurane on central nervous system electrical activity in cats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 79(1): 52-7. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Abstract: We analyzed the effect of a new volatile anesthetic, sevoflurane (2%-5% in oxygen) on the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the neocortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, cortical somatosensory evoked potential (SEP), and brainstem reticular multiunit activity (R-MUA) in cats. Sevoflurane suppressed the background activity of the neocortex more than the amygdala and hippocampus. With increasing concentration of sevoflurane, the cortical EEG progressed from high-amplitude slow waves to a suppression-burst pattern, which was followed by an isoelectric pattern and then spikes with isoelectricity. The amplitude of the SEP was augmented and the R-MUA was suppressed by sevoflurane in a dose-related manner. Repetitive peripheral electrical stimulation induced generalized seizures at 5% sevoflurane in 2 of 13 cats. These results suggest that sevoflurane suppresses the background central nervous system electrical activities in a dose-related manner, leaving the reactive capabilities facilitated at deep anesthesia.
Descriptors: anesthetics, brain, ethers, methyl ethers, brain, cats, electroencephalography, electrophysiology, evoked potentials, somatosensory, reticular formation, reticular formation.

Oshima, T. and S. Dohi (2004). Isoflurane facilitates hiccup-like reflex through gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)A- and suppresses through GABAB-receptors in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 98(2): 346-52. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Abstract: The mechanism by which volatile anesthetics exert inconsistent effects on hiccups is unknown. We elicited a hiccup-like reflex by mechanical stimulation of the dorsal epipharynx in mechanically ventilated cats. The magnitude of the hiccup-like reflex was measured as the peak negative esophageal pressure (nPes) generated against an occluded airway. First, we examined the effects of different end-expiratory concentrations of isoflurane on nPes. Second, we determined the effects of 1.0 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of isoflurane on nPes after a peripherally restricted gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A)-receptor antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BM), a GABA(B)-receptor antagonist, CGP 35348, a peripherally restricted GABA(B)-receptor antagonist, CGP 54626, or saline had been administered IV. Third, BM, CGP 35348, or artificial cerebrospinal fluid was administered intracisternally before 1.0 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration of isoflurane exposure. During isoflurane anesthesia, nPes was inversely proportional to the end-expiratory isoflurane concentration. The rank order of nPes values obtained after IV drug pretreatment and isoflurane exposure was BM < saline < CGP54626 < CGP35348. After intracisternal drug pretreatment and isoflurane administration, the order of nPes was BM < artificial cerebrospinal fluid < CGP35348. Isoflurane modulates the hiccup-like reflex in opposite directions through both central and peripheral GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors, with the net effect being a dose-dependent suppression. IMPLICATIONS: Isoflurane facilitated the hiccup-like reflex through activation of central and peripheral gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptors but suppressed it via activation of central and peripheral GABA(B) receptors. The net result was that the hiccup-like reflex was inhibited in proportion to the alveolar isoflurane concentration.
Descriptors: anesthesia, inhalation anesthetics, gaba modulators, hiccup, isoflurane, pentobarbital, receptors, gaba a, receptors, gaba b, inhalation anesthetics toxicity, bicuculline, pressure, cats, cisteRNA magna, electromyogrphy, gaba agonists, gaba antagonists, heart rate, hyperventilation, injections, injections, intravenous, isoflurane toxicity, organophosphorus compounds, pharynx, physical stimulation, respiration, artificial.

Ostwald, P., S.S. Park, A.Y. Toledano, and S. Roth (1997). Adenosine receptor blockade and nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the retina: impact upon post-ischemic hyperemia and the electroretinogram. Vision Research 37(24): 3453-3461. ISSN: 0042-6989.
NAL Call Number: QP474 .I5
Abstract: We preformed this study to determine the effect on ocular blood flow and the electroretinogram of either nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition, adenosine receptor blockade or the combination of both after 1 hr of ocular ischemia. Thirty-seven cats under general anesthesia were subjected to 1 hr of complete ischemia in one eye by raising the intraocular pressure above systolic blood pressure. The other eye in each animal served as a non-ischemic control. Arterial blood gas tension, systemic arterial pressure, body temperature, hematocrit, and anesthetic level were controlled in each experiment. Cats were divided into four groups. Group 1 received normal saline injections [intravenous (i.v.) and intravitreal], Group 2 adenosine receptor blockade (0.1 ml of 0.01 M 8-sulfophenyltheophylline intravitreal) and saline i.v., Group 3 NOS inhibition (30 mg/kg l-NG-nitroarginine-methyl-ester i.v.) and saline intravitreal, and Group 4 intravitreal adenosine receptor blockade and NOS inhibition i.v. A subset of Group 3 received l-arginine to investigate the reversibility of NOS inhibition, after the blood flow measurements were completed. Five minutes after the end of ischemia, blood flows in retina and choroid were measured using injections of radioactively labeled microspheres. Electroretinographic (ERG) studies were carried out before treatment, before ischemia, during ischemia, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr after ischemia ended. NOS inhibition significantly reduced basal blood flow in the choroid, and in the retina when combined with adenosine receptor blockade. Adenosine receptor blockade completely attenuated post-ischemic hyperemia in the retina, but retinal hyperemia reappeared when adenosine receptor blockade and NOS inhibition were combined. Adenosine receptor blockade had no effect on ERG recovery after ischemia. NOS inhibition led to a reduction of ERG a- and b-wave amplitudes in control eyes, that could be reversed by l-arginine. Nitric oxide (NO) appears to be a significant factor in the regulation of basal blood flow in the choroid. Adenosine appears to be a major mediator of retinal hyperemia after 60 min of ischemia. Since NOS inhibition appeared to have direct effects on ERG wave amplitudes, short-term ERG studies may be of limited use in assessing the role of NO in postischemic recovery of the retina. Our observations correlate well with the emerging role of NO as a neurotransmitter in the retina.
Descriptors: ischemia, ng nitroarginine methyl ester, nitric oxide synthase, analysis of variance, arginine, cats, choroid supply, choroid, electroretinography, hyperemia, microspheres, regional flow, retina, theophylline.

Ostwald, P. and S. Roth (1995). Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on blood flow after retinal ischemia in cats. Anesthesiology 83(3A): A722. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Descriptors: transport and circulation, biochemistry, cats, retinal ischemia, hyperemia, intraocular pressure, n g nitro arginine methyl ester, nitric oxide synthase inhibition.

Ozaki, H. and R. Nishimura (2000). Clinical pharmacology for treatment of small animals. 30. Injectable general anaesthetics (1). Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan 53(5): 419-423. ISSN: 0447-0192.
Descriptors: anesthesia, pentobarbital, thiopental, ketamine, propofol, injectable anaesthetics, reviews, cats.
Language of Text: Japanese.

Ozaki, H. and R. Nishimura (2000). Clinical pharmacology for treatment of small animals. 32. Local anaesthetics. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan 53(8): 675-678. ISSN: 0447-0192.
Descriptors: local anaesthetics, reviews, cats.
Language of Text: Japanese.

Ozaki, H. and R. Nishimura (2000). Clinical pharmacology for treatment of small animals. 31. Injectable general anaesthetics (2). Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan 53(6): 513-516. ISSN: 0447-0192.
Descriptors: anesthesia, reviews, cats.
Language of Text: Japanese.

Ozaki, H. and R. Nishimura (1998). Clinical pharmacology for treatment of small animals. 12. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). (1). Antipyretic and analgesic agents. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan 51(10): 811-818. ISSN: 0447-0192.
Descriptors: non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, aspirin, flunixin, anti-inflammatory agents, cats.
Language of Text: Japanese.

Ozaki, H. and R. Nishimura (1998). Clinical pharmacology for treatment of small animals. 8. Inhalation anaesthetics (2). Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan 51(4): 317-321. ISSN: 0447-0192.
Descriptors: nitrous oxide, ethers, halothane, isoflurane, anesthesia, anesthetics, inhaled anesthetics, cats.
Language of Text: Japanese.

Ozaki, H. and R. Nishimura (1998). Clinical pharmacology for treatment of small animals. 7. Inhalation anaesthetics (1). Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan 51(3): 245-250. ISSN: 0447-0192.
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, inhaled anesthetics, cats.
Language of Text: Japanese.

Paddleford, R.R. (1999). Analgesia and pain management. In: R.R. Paddleford (Editor), Manual of Small Animal Anesthesia, 2nd edition, W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia, USA, p. 227-246. ISBN: 0721649695.
Descriptors: pets, anesthesia, pain, analgesics, dogs, cats.

Paddleford, R.R. (1999). Anesthetic agents. In: R.R. Paddleford (Editor), Manual of Small Animal Anesthesia, 2nd edition, W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia, USA, p. 31-77. ISBN: 0721649695.
NAL Call Number: SF914.M36
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, pets, neurotropic drugs, dogs, cats.

Pare, D., J. Dong, and H. Gaudreau (1995). Amygdalo-entorhinal relations and their reflection in the hippocampal formation: generation of sharp sleep potentials. Journal of Neuroscience 15(3 Pt 2): 2482-503. ISSN: 0270-6474.
Abstract: While the anatomical relations between the amygdala, parahippocampal cortices, and hippocampus have been studied extensively, little is known about how they interact. To address this issue, we studied the timing of entorhinal (ENT), subicular, and basolateral amygdaloid (BL) discharges with respect to previously unknown population events, hereafter termed sharp potentials (SPs), that appear in the ENT cortex of cats during EEG-synchronized states. SPs occurred in two forms. Simple SPs were monophasic potentials, negative in deep ENT layers and positive in layer I. Complex SPs appeared as simple SPs interrupted by a brief potential of opposite polarity. Simple SPs had no hippocampal correlate whereas complex SPs were followed by large potentials that could be recorded at several levels of the hippocampal loop under barbiturate anesthesia, but not beyond the dentate gyrus in natural sleep. In agreement with this, layer II ENT neurons and most subicular cells fired only in relation to complex SPs under anesthesia. Layer II ENT neurons fired in phase with SPs whereas subicular neurons fired 20-40 msec later. In contrast, BL cells, layers IV-VI and layer III ENT neurons fired sequentially in relation to SPs with BL cells discharging as early as 40 msec before SPs. Finally, amygdala lesions abolished ENT SPs. These results suggest that the BL complex plays an essential role in the generation of population events that are transmitted to the ENT cortex. This is the first demonstration that spontaneous events occurring in the amygdala are reflected in the activity of related cortices. In turn, layer II ENT neurons gate the transfer of incoming inputs to the hippocampus. These findings shed light on the elaboration of normal and pathological activities in the amygdalo-hippocampal network.
Descriptors: amygdala, brain mapping, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, polysomnography, sleep, action potentials, arousal, arousal, cats, neural pathways, pentobarbital, sleep.

Pare, D., E. Lebel, and E.J. Lang (1997). Differential impact of miniature synaptic potentials on the soma and dendrites of pyramidal neurons in vivo. Journal of Neurophysiology 78(3): 1735-9. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Abstract: We studied the impact of transmitter release resistant to tetrodotoxin (TTX) in morphologically identified neocortical pyramidal neurons recorded intracellularly in barbiturate-anesthetized cats. It was observed that TTX-resistant release occurs in pyramidal neurons in vivo and at much higher frequencies than was previously reported in vitro. Further, in agreement with previous findings indicating that GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses are differentially distributed in the somata and dendrites of pyramidal cells, we found that most miniature synaptic potentials were sensitive to gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA(A)) or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) antagonists in presumed somatic and dendritic impalements, respectively. Pharmacological blockage of spontaneous synaptic events produced large increases in input resistance that were more important in dendritic (approximately 50%) than somatic (approximately 10%) impalements. These findings imply that in the intact brain, pyramidal neurons are submitted to an intense spike-independent synaptic bombardment that decreases the space constant of the cells. These results should be taken into account when extrapolating in vitro findings to intact brains.
Descriptors: dendrites, pyramidal cells, synapses, anesthesia, barbiturates, cats, dendrites, dendrites ultrastructure, electroencephalography, excitatory amino acid antagonists, membrane potentials, membrane potentials, pyramidal cells, pyramidal cells ultrastructure, quinoxalines, receptors, AMPA, receptors, GABA(A), synapses, synapses ultrastructure, synaptic membranes, synaptic membranes, tetrodotoxin.

Pascoe, P. (1997). Local and regional anesthesia and analgesia. Seminars on Veterinary Medical Surgery of Small Animals 12(2): 94-105. ISSN: 0882-0511.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: cats, pain, control, anesthesia, body regions, local anesthesia, analgesics, surgery, preemptive analgesia.

Pascoe, P.J. (2000). Opioid analgesics. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 30(4): 757-772. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V523
Descriptors: analgesics, pain, treatment, opioids, neurotropic drugs, cats.

Pascoe, P.J., J.E. Ilkiw, and L.D. Fisher (1997). Cardiovascular effects of equipotent isoflurane and alfentanil/isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration multiple in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 58(11): 1267-73. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether administration of opioids to anesthetized cats induced less cardiovascular depression than that induced by an equivalent amount of anesthetic alone, and to measure endocrine responses to a noxious stimulus. ANIMALS: 6 healthy female cats. PROCEDURE: Anesthesia was induced with isoflurane and was maintained for 60 minutes at 1.3 isoflurane MAC. Blood gas tensions, pH, and plasma alfentanil and hormone concentrations, blood pressures, and cardiac output were measured. A noxious stimulus was applied for 5 minutes, while blood acquisition and measurements were repeated. Alfentanil was administered i.v. to achieve estimated plasma concentration of 500 ng/ml, and end-tidal isoflurane concentration was reduced by 35%. After another 60 minutes, blood was obtained and measurements were taken, then a second 5-minute noxious stimulus was applied while blood acquisition and measurements were retaken. RESULTS: Alfentanil administration and reduction of isoflurane concentration significantly increased body temperature, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, stroke index, cardiac index, hemoglobin, oxygen delivery index, PvO2 and PvCO2, dopamine, epinephrine (EPI), norepinephrine (NOREPI), and cortisol values, and significantly decreased arterial and venous pH. Application of a noxious stimulus significantly increased heart rate, stroke index, cardiac index, PaO2, oxygen delivery index, arterial and venous pH, and NOREPI values, and decreased bicarbonate, PaCO2, PvCO2, and EPI values. Alfentanil administration blunted cardiac index, PaCO2, oxygen delivery index, arterial pH, PaO2, and EPI, and NOREPI responses to a noxious stimulus. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with isoflurane alone, alfentanil administration and reduction of isoflurane MAC improved cardiovascular variables, and blunted respiratory, hormonal, and most hemodynamic responses to a noxious stimulus in cats. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Use of the balanced opioid anesthesia regimen induced some beneficial effects in healthy cats; effects were similar to, although greater in nature, than effects induced by a noxious stimulus.
Descriptors: alfentanil, inhalation anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics, cardiovascular, cats, isoflurane, pulmonary alveoli, acid base equilibrium, alfentanil, alfentanil analysis, inhalation anesthetics, inhalation anesthetics analysis, intravenous anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics analysis, bicarbonates, gas analysis, pressure, pressure, body temperature, body temperature, catecholamines, dose response relationship, drug, drug combinations, drug interactions, heart rate, heart rate, hemoglobins analysis, hydrogen ion concentration, isoflurane, isoflurane analysis, oxygen consumption, oxygen consumption, stroke volume, stroke volume, time factors.

Pascoe, P.J. and P.F. Moon (2001). Periparturient and neonatal anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 31(2): 315-40. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Abstract: Small animal patients may need to be anesthetized in the periparturient period for emergency, nonobstetric reasons, elective ovariohysterectomy, or cesarean section. In each case, the physiologic changes in the dam must be accounted for in designing an anesthetic protocol, but the requirements of the fetuses will be different. Subsequent to birth, the neonatal animal may need to be anesthetized, and the unique physiology and pharmacology at this age is described.
Descriptors: anesthesia, general, anesthesia, obstetrical, animals, newborn, cats, dogs.

Pedersen, K.M., M.A. Butler, A.K. Ersboll, and H.D. Pedersen (2002). Evaluation of an oscillometric blood pressure monitor for use in anesthetized cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221(5): 646-50. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AM3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine accuracy of an oscillometric blood pressure monitor used over a wide range of pressures in anesthetized cats. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 6 healthy cats. PROCEDURE: 4 female cats and 2 male cats that weighed 2.7 to 4.5 kg (5.9 to 9.9 lb) and were 2 to 8 years old were anesthetized. Blood pressure was measured directly with an arterial catheter placed in the right femoral artery and indirectly from the left antebrachium by use of an oscillometric monitor. A series of diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) measurements were obtained during hypotension, normotension, and hypertension. Values obtained indirectly and directly were compared. RESULTS: The oscillometric monitor was accurate for DAP and MAP throughout the entire pressure range and met the standards of the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (mean +/- SD difference from values obtained directly, < or = 5 +/- 8 mm Hg). The SAP was increasingly underestimated with increasing overall pressure; mean differences from direct measurements were -5.2, -12.1, and -17.7 mm Hg during hypo-, normo-, and hypertension, respectively. Standard deviations for SAP were all < or = 8 mm Hg. The monitor gave readings during all attempts. The direct blood pressure recording system appeared to perform well with neither under- nor overdamping. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Except for a minor underestimation of SAP during normo- and hypertension, the oscillometric monitor yielded reliable and easily obtainable blood pressure measurements in anesthetized cats.
Descriptors: anesthesia, pressure, pressure determination, pressure monitors, cats, pressure determination, pressure monitors standards, oscillometry, prospective studies, reproducibility of results, sensitivity and specificity.

Perkowski, S.Z. (2000). Anesthesia for the emergency small animal patient. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 30(3): 509-530. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V523
Descriptors: anesthesia, pets, emergencies, intensive care, monitoring, cats.

Pierrefiche, O., A.S. Foutz, J. Champagnat, and M. Denavit Saubie (1994). NMDA and non-NMDA receptors may play distinct roles in timing mechanisms and transmission in the feline respiratory network. The Journal of Physiology 474(3): 509-23. ISSN: 0022-3751.
Abstract: 1. Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors in the brainstem network of respiratory neurones is required to terminate inspiration in the absence of lung afferents, but it is not required in the inspiratory motor act of lung inflation. In the present study we examined the involvement of non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors in these two mechanisms in the adult mammal. 2. Adult cats were either decerebrated or anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone, paralysed and ventilated. Inspiratory motor output was recorded from the phrenic nerve and central respiratory activity from neurones in the bulbar ventral respiratory group. 3. In decerebrate vagotomized cats, ionophoretic application of 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulphamoylbenzo(F)quinoxaline (NBQX) onto single respiratory neurones decreased their spontaneous discharge rate and abolished the excitatory effect of exogenously applied (RS) alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) but not NMDA. 4. In these animals, intravenous infusion (12 mg kg-1) of the non-NMDA receptor blockers GYKI 52466 (1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylene-dioxy-5-H-2,3-benzodi aze pine) or NBQX: (1) decreased (in 10/15 cats) or abolished (in 5/15 cats) the inspiratory-related discharge of the phrenic nerve; (2) did not prolong the inspiratory phase; (3) reduced or abolished the spontaneous discharge of respiratory neurones; and (4) profoundly decreased the excitatory effects of AMPA but not NMDA ionophoresed onto these neurones. When both the phrenic nerve and the recorded respiratory neurone were silenced, neuronal excitation by ionophoretic application of NMDA first revealed a subthreshold respiratory modulation without lengthening of the inspiratory phase, then respiratory modulation became undetectable. 5. Additional blockade of NMDA receptors by a small dose (0.15 mg kg-1) of dizocilpine (MK-801), abolished the phrenic nerve activity which persisted after NBQX (apnoea), but the discharge or the subthreshold modulation of the bulbar respiratory neurones showed a lengthening of the inspiratory phase (apneusis). 6. Elevation of FA,CO2 increased or re-established phrenic nerve discharges after blockade of non-NMDA receptors or of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. 7. Small doses of NBQX or GYKI 52466 induced apnoea in five of five cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbitone. 8. In decerebrate animals with intact vagi, GYKI 52466 and NBQX depressed the Hering-Breuer expiratory-lengthening reflex. 9. The results suggest that: (1) there is a specialization of different classes of glutamate receptors participating in timing mechanisms and transmission within the mammalian respiratory network. Neural transmission predominantly involves activation of non-NMDA receptors, acting in synergy with NMDA receptors.
Descriptors: anti anxiety agents, n methylaspartate, receptors, glutamate, receptors, n methyl d aspartate, respiration, action potentials, anesthesia, benzodiazepines, pressure, carbon dioxide, cats, dizocilpine maleate, neurons, neurons, phrenic nerve, pulmonary alveoli, quinoxalines, receptors, glutamate, reflex, synaptic transmission, time factors.

Piper, I.R., K.H. Chan, and J.D. Miller (1994). Pulsatile cerebral perfusion pressure: significance for cerebral blood flow. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology 6(3): 223-5. ISSN: 0898-4921.
Descriptors: blood pressure, cerebrovascular circulation, intracranial pressure, anesthesia, general, angiotensin ii, pressure, cats, cerebral arteries, cerebrovascular circulation, homeostasis, hypertension, intracranial pressure, pulsatile flow, trimethapHan, vascular resistance.

Polati, E., G. Finco, A. Bartoloni, V. Rigo, L. Gottin, A.M. Pinaroli, and G. Barzoi (1995). Treatment of postoperative pain by balanced spinal analgesia [Il trattamento del dolore post-operatorio mediante analgesia spinale bilanciata.]. Chirurgia Italiana 47(6): 30-6. ISSN: 0009-4773.
Abstract: Postoperative pain relief has the aim to provide patient subjective comfort, to inhibit neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to surgical injury and to enhance restoration of function by allowing the patient to breathe, cough, move more easily and to begin enteral nutrition. Opioid analgesics, independently from the route of administration, are unable to provide all this. In addition to spinal opioids other drugs, such as local anesthetics, alpha 2-agonists and cholinergic drugs, may produce an antinociceptive effect when administered by spinal route. All these drugs may be administered in combination between them, realising the so called "balanced spinal analgesia". The aim of this study is to analyse the available methods for the evaluation of pharmacological interactions, the types of interaction among different spinal antinociceptive drugs and the role of balanced spinal analgesia in the treatment of postoperative pain. Analysis of the presented data shows that the spinal synergism between opioids-local anesthetics and opioids-alpha 2-agonists can be useful in the treatment of postoperative pain, because these drug combinations are able to provide a satisfactory pain control at low doses with a reduction of the adverse effects. Furthermore, the combined use of opioids-local anesthetics proved to be effective also in abolishing postoperative incident pain and in inhibiting neuroendocrine and metabolic responses to surgical injury. Especially in high risk patients this is related to a better outcome. Finally, even if the synergism between cholinergic drugs with opioids or a2-agonists have been proved, at the moment their use in man by spinal route in the treatment of postoperative pain is not advisable.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha agonists, analgesia, analgesics, local anesthetics, postoperative pain, adrenergic alpha agonists, analgesics, local anesthetics, cats, cholinergic agents, cholinergic agents, clinical trials, clonidine, clonidine, dogs, dose response relationship, drug, drug combinations, drug synergism, evaluation studies, injections, spinal, macaca, morphine, morphine, rats, receptors, adrenergic, alpha 2, swine.
Language of Text: Italian.

Poppele, R.E., G. Bosco, and A.M. Rankin (2002). Independent representations of limb axis length and orientation in spinocerebellar response components. Journal of Neurophysiology 87(1): 409-22. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Abstract: Dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) neurons transmit sensory signals to the cerebellum that encode global hindlimb parameters, such as the hindlimb end-point position and its direction of movement. Here we use a population analysis approach to examine further the characteristics of DSCT neuronal responses during continuous movements of the hind foot. We used a robot to move the hind paw of anesthetized cats through the trajectories of a step or a figure-8 footpath in a parasagittal plane. Extracellular recordings from 82 cells converted to cycle histograms provided the basis for a principal-component analysis to determine the common features of the DSCT movement responses. Five principal components (PCs) accounted for about 80% of the total variance in the waveforms across units. The first two PCs accounted for about 60% of the variance and they were highly robust across samples. We examined the relationship between the responses and limb kinematic parameters by correlating the PC waveforms with waveforms of the joint angle and limb axis trajectories using multivariate linear regression models. Each PC waveform could be at least partly explained by a linear relationship to joint-angle trajectories, but except for the first PC, they required multiple angles. However, the limb axis parameters more closely related to both the first and second PC waveforms. In fact, linear regression models with limb axis length and orientation trajectories as predictors explained 94% of the variance in both PCs, and each was related to a particular linear combination of position and velocity. The first PC correlated with the limb axis orientation and orientation velocity trajectories, whereas second PC with the length and length velocity trajectories. These combinations were found to correspond to the dynamics of muscle spindle responses. The first two PCs were also most representative of the data set since about half the DSCT responses could be at least 85% accounted for by weighted linear combinations of these two PCs. Higher-order PCs were unrelated to limb axis trajectories and accounted instead for different dynamic components of the responses. The findings imply that an explicit and independent representation of the limb axis length and orientation may be present at the lowest levels of sensory processing in the spinal cord.
Descriptors: biomechanics, hindlimb, orientation, spinocerebellar tracts, anesthesia, axons, cats, linear models, movement, multivariate analysis, muscle spindles, neurons, predictive value of tests, principal component analysis, robotics.

Pratt, P.W. (1994). Medical, Surgical, and Anesthetic Nursing for Veterinary Technicians. 2nd edition, American Veterinary Publications: Goleta, California, 627 p. ISBN: 0939674491.
NAL Call Number: SF774.5.M43
Descriptors: general patient management, supportive care, treatment techniques, dogs, cats, birds, small exotic animals, horses, food animals, anesthesia, surgical nursing, theriogenology.

Pypendop, B. (2003). Anesthesiologie du chien et du chat: L'oxymetrie de pouls: surveillance des animaux anesthesies [Pulse oximetry: monitoring anaesthetized animals]. Le Point Veterinaire 34(235): 10-11. ISSN: 0303-4997.
Descriptors: anesthesia, measurement, monitoring, oxygen, cats.
Language of Text: French.

Pypendop, B.H. and J.E. Ilkiw (2004). Hemodynamic effects of sevoflurane in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 65(1): 20-5. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine hemodynamic effects of 3 concentrations of sevoflurane in cats. ANIMALS: 6 cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen. After instruments were inserted, end-tidal sevoflurane concentration was set at 1.25, 1.5, or 1.75 times the individual minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), which was determined in another study. Twenty-five minutes were allowed after each change of concentration. Heart rate; systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures; central venous pressure; pulmonary artery occlusion pressure; cardiac output; body temperature; arterial and mixed-venous pH, PCO2, PO2, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin concentrations; PCV; and total protein and lactate concentrations were measured for each sevoflurane concentration before and during noxious stimulation. Arterial and mixed-venous bicarbonate concentrations, cardiac index, stroke index, rate-pressure product, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance indices, left and right ventricular stroke work indices, PaO2, mixed-venous partial pressure of oxygen (PVO2), oxygen delivery, oxygen consumption, oxygen-extraction ratio, alveolar-to-arterial oxygen difference, and venous admixture were calculated. Spontaneous and mechanical ventilations were studied during separate experiments. RESULTS: Mode of ventilation did not significantly influence any of the variables examined. Therefore, data from both ventilation modes were pooled for analysis. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac index, stroke index, rate-pressure product, left ventricular stroke work index, arterial and mixed-venous pH, PaO2, and oxygen delivery decreased, whereas PaCO2, PVO2, and mixed-venous partial pressure of CO2 increased significantly with increasing doses of sevoflurane. Noxious stimulation caused a significant increase in most cardiovascular variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Sevoflurane induces dose-dependent cardiovascular depression in cats that is mainly attributable to myocardial depression.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, cats, hemodynamic processes, methyl ethers, analysis of variance, anesthesia, catheterization, pulmonary ventilation.

Pypendop, B.H., J.E. Ilkiw, A. Imai, and J.A. Bolich (2003). Hemodynamic effects of nitrous oxide in isoflurane-anesthetized cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(3): 273-278. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, arteries, bicarbonates, pressure, body temperature, carbon dioxide, cardiac output, hematology, haemodynamics, haemoglobin, heart rate, isoflurane, lactic acid, nitrous oxide, oxygen, oxygen consumption, pH, pulmonary artery, stroke, veins, cats.

Quandt, J.E. (1999). Anesthetic considerations for laser, laparoscopy, and thoracoscopy procedures. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 14(1): 50-55. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911. S45
Descriptors: lasers, anesthesia, endoscopy, laparoscopy, thorax, dogs, cats.

Raffe, M.R. (1996). Complications of anesthesia. In: A.J. Lipowitz, D.D. Caywood, C.D. Newton and A. Schwartz (Editors), Complications in Small Animal Surgery: Diagnosis, Management, Prevention, Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, Maryland, USA, p. 73-97. ISBN: 0683050478.
NAL Call Number: SF991.C68
Descriptors: complications, anesthesia, cats, dogs.

Rajan, R. (1995). Involvement of cochlear efferent pathways in protective effects elicited with binaural loud sound exposure in cats. Journal of Neurophysiology 74(2): 582-597. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Descriptors: nervous system, sensory reception, anesthetic, exposure frequency, olivocochlear bundle pathway.

Rajan, R. (1995). Frequency and loss dependence of the protective effects of the olivocochlear pathways in cats. Journal of Neurophysiology 74(2): 598-615. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Abstract: 1. In the previous manuscript I suggested a frequency dependency to olivocochlear bundle (OCB)-mediated protection from loud sound by showing protection for binaural compared with monaural 11-kHz exposures but not 3-kHz exposures of the same intensity and duration. To determine whether this was the case, experiments were carried out in barbiturate-anesthetized cats using the paradigm of a unilateral brain stem incision to deefferent one cochlea in each animal before presentation of a binaural loud sound exposure. With equal-intensity, equal-duration binaural exposures, in different groups protection in OCB-intact compared with OCB-cut ears was seen only for exposures at 11, 15, or 20 kHz, but not at 3 or 7 kHz, suggesting that OCB-mediated protection was found only for higher-frequency exposures. This would be consistent with the OCB-mediated protection in guinea pig studies where 10-kHz exposures were used and its absence in a study in cats where 6-kHz exposures were used. However, this conclusion had to be qualified by the fact that the lower-frequency exposures resulted in smaller threshold losses than did the higher-frequency exposures. 2. To determine whether OCB-mediated protection could be obtained for lower-frequency exposures that were made as damaging as or more damaging than the high-frequency exposures, longer-duration, lower-frequency exposures were used. OCB-mediated protection could then be obtained for exposure at 7 kHz, 100 dB SPL for 15 min but not at 3 or 5 kHz, 100 dB SPL for 20 min or at 3 kHz, 100 dB SPL for 40 min or 106 dB SPL for 20 min. Finally, when large threshold losses were produced with exposure at 3 kHz, 106 dB SPL for 40 min, OCB-mediated protection could be obtained for this low-frequency exposure too. These effects suggested that there were different "activation threshold" for OCB-mediated protection as a function of exposure frequency. To determine whether this also applied for the higher-frequency exposures (11, 15, and 20 kHz), all of which had elicited OCB-mediated protection when presented at 100 dB SPL for 10 min, these exposure frequencies were presented at 100 dB SPL for 7 min to produce low threshold losses. Now protection was found for the 11- and 15-kHz exposures but not for the 20-kHz exposure. 3. Thus the activation threshold for OCB-mediated protection varied in a frequency-dependent manner.
Descriptors: action potentials, cochlea, efferent pathways, anesthesia, brain stem, cats, sound, time factors.

Ramachandran, R. and B.J. May (2002). Functional segregation of ITD sensitivity in the inferior colliculus of decerebrate cats. Journal of Neurophysiology 88(5): 2251-61. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Abstract: Decerebration allows single-unit responses in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) to be studied in the absence of anesthesia and descending efferent influences. When this procedure is applied to cats, three neural response types (V, I, and O) can be identified by distinct patterns of excitation and inhibition in pure-tone frequency-response maps. Similarities of the definitive response map features with those of projection neurons in the auditory brain stem have led to the proposal that the ICC response types are derived from different sources of ascending input that remain functionally segregated within the midbrain. Additional evidence for the existence of these hypothesized parallel processing pathways has been obtained in our previous investigations of the effects of interaural level differences, brain stem lesions, and pharmacological manipulations on physiologically classified units. This study extends our characterization of the functional segregation of single-unit activity in the ICC by investigating how sensitivity to interaural time differences (ITDs) is related to the response types that are observed in decerebrate cats. The results of these experiments support our parallel-processing model of the ICC by linking the ITD sensitivity of type V and I units to putative inputs from the medial superior olive and lateral superior olive and by showing that most type O units lack a systematic sensitivity to binaural temporal information presumably because their dominant ascending inputs arise from weakly binaural neurons in the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
Descriptors: decerebrate state, inferior colliculus, sound localization, acoustic stimulation, brain stem, brain stem, cats, electrophysiology, mesencephalon, mesencephalon, microelectrodes, models, neurological, neurons, neurons, efferent, olivary nucleus.

Ramage, A.G. and M.G. Wyllie (1995). A comparison of the effects of doxazosin and terazosin on the spontaneous sympathetic drive to the bladder and related organs in anaesthetized cats. European Journal of Pharmacology 294(2-3): 645-50. ISSN: 0014-2999.
NAL Call Number: QP901 .E8
Abstract: The effects of i.v. infusion of the alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists doxazosin and terazosin (2 mg kg-1 h-1) on spontaneous hypogastric, renal and inferior cardiac nerve activity, spontaneous bladder contractions, blood pressure, heart rate and femoral arterial flow were investigated separately in alpha-chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Both drugs caused a reduction in hypogastric nerve activity associated with no overt changes in spontaneous bladder contractions. Doxazosin was more potent than terazosin, in that there was a significant reduction in hypogastric nerve activity after 20 min (0.67 mg kg-1) of infusion, while for terazosin this occurred after 40 min (1.33 mg kg-1). Both drugs also caused significant falls in blood pressure of 34 +/- 3 mm Hg and 33 +/- 4 mm Hg after 60 min. This was associated with no change in heart rate for doxazosin while terazosin caused an initial and significant increase in heart rate of 20 +/- 3 beats min-1 by 5 min, declining by 30 min to 1 +/- 5 beats min-1. This terazosin-induced tachycardia was associated with a significant increase in cardiac nerve activity of 128 +/- 22%. Both drugs caused increases in renal nerve activity however only for doxazosin was this increase significant. Femoral arterial conductance was also increased by both drugs, however, for doxazosin this increase was immediate and larger over the infusion period. These results demonstrate that alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists can reduce sympathetic drive to the bladder and related organs.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha antagonists, bladder innervation, doxazosin, prazosin, receptors, adrenergic, alpha 1, sympathetic nervous system, anesthesia, pressure, cats, heart rate, prazosin.

Read, M.R. (2002). Midazolam: premedicant for general anesthesia. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 24(10): 774-777. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601.C66
Descriptors: dogs, cats, preanesthetic medication, benzodiazepines, neuroleptics, drug combinations, drug toxicity, antagonists, dosage.

Reinoso Barbero, F. and I. De Andres (1995). Effects of opioid microinjections in the nucleus of the solitary tract on the sleep-wakefulness cycle states in cats. Anesthesiology 82(1): 144-152. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Descriptors: behavior, biosynchronization , cell biology, endocrine system, nervous system, analgesic, anesthesiology, behavior, brainstem, electroencephalography, enkephalin, hypnotic effect, kappa agonist, morpHiceptin, morphine, opioid receptor, pharmacodynamics, slow wave sleep, u 50488h.

Ringach, D.L. (2003). Neuroscience: states of mind. Nature 425(6961): 912-3. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: anesthesia, visual cortex, visual perception, brain mapping, cats, fluorescent dyes.

Rivadulla, C., L. Martinez, K.L. Grieve, and J. Cudeiro (2003). Receptive field structure of burst and tonic firing in feline lateral geniculate nucleus. The Journal of Physiology 553(Pt 2): 601-10. ISSN: 0022-3751.
NAL Call Number: 447.8J82
Abstract: There are two recognised modes of firing activity in thalamic cells, burst and tonic. A low-threshold (LT) burst (referred to from now on as 'burst') comprises a small number of high-frequency action potentials riding the peak of a LT Ca(2+) spike which is preceded by a silent hyperpolarised state > 50 ms. This is traditionally viewed as a sleep-like phenomenon, with a shift to tonic mode at wake-up. However, bursts have also been seen in the wake state and may be a significant feature for full activation of recipient cortical cells. Here we show that for visual stimulation of anaesthetised cats, burst firing is restricted to a reduced area within the receptive field centre of lateral geniculate nucleus cells. Consistently, the receptive field size of all the recorded neurons decreased in size proportionally to the percentage of spikes in bursts versus tonic spikes, an effect that is further demonstrated with pharmacological manipulation. The role of this shrinkage may be distinct from that also seen in sleep-like states and we suggest that this is a mechanism that trades spatial resolution for security of information transfer.
Descriptors: evoked potentials, visual, geniculate bodies, visual fields, acetylcholine, anesthesia, anesthetics, cats, electroencephalography, evoked potentials, visual, geniculate bodies, photic stimulation, thalamic nuclei, thalamic nuclei, visual fields, visual pathways, visual pathways.

Riviere, J.E. and M.G. Papich (2001). Potential and problems of developing transdermal patches for veterinary applications. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 50(3): 175-203. ISSN: 0169-409X.
Abstract: A new frontier in the administration of therapeutic drugs to veterinary species is transdermal drug delivery. The primary challenge in developing these systems is rooted in the wide differences in skin structure and function seen in species ranging from cats to cows. The efficacy of a transdermal system is primarily dependent upon the barrier properties of the targeted species skin, as well as the ratio of the area of the transdermal patch to the species total body mass needed to achieve effective systemic drug concentrations. A drug must have sufficient lipid solubility to traverse the epidermal barrier to be considered for delivery for this route. A number of insecticides have been developed in liquid "pour-on" formulations that illustrate the efficacy of this route of administration for veterinary species. The human transdermal fentanyl patch has been successfully used in cats and dogs for post-operative analgesia. The future development of transdermal drug delivery systems for veterinary species will be drug and species specific. With efficient experimental designs and available transdermal patch technology, there are no obvious hurdles to the development of effective systems in many veterinary species.
Descriptors: animal diseases, drug delivery systems, skin, cutaneous administration, diffusion, fentanyl, iontophoresis, pesticides, skin, skin absorption.

Robertson, S.A. (2002). Update on anesthesia and pain management in dogs and cats. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 16: 51-53.
NAL Call Number: SF605 .N672
Descriptors: dogs, cats, anesthesia, pain, analgesics.
Notes: In the volume: Small animal and exotics. Part of a three volume set. Meeting held January 12-16, 2002, Orlando, Florida.

Robertson, S.A. (2002). How to perform an epidural injection in dogs and cats. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 16: 49-50.
NAL Call Number: SF605 .N672
Descriptors: dogs, cats, conduction anesthesia, epidural injection.

Robertson, S.A. (1999). Newer diagnostic and surgical techniques and their impact on anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 29(3): 665-682. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V523
Descriptors: diagnostic techniques, surgery, anesthesia, lasers, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, scintigraphy, ultrasonography, endoscopy, reviews, cats.

Robertson, S.A., M. Richter, and S. Martinez (1996). Comparison of two injectable anesthetic regimens for onychectomy in cats. Veterinary Surgery 25(2): 186. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911. V43
Descriptors: anesthesia, surgical operations, acepromazine, butorphanol, thiopental, xylazine, atropine, ketamine, pain, injectable anaesthetics, surgery, cats.

Robertson, S.A. and P.M. Taylor (2004). Pain management in cats--past, present and future. Part 2. Treatment of pain--clinical pharmacology. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 6(5): 321-33. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985 .J68
Abstract: Opioids have an unjustified reputation for causing mania in cats, but with refinements in dosing they are now used successfully in this species. The mu-opioid agonists are generally considered the best analgesics. Morphine (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) is effective in a clinical setting. Methadone (up to 0.5 mg/kg) has a similar profile to morphine. Pethidine (Demerol, meperidine; 2-5 mg/kg) is a useful analgesic with a faster onset but shorter duration of action than morphine. Oxymorphone and hydromorphone (0.05-0.1 mg/kg) are widely used in the USA. These opioids are more potent (up to 10 times), and longer acting than morphine in cats. Butorphanol (0.1-0.4 mg/kg) is a mu-opioid antagonist that produces its analgesic actions through kappa agonist activity. It rapidly reaches a ceiling effect, is short acting and is a weaker analgesic than pure mu opioids. Buprenorphine (0.01-0.02 mg/kg), a partial mu-agonist, is the most popular opioid used in small animal practice in the UK, other parts of Europe, Australia and South Africa. In clinical studies it has produced better analgesia than several other opioids and appears to be highly suitable for perioperative pain management in cats. NSAIDs are also used in cats for pain management, although cats metabolise these differently from other species. With appropriate dosing, carprofen (1-4 mg/kg) and meloxicam (0.3 mg/kg) have proved highly effective with few side effects. The use of ketoprofen (2 mg/kg), tolfenamic acid (4 mg/kg) and vedaprofen (0.5 mg/kg) has been reported in cats. Other less traditional analgesics such as ketamine, medetomidine and local anaesthetics are also used for clinical pain management. The transmucosal, transdermal and epidural routes offer novel methods for administration of analgesic drugs and have considerable potential for improving techniques in feline pain management.
Descriptors: analgesics, cats injuries, pain, pain measurement, pain.

Roth, M.T., M.A. Fleegal, R. Lydic, and H.A. Baghdoyan (1996). Pontine acetylcholine release is regulated by muscarinic autoreceptors. Neuroreport 7(18): 3069-72. ISSN: 0959-4965.
Abstract: Acetylcholine (ACh) in the medial pontine reticular formation (mPRF) originates from the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental (LDT/PPT) nuclei and contributes to generating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The mechanisms controlling mPRF ACh levels are incompletely understood. This study tested the hypothesis that mPRF ACh release is regulated, in part, by muscarinic autoreceptors. The mPRF of intact, halothane-anesthetized cats was dialyzed with Ringer's solution (control) or Ringer's containing the muscarinic antagonist scopolamine, Scopolamine caused a dose-dependent increase in mPRF ACh release and a concomitant decrease in the number of halothane-induced cortical EEG spindles. These data suggest that presynaptic muscarinic receptors, presumed to reside on cholinergic LDT/PPT terminals in the mPRF, play a role in regulating mPRF ACh release, REM sleep and EEG spindles.
Descriptors: acetylcholine, autoreceptors, pons, receptors, muscarinic, cats, chromatography, high pressure liquid, electroencephalography, microdialysis, reticular formation.

Roth, S. and M. Roizen (1996). Optic nerve injury: Role of the anesthesiologist? Anesthesia and Analgesia 82(2): 435-436. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Descriptors: optic neuropathy, ischemic, postoperative, cats.
Notes: Comment On: Anesth Analg. 1995 May;80(5):1018-29.

Roy, S.A., S.P. Dear, and K.D. Alloway (2001). Long-range cortical synchronization without concomitant oscillations in the somatosensory system of anesthetized cats. The Journal of Neuroscience 21(5): 1795-808. ISSN: 0270-6474.
Abstract: To determine whether neuronal oscillations are essential for long-range cortical synchronization in the somatosensory system, we characterized the incidence and response properties of gamma range oscillations (20-80 Hz) among pairs of synchronized neurons in primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex. Synchronized SI and SII discharges, which occurred within a 3 msec period, were detected in 13% (80 of 621) of single-unit pairs and 25% (29 of 118) of multiunit pairs. Power spectra derived from the auto-correlation histograms (ACGs) revealed that approximately 15% of the neurons forming synchronized pairs were characterized by oscillations. Although 24% of the synchronized neuron pairs (19/80) were characterized by oscillations in one or both neurons, only 1% (1/80) of these pairs displayed oscillations at the same frequency in both neurons. Similar results were observed among pairs of multiunit responses. When single-trial responses were analyzed, the vast majority of responses still did not exhibit oscillations in the gamma frequency range. These results suggest that separate populations of cortical neurons can be bound together without being constrained by the phase relationships defined by specific oscillatory frequencies.
Descriptors: biological clocks, cortical synchronization, somatosensory cortex, action potentials, anesthesia, cats, computer simulation, electrodes, implanted, forelimb innervation, forelimb, fourier analysis, models, neurological, normal distribution, physical stimulation, signal processing, computer assisted.

Rumbeiha, W.K., Y.S. Lin, and F.W. Oehme (1995). Comparison of N-acetylcysteine and methylene blue, alone or in combination, for treatment of acetaminophen toxicosis in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 56(11): 1529-1533. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Acetaminophen is widely used in human beings for analgesic purposes, but is one of the most frequent causes of poisoning in cats. Acetaminophen-poisoned cats develop methemoglobinemia and sometimes hepatic failure. To determine the benefit of using methylene blue, a treatment for methemoglobinemia, along with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), the recommended treatment for acetaminophen-poisoned cats, groups of 3 male and 3 female cats each were given methylene blue NAC, or both after administration of acetaminophen (120 mg/kg of body weight, PO). Male cats seemed more susceptible than female cats to acetaminophen toxicosis, because 3 males died of hepatic failure (2 cats given acetaminophen/methylene blue and 1 given acetaminophen/NAC/methylene blue). Although NAC alone seemed to elicit the best overall response, methylene blue, alone or in combination with NAC, may be useful in female cats.
Descriptors: cats, drugs, poisoning, detoxicants, disinfectants, sex, biological differences, drug combinations, therapy, antimicrobials , disease control, drugs , antidotes , medical treatment.

Saito, R., R. Graf, K. Hubel, T. Fujita, G. Rosner, and W.D. Heiss (1997). Reduction of infarct volume by halothane: effect on cerebral blood flow or perifocal spreading depression-like depolarizations. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 17(8): 857-64. ISSN: 0271-678X.
Abstract: Halothane is a strong inhibitor of potassium evoked spreading depression (SD) in cats. In the current study, we investigate halothane effects on induction of perifocal SD-like depolarizations, CBF, and infarct evolution in focal ischemia. Calomel and platinum electrodes measured cortical direct current potential and CBF in ectosylvian, suprasylvian, and marginal gyri. Left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) induced permanent focal ischemia for 16 hours in artificially ventilated cats (30% oxygen, 70% nitrous oxide) under halothane (0.75%, n = 8) or alpha-chloralose anesthesia (60 mg/kg intravenously, n = 7). Under alpha-chloralose, MCAO induced severe ischemia in ectosylvian and suprasylvian gyri(mean CBF < 10 mL/100 g/min), and direct current potentials turned immediately into terminal depolarization. In marginal gyri, CBF reduction was mild (more than 20 mL/100 g/min), and in six of seven animals, frequent SD-like depolarizations turned into terminal depolarization at a later stage of the experiments. Under halothane, MCAO induced severe ischemia (less than 10 mL/100 g/min) and immediate terminal depolarization only in ectosylvian gyrus. In suprasylvian gyrus, residual CBF remained significantly higher (more than 10 mL/100 g/min) than under alpha-chloralose, whereas in marginal gyri, CBF did not differ between groups. Compared with chloralose, the number of transient depolarizations was significantly reduced in marginal gyrus, and in suprasylvian gyrus transient but significantly longer depolarizations than in marginal gyrus were recorded. Except for one animal, transient depolarizations did not turn into terminal depolarization under halothane, and infarct volume reduction was particularly seen in suprasylvian gyrus. We conclude that halothane, the most commonly used anesthetic in studies of experimental brain ischemia, has protective properties, which may depend on both cerebrovascular and electrophysiologic influences.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, brain ischemia, cerebral infarction, cerebrovascular circulation, halothane, spreading cortical depression, brain ischemia, brain ischemia, cats, cerebral infarction, cerebral infarction.

Saito, R., R. Graf, K. Hubel, J. Taguchi, G. Rosner, T. Fujita, and W.D. Heiss (1995). Halothane, but not alpha-chloralose, blocks potassium-evoked cortical spreading depression in cats. Brain Research 699(1): 109-15. ISSN: 0926-6410.
Abstract: The effects of two anesthetics, halothane and alpha-chloralose, on induction of spreading depression and on extracellular glutamate elevation after intracortical potassium administration were investigated in artificially ventilated (30% oxygen/70% nitrous oxide) cats. High potassium concentrations were achieved using either direct KCl injections (7 microliters, 150 mM via a micropipette) or microdialysis by supplementing 100, 300 or 500 mM KCl, respectively, for 10 min to the perfusion solution (Ringer's). Changes of the cortical DC potential were recorded adjacent (1-2 mm: electrode DC1) and distant (6-7 mm: electrode DC2) to the injection site. Either under halothane (0.75% in the respiratory gas mixture) or under alpha-chloralose (60 mg/kg i.v.) anesthesia, prolonged negative shifts of the DC potential reflecting the elevated potassium levels after KCl injection were measured near the injection site (electrode DC1). In contrast, spreading depressions (transient short DC deflections) were almost exclusively observed under alpha-chloralose. Spreading depressions recorded with electrode DC1 were superimposed on the prolonged negative DC shifts and they propagated frequently to the more distant site (DC2). Upon KCl administration, dose dependent elevations of extracellular glutamate were measured. These elevations were not significantly altered by the type of anesthesia. Our results suggest that in cats, spreading depression induction is affected by anesthesia, i.e., spreading depression induction is inhibited by halothane as compared to alpha-chloralose. Furthermore, factors other than glutamate or high potassium seem to contribute to spreading depression induction.
Descriptors: cerebral cortex, chloralose, halothane, potassium, cats, dose response relationship, drug, glutamic acid, microdialysis, perfusion.

Sakakibara, R., K. Nakazawa, T. Uchiyama, M. Yoshiyama, T. Yamanishi, and T. Hattori (2003). Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on the micturation reflex in cats. Neuroscience 120(3): 871-5. ISSN: 0306-4522.
NAL Call Number: QP351.N48
Abstract: High frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been performed to reverse motor dysfunction in severe parkinsonian patients. Recent studies suggested that neural circuitry in the basal ganglia might regulate micturition function as well. In 15 adult male cats under ketamine anesthesia, in which spontaneous isovolumetric micturition reflex had been generated, we performed electrical stimulation and extracellular single unit recording in the STN. Electrical stimulation applied in the STN elicited inhibition of the micturition reflex. None of the responses was facilitatory. Effective amplitude of the electrical stimulation for evoking inhibitory responses was less than 50 microA, which gradually increased and exceeded 250 microA as the location of the stimulation exceeded an area of the STN. Effective frequency of the electrical stimulation with given stimulus intensity was 50 Hz and higher. Total 10 neurons were recorded in the STN that were related to urinary storage/micturition cycles. All neurons were tonically active throughout storage/micturition cycles with storage phase predominance, with almost constant firing activities during the storage phase. In conclusion, our results showed that HFS-STN inhibited the micturition reflex and there were micturition-related neuronal firings in the STN in cats, suggesting the STN may be involved in neural control of micturition. The results also provide an implication that clinical HFS-STN may alter urinary function in parkinsonian patients.
Descriptors: electric stimulation, reflex, subthalamic nucleus, urination, cats, electric stimulation therapy, electrophysiology, subthalamic nucleus, urination disorders, urination disorders therapy.

Sakya, S.M. (2003). Pyrazole derivatives as anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents. Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office Patents 1268(4) ISSN: 0098-1133.
Online: http://www.uspto.gov/web/menu/patdata.html
Descriptors: pharmacology, Alzheimer's disease, nervous system disease, arthritis, joint disease, colon cancer, digestive system disease, neoplastic disease, inflammation, immune system disease .

Sano, T., R. Nishimura, M. Mochizuki, Y. Hara, M. Tagawa, and N. Sasaki (2003). Clinical usefulness of propofol as an anesthetic induction agent in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 65(5): 641-3. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604 .J342
Abstract: Propofol was used as an induction agent of general anesthesia in 77 dogs and 64 cats, all client owned, for a variety of surgeries/treatments or diagnostic procedures. The mean intravenous doses of propofol required to achieve endotracheal intubation in dogs and cats were 6.5 +/- 1.4 mg/kg and 10.1 +/- 2.8 mg /kg, respectively. Most of the animals could be induced to anesthesia smoothly by the administration of propofol with a high incidence of apnea. Propofol is a clinically valuable anesthetic induction agent in both dogs and cats, however, care must be taken for apnea.
Descriptors: intravenous anesthesia, anesthetics, preanesthetic medication, propofol, cats, dogs, dose response relationship, drug, injections, intravenous, species specificity, surgical procedures, operative.

Sanotskaia, N.V., I.K. Kurambaev, D.D. Matsievskii, and V.A. Safonov (1995). Effect of the organophosphorus compound antio on pulmonary and systemic blood circulation in unanesthetized cats [Vozdeistvie fosfoororganicheskogo soedineniia antio na legochnoe i sistemnoe krovoobrashchenie nenarkotizirovannykh koshek]. Biulleten' Eksperimental'Noi Biologii i Meditsiny 119(3): 276-9. ISSN: 0007-4888.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B87AE
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, insecticides toxicity, lung, organothiophosphorus compounds toxicity, anesthesia, pressure, cats, heart rate, lung supply.
Language of Text: Russian.

Sawyer, D.C. (1998). Pain control in small animal patients. Applied Animal Behavioral Science 59(1/3): 135-146. ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call Number: QL750 .A6
Descriptors: dogs, cats, receptors, pain, analgesics, animal welfare, animal behavior, opioids, conduction anesthesia.

Sawyer, D.C. (1994). Anesthesia. Central Veterinary Conference Proceedings: 6th Annual Central Veterinary Conference, Veterinary Medicine Pub. Co.: Lenexa, Kansas, p. 1-32. ISBN: 0935078517.
NAL Call Number: SF605.C47
Descriptors: analgesia, receptors, opiate and opiod agonists, demerol, sublamaze, oxymorphine, talwin, nubain, torbutrol, valium.

Scherk Nixon, M. (1996). A study of the use of a transdermal fentanyl patch in cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 32(1): 19-24. ISSN: 0587-2871.
NAL Call Number: SF601.A5
Abstract: A transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) has been developed for the continuous delivery of fentanyl citrate to provide ongoing analgesia in human patients with chronic pain. Several researchers believe that fentanyl transdermal patches have a place in postoperative pain control. The purpose of this study was to determine whether transdermal technology is an effective way of administering fentanyl to feline patients. Fentanyl patches were applied to the skin of six cats, and blood samples for fentanyl analysis were collected over 104 hours. This study establishes that the transdermal patch technology is an effective, long-lasting, cost-effective, noninvasive, and well-tolerated mode of deliverying fentanyl to cats.
Descriptors: analgesics, cats, pain, cutaneous administration, analgesics, analgesics, cost benefit analysis, fentanyl, pain economics, postoperative care.

Schmeling, W.T. and N.E. Farber (1994). Anesthetic actions on cardiovascular control mechanisms in the central nervous system. Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy 31: 617-42. ISSN: 1054-3589.
Descriptors: anesthetics, brain, hemodynamic processes, pressure, cats, dogs, halothane, hypothalamus, isoflurane, medulla oblongata, reticular formation.

Schomburg, E.D. and H. Steffens (2002). Only minor spinal motor reflex effects from feline group iv muscle nociceptors. Neuroscience Research 44(2): 213-223. ISSN: 0168-0102.
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, spinal motor reflex, muscle nociceptors, gastrocnemius soleus muscle, bradykinin, muscle afferents, reflex motor control, feline muscle.

Schwarz, G. and S. Schwarz (1995). Erfahrungen mit druckgesteuerter mandatorischer Beatmung unter Verwendung des Respirators ADS 1000 [Experiences with pressure controlled mandatory ventilation using ADS 1000]. Kleintier-Praxis 40(8): 591-596. ISSN: 0023-2076.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 K67
Descriptors: dogs, cats, surgical operations, anesthesia, breathing, equipment, gas exchange, physiological functions.
Language of Text: German.

Seif, D.P. (1994). Anesthesia for early spaying/neutering. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 205(10): 1393. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: anesthesia, castration, cats surgery, dogs surgery, cats, dogs.

Sendler, K., C. Lendl, I. Henke, K. Otto, U. Matis, S. Mundt, and W. Erhardt (1994). Zur Anasthesie bei der Katze mit Tiletamin/Zolazepam in Minimaldosierung [Anesthesia in cats using tiletamine/zolazepam in minimal doses]. Tierarztliche Praxis 22(3): 286-290. ISSN: 0303-6286.
NAL Call Number: SF603 .V4
Abstract: The object of this study was to evaluate minimal dose anesthesia with Tiletamine/Zolazepam for castration, dental treatments and other minor surgical procedures in cats. The study included 264 cats treated either at the Department of Veterinary Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich or under private practice conditions, in a small animal clinic in Hamburg (Germany). The drug dose needed for anesthesia for a 10 minute surgical procedure was calculated in each case using a formula. Side effects that occurred with doses recommended by the manufacturer could not be eliminated by decreasing the drug dose, but could be reduced considerably in severity and duration. Tiletamine/Zolazepam was found to be a useful drug for short anesthesia in cats at an average dose of 4.2 mg/kg.
Descriptors: anesthesia, cats, tiletamine, zolazepamdose response relationship, electorcardiography, heart rate, reflex, regression analysis, respiration.
Language of Text: German.

Shafford, H.L., B.D.X. Lascelles, and P.W. Hellyer (2001). Preemptive analgesia: managing pain before it begins. Veterinary Medicine 96(6): 478-492. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: pain, analgesics, preventive medicine, prevention, treatment, surgery, dogs, cats, postoperative pain.

Shen, J. (2001). Research on the neurophysiological mechanisms of acupuncture: review of selected studies and methodological issues. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 7(Suppl 1): S121-7. ISSN: 1075-5535.
Abstract: This presentation reviews studies that contribute to an understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms of acupuncture. A 1973 study, using volunteer medical students, looked into acupuncture's analgesic effect on experimentally induced pain and suggests that humoral factors may mediate acupuncture-induced analgesia. In a study of the possible role of the cerebrospinal fluid transmission of pain suppression effects of acupuncture, cerebrospinal fluid from acupuncture-treated rabbits was infused into recipient rabbits. The analgesic effect was observed in the recipient rabbits, suggesting that acupuncture-induced analgesia may be mediated by substances released in the cerebrospinal fluid. Studies of electroacupuncture in rats revealed that both low-frequency and high-frequency stimulation could induce analgesia, but that there are differential effects of low- and high-frequency acupuncture on the types of endorphins released. In another study, low-frequency electroacupuncture, given as median nerve stimulation in cats, was shown to protect the myocardium by inhibiting sympathetic pressor response and increasing myocardial oxygen demand. The development of neuroimaging tools, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), make noninvasive studies of acupuncture's effects on human brain activity possible. Studies using PET have shown that thalamic asymmetry present among patients suffering from chronic pain was reduced after the patients underwent acupuncture treatment. Other studies, using fMRI, have pointed to relationships between particular acupoints and visual-cortex activation. These powerful new tools open the possibility to new scientific studies of this ancient therapy.
Descriptors: acupuncture analgesia, central nervous system, electroacupuncture, pain, electric stimulation, endorphins cerebrospinal fluid, pain therapy.

Shiba, K., K. Yoshida, and T. Miura (1995). Functional roles of the superior laryngeal nerve afferents in electrically induced vocalization in anesthetized cats. Neuroscience Research 22(1): 23-30. ISSN: 0168-0102.
Abstract: Our purpose was to elucidate the functional roles of the laryngeal afferents in controlling vocalization. We investigated the effects of laryngeal deafferentation (sectioning the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (ISLN)) on respiration and voice quality during electrically-induced vocalization in twelve ketamine anesthetized cats. Co-ordinated vocal activity was obtained by electrical stimulation to the pontine call site. After the bilateral ISLN section, the respiratory, expiratory and inspiratory durations during induced vocalization became 0.56 +/- 0.15, 0.44 +/- 0.12 and 0.67 +/- 0.19 (mean +/- S.D., n = 9) times, respectively, compared with those before the ISLN section. A decrease in respiratory duration was also observed when local anesthetics were applied to the laryngeal mucosa. The laryngeal deafferentation increased the degree of hoarseness with a decrease in the fundamental frequency. Since the laryngeal deafferentation caused a decrease in the intralaryngeal adductor activities, it was suspected that the voice quality change was partly caused by the reduction in adductor activities. It was thus concluded that feedback via laryngeal afferents plays an important role in controlling vocalization.
Descriptors: anesthesia, laryngeal nerves, neurons, afferent, vocalization, animal, cats, electric stimulation, electromyogrphy, laryngeal muscles innervation, laryngeal muscles, respiratory mechanics, stereotaxic techniques.

Shibata, M., K. Shingu, M. Murakawa, T. Adachi, M. Osawa, S. Nakao, and K. Mori (1994). Tetraphasic actions of local anesthetics on central nervous system electrical activities in cats. Regional Anesthesia 19(4): 255-63. ISSN: 0146-521X.
Abstract: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES. The effects of seven local anesthetics, mepivacaine, bupivacaine, etidocaine, dibucaine, prilocaine, procaine, and tetracaine, on the central nervous system (CNS) electrical activities were studied in five cats with each agent. METHODS. Brain electrodes were implanted chronically in the cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, and midbrain reticular formation. The cortical, amygdala, and hippocampus electroencephalograms (EEGs), reticular multiunit activity (R-MUA), and heart rate were recorded. Drugs were administered intravenously with constant rates of equipotent doses until EEG seizures appeared. Effects of lidocaine, 1 mg.kg-1.min-1, were studied for comparison. The rates of infusion were: mepivacaine, 1 mg.kg-1.min-1; procaine, 4 mg.kg-1.min-1; bupivacaine and tetracaine, 0.25 mg.kg-1.min-1; etidocaine, 0.5 mg.kg-1.min-1; dibucaine, 0.15 mg.kg-1.min-1; and prilocaine, 3 mg.kg-1.min-1. The effects of 10-15 times higher rates of infusion were also studied in two cats with each drug. RESULTS. During the slow rates of infusion, a tetraphasic sequence of changes, common to all agents, was observed: the initial stage represented by diffuse EEG slowing and a suppression of the R-MUA; the second stage by low voltage fast wave EEG and an activation of the R-MUA; the third stage by reappearance of slow wave EEG and a suppression of the R-MUA; and the fourth stage by an epileptiform EEG and an activation of the R-MUA. These changes in EEG were not typical in some cats administered procaine, bupivacaine, prilocaine, and dibucaine. During the high rates of infusion, suppressive stages in the R-MUA were less dominant and activations dominated. High rates of infusion of mepivacaine produced sudden epileptic activities in EEG. Tetracaine, procaine, etidocaine, and bupivacaine in the high rates of infusion produced slow waves for a short period, prior to seizure activities in the EEG. Dibucaine or prilocaine in high rates of infusion could not produce seizure activities in the EEG, but slow waves and isoelectrical EEG, which were accompanied with idioventricular rhythm followed by ventricular fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS. All local anesthetics have similar tetraphasic CNS actions and whether the expression of CNS intoxication with subconvulsive doses is excitation or suppression may possibly be dependent on the brain drug level and its rate of increase.
Descriptors: local anesthetics, central nervous system, local anesthetics, cats, dose response relationship, drug, electrodes, implanted, electroencephalography, electrophysiology, heart rate, lidocaine, lidocaine, reticular formation.

Slingsby, L.S. and A.E. Waterman Pearson (2002). Comparison between meloxicam and carprofen for postoperative analgesia after feline ovariohysterectomy. Journal of Small Animal Practice 43(7): 286-289. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: cats, ovariectomy, hysterectomy, non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, postoperative care, pain, anesthesia, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase.

Smith, J.D., S.W. Allen, J.E. Quandt, and R.L. Tackett (1996). Indicators of postoperative pain in cats and correlation with clinical criteria. American Journal of Veterinary Research 57(11): 1674-8. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical indicators that may help identity postoperative pain in cats after ovariohysterectomy. ANIMALS: Healthy, laboratory animal source cats. PROCEDURE: Clinical indicators of pain were identified, and relief from pain in response to butorphanol was studied in 5 groups of cats. 10 cats had 1 hour of general anesthesia only, followed by recovery without additional medication. 10 cats had general anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy, followed by recovery without additional medication. 10 cats had general anesthesia, ovariohysterectomy, and postoperative administration of 0.1 mg of butorphanol/kg of body weight. Another 10 cats had general anesthesia, ovariohysterectomy, and postoperative administration of 0.3 mg butorphanol/kg. 10 cats received 0.1 mg of butorphanol/kg, IM, only. Samples and recorded data were obtained before, during, and after the anesthesia period. Clinical variables measured included heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, PCV, and blood glucose concentration. Results were compared with changes in norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol concentrations. RESULTS: Cats that did not receive analgesics had higher cortisol concentration than did cats without surgery and cats that received butorphanol after surgery. Systolic blood pressure measured by ultrasonic Doppler was found to be predictive of cortisol concentration, using a multiple linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Cortisol concentration increased in response to surgical stress and pain, and this increase was diminished by use of butorphanol. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Systolic blood pressure was the best clinical predictor of postoperative pain.
Descriptors: cats surgery, postoperative pain, analgesics, anesthesia, glucose analysis, pressure, butorphanol, hysterectomy, norepinephrine, ovariectomy, pain measurement, postoperative pain.

Soja, P.J., N. Taepavarapruk, W. Pang, B.E. Cairns, S.A. McErlane, and M.C. Fragoso (2002). Transmission through the dorsal spinocerebellar and spinoreticular tracts: wakefulness versus thiopental anesthesia. Anesthesiology 97(5): 1178-88. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Most of what is known regarding the actions of injectable barbiturate anesthetics on the activity of lumbar sensory neurons arises from experiments performed in acute animal preparations that are exposed to invasive surgery and neural depression caused by coadministered inhalational anesthetics. Other parameters such as cortical synchronization and motor ouflow are typically not monitored, and, therefore, anesthetic actions on multiple cellular systems have not been quantitatively compared. METHODS: The activities of antidromically identified dorsal spinocerebellar and spinoreticular tract neurons, neck motoneurons, and cortical neurons were monitored extracellularly before, during, and following recovery from the anesthetic state induced by thiopental in intact, chronically instrumented animal preparations. RESULTS: Intravenous administration of 15 mg/kg, but not 5 mg/kg, of thiopental to awake cats induced general anesthesia that was characterized by 5-10 min of cortical synchronization, reflected as large-amplitude slow-wave events and neck muscle atonia. However, even though the animal behaviorally began to reemerge from the anesthetic state after this 5-10-min period, neck muscle (neck motoneuron) activity recovered more slowly and remained significantly suppressed for up to 23 min after thiopental administration. The spontaneous activity of both dorsal spinocerebellar and spinoreticular tract neurons was maximally suppressed 5 min after administration but remained significantly attenuated for up to 17 min after injection. Peripheral nerve and glutamate-evoked responses of dorsal spinocerebellar and spinoreticular tract neurons were particularly sensitive to thiopental administration and remained suppressed for up to 20 min after injection. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that thiopental administration is associated with a prolonged blockade of motoneuron output and sensory transmission through the dorsal spinocerebellar and spinoreticular tracts that exceeds the duration of general anesthesia. Further, the blockade of glutamate-evoked neuronal responses indicates that these effects are due, in part, to a local action of the drug in the spinal cord. The authors suggest that this combination of lumbar sensory and motoneuron inhibition underlies the prolonged impairment of reflex coordination observed when thiopental is used clinically.
Descriptors: afferent pathways, intravenous anesthetics, reticular formation, spinal cord, spinocerebellar tracts, thiopental, wakefulness, afferent pathways, cats, glutamic acid, reticular formation, spinal cord, spinocerebellar tracts, synaptic transmission.

Solov'eva, E.V., S.V. Kulikov, A.O. Khar'kovskii, and E.G. Bogdanov (1994). [O boleutoliaiushchem deistvii novykh analogov enkefalinov. ] The analgesic action of new enkephalin analogs. Eksperimental'Naia I Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia 57(6): 20-2. ISSN: 0869-2092.
Abstract: The enkephalin analogue peptide IKB-901 containing epsilon-ACA and cysteine with the modified S-end shows an analgetic activity in rats (1 micron, intrathecally and 5 mg/kg intravenously) and in cats (0.35 and 0.7 mg/kg intravenously). Naloxone (0.1 mg/kg) prevents the analgetic effect of peptide. The coadministration of the peptide and the enkephalinase inhibitor D-phenylalanine (0.35 and 10 mg/kg, respectively) enhances analgesia and displays an antihypertensive effect in nociceptive stimulation.
Descriptors: analgesics, enkephalins, analgesics, cats, dose response relationship, drug, drug evaluation, preclinical, enkephalins, mice, pain, rats, time factors.
Language of Text: Russian.

Soto, C., J. Aguilar, F. Martin Cora, C. Rivadulla, and A. Canedo (2004). Intracuneate mechanisms underlying primary afferent cutaneous processing in anaesthetized cats. The European Journal of Neuroscience 19(11): 3006-16. ISSN: 0953-816X.
Abstract: The cutaneous primary afferents from the upper trunk and forelimbs reach the medial cuneate nucleus in their way towards the cerebral cortex. The aim of this work was twofold: (i) to study the mechanisms used by the primary afferents to relay cutaneous information to cuneate cuneolemniscal (CL) and noncuneolemniscal (nCL) cells, and (ii) to determine the intracuneate mechanisms leading to the elaboration of the output signal by CL cells. Extracellular recordings combined with microiontophoresis demonstrated that the primary afferent cutaneous information is communicated to CL and nCL cells through AMPA, NMDA and kainate receptors. These receptors were sequentially activated: AMPA receptors participated mainly during the initial phase of the response, whereas kainate- and NMDA-mediated activity predominated during a later phase. The involvement of NMDA receptors was confirmed by in vivo intracellular recordings. The cutaneous-evoked activation of CL cells was decreased by GABA and increased by glycine acting at a strychnine-sensitive site, indicating that glycine indirectly affects CL cells. Two subgroups of nCL cells were distinguished based on their sensitivity to iontophoretic ejection of glycine and strychnine. Overall, the results support a model whereby the primary afferent cutaneous input induces a centre-surround antagonism in the cuneate nucleus by activating (via AMPA, NMDA and kainate receptors) and disinhibiting (via serial glycinergic-GABAergic interactions) a population of CL cells with overlapped receptive fields that at the same time inhibit (via GABAergic cells) other neighbouring CL cells with different receptive fields.
Descriptors: afferent pathways, anesthesia, medulla oblongata, neurons, skin innervation, action potentials, action potentials radiation effects, bicuculline, cats, dose response relationship, radiation, drug interactions, electric stimulation, excitatory amino acid antagonists, forelimb innervation, forelimb radiation effects, gaba antagonists, glycine, glycine agents, iontophoresis, medulla oblongata, medulla oblongata, membrane potentials, membrane potentials radiation effects, neural networks computer, neurons classification, neurons, reaction time, reaction time radiation effects, strychnine, gamma aminobutyric acid.

Souza, A.P., L.G. Pompermayer, F. Antunes, I.C. Araujo, and R.M.N. Silva (2003). Anestesia por infusao continua e doses fracionadas de propofol em gatos pre-tratados com acepromazina. [Anesthesia by continuous infusion and intermittent injection of propofol in cats premicated with acepromazine]. Ars Veterinari 19(2): 119-125. ISSN: 0102-6380.
Descriptors: cats, anesthesia, quantitative analysis, analytical, veterinarian.
Language of Text: Portuguese; Summaries in English and Portuguese.

Souza, A.P., L.G. Pompermayer, M.S.L. Lavor, T.S. Duarte, and R.M.N. Silva (2002). Butorphanol on the anesthesia by propofol in female cats premedicated with levomepromazine.[ Butorfanol na anestesia com propofol em gatas pre-tratadas com levomepromazina.]. Ciencia Rural 32(4): 589-594. ISSN: 0103-8478.
NAL Call Number: S192. R4
Descriptors: cats, anesthesia, surgical operations, drugs, gato , anesthesia , ovario , cirurgia , medicamento .
Language of Text: Portuguese.

Souza, H.J.M., M.D. Hahn, L.E. Silva da, R.M. Leivas, C. Belchior, C.H.R. Teixeira, M.C. Daiha, R.F. Graca, and K.B. Corgozinho (2001). Estudo da resposta neuroendocrina em gatas submetidas a ovario-salpingohisterectomia com analgesia preventiva pelo tartarato de butorfanol e flunixin meglumine. [Neuro-endocrine response of cats to spaying, with analgesia provided by butorphanol tartrate and/or flunixin meglumine] . A Hora Veterinaria 21(124): 13-20. ISSN: 0101-9163.
Descriptors: analgesics, butorphanol, flunixin, stress, surgery, cats.
Language of Text: Portuguese; Summary in English.

Spellman, P. (1994). Anaesthetic circuits used in small animal practice. Veterinary Practice 26(16): 8-10. ISSN: 0042-4897.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V5
Descriptors: small animal practice, inhaled anaesthetics, apparatus, anesthesia, cats.

Steriade, M. and F. Amzica (1996). Intracortical and corticothalamic coherency of fast spontaneous oscillations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93(6): 2533-8. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: We report that fast (mainly 30- to 40-Hz) coherent electric field oscillations appear spontaneously during brain activation, as expressed by electroencephalogram (EEG) rhythms, and they outlast the stimulation of mesopontine cholinergic nuclei in acutely prepared cats. The fast oscillations also appear during the sleep-like EEG patterns of ketamine/xylazine anesthesia, but they are selectively suppressed during the prolonged phase of the slow (<1-Hz) sleep oscillation that is associated with hyperpolarization of cortical neurons. The fast (30- to 40-Hz) rhythms are synchronized intracortically within vertical columns, among closely located cortical foci, and through reciprocal corticothalamic networks. The fast oscillations do not reverse throughout the depth of the cortex. This aspect stands in contrast with the conventional depth profile of evoked potentials and slow sleep oscillations that display opposite polarity at the surface and midlayers. Current-source-density analyses reveal that the fast oscillations are associated with alternating microsinks and microsources across the cortex, while the evoked potentials and the slow oscillation display a massive current sink in midlayers, confined by two sources in superficial and deep layers. The synchronization of fast rhythms and their high amplitudes indicate that the term "EEG desynchronization," used to designate brain-aroused states, is incorrect and should be replaced with the original term, "EEG activation" [Moruzzi, G. & Magoun, H.W. (1949) Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1, 455-473].
Descriptors: cerebral cortex, trigeminal nuclei, action potentials, cats, electric stimulation, electroencephalography, periodicity.

Steriade, M. and F. Amzica (1994). Dynamic coupling among neocortical neurons during evoked and spontaneous spike-wave seizure activity. Journal of Neurophysiology 72(5): 2051-69. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Abstract: 1. We investigated the development from patterns of electroencephalogram (EEG) synchronization to paroxysms consisting of spike-wave (SW) complexes at 2-4 Hz or to seizures at higher frequencies (7-15 Hz). We used multisite, simultaneous EEG, extracellular, and intracellular recordings from various neocortical areas and thalamic nuclei of anesthetized cats. 2. The seizures were observed in 25% of experimental animals, all maintained under ketamine and xylazine anesthesia, and were either induced by thalamocortical volleys and photic stimulation or occurred spontaneously. Out of unit and field potential recordings within 370 cortical and 65 thalamic sites, paroxysmal events occurred in 70 cortical and 8 thalamic sites (approximately 18% and 12%, respectively), within which a total of 181 neurons (143 extracellular and 38 intracellular) were simultaneously recorded in various combinations of cell groups. 3. Stimulus-elicited and spontaneous SW seizures at 2-4 Hz lasted for 15-35 s and consisted of barrages of action potentials related to the spiky depth-negative (surface-positive) field potentials, followed by neuronal silence during the depth-positive wave component of SW complexes. The duration of inhibitory periods progressively increased during the seizure, at the expense of the phasic excitatory phases. 4. Intracellular recordings showed that, during such paroxysms, cortical neurons displayed a tonic depolarization (approximately 10-20 mV), sculptured by rhythmic hyperpolarizations. 5. In all cases, measures of synchrony demonstrated time lags between discharges of simultaneously recorded cortical neurons, from as short as 3-10 ms up to 50 ms or even longer intervals. Synchrony was assessed by cross-correlograms, by a method termed first-spike-analysis designed to detect dynamic temporal relations between neurons and relying on the detection of the first action potential in a spike train, and by a method termed sequential-field-correlation that analyzed the time course of field potentials simultaneously recorded from different cortical areas. 6. The degree of synchrony progressively increased from preseizure sleep patterns to the early stage of the SW seizure and, further, to its late stage. In some cases the time relation between neurons during the early stages of seizures was inversed during late stages. 7. These data show that, although the common definition of SW seizures, regarded as suddenly generalized and bilaterally synchronous activities, may be valid at the macroscopic EEG level, cortical neurons display time lags between their rhythmic spike trains, progressively increased synchrony, and changes in the temporal relations between their discharges during the paroxysms.
Descriptors: cerebral cortex, electroencephalography, seizures, synaptic transmission, brain mapping, cats, cortical synchronization, evoked potentials, kindling neurology, nerve net, neural pathways, neurons, reaction time, thalamic nuclei.

Steriade, M., I. Timofeev, and F. Grenier (2001). Natural waking and sleep states: a view from inside neocortical neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology 85(5): 1969-85. ISSN: 0022-3077.
Abstract: In this first intracellular study of neocortical activities during waking and sleep states, we hypothesized that synaptic activities during natural states of vigilance have a decisive impact on the observed electrophysiological properties of neurons that were previously studied under anesthesia or in brain slices. We investigated the incidence of different firing patterns in neocortical neurons of awake cats, the relation between membrane potential fluctuations and firing rates, and the input resistance during all states of vigilance. In awake animals, the neurons displaying fast-spiking firing patterns were more numerous, whereas the incidence of neurons with intrinsically bursting patterns was much lower than in our previous experiments conducted on the intact-cortex or isolated cortical slabs of anesthetized cats. Although cortical neurons displayed prolonged hyperpolarizing phases during slow-wave sleep, the firing rates during the depolarizing phases of the slow sleep oscillation was as high during these epochs as during waking and rapid-eye-movement sleep. Maximum firing rates, exceeding those of regular-spiking neurons, were reached by conventional fast-spiking neurons during both waking and sleep states, and by fast-rhythmic-bursting neurons during waking. The input resistance was more stable and it increased during quiet wakefulness, compared with sleep states. As waking is associated with high synaptic activity, we explain this result by a higher release of activating neuromodulators, which produce an increase in the input resistance of cortical neurons. In view of the high firing rates in the functionally disconnected state of slow-wave sleep, we suggest that neocortical neurons are engaged in processing internally generated signals.
Descriptors: neocortex, neurons, sleep, wakefulness, action potentials, cats, membrane potentials, neocortex, periodicity, polysomnography, sleep stages, synaptic transmission.

Still, J. (1998). Sustainable medicine for animals. In: Proceedings of the 24th Annual International Congress on Veterinary Acupuncture: Acupuncture in anaesthesiology, August 12, 1998-August 15, 1998, Chitou, Nantou, Taiwan, Research Centre of Bornholm: Nexo, p. 184-185.
Descriptors: acupuncture, anesthesia, surgery, analgesics, dogs, cats.

Straeter Knowlen, I.M., S.L. Marks, R.C. Speth, W. Wirth, and G.G. Knowlen (1994). Effect of succinylcholine, diazepam, and dantrolene on the urethral pressure profile of anesthetized, healthy, sexually intact male cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 55(12): 1739-44. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Effects of the neuromuscular blocking agent succinylcholine (n = 9), the centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant diazepam (n = 11), and the directacting skeletal muscle relaxant dantrolene sodium (n = 8) on the urethral pressure profile were evaluated in anesthetized, healthy, sexually intact, adult male cats. Intravenous administration of succinylcholine (0.075 mg/kg of body weight) significantly decreased mean absolute pressure in the prostatic and post-prostatic/penile intraurethral segments by -9.5 and -6.5 mm of Hg, respectively (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0006, respectively). Dantrolene (1.0 mg/kg, IV) significantly decreased mean prostatic and postprostatic/penile intraurethral segmental pressures by -3.5 and -2.8 mm of Hg, respectively (P = 0.005 and P = 0.0181, respectively). Diazepam (0.8 mg/kg, IV) did not significantly alter mean intraurethral segmental pressures. None of the drugs caused a change in segmental lengths of the urethra. These results indicate that skeletal muscle makes a substantial contribution to intraurethral tone in anesthetized, healthy, sexually intact male cats and that skeletal muscle relaxation may be successful in reducing prostatic and post-prostatic/penile urethral segmental tone in male cats. These results also suggest that dantrolene sodium may be valuable for the pharmacologic management of urethral disorders in male cats.
Descriptors: cats, dantrolene, diazepam, succinylcholine, urethra, anesthesia, general, dose response relationship, drug, muscle contraction, pressure, urethra.

Sugaya, K., Y. Ogawa, T. Hatano, S. Nishijima, and O. Nishizawa (2001). Micturition in thoracic spinal cord injured cats with autografting of the adrenal medulla to the sacral spinal cord. The Journal of Urology 166(6): 2525-9. ISSN: 0022-5347.
Abstract: PURPOSE: The role of noradrenergic projection from the pontine micturition center to the sacral spinal cord during micturition was examined in thoracic spinal cord injured cats after autografting the adrenal medulla to the sacral spinal cord. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 13 female cats the lower thoracic cord was transected and the right adrenal gland was removed under halothane anesthesia. The resected adrenal medulla was divided into several small pieces, which were subsequently autografted to the sacral spinal cord in 7 cats. Another 6 cats underwent sham operation and served as controls. Continuous cystometry and electromyography of the external urethral sphincter were performed every 2 weeks postoperatively without anesthesia. At week 8 the sacral spinal cord was removed and immunohistochemical testing was done to assess tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. RESULTS: At week 6 the relative mean duration of detrusor-external sphincter coordination plus or minus standard error during bladder contraction was 62.4% +/- 4.9% in adrenal grafted cats, which was significantly (p = 0.0485) longer than in controls (34.2% +/- 12.6%). However, maximum bladder contraction pressure, bladder contraction duration and post-void residual urine volume were not significantly different in the 2 groups. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells were observed in and on the sacral spinal cord in adrenal grafted animals but not in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Autografting the adrenal medulla to the sacral spinal cord prolonged detrusor-external sphincter coordination during bladder contraction in thoracic spinal cord injured cats, although other urodynamic parameters did not change. Therefore, noradrenergic projections to the sacral spinal cord may relax the external urethral sphincter during bladder contraction.
Descriptors: adrenal glands transplantation, spinal cord surgery, spinal cord injuries, urination, adrenal glands, adrenal glands, adrenal glands innervation, cats, sacrum, thoracic vertebrae, transplantation, heterotopic, tyrosine 3 monooxygenase.

Sumida, T., M. Tagami, Y. Ide, M. Nagase, H. Sekiyama, and K. Hanaoka (1995). Intravenous midazolam suppresses noxiously evoked activity of spinal wide dynamic range neurons in cats. Anesthesia and Analgesia 80(1): 58-63. ISSN: 0003-2999.
Abstract: The effects of intravenously (i.v.) administered midazolam on noxiously evoked activity of spinal wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons were investigated in decerebrate, spinal-cord-transected cats. Extracellular, single-unit recordings were measured during stimulation by pinching the receptive field on the hind paw and the effect of midazolam at doses of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg were measured. Two series of experiments were performed to characterize the analgesic effects of midazolam. In the first, dose-response experiments (n = 59) demonstrated a dose-dependent suppression of the noxiously evoked activity of spinal WDR neurons after midazolam administration. This effect of midazolam was maximal at a dose of 1 mg/kg i.v.. The second series of experiments (n = 14) demonstrated that a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil (n = 8), promptly reversed the effect of midazolam, while an opioid antagonist, naloxone (n = 6), had no effect on the effect of midazolam. The present study demonstrates that i.v. administered midazolam suppresses noxiously evoked activity of spinal WDR neurons that is reversible by a benzodiazepine antagonist. This is consistent with an analgesic action of midazolam.
Descriptors: midazolam, neurons, spinal cord, pressure, cats, dose response relationship, drug, evoked potentials, flumazenil, heart rate, infusions, intravenous, midazolam, midazolam, neurons, neurons.

Sundeman, H., B. Biber, J. Martner, C. Raner, and O. Winso (1995). Vasodilator effects of desflurane and isoflurane in the feline small intestine. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 39(8): 1105-10. ISSN: 0001-5172.
Abstract: The influence of desflurane (DES) and isoflurane (ISO) on the intestinal vasculature was investigated in normoventilated cats (n = 10) during basal chloralose anesthesia (control). We measured heart rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and intestinal blood flow (optical drop flowmetry). Intestinal vascular resistance (IVR) was derived. To avoid changes in local vascular tone related to alterations in transmural pressure gradients, intestinal arterial pressure was controlled and kept constant by a variable aortic clamp. Measurements were performed during control and during the administration of DES (3.5% and 7.0% end-tidal) or ISO (0.8% and 1.6% end-tidal). Each animal was exposed to both agents, prior to and after intestinal postganglionic denervation. In the innervated intestine, both DES and ISO dose-dependently decreased IVR. At the high dose, DES (50 +/- 10% decrease in IVR) was a significantly more powerful vasodilator than ISO (37 +/- 12% decrease in IVR). In the denervated intestine, less pronounced vasodilations were produced by both DES and ISO, as compared to the innervated state, and there were, in this situation, no significant differences between agents concerning the magnitude of the vasodilation. As indicated by comparisons between the innervated versus the denervated state, both neurogenic and non-neurogenic mechanisms contributed to the vasodilator responses. The vascular relaxation at the high dose was for ISO associated with a significantly more powerful non-neurogenic vasodilation, and for DES associated with a significantly more powerful neurogenic vasodilation. This suggests that withdrawal of sympathetic neurogenic vasoconstrictor tone is more important for the vasodilation produced by DES than it is for ISO.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, intestine, small supply, isoflurane, isoflurane, vasodilator agents, cats, denervation, hemodynamic processes, intestine, small innervation, vasodilation.

Sundeman, H., B. Biber, C. Raner, and O. Winso (1997). Autoregulation and vasodilator responses by isoflurane and desflurane in the feline renal vascular bed. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 41(9): 1180-6. ISSN: 0001-5172.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Inhalational anesthetics have agent-specific effects on the renal circulation. This study investigated renal vasodilator responses produced by either autoregulation, 0.8% isoflurane (ISO) or 3.5% desflurane (DES). METHODS: We measured systemic mean arterial pressure (MAP-SYST; axillary artery), renal blood flow (QREN; perivascular ultrasound) and central venous pressure (CVP) in normoventilated cats (n = 8) during basal chloralose anesthesia (control) and after the addition of ISO and DES. Renal mean arterial pressure (MAPREN) was controlled by an aortic clamp. QREN was measured at pre-set-MAPREN levels of 50, 70 and 90 mmHg. Renal vascular resistance (RREN) was derived. RESULTS: When MAPREN was artificially restrained from 133 +/- 5 mmHg to 90 mmHg during control, RREN decreased by 35% and no significant change in QREN was observed, reflecting an intact autoregulation. RREN levels during ISO or DES at stages with unrestrained MAPREN (95 +/- 6 and 102 +/- 9 mmHg, respectively), were not significantly different from RREN at 90 mmHg during control. When MAPREN was artificially decreased below 90 mmHg, QREN decreased in a similar fashion among control and ISO/DES sequences. The autoregulatory capacity was not significantly different among these sequences. Between 90-70 mmHg, the autoregulatory capacity was reduced and not demonstrable below 70 mmHg. CONCLUSION: The renal autoregulatory capacity was not attenuated by either ISO or DES. These agents produced equipotent renal vasodilation, which was not more powerful than that produced by autoregulation alone. The renal vasorelaxant effects of ISO and DES may therefore to a substantial extent be attributable to autoregulation.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, isoflurane, isoflurane, renal circulation, vascular resistance, intravenous anesthetics, cats, chloralose, homeostasis.

Suzuki, T., H. Nagai, N. Katsumata, S. Ogawa, and H. Suzuki (1996). Comparative neuromuscular inhibitory effects of volatile anesthetics. The Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology 45(5): 599-607. ISSN: 0021-4892.
Abstract: Neuromuscular inhibitory effects of three volatile anesthetics were compared using muscular compound action potential (CAP) which was elicited from gastrocnemius muscle by sciatic nerve stimulation in cats. The amplitude of CAP evoked by 0.1 Hz single stimulation and eight repetitive stimulation (RS8) with frequencies ranged from 2 to 100 Hz were recorded as control values. After obtaining the control values, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 MAC of halothane (n = 5), isoflurane (n = 7) or sevoflurane (n = 10) were administered respectively for 30 minutes and the single CAP amplitude and the responses evoked by RS8 were observed. Only after the inhalation of sevoflurane 2MAC, mean single CAP amplitude was depressed significantly to 82.6% of control. Under halothane and isoflurane anesthesia, the depression of single CAP amplitude was not observed at any concentration. Additionally, the most prominent fading responses were observed in sevoflurane-inhaled cats when the results obtained by 100Hz-RS8 were compared under 2MAC of three different anesthetic agents. Our results suggest that sevoflurane has the most potent neuromuscular inhibitory effect through both post- and presynaptic inhibitory mechanisms.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, ethers, halothane, isoflurane, methyl ethers, muscle, skeletal, neuromuscular junction, sciatic nerve, action potentials, cats, depression, chemical, electric stimulation.
Language of Text: Japanese.

Sviatkina, O.I., V.P. Balashov, L.A. Balykova, and S.A. Shchukin (2004). [Protivoaritmicheskaia aktivnost' derinata v eksperimente] Anti-arrhythmia activity of derinat in an experiment. Eksperimental'Naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia 67(1): 22-4. ISSN: 0869-2092.
Abstract: The acute toxicity of the immunostimulant derinat is very low: the LD50 value for intraperitoneal administration exceeds 1000 mg/kg. The drug effectively prevents from acute arrhythmia development upon occlusion in cats and produces antifibrillator effect on a model of reperfusive arrhythmia in a dose of 7.5 mg/kg. Derinat also exhibits the antiarrhythmic activity on the model of adrenalin-induced rhythm violations, but appears ineffective on the calcium chloride model.
Descriptors: adjuvants, immunologic, anti arrhythmia agents, DNA, adjuvants, immunologic toxicity, anti arrhythmia agents toxicity, cats, DNA toxicity, lethal dose 50, rats.
Language of Text: Russian.

Szereda Przestaszewska, M. and B. Kopczynska (2003). Apnoeic responses to intracarotid nicotine challenge in anaesthetized cats. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 54(2): 151-62. ISSN: 0867-5910.
Abstract: To determine the effects of an intraarterial administration of nicotine on the occurrence of apnoea and the activity of rib cage respiratory muscles, we studied 31 anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats. Phrenic activity was used as an index of neural inspiratory drive. Activity of parasternal intercostal (PIM) and triangularis sterni (TS) muscles was recorded. Nicotine in a dose of 65 microg/kg was injected into the left common carotid artery prior to and after midcervical vagotomy, preceded by section of the superior laryngeal nerves (SLNs). In eight additional cats, initially neurotomized as mentioned, nicotine was injected after bilateral disruption of the carotid sinus nerves (CSNs). Nicotine induced prompt expiratory apnoea of mean duration of 5.4+/-0.3s in 19 non-vagotomized and of 5.92+/-0.51 s (mean+/-S.E.M.) in 13 vagotomized cats. The occurrence and duration of the temporary arrest of breathing were reduced by midcervical vagotomy but not by subsequent CSNs neurotomy, which abolished post-apnoeic acceleration of breathing.In post-nicotine breathing of increased tidal volume and respiratory rate, peak activity of the parasternal intercostal muscles increased from baseline of 3.2+/-1.2 to 9.5+/-2.0 arbitrary units (p<0.001). The peak height of the phrenic nerve elevated from 7.9+/-0.9 to 14.5+/-1.7 arbitrary units (p<0.001). That of the triangularis sterni showed no change.The response of the respiratory effectors elicited by nicotine was independent of the vagal integrity and may be attributed to activation of nicotine receptors within the brainstem respiratory neurones.
Descriptors: anesthesia, apnea, nicotine, respiration, carotid artery, common, cats, injections, intra arterial, phrenic nerve, vagotomy.

Szereda Przestaszewska, M., B. Kopczynska, K. Kaczynska, and S.J. Chrapusta (2001). Diverging respiratory effects of serotonin and nicotine in vagotomised cats prior to and after section of carotid sinus nerves. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 52(1): 71-9. ISSN: 0867-5910.
Abstract: Respiratory effects of intravenous serotonin and nicotine were investigated prior to and after bilateral neurotomy of the carotid sinus nerves (CSNs) in eight pentobarbitone/chloralose-anaesthetised, bilaterally vagotomised and superior laryngeal nerves-sectioned cats. Injection of 188 nmol kg(-1) serotonin (hydrogen oxalate salt, 50 microg x kg(-1)) prior to and after CSNs section induced an expiratory apnoea of, respectively, 7.9 +/- 1.25 s and 8.3 +/- 1.6 s duration (mean +/- S.E.M.) in, respectively, five and three of those cats. In all cats, the serotonin challenge produced a period of accelerated breathing (P < 0.05) both prior to and after section of CSNs. Injection of a 433 nmol nicotine bolus (hydrogen tartrate salt, 200 microg) increased tidal volume by 25 +/- 8% in cats with intact CSNs (P < 0.01), but decreased it by 13 + 10% (P < 0.05) after CSNs section. Nicotine, but not serotonin, transiently increased mean arterial blood pressure in our cats, which rise was delayed by CSNs cut. Results of this study indicate that the respiratory response to serotonin occurs beyond carotid body chemoreceptors in vagotomised cats, and suggest that the volume response to intravenous nicotine depends qualitatively on carotid body chemoreceptor input in this experimental model.
Descriptors: blood pressure, carotid sinus innervation, nicotine, respiration, serotonin, analysis of variance, pressure, cats, denervation, nicotinic agonists, vagotomy.

Talwar, A., M.E. Hussain, and M. Fahim (1995). Hemodilution-induced inhibition of cardiovascular responses to some vasoactive agents in anesthetized cats. Japanese Journal of Physiology 45(3): 423-36. ISSN: 0021-521X.
NAL Call Number: QP34.5 J3
Abstract: Cardiovascular responses to adrenaline and acetylcholine (ACh) were investigated in anesthetized, artificially ventilated cats in control and after induction of acute normovolemic hemodilution. Progressive replacement of blood by high molecular weight dextran was performed in three steps of 20% each of the total estimated blood volume. Hemodynamic responses were recorded at four stages: the control stage and after the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd exchanges of blood for dextran. With the fall in hematocrit (Ht) there was a corresponding significant (p < 0.05) increase in heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume (SV), and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance (TPR). However, left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular contractility (LV dP/dtmax), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and right atrial pressure (RAP) did not show any significant (p > 0.05) change due to hemodilution. The cardiovascular responses of intravenously administered adrenaline and ACh were significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated. Responses to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a potent vasodilator and an exogenous source of nitric oxide, were also attenuated after hemodilution. The increase in SV and HR seem to be the contributing factors to the CO response. Our results indicate that the cardiovascular responsiveness to adrenaline, ACh and SNP is reduced during acute hemodilution which could be due to inadequate myocardial and vascular O2 supply. The possibility of a modulatory role of an endothelium-dependent mechanism and reflex regulatory responses by arterial baroreceptors during hemodilution also exists.
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, epinephrine, hemodilution, acetylcholine, anemia, anesthesia, cats, hematocrit, vasodilation.

Taniguchi, N., M. Miyata, S. Yachiku, S. Kaneko, S. Yamaguchi, and A. Numata (2002). A study of micturition inducing sites in the periaqueductal gray of the mesencephalon. The Journal of Urology 168(4 Pt 1): 1626-31. ISSN: 0022-5347.
Abstract: PURPOSE: The mesencephalon, especially the periaqueductal gray, is believed to integrate specific movement patterns of the somatic and autonomic nervous system, including those of vocalization, defensive behaviors and others. Fiber communications exist between the periaqueductal gray and the pontine micturition center, and many nerve fibers ascending from the sacral spinal cord project to the periaqueductal gray. We examined whether the mesencephalon is involved in micturition function using microstimulation and a neurotracer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We decerebrated 28 adult cats under general anesthesia. An electrode that can be used for microinjection was positioned in stereotaxic fashion in the mesencephalon and pons. Subsequently electrical stimulation and chemical stimulation with DL-homocysteine acid were applied to search for micturition inducing sites. Blood pressure and respiration were monitored simultaneously. We also performed electrical microstimulation of pontine micturition center. The neurotracer 5% Fluoro-Gold (Denver, Colorado) was injected into these sites to identify neural pathways between the mesencephalon and pons. The brainstem was removed after 10 hours and the mesencephalon was examined by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: Bladder contraction was provoked by electrical and chemical stimulation applied mainly at the ventrolateral side of the periaqueductal gray. Blood pressure increased simultaneously with bladder contraction after periaqueductal gray stimulation. Neurotracer injected into the pontine micturition center was found mainly on the ventrolateral side of the periaqueductal gray, in agreement with the sites where micturition was provoked by microstimulation. CONCLUSIONS: Nerve cells on the ventrolateral side of the periaqueductal gray have neural communications with the pontine micturition center bilaterally and they regulate micturition.
Descriptors: bladder innervation, mesencephalon, periaqueductal gray, urination, urodynamics, pressure, brain mapping, cats, electric stimulation, electromyogrphy, neural pathways, pons, spinal cord, urethra innervation.

Tarakanov, I.A., I.K. Kurambaev, and V.A. Safonov (1994). The effect of anesthesia on acute experimental poisoning of animals by antio, an organophosphorus compound. [Vliianie narkoza na effekt ostrogo eksperimental'nogo otravleniia zhivotnykh pestitsidom antio iz gruppy fosfororganicheskii] . Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 117(6): 587-90. ISSN: 0007-4888.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B87AE
Descriptors: anesthesia, insecticides poisoning, organothiophosphorus compounds poisoning, carbon dioxide, cats, drug synergism, heart rate, oxygen, poisoning, respiration, gamma aminobutyric acid.
Language of Text: Russian.

Tatar, M. and R. Pecova (1996). The effect of experimental gastroesophageal reflux on the cough reflex in anesthetized cats [Vplyu experimentalneho gastroezofagealneho refluxu na kasel' u anestezovanych maciek]. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy 97(5): 284-8. ISSN: 0006-9248.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a common cause of chronic cough. It has been suggested that GER most often causes chronic cough by stimulating the distal oesophagus. Possible mechanisms of this interactive process are: a) an oesophageal-tracheobronchial reflex, b) acid reflux seems to be only a cofactor of cough; it decreases cough threshold. AIM: To evaluate the effects of experimental GER on the cardiorespiratory parameters and on the cough induced by mechanical stimulation of airways mucosa in anaesthetised cats. METHODS: In 10 adults cats of either sex, mean body weight 2.4 +/- 0.2 kg, anaesthetised with pentobarbitone sodium (30 mg/kg b.w., i.p.), oesophageal pressure, blood pressure, and volume tidal were recorded. 2 ml 0.1 N HCl was instilled into the isolated thoracic oesophagus with preserved innervation over a period of 5 minutes. The cough was induced by the insertion of nylon fibre into the airways and its intensity was evaluated from the changes in oesophageal pressure. Cough challenge was also repeated during intraesophageal instillation of 2 ml capsaicin (350 mumol/l). The parameters of cough intensity elicited during experimental GER were compared with the control cough parameters obtained during intraesophageal instillation of 2 ml physiological saline. RESULTS: Intraesophageal instillation of either HCl or capsaicin was accompanied by the contractions of oesophageal wall and by the fluctuations in volume tidal. These changes were more pronounced after capsaicin challenge. There was no induction of either cough or other respiratory reflexes with forced expiration during the experimental GER. In other part of this study there were not obtained any significant differences of the intensity of mechanically-induced cough during intraesophageal instillation of physiological saline, HCl, and capsaicin. CONCLUSION: The oesophageal-tracheobronchial reflex mechanism for either induction or modulation of cough is not present in healthy anaesthetised cats. We agree with previous data that GER alone is not trigger agent of cough. (Fig. 5, Ref. 17.)
Descriptors: anesthesia, cough, gastresophageal reflux, reflex, capsaicin, cats, esophgus, gastresophageal reflux, hydrochloric acid, muscle contraction, physical stimulation, sodium chloride.
Language of Text: Slovak.

Tatewaki, T., M. Inagaki, T. Kawada, T. Shishido, Y. Yanagiya, H. Takaki, T. Sato, M. Sugimachi, and K. Sunagawa (2003). Biphasic response of action potential duration to sudden sympathetic stimulation in anesthetized cats. Circulation Journal 67(10): 876-80. ISSN: 1346-9843.
Abstract: Although certain roles of the sympathetic nervous system have been suggested as possible mechanisms of life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, the dynamic electrophysiological response to sympathetic activation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic response of action potential duration (APD) to sudden sympathetic stimulation (SYM) using monophasic action potential (MAP) recording. In 10 anesthetized cats, MAPs were continuously recorded from the right ventricular endocardium under constant pacing. The dynamic response of the APD to SYM (3 Hz) were examined before and after the administration of propranolol (0.5 mg/kg i.v.) (n=5) or phentolamine (1.0 mg/kg i.v.) (n=5). In response to SYM, the APD was transiently prolonged by 5.5+/-3.2 ms at 7.0+/-1.3 s, and monotonically shortened toward a steady-state level (-14.5+/-6.9 ms). Propranolol almost abolished both the transient prolongation (6.6+/-4.5 to 0.2+/-0.4 ms, p<0.05) and the steady-state shortening (-13.7+/-3.6 to -1.1+/-2.4 ms, p<0.005), whereas phentolamine did not have a significant effect on the response of APD to SYM. These findings might partly account for the propensity of ventricular arrhythmias to occur immediately after sudden sympathetic activation.
Descriptors: action potentials, sympathetic nervous system, action potentials, adrenergic alpha antagonists, anesthesia, cardiac pacing, artificial, cats, electrophysiology, heart ventricles, phentolamine, propranolol, sympathetic nervous system, ventricular fibrillation.

Tatsumi, K., C.K. Pickett, C.R. Jacoby, J.V. Weil, and L.G. Moore (1997). Role of endogenous female hormones in hypoxic chemosensitivity. Journal of Applied Physiology 83(5): 1706-10. ISSN: 8750-7587.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 J825
Abstract: Effective alveolar ventilation and hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) are higher in females than in males and after endogenous or exogenous elevation of progesterone and estrogen. The contribution of normal physiological levels of ovarian hormones to resting ventilation and ventilatory control and whether their site(s) of action is central and/or peripheral are unclear. Accordingly, we examined resting ventilation, HVR, and hypercapnic ventilatory responses (HCVR) before and 3 wk after ovariectomy in five female cats. We also compared carotid sinus nerve (CSN) and central nervous system translation responses to hypoxia in 6 ovariectomized and 24 intact female animals. Ovariectomy decreased serum progesterone but did not change resting ventilation, end-tidal PCO2, or HCVR (all P = NS). Ovariectomy reduced the HVR shape parameter A in the awake (38.9 +/- 5.5 and 21.2 +/- 3.0 before and after ovariectomy, respectively, P < 0.05) and anesthetized conditions. The CSN response to hypoxia was lower in ovariectomized than in intact animals (shape parameter A = 22.6 +/- 2.5 and 54.3 +/- 3.5 in ovariectomized and intact animals, respectively, P < 0.05), but central nervous system translation of CSN activity into ventilation was similar in ovariectomized and intact animals. We concluded that ovariectomy decreased ventilatory and CSN responsiveness to hypoxia, suggesting that the presence of physiological levels of ovarian hormones influences hypoxic chemosensitivity by acting primarily at peripheral sites.
Descriptors: anoxia, ovariectomy, respiratory mechanics, anesthesia, gas analysis, carotid sinus, cats, chemoreceptors, estradiol, oxygen consumption, progesterone.

Tatsumi, K., C.K. Pickett, and J.V. Weil (1995). Possible role of dopamine in ventilatory acclimatization to high altitude. Respiration Physiology 99(1): 63-73. ISSN: 0034-5687.
NAL Call Number: QP121. A1R4
Abstract: Ventilatory acclimatization to high altitude is accompanied by increased hypoxic (HVR) and hypercapnic (HCVR) ventilatory responses which may reflect increased carotid body chemosensitivity. Dopamine is an inhibitory neuromodulator of the carotid body and its activity may be reduced by hypoxic exposure. To determine whether decreased dopaminergic activity could account for the increased chemosensitivity of acclimatization, we examined the response to peripheral dopamine receptor (D2) blockade with domperidone on HVR and HCVR in awake cats before and after exposure to simulated altitude of 14,000 ft for 2 days. During anesthesia, we also examined the effects of domperidone on carotid body responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in acclimatized and low altitude cats. Two days' exposure to hypobaric hypoxia produced an increase in HVR and HCVR. Before acclimatization, domperidone augmented HVR and HCVR, but there was no effect after acclimatization. In anesthetized low altitude cats, domperidone increased carotid body responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia, but had no effect in acclimatized cats. These results indicate that decreased endogenous dopaminergic activity may contribute to increased ventilatory and chemoreceptor responsiveness to hypoxia and hypercapnia during hypoxic ventilatory acclimatization.
Descriptors: acclimatization, dopamine, respiration, altitude, anoxia, body weight, cats, domperidone, hypercapnia.

Tatsumi, K., C.K. Pickett, and J.V. Weil (1995). Decreased carotid body hypoxic sensitivity in chronic hypoxia: role of dopamine. Respiration Physiology 101(1): 47-57. ISSN: 0034-5687.
NAL Call Number: QP121. A1R4
Abstract: Previously we showed that prolonged exposure to severe hypoxia produces decreased peripheral chemoreceptor responsiveness to hypoxia and attenuates central nervous system (CNS) chemosensory translation, which together may contribute to the decreased hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) in chronic hypoxia. In this study, we sought to determine whether the central or peripheral activity of endogenous dopamine modulates this decreased HVR. We examined the effects of peripheral and central dopamine receptor blockade on HVR and carotid sinus nerve (CNS) response to hypoxia in controls and in cats exposed to a simulated altitude of 5500 m for 3 weeks. Domperidone increased CSN response to hypoxia in hypoxic cats to levels similar to those observed in controls. HVR was also augmented by domperidone in hypoxic cats, but remained below that of controls. As a result, the CNS chemosensory translation remained reduced in hypoxic animals. We further treated animals with haloperidol. However, this combined treatment with domperidone and haloperidol led to no further increase in CSN or ventilatory responses to hypoxia, or in CNS chemosensory translation in hypoxic cats. Thus, decreased HVR in hypoxic cats is mediated both by depression of hypoxic sensitivity of the carotid body, which is largely dopaminergic, and by decreased CNS chemosensory translation which must involve non-dopaminergic mechanisms.
Descriptors: anoxia, carotid body, dopamine, anesthesia, carotid sinus, cats, chronic disease, domperidone, dopamine antagonists, haloperidol, phrenic nerve, respiratory mechanics, respiratory mechanics.

Taylor, P.M. (1999). Newer analgesics: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids and combinations. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 29(3): 719-735. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601. V523
Descriptors: non steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, opioids, drug combinations, reviews, cats.

Thurmon, J.C., W.J. Tranquilli and G.J. Benson (1999). Essentials of Small Animal Anesthesia and Analgesia, 3rd edition, Vol. viii, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, Pa., 580 p. ISBN: 0683301071.
NAL Call Number: SF914.E77
Descriptors: veterinary medicine, small animal practice, anesthesia, pets, dogs, cats, students, birds, small exotic animals.

Tillson, D.M. (1997). Thoracostomy tubes. I. Indications and anesthesia. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 19(11): 1258-1275. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .C66
Descriptors: dogs, cats, thorax, anesthesia, animal morphology, animal, body parts, body regions.

Timofeev, I. and M. Steriade (1996). Low-frequency rhythms in the thalamus of intact-cortex and decorticated cats. Journal of Neurophysiology 76(6): 4152-68. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: 1. The patterns and synchronization of low-frequency, sleeplike rhythms (slow, spindle and delta oscillations) were compared in the intact-cortex and decorticated hemispheres of cats under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia. Intracellular recordings were performed in intact and decorticated hemispheres from 58 rostrolateral thalamic reticular (RE) neurons and from 164 thalamocortical (TC) neurons in the ventrolateral (VL) nucleus. In the decorticated hemisphere, dual intracellular recordings were performed from five RE-VL cell couples and from 12 TC cell couples within the VL nucleus. In addition, field potentials were simultaneously recorded from the neocortex (electroencephalogram) and ipsilateral thalamus [electrothalamogram (EThG)] of the intact (right) hemisphere, while EThG was recorded from the VL nucleus of the decorticated (left) hemisphere. 2. The slow oscillation (< 1 Hz) was absent in all 72 VL cells and in 23 of 25 RE cells from the decorticated hemisphere, as well as in the EThG recorded from the VL nucleus in the decorticated hemisphere, whereas it was simultaneously present in the cortex and thalamus of the intact hemisphere. The remaining two RE neurons (8%) in the decorticated hemisphere oscillated in close time relation with the slow oscillation in the cortex and thalamus of the opposite hemisphere; averaged activities showed that the onset of depolarization in RE cell followed 12 ms after the sharp depth-negative (depolarizing) component in the contralateral cortex. We view this result as the electrophysiological correlate of a disynaptic excitatory pathway consisting of crossed cortical projections, first relayed in contralateral dorsal thalamic nuclei. 3. The patterns of thalamic spindles (7-14 Hz) differed between the two hemispheres. Whereas the decorticated hemisphere displayed prolonged, waxing and waning spindles, the spindles in the intact-cortex hemisphere were short and exclusively waning and followed the depth-negative component of cortical slow oscillation. This result indicates that the synchronized corticothalamic drive associated with the slow oscillation fully entrains thalamic circuits from the onset of spindles, thus preventing further waxing. Similar differences between waxing and waning and waning spindles were obtained by stimulating with different intensities the thalamus in the decorticated hemisphere. 4. Simultaneous intracellular recordings from two VL cells or from RE and VL cells showed nearly simultaneous spindle sequences in the decorticated hemisphere. 5. The hyperpolarization-activated intrinsic delta oscillation (1-4 Hz) of TC cells was asynchronous in the decorticated hemisphere. 6. These results strengthen the idea that the slow oscillation is cortical in origin; demonstrate a full, short-range, intrathalamic synchrony of spindles in the absence of cortex; and indicate that the pattern of spindles, a sleep rhythm that is conventionally regarded as purely thalamic, is shaped by the corticothalamic feedback.
Descriptors: cerebral cortex, electroencephalography, neurons, sleep, thalamus, cats, cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, databases, factual, decerebrate state, delta rhythm, laterality, thalamus.

Titier, K., E. Deridet, and N. Moore (2002). In vivo and in vitro myocardial binding of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 180(2): 145-149. ISSN: 0041-008X.
NAL Call Number: 391.8 T662
Descriptors: isoxazoles, myocardium, antipsychotic agents, chromatography, high pressure liquid, guinea pigs, isoxazoles, pyrimidines, risperidone.

Tomita, Y., M. Tomita, I. Schiszler, T. Amano, N. Tanahashi, M. Kobari, H. Takeda, M. Ohtomo, and Y. Fukuuchi (2002). Repetitive concentric wave-ring spread of oligemia/hyperemia in the sensorimotor cortex accompanying K(+)-induced spreading depression in rats and cats. Neuroscience Letters 322(3): 157-60. ISSN: 0304-3940.
NAL Call Number: QP351.N3
Abstract: Vascular changes accompanying spreading depression (SD) remain controversial. We examined dynamic alterations of local cerebral blood volume (CBV) during SD by observing light transmission at an isosbestic point of hemoglobin (550 nm) in seven rats and five cats under alpha-chloralose/urethane anesthesia. The two species were used for comparison between the lissencephalic and gyrencephalic brains. We found that a concentrated K(+) solution microinjected into the sensorimotor cortex provoked CBV changes that appeared as a repetitive propagation of concentric wave-rings of ischemia followed by hyperemia expanding peripherally from the injection site at speeds of 1.9-3.2 mm/min. The dynamic CBV changes continued repeatedly every 1-5 min for more than 30 min in three rats, ceased within 30 min in three rats and remained at the site of K(+) injection in one rat. Similar repeated CBV changes occurred in two out of five cats.
Descriptors: blood volume, cerebrovascular circulation, hyperemia, motor cortex supply, potassium, somatosensory cortex supply, spreading cortical depression, volume, cats, cerebrovascular circulation, hyperemia, light, microinjections, motor cortex, rats, rats, sprague dawley, somatosensory cortex, species specificity.

Topal, A. (2000). Kedilerde Tiletamin/Zolezepam ve Xylazine/Ketamin anestezisinin karslastrlmas [The comparison of Tiletamine/Zolezepam and Xylazine/Ketamine anesthesia in cats]. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi 6(1/2): 81-88. ISSN: 1300-6045.
Descriptors: anesthetics, analgesics, ketamine, muscles, xylazine, cats.
Language of Text: Turkish; Summary in English.

Torske, K.E. and D.H. Dyson (2000). Epidural analgesia and anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice 30(4): 859-874. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL Call Number: SF601 .V523
Descriptors: analgesics, anesthesia, conduction anesthesia, local anaesthetics, reviews, dogs, cats.

Tranquilli, W., R. Radasch, and D. Bjorling (1998). Managing the pain of soft tissue surgery. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 12: 612-615.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: dogs, cats, anesthesia, soft tissue surgery.

Trim, C.M. (1999). Anesthetic emergencies and complications. In: R.R. Paddleford (Editor), Manual of Small Animal Anesthesia, 2nd edition, W.B. Saunders: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, p. 147-195. ISBN: 0721649695.
Descriptors: anesthesia, emergencies, pets, cats.

Uchida, H., K. Kishikawa, and J.G. Collins (1995). Effect of propofol on spinal dorsal horn neurons. Comparison with lack of ketamine effects. Anesthesiology 83(6): 1312-22. ISSN: 0003-3022.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pentobarbital reduces low-threshold receptive field (RF) size and enhances responses of some spinal dorsal horn neurons to noxious stimulation in cats. To better understand the effects of general anesthetics on spinal sensory processing, this study was designed to determine if intravenous propofol and ketamine have similar effects. METHODS: Spinal dorsal horn neuronal responses to RF stimulation were observed in physiologically intact, awake, drug-free cats. After baseline observations were made, the effects of propofol (7.5 or 10 mg/kg intravenous) or ketamine (10 mg/kg intravenous) on those neuronal responses were observed. RESULTS: Propofol is capable of producing a profound reduction in low-threshold RF size. Propofol also depressed neuronal responses to non-noxious and noxious RF stimulation in many of the neurons tested. Ketamine was not observed to produce any change in either RF size or neuronal response to non-noxious RF stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: General anesthetics that interact with gamma aminobutyric acid receptors may significantly depress low-threshold sensory information within the spinal dorsal horn. This may contribute to anesthetic-induced loss of sensation. Lack of a ketamine effect suggests an absence of n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor involvement in spinal dorsal horn processing of low threshold sensory information.
Descriptors: intravenous anesthetics, ketamine, pain, propofol, spinal cord, action potentials, pressure, cats, neurons, spinal cord, touch.

Villanueva, L. and D. Le Bars (1995). The activation of bulbo-spinal controls by peripheral nociceptive inputs: diffuse noxious inhibitory controls. Biological Research 28(1): 113-25. ISSN: 0716-9760.
Abstract: Some neurones in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are strongly inhibited when a nociceptive stimulus is applied to any part of the body, distinct from their excitatory receptive fields. This phenomenon was termed "Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls" (DNIC). DNIC influence only convergent neurones, and these inhibitions can be triggered only by conditioning stimuli which are nociceptive. The inhibitions are extremely potent, affect all the activities of the convergent neurones and persist after the removal of the conditioning stimulus. Only activity of A delta- or A delta- and C- peripheral fibres can trigger DNIC. DNIC are sustained by a complex loop which involves supraspinal structures since, unlike segmental inhibitions, they are not observed in animals in which the cord has previously been transected at the cervical level. The ascending and descending limbs of this loop travel respectively through the ventro-lateral and dorso-lateral funiculi, respectively. We proposed that DNIC result from the physiological activation of some brain structures putatively involved in descending inhibition. However, lesions of the mesencephalon, including the periaqueductal grey (PAG) and the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), including nucleus raphe magnus, did not modify DNIC. By contrast, lesions of subnucleus reticularis dorsalis (SRD) in the caudal medulla strongly reduced DNIC. Both electrophysiological and anatomical data support the involvement of SRD neurones in spino-bulbo-spinal loop(s). In man, very similar results have been obtained by means of combined psychophysical measurements and recordings of nociceptive reflexes (RIII reflex). Painful heterotopic conditioning stimuli depress both the reflex and the associated painful sensation, with stronger effects being observed with more intense conditioning stimuli. By contrast, in tetraplegic patients, heterotopic nociceptive stimulation did not produce any depression of the RIII reflex. Observations were also made on patients with cerebral lesions causing contralateral hemi-analgesia, either a unilateral thalamic lesion or a lesion of the retro-olivary part of the medulla (Wallenberg's syndrome). In the patients with Wallenberg's syndrome, no inhibitions were observed when the nociceptive conditioning stimuli were applied to the affected side whereas if these stimuli were applied to the normal side they triggered inhibitory effects and post-effects very similar to those seen in normal subjects. These results show that in humans, brainstem--probably reticular--structures seem to play a key role in these phenomena. The data suggest that nociceptive stimuli, even though there are unquestionably perceived as being painful activate certain inhibitory controls which originate in the brainstem. Since all convergent neurones are subject to DNIC, one can make the assertion that the transmission of nociceptive signals towards higher centres is under the influence of these controls. In other words, the descending inhibitory controls may play a physiological role in the detection of nociceptive signals. It is proposed that DNIC constitute both a filter which allows the extraction of the signal for pain and an amplifier in the transmission system which increases the potential alarm function of the nociceptive signals. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that DNIC are blocked by low doses of morphine in both rat and man.
Descriptors: medulla oblongata, neurons, nociceptors, spinal cord, cats, haplorhini, neural inhibition, rats.

Villeneuve, M.Y. and C. Casanova (2003). On the use of isoflurane versus halothane in the study of visual response properties of single cells in the primary visual cortex. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 129(1): 19-31. ISSN: 0165-0270.
NAL Call Number: RC346
Abstract: Halothane is a widely used anesthetic in research. It produces several alterations in organs, especially in the brain. Recently, isoflurane emerged in neuroscience laboratories. For many reasons it appears to be better than halothane for animal brain research (e.g. isoflurane induces lower intracranial pressure, and is less detrimental on the cardiovascular system). However, no one is in a position to recommend it in electrophysiology research because its effects on specific brain functions are relatively unknown. Given that both anesthetics yield different actions on gross brain activity (EEG, VEP), it is likely that they differentially affect single neuron activity. The goal of this study is to determine whether halothane or isoflurane use is best suited to study the receptive field properties of neurons in the cat's primary visual cortex. Extra-cellular recordings were made for both anesthetics in area 17 of adult cats under different levels of anesthesia. Results indicate that various cell parameters differ under halothane anesthesia when compared with isoflurane. The main difference between the two anesthetics is the greater depression of the cell optimal visual response amplitude induced by isoflurane at equipotent concentration. Due to its stronger depressive effects, isoflurane may not be the ideal anesthetic for single-cell recordings in the primary visual cortex.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, halothane, isoflurane, neurons, visual cortex, action potentials, action potentials, carbon dioxide, cats, dose response relationship, drug, electroencephalography, evoked potentials, visual, heart rate, lung, neurons classification, neurons, orientation, photic stimulation, visual cortex, visual cortex.

Vulpe, V. and V. Nastasa (2000). Utilizarea examenelor radiologice la animalele mici cu ajutorul tehnicilor de anestezie [Radiological examination of small animals using anaesthetic techniques]. Lucrai Stiinifice Medicina Veterinara 43(2): 333-336. ISSN: 1454-7406.
Descriptors: anesthesia, anesthetics, diagnostic techniques, domestic animals, droperidol, drug combinations, fentanyl, immobilization, injectable anesthetics, medetomidine, morphine, neuroleptics, pets, radiography, techniques, cats.
Language of Text: Romanian; Summary in English.

Wagner, A.E. (1999). Is butorphanol analgesic in dogs and cats. Veterinary Medicine 94(4): 346-350. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: dogs, cats, analgesics, pain.

Wagner, A.E. (2004). Anesthetic monitoring: What monitors can and cannot tell you. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association 18: 80-82.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: anesthesia, pressure, body temperature, carbon dioxide, cardiac output, diagnostic techniques, electrocardiograms, electorcardiography, monitoring, pulse, respiration, surgery, cats.

Wagner, A.E. (2004). Use of local anesthetic techniques to complement general anesthesia. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference: Eastern States Veterinary Association. 18: 86.
NAL Call Number: SF605.N672
Descriptors: anesthesia, local anesthesia, local anaesthetics, pharmacodynamics, surgical operations, techniques, cats, dogs.

Wagner, A.E., B.D. Wright, and P.W. Hellyer (2003). Myths and misconceptions in small animal anesthesia. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 223(10): 1426-1432. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: anesthesia, animals, domestic, anesthesia, anesthetics, combined, cats, dogs, preanesthetic medication, safety, treatment outcome.

Wang, Y., G. Pei, Y.C. Cai, Z.Q. Zhao, J.B. Wang, C.L. Jiang, Z.C. Zheng, and X.Y. Liu (1996). Human interleukin-2 could bind to opioid receptor and induce corresponding signal transduction. Neuroreport 8(1): 11-4. ISSN: 0959-4965.
Abstract: Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was found to have an analgesic effect in the peripheral nervous system. Both electrophysiological and behavioural experiments suggested an anti-noceiceptive effect of IL-2 in animals. Biochemical experiments revealed that IL-2 could displace diprenorphine binding in both NG 108-15 cells and HEK 293 cells transfected with pCDNA3-DOR (delta opioid receptor). Furthermore, IL-2 significantly inhibited cAMP production stimulated by forskolin in both NG 108-15 and transfected HEK 293 cells, indicating that the binding of IL-2 to the delta opioid receptor is functional.
Descriptors: interleukin 2, interleukin 2, receptors, opioid, receptors, opioid, signal transduction, analgesics, binding, competitive, cats, cell line, cyclic amp, diprenorpHine, narcotic antagonists, neural pathways, peripheral nervous system, rats, rats, wistar, receptors, opioid, receptors, opioid, delta, transfection.

Wang, Y. and A.G. Ramage (2001). The role of central 5-HT(1A) receptors in the control of B-fibre cardiac and bronchoconstrictor vagal preganglionic neurones in anaesthetized cats. The Journal of Physiology 536(Pt 3): 753-67. ISSN: 0022-3751.
NAL Call Number: 0022-3751
Abstract: Experiments were performed to determine whether 5-HT(1A) receptors (a) modulate the activity of cardiac and bronchoconstrictor vagal preganglionic neurones (CVPNs and BVPNs) in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and (b) are involved in pulmonary C-fibre afferent-evoked excitation of CVPNs, by right-atrial injections of phenylbiguanide (PBG). These experiments were carried out on alpha-chloralose-anaesthetized, artificially ventilated and atenolol (1 mg kg(-1))-pretreated cats. 2. The ionophoretic application of 8-OH-DPAT (a selective 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist) influenced the activity of 16 of the 19 CVPNs tested. 8-OH-DPAT tended to cause inhibition at low currents (40 nA) and excitation at high currents (120 nA). The activity of 15 of these neurones increased in response to the application of 8-OH-DPAT. In six of the CVPNs tested, this excitatory action of 8-OH-DPAT was attenuated by co-application of the selective 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist WAY-100635. 3. The pulmonary C-fibre afferent-evoked excitation of eight CVPNs was attenuated by ionophoretic application of WAY-100635. 4. In three out of four CVPNs, the ionophoretic application of PBG caused excitation. 5. In five out of the nine identified BVPNs that were tested with ionophoretic application of 8-OH-DPAT, excitation was observed that was attenuated by WAY-100635. 6. WAY-100635 (I.V. or intra-cisternally) also reversed bradycardia, hypotension and the decrease in phrenic nerve activity evoked by the I.V. application of 8-OH-DPAT (42 microg kg(-1)). 7. In conclusion, the data indicate that 5-HT(1A) receptors located in the NA play an important role in the reflex activation of CVPNs and BVPNs, and support the view that overall, these receptors play a fundamental role in the reflex regulation of parasympathetic outflow.
Descriptors: autonomic fibers, preganglionic, bronchoconstriction, heart innervation, receptors, serotonin, 8 hydroxy 2 di n propylaminotetralin, anesthesia, cats, electrophysiology, iontophoresis, lung innervation, membrane potentials, nerve fibers, phrenic nerve, piperazines, pyridines, receptors, serotonin, 5 ht1, serotonin agonists, serotonin antagonists.

Wang, Y.C., S.H. Wei, M.H. Sun, and C.W. Lin (2001). A new mode of percutaneous upper thoracic phenol sympathicolysis: report of 50 cases. Neurosurgery 49(3): 628-34. ISSN: 0148-396X.
Abstract: Our previous study demonstrated that a high concentration of phenol (75-90%) with minimal volume (0.02 ml) can elicit serious degeneration of ganglion cells of the stellate ganglia in cats. Another previous study in our clinical patients demonstrated that approximately 84 to 90% of the upper thoracic (T2-T3) sympathetic trunks can be found under an endoscope on the ventral side of the T2-T3 rib heads. In this report, we present a new mode of dorsal percutaneous thoracic phenol sympathicolysis (PTPS) for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis or axillary bromidrosis. METHODS: Fifty patients with palmar hyperhidrosis or axillary bromidrosis were injected with 75% phenol into a total of 98 sides of the T2-T3 or T3-T4 sympathetic trunks and ganglia. The injected volume was 0.6 to 1.2 ml (average, 0.8 ml) for each side. The technique of dorsal percutaneous injection was performed under local anesthesia or local with intravenous general anesthesia and under the guidance of a C-arm fluoroscope. RESULTS: Forty patients (80%) showed satisfactory results, including cessation of sweating. The success rates of PTPS were 83.7% (41 of 49 patients) on the left side and 91.8% (45 of 49 patients) on the right side. The skin temperature of the thumb increased by 5.3 to 5.4 degrees C approximately 1 hour after the phenol injection in patients with satisfactory results, whereas it increased by only 1.3 to 2.7 degrees C in patients who had unsatisfactory results. CONCLUSION: PTPS may be a good alternative to endoscopic sympathectomy to treat palmar hyperhidrosis and axillary bromidrosis. The skin temperature of the thumb is still a useful index to evaluate preliminarily whether PTPS has been successful.
Descriptors: hyperhidrosis, phenol, sclerosing solutions, sympathectomy, chemical, adolescent, adult, axilla, body temperature, hand, injections, subcutaneous, middle aged, phenol, sclerosing solutions.

Watson, A.D.J., A. Nicholson, D.B. Church, and M.R.B. Pearson (1996). Use of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs in dogs and cats. Australian Veterinary Journal 74(3): 203-210. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: dogs, cats, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesics, usage, species differences, pain, symptoms, surgery, veterinarians.

Welch, S.L. (2000). Local anesthetic toxicosis. Veterinary Medicine 95(9): 670-673. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: chemical structure, clinical aspects, local anaesthetics, pets, poisoning, susceptibility, cats.

Welles, E.G., C. Bourne, J.W. Tyler, and M.K. Boudreaux (1994). Detection of activated feline platelets in platelet-rich plasma by use of fluorescein-labeled antibodies and flow cytometry. Veterinary Pathology 31(5): 553-60. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Abstract: Platelets contribute to prethrombotic or thrombotic states; however, accepted evaluation methods (i.e., in vitro testing by use of an aggregometer) of platelet function in cats can be difficult because of the large volume of blood required from which platelets are isolated and the potential for platelet activation due to difficult venipunctures in sometimes uncooperative or excited animals. The activation problem also contributes to errors in platelet counts. Platelets from four domestic short haired cats (two males, two females, 2-3 years old) minimally restrained without sedation or anesthesia were evaluated. Blood (5 ml) was collected by jugular venipuncture directly into syringes containing 3.8% trisodium citrate (nine parts blood to one part anticoagulant) plus prostaglandin E1 (3 microM; 0.25, 0.5, 1, or 2 microliters/500 microliters citrate) or 3.8% trisodium citrate alone. Prostaglandin E1, which is a stable metabolite of arachidonic acid with platelet inhibitory properties similar to those of prostaglandin I2, was added to the anticoagulant to prevent activation of platelets during the collection process. Feline platelets exposed to prostaglandin E1 became immediately and persistently nonreactive to agonists, which negated their use in functional studies (aggregation, 14C-serotonin release, binding of fluorescein-conjugated antifibrinogen) but improved platelet counting accuracy. Detection of in vivo activation of platelets in prethrombotic and thrombotic states in humans has been done by identification of activation-dependent molecules on platelet surfaces by use of specific antibody recognition and detection by flow cytometric analysis. Many activation-dependent platelet surface receptor changes are species specific; however, fibrinogen appears to be conserved across species.
Descriptors: blood platelets, cats, platelet activation, antibodies, platelets, specimen collection, flow cytometry, fluorescein 5 isothiocyanate, prostaglandins E1.

White, G.A. and N.S. Matthews (1999). Frequency of hypoventilation during general anesthesia for routine elective surgery. Veterinary Medicine 94(3): 247-251. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: anesthesia, respiration, monitoring, gases, hypercapnia, lung ventilation, cats.

Whitsel, B.L., E.F. Kelly, M. Quibrera, M. Tommerdahl, Y. Li, O.V. Favorov, M. Xu, and C.B. Metz (2003). Time-dependence of SI RA neuron response to cutaneous flutter stimulation. Somatosensory and Motor Research 20(1): 45-69. ISSN: 0899-0220.
Abstract: Spike discharge activity of RA-type SI cortical neurons was recorded extracellularly in anesthetized monkeys and cats. Multiple applications (trials) of 10-50 Hz sinusoidal vertical skin displacement stimulation ("flutter") were delivered to the receptive field (RF). Analysis revealed large and systematic temporal trends not only in SI RA neuron responsivity (measured as spikes/s and as spikes/stimulus cycle), but also in entrainment, and in phase angle of the entrained responses. In contrast to SI RA neurons, the response of RA skin afferents to comparable conditions of skin flutter stimulation exhibited little or no dynamics. The occurrence and form of the SI RA neuron response dynamics that accompany skin flutter stimulation are shown to depend on factors such as stimulus frequency and the locus of the recording site in the global cortical response pattern. Comparison of recordings obtained in near-radial vs tangential microelectrode penetrations further reveals that the SI RA neuron response dynamics that occur during skin flutter stimulation are relatively consistent within, but heterogeneous across column-sized regions. The observed SI RA neuron response dynamics are suggested to account, in part, for the improved capacity to discriminate stimulus frequency after an exposure ("adaptation") to skin flutter stimulation (Goble and Hollins, J Acoust Soc Am 96: 771-780, 1994). Parallels with recent proposals about the contributions to visual perception of short-term primary sensory cortical neuron dynamics and synchrony in multineuron spike activity patterns are identified and discussed.
Descriptors: neurons, somatosensory cortex, somatosensory cortex, anesthesia, cats, electric stimulation, electrophysiology, microelectrodes, physical stimulation, saimiri, skin innervation, time factors, touch.

Williams, L.S., J.K. Levy, S.A. Robertson, A.M. Cistola, and L.A. Centonze (2002). Use of the anesthetic combination of tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine for neutering feral cats. Journal American Veterinary Medical Association 220(10): 1491-1495. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, wild animals, gonadectomy, anesthesia, ketamine, xylazine, anesthetics, benzodiazepines, drug combinations, dosage, mortality.

Wilson, L.B., P.T. Wall, J.A. Pawelczyk, and K. Matsukawa (1996). Divergence of ventilatory responses to isometric contraction in anesthetized cats. Respiration Physiology 104(2-3): 137-46. ISSN: 0034-5687.
NAL Call Number: QP121. A1R4
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if the initial ventilatory and phrenic nerve responses to isometric contraction of the triceps surae muscle of anesthetized cats are influenced by the pattern of the contraction. To address this, three different types of muscle contraction were evoked: (1) a high tension, continuous tetanic (HT-CT) contraction; (2) a moderate tension, continuous tetanic (MT-CT) contraction; and (3) high tension, intermittent tetanic (HT-IT) contractions. The duration of each contraction period was 60 sec. The MT-CT and HT-IT contractions increased minute volume (VE; 19 +/- 4% and 15 +/- 5%, respectively) within the first 15 sec. These increases were the result of rises in breathing frequency and tidal volume. However, only the MT-CT contraction increased phrenic activity (pVE) in the first 15 sec. By contrast, ventilation and phrenic nerve activity failed to increase within the first 15 sec of the HT-CT contraction. If fact, 'tidal' phrenic activity (pVT; -14 +/- 5%) decreased during the first 5 sec, and there was a tendency for tidal volume (VT; -8 +/- 5%), VE (-8 +/- 6%), and pVE (-16 +/- 8%) to fall. These data suggest that stimulation of muscle afferent fibers by static contraction can initially inhibit phrenic nerve activity, provided the activation is sustained and of sufficient intensity.
Descriptors: isometric contraction, respiratory mechanics, anesthesia, general, gas analysis, pressure, carbon dioxide, cats, electric stimulation, hemodynamic processes, mechanoreceptors, neurons, afferent, phrenic nerve, reflex, respiratory function tests.

Wright, B.D. (2002). Clinical pain management techniques for cats. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 17(4): 151-157. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911 .S45
Descriptors: cats, pain, analgesics, analgesia, nonsteroidal anti inflammatory agents, narcotics.

Wu, W.C., S.Y. Chen, J.S. Kuo, and C.Y. Chai (1996). Glycine produced pressor responses when microinjected in the pressor areas of pons and medulla in cats. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 59(1-2): 1-11. ISSN: 0165-1838.
Abstract: In 24 cats under chloralose/urethane anesthesia changes of systemic arterial pressure (SAP) and sympathetic vertebral nerve activities (VNA) were induced by microinjection of glycine (Gly, 1.0 M, 50 nl) into the pressor areas of the rostral pons, i.e., locus coeruleus-parabrachial nucleus (LC-PBN), nucleus of gigantocellular tegmental field-lateral tegmental field (FTG-FTL), and dorsomedial (DM) and ventrolateral (VLM) medulla. The effects were compared with those induced by microinjection of sodium glutamate (Glu, 0.25 M, 50 nl) into the same sites. In about 60% of the injections Gly produced increases in SAP and VNA similar to that of Glu. The increase in SAP was greater in VLM, while the increase in VNA was more marked in DM. In the rest of microinjections Gly and Glu produced changes of SAP and VNA in different combinations. The latency of Gly-induced increases in SAP and VNA was 1 to 3 s longer than that induced by Glu. Our findings show that although Gly is classified as an inhibitory transmitter, it often produced excitation of the pressor neurons in the pons and medulla similar to that of Glu. Whether Gly acts through the same cardiovascular neurons that respond to Glu or through activation of different kinds of neurons remains to be elucidated.
Descriptors: blood pressure, glycine, medulla oblongata, pons, cats, dose response relationship, drug, electric stimulation, glutamic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, locus coeruleus, microinjections, stellate ganglion, stellate ganglion, stimulation, chemical, sympathetic fibers, postganglionic.

Wu, W.C., J.S. Kuo, Y. Wang, and C.Y. Chai (1997). Glycine increases arterial pressure and augments NMDA-induced pressor responses in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral medulla of cats. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System 67(3): 145-55. ISSN: 0165-1838.
Abstract: The present study is designed to determine and characterize two neurobiological events. Firstly, we investigated whether increases of systemic arterial pressure (SAP) and sympathetic vertebral nerve activity (VNA) produced by microinjection of glycine (Gly) in the dorsomedial (DM) or rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) are mediated by pressor neurons in DM or RVLM. Secondly, we assessed whether simultaneous microinjections of Gly and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in DM or RVLM potentiate the NMDA-pressor effects. Changes in SAP and VNA were recorded in 33 cats under alpha-chloralose and urethane anesthesia. Microinjection of sodium glutamate (Glu, 0.25 M, 30 nl) or Gly (1.0 M, 30 nl) into the DM or RVLM increased SAP and VNA in similar magnitude. Latencies of changes in SAP and VNA induced by Gly, however, were longer (3 s) than those induced by Glu. Prior microinjection of the following antagonists blocked the Gly-induced pressor responses: 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (AP-5, 25 mM, 30 nl), a specific NMDA receptor antagonist; or glutamate diethyl ester (GDEE, 0.5 M, 30 nl), a quisqualate receptor antagonist; or kynurenic acid (KYN, 10 mM, 30 nl), a broad spectrum competitive Glu antagonist. Prior treatment with strychnine (3 mM, 30 nl), a specific Gly antagonist, also blocked the Gly-induced pressor responses. Since Gly is believed to be an inhibitory neurotransmitter, these data suggest that Gly may produce pressor actions via an inhibition on specific inhibitory neurons synapsing with the pressor neurons. NMDA (0.1 M, 30 nl) and Gly (1.0 M, 30 nl) microinjected simultaneously in DM or RVLM produced a greater pressor action than NMDA alone. This potentiation was blocked by KYN, another known antagonist for such potentiation, but was only partially blocked by strychnine.
Descriptors: blood pressure, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, glycine, n methylaspartate, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, 2 amino 5 phosphonovalerate, cats, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, drug synergism, excitatory amino acid antagonists, glutamates, glutamic acid, kynurenic acid, microinjections, receptors, glycine, receptors, n methyl d aspartate, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus.

Wu, W.C., C.K. Su, C.Y. Yang, and C.Y. Chai (2003). The nNos/cGMP mediation of the depressor response to NMDA receptor stimulation in the caudal ventrolateral medulla. The Chinese Journal of Physiology 46(4): 175-9. ISSN: 0304-4920.
Abstract: Using in vivo voltammetry to directly measure extracellular nitric oxide (NO) levels, our previous studies suggested that the neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signal transducing systems are involved in the cardiovascular responses elicited by activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. In this study, we examined if the depressor responses elicited by activation of NMDA receptors in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) also depend on the actions of nNOS and soluble guanylyl cyclase. In anesthetized cats, microinjection of NMDA into the CVLM produced hypotension and bradycardia associated with NO formation. These NMDA-induced responses were attenuated by prior injections of 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (a NMDA receptor competitive antagonist), 7-nitroindazole (a nNOS inhibitor) and 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (an inhibitor of soluble guanylyl cyclase). These findings suggest that NO is also involved in the NMDA-induced depressor responses of the CVLM.
Descriptors: cyclic gmp, medulla oblongata, nitric oxide synthase, receptors, n methyl d aspartate, anesthesia, pressure, pressure, cats, excitatory amino acid agonists, heart rate, heart rate, medulla oblongata, n methylaspartate, nitric oxide.

Yamada, H., E.E. Transfeldt, T. Tamaki, H. Nishiura, B.A. Taylor, F. Torres, and P.A. Iaizzo (1995). General anesthetic effects on compound muscle action potentials elicited by single or dual spinal cord stimulation. Journal of Spinal Disorders 8(2): 157-62. ISSN: 0895-0385.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions, during general anesthesia, to obtain reproducible monitoring of compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) as a means to evaluate motor tract integrity. The CMAPs were recorded in the soleus muscle of cats and were elicited by either single or double pulse stimulations (with various amplitudes and interpulse durations) of the spinal cord via an epidural electrode. The effects of various depths of general anesthesia with halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, or propofol on such recordings were also determined. For each agent, the CMAP amplitudes were significantly greater following double pulse stimulations (2-ms optimal interpulse duration) relative to single pulses. The CMAP amplitudes elicited by double pulse stimulations were the same at propofol concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 micrograms/kg/min, whereas those for each volatile anesthetic, at all concentrations studied (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, or 2.0%), were significantly lower. It was concluded that to obtain reliable CMAP amplitudes, general anesthesia with propofol should be employed and the potentials should be evoked by double pulse stimulations.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics, electric stimulation, evoked potentials, monitoring, intraoperative, motor neurons, muscle, skeletal innervation, pyramidal tracts, action potentials, inhalation anesthesia, intravenous anesthesia, cats, electric stimulation instrumentation, enflurane, epidural space, halothane, isoflurane, propofol, pyramidal tracts, reproducibility of results.

Yamada, H., E.E. Transfeldt, T. Tamaki, F. Torres, and P.A. Iaizzo (1994). The effects of volatile anesthetics on the relative amplitudes and latencies of spinal and muscle potentials evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Spine 19(13): 1512-7. ISSN: 0362-2436.
Online: http://www.spinejournal.com
Abstract: STUDY DESIGN. The effects of halothane, enflurane, or isoflurane on motor-evoked potentials via transcranial magnetic stimulation were investigated in cats. Time and dose effects on muscle potentials and spinal potentials were determined by measuring relative changes in amplitudes and latencies. METHODS. In 16 cats, muscle potentials and spinal potentials were evoked transcranially using magnetic stimulation. Potentials were recorded every 2 minutes for 10 minutes at end-tidal anesthetic concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, or 1.0%, and for 10 minutes after agents were removed. RESULTS. These anesthetics significantly attenuated the amplitude, but not the latency of muscle potentials. Effects were reversible and time and dose dependent. In contrast, these agents had little or no effect on amplitudes or latencies of spinal potentials. CONCLUSIONS. Monitoring intraoperative changes in spinal potentials may provide useful information regarding motor pathway assessment, because anesthetics have minimal effects on spinal potentials, whereas this is not so for muscle potentials.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, magnetics, motor cortex, muscle, skeletal, spinal cord, cats, evoked potentials, monitoring, intraoperative, motor cortex, muscle, skeletal, reaction time, reproducibility of results, spinal cord.

Yang, C.Y., W.C. Wu, C.Y. Chai, J.C. Hsu, L.C. See, P.W. Lui, and P.P. Tan (2003). Propofol inhibits neuronal firing activities in the caudal ventrolateral medulla. Chang Gung Medical Journal 26(8): 570-7. ISSN: 0255-8270.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Propofol is a potent intravenous anesthetic. The action of propofol on the medullary depressor area, the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM), has not been well established. We therefore performed extracellular recordings to study the neuronal activity of the CVLM in cats before and after intravenous propofol administration, to investigate its influence on neuronal firings. METHODS: Experiments were performed on 31 cats anaesthetized with a mixture of alpha-chloralose and urethane administered intraperitoneally. Mean systemic arterial pressure, heart rate, and the neuronal firing (NF) rate were continuously recorded before and after intravenous injection of a single dose of 2 mg x kg(-1) propofol or separate supplemental doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg x kg(-1) propofol until those parameters had returned to the premedication level. RESULTS: Propofol dose-dependently and reversibly inhibited the NF rate after the supplemental doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg x kg(-1) propofol. The control NF rate of 17.9 +/- 8.6 Hz was depressed to 15.8 +/- 8.5 Hz after the first dose of propofol (p < 0.05 vs. the control), and was further depressed to 12.8 +/- 8.3 Hz (p < 0.05 vs. the control) and 10.0 +/- 7.9 Hz (p < 0.05 vs. the control) after the second and the third doses of propofol, respectively. CONCLUSION: The dose-dependent inhibition of the spontaneous neuronal firing rate is the main pharmacological action of propofol in the caudal ventrolateral medulla of cats.
Descriptors: intravenous anesthetics, medulla oblongata, neurons, propofol, chick embryo, dose response relationship, drug, medulla oblongata, neurons.

Yata, S., H. Kitano, K. Shimouchi, and K. Kitagawa (1998). A new drain tube insertion holder and its application for thoracic drainage. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Anesthesia and Surgery (Japan) 29(1): 11-17. ISSN: 0916-5908.
Descriptors: cats, anesthesia, thorax, drainage, surgical operations, body parts, body regions.
Language of Text: Japanese.

Yetkin, Y. (2002). Physical properties of the cerebral hemispheres and paw preferences in mongrel cats: sex-related differences. The International Journal of Neuroscience 112(3): 239-62. ISSN: 0020-7454.
Abstract: This study was performed on 30 female and 18 male mongrel cats, of which 36 appeared to be right- and 12 left-pawed, respectively. The physical features of the brain hemispheres and the paw preferences in cats were investigated related to both functional and morphological asymmetry. Right-pawed cats were more prevalent, with scores ranging from +60 to +80%, as compared with the left-pawed ones scoring from -40 to -60%. However, females were found to be more right-pawed than males, but the differences were not considered significant (p > .05). After half-open ether anesthesia, the whole brain was excised by craniotomy under deep-anesthesia (Ketalar: 40-50 mg/kg). The brains excised were kept in formaldehyde (10%) for three days, and then the weight, volume, density, and the morphological dimensions of left and right hemispheres and whole brain bodies were measured. There were no significant sex-related differences in body weights and paw preferences; nor was there any relation among the weights, volumes, and lengths of right and left hemispheres in either sex. There was, however, a significant sex-related difference between the mean heights of the left hemispheres of both male and female cats (p < .05), which is expected to be on the right hemispheres. As for the total samples, the mean density of the left hemispheres exceeded that of the right hemispheres.
Descriptors: animal behavior, brain, forelimb, laterality, sex characteristics, brain, cats.

Yoshida, K. and K. Horch (1996). Closed-loop control of ankle position using muscle afferent feedback with functional neuromuscular stimulation. Transactions on Bio Medical Engineering 43(2): 167-76. ISSN: 0018-9294.
Abstract: This paper describes a closed-loop functional neuromuscular stimulation system that uses afferent neural activity from muscle spindle fibers as feedback for controlling position of the ankle joint. Ankle extension against a load was effected by neural stimulation through a dual channel intrafascicular electrode of a fascicle of the tibial nerve that innervated the gastrocnemius muscle. Ankle joint angle was estimated from recordings of tibialis anterior and lateral gastrocnemius spindle fiber activity made with dual channel intrafascicular electrodes. Experiments were conducted in neurally intact anesthetized cats and in unanesthetized decerebrate cats to demonstrate the feasibility of this system. The system was able to reach and maintain a fixed target ankle position in the presence of a varying external moment ranging in magnitude between 7.3 and 22 N-cm opposing the action of the ankle extensor, as well as track a sinusoidal target ankle position up to a frequency of 1 Hz in the presence of a constant magnitude 22- or 37-N-cm external moment.
Descriptors: feedback, muscle, skeletal innervation, neuromuscular junction, neurons, afferent, tarsus, animal, anesthesia, general, artifacts, cats, decerebrate state, electric stimulation instrumentation, electric stimulation, electrodes, implanted, electromyogrphy, feasibility studies, muscle contraction, muscle fibers, muscle spindles, muscle, skeletal, posture, tarsus, animal, tibial nerve.

Young, W. (2002). Spinal cord contusion models. Progress in Brain Research 137: 231-55. ISSN: 0079-6123.
Abstract: Most human spinal cord injuries involve contusions of the spinal cord. Many investigators have long used weight-drop contusion animal models to study the pathophysiology and genetic responses of spinal cord injury. All spinal cord injury therapies tested to date in clinical trial were validated in such models. In recent years, the trend has been towards use of rats for spinal cord injury studies. The MASCIS Impactor is a well-standardized rat spinal cord contusion model that produces very consistent graded spinal cord damage that linearly predicts 24-h lesion volumes, 6-week white matter sparing, and locomotor recovery in rats. All aspects of the model, including anesthesia for male and female rats, age rather than body weight criteria, and arterial blood gases were empirically selected to enhance the consistency of injury.
Descriptors: spinal cord injuries, spinal cord injuries, cats, animal disease models, rats.

Zealear, D.L., G.L.Jr. Bryant, M.B. Logan, and M.K. Schwaber (1995). An investigation of acute facial paralysis in animals induced by exposure of the tympanic membrane to cold air. Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery 113(6): 760-5. ISSN: 1068-9508.
Abstract: The goal of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that tympanic membrane exposure to cold air is a cause of acute facial palsy. A series of acute invasive experiments and a series of chronic noninvasive experiments were conducted in both cats and dogs. In the acute studies, stimulation was applied intracranially to the facial nerve root through a stereotaxically placed microelectrode and recordings of compound action potentials obtained extracranially from the facial nerve. Nerve conduction was monitored continuously during the application of cold air to the tympanic membrane. Nerve conduction disturbances were observed in all animals tested (8), and reduction in compound action potential amplitude ranged from 33% to 96%. Histologic analysis of the intratemporal portion of the facial nerve was performed in the animal exhibiting the greatest block in conduction, representative of a near-total paralysis. Axon swelling, demyelinization, and degeneration (Bungner's bands) without inflammation were apparent along the entire tympanic membrane segment. Interstitial swelling of nerve endoneurium was also present at the second genu and vertical segment. In the chronic studies, animals were exposed to cold air and monitored daily for facial paralysis after recovery from anesthesia. None of the animals demonstrated any detectable behavioral facial paralysis.
Descriptors: cold, facial paralysis, tympanic membrane, action potentials, acute disease, air, axons, cats, demyelinating diseases, dogs, facial nerve, microelectrodes, neural conduction.

Zheng, X., Z. Chen, W. Xu, and H. Shi (1994). Involvement of glutamate in corticofugal modulation of intralaminar nuclei from SII via motor cortex in acupuncture analgesia. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu [Acupuncture Research] 19(1): 11-15. ISSN: 1000-0607.
Abstract: The present experiments were designed to study the effect of glutamate on cortical somatosensory area II (S II) producing descending modulation of intralaminar nuclei (ILN) via the motor cortex (MCtx) in acupuncture analgesia. The glutamate antagonist glutamate diethylester (GDEE) or saline was topically applied at MCtx in 17 cats. Single unit activities of ILN neurons were extracellularly recorded. The results were as follows: 1. The nociceptive responses of ILN neurons were attenuated by stimulating S II after topical administration of saline at MCtx. However, the inhibitory effect of stimulating S II in the same neurons was reduced after application of GDEE. There was a significant difference at 0'-1' after the stimulation between the two groups (n = 10, P < 0.05). 2. The inhibitory effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on nociceptive responses was reduced after topical application of GDEE, while marked inhibition was shown at 0'-10' after cessation of EA in the saline control group (n = 11, P < 0.05). The results, together with the finding that the majority of S II neurons could be activated by EA, showed that glutamate released from S II to MCtx might be involved in corticofugal modulation of ILN from S II via MCtx in acupuncture analgesia.
Descriptors: acupuncture analgesia, glutamic acid, motor cortex, somatosensory cortex, thalamic nuclei, cats, nociceptors.
Language of Text: Chinese.

Zhong, S., G.L. Gebber, Y. Liu, S.Y. Zhou, and S.M. Barman (1996). Comparison of results obtained with time- and frequency-domain analysis when searching for the 10-Hz rhythm in sympathetic nerve discharge. Neuroscience Letters 211(2): 113-6. ISSN: 0304-3940.
NAL Call Number: QP351.N3
Abstract: Kubota et al. (Neurosci. Lett., 196 (1995) 173-176) constructed distributions of the intervals between successive bursts of sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) in three mammalian species. The mode in such interburst interval histograms (IBIHs) was near 100 ms in most cases. This interval was equated with the 10-Hz rhythm in SND identified by others using power density autospectral analysis. However, in the current study we found a modal interval near 100 ms independent of whether the autospectrum showed a peak near 10 Hz. A 10-Hz rhythm appeared in the autospectrum of SND only when counts in the IBIH were normally distributed around 100 ms and the coefficient of variation was < 0.25. We conclude that a modal interval of 100 ms, by itself, is not a predictor of a 10-Hz rhythm in SND. As such, the conclusions of Kubota et al. on the spinal origin and ubiquity of the 10-Hz rhythm are open to question.
Descriptors: sympathetic nervous system, anesthesia, general, anesthetics cats, electrophysiology, heart innervation, pressoreceptors, rats, sympathectomy, time factors, urethane.

Zohmann, A. and M. Kasper (2002). Szimpatikus blokadok helyi erzestelenitok alkalmazasaval [Sympathetic blockade by use of local anaesthetics]. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja 124(11): 682-686. ISSN: 0025-004X.
Descriptors: anesthesia, local anesthesia, cats.
Language of Text: Hungarian.

Zurita, P., A.E. Villa, Y. de Ribaupierre, F. de Ribaupierre, and E.M. Rouiller (1994). Changes of single unit activity in the cat's auditory thalamus and cortex associated to different anesthetic conditions. Neuroscience Research 19(3): 303-16. ISSN: 0168-0102.
Abstract: Single unit spike trains were recorded in the auditory cortex (n = 78) and in the auditory thalamus (n = 55) of nitrous oxide anesthetized cats. The electrophysiological activity was studied before and during the application of pentobarbital (P, 7 mg/kg), ketamine (K, 12 mg/kg) and a mixture of these anesthetics (KP). The units were characterized during the spontaneous and acoustically driven activity ('white' noise and pure tone bursts). For the majority of cortical (61%) and thalamic (83%) units both drugs tended to decrease the spontaneous firing rate, but affected differently its time structure: P tended to increase the average size of burst discharges, whereas K and KP tended to decrease it. In the cortex the peak firing rate evoked by 'white' noise tended to be decreased, whereas stronger excitatory responses were observed in the thalamus after injection of K or KP. The overall effect of the anesthetics during stimulation by pure tones was an increase in tonal selectivity due to a decrease in the response bandwidth. The response pattern to tones was also sometimes affected by the drugs. The direct evidence reported here for significant alterations of the discharge properties of auditory neurons in the thalamus and cortex resulting from low dose administration of K and/or P emphasizes difficulties in comparing data derived from experiments conducted in various conditions of anesthesia or in the awake state.
Descriptors: anesthesia, general, auditory cortex, ketamine, pentobarbital, thalamus, acoustic stimulation, auditory cortex, cats, evoked potentials, nitrous oxide, thalamus.