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1. Family-Based Treatment of a 17-Year-Old Twin Presenting with Emerging Anorexia Nervosa: A Case Study Using the "Maudsley Method" (EJ823613)
Author(s):
Loeb, Katharine L.; Hirsch, Alicia M.; Greif, Rebecca; Hildebrandt, Thomas B.
Source:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, v38 n1 p176-183 Jan 2009
Pub Date:
2009-01-00
Pub Type(s):
Journal Articles; Reports - Research
Peer-Reviewed:
Yes
Descriptors: Siblings; Eating Disorders; Twins; Females; Family Counseling; Counseling Techniques; Intervention; Counseling Effectiveness; Outcomes of Treatment; Psychological Patterns; Family Relationship; Physical Health; Mental Health
Abstract: This article describes the successful application of family-based treatment (FBT) for a 17-year-old identical twin presenting with a 4-month history of clinically significant symptoms of anorexia nervosa (AN). FBT is a manualized treatment that has been studied in randomized controlled trials for adolescents with AN. This case study illustrates the administration of this evidence-based intervention in a clinical setting, highlighting how the best available research was used to make clinical decisions at each stage of treatment delivery. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
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2. Acquired Focal Brain Lesions in Childhood: Effects on Development and Reorganization of Language (EJ808571)
Chilosi, A. M.; Cipriani, P.; Pecini, C.; Brizzolara, D.; Biagi, L.; Montanaro, D.; Tosetti, M.; Cioni, G.
Brain and Language, v106 n3 p211-225 Sep 2008
2008-09-00
Descriptors: Twins; Aphasia; Children; Brain; Language Acquisition; Child Development; Language Impairments; Brain Hemisphere Functions; Age Differences; Psycholinguistics; Diagnostic Tests
Abstract: In the present paper, we address brain-behaviour relationships in children with acquired aphasia, by reviewing some recent studies on the effects of focal brain lesions on language development. Timing of the lesion, in terms of its occurrence, before or after the onset of speech and language acquisition, may be a major factor determining language outcome. However, it is still unclear which are the effects of aphasia occurring between 2 and 5 years of age, a time window which is crucial for acquiring and automatizing the basic rules of native language. A comprehensive review of the literature on acquired childhood aphasia precedes the description of long-term follow-up (20 years) of two identical twins, one of whom became aphasic at 3 years and 4 months after infarction of the left sylvian artery. Psycholinguistic analysis and fMRI data show a slow and incomplete recovery from non-fluent aphasia associated to an intra-hemispheric organization of language. These data, which support the potential but also the limits of neural plasticity during language development, are discussed in the light of the literature on the time-course and neural bases of acquired childhood aphasia. (Contains 3 figures and 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
3. Poor Utility of the Age of Onset Criterion for DSM-IV Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Recommendations for DSM-V and ICD-11 (EJ808164)
Todd, Richard D.; Huang, Hongyan; Henderson, Cynthia A.
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, v49 n9 p942-949 Sep 2008
Descriptors: Attention Deficit Disorders; Hyperactivity; Disability Identification; Age; Criteria; Twins; Behavior Disorders; Pervasive Developmental Disorders; Depression (Psychology); Adolescents; Young Adults; Followup Studies
Abstract: Background: To test whether the retrospective reporting of the age of onset impairment criterion for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) required in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV" (DSM-IV) complicates identification of new and known child and adolescent cases later in life. Methods: A birth-records-based cohort of twins assessed at ages 7 to 19 years were blindly reassessed five years later using the MAGIC interview. Study outcome measures were differences in reported ages of onset for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Results: For all age groups and respondents (parent on youth or youth self-report), later ages of ADHD onset were reported five years later. The same phenomenon was also present for the other diagnostic groups. Of the initial ADHD individuals who continued to meet all other ADHD criteria at follow-up, 46% failed the age of onset criterion five years later. When ignoring the age of onset criterion, late onsets of ages 7-16 years accounted for about 10% of all ADHD. Conclusions: Use of the DSM-IV age of onset criterion for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the assessment of adolescents and young adults results in under-identification of affected individuals. Consideration should be given to revising the current nomenclatures to reflect the reality of retrospective reporting errors in age of onset as well as the presence of late onset cases. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
4. Primary Cortical Folding in the Human Newborn: An Early Marker of Later Functional Development (EJ806239)
Dubois, J.; Benders, M.; Borradori-Tolsa, C.; Cachia, A.; Lazeyras, F.; Leuchter, R. Ha-Vinh; Sizonenko, S. V.; Warfield, S. K.; Mangin, J. F.; Huppi, P. S.
Brain, v131 n8 p2028-2041 Aug 2008
2008-08-00
Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
Descriptors: Twins; Neonates; Brain; Infants; Brain Hemisphere Functions; Child Development; Neurological Impairments; Developmental Disabilities; Diagnostic Tests; Premature Infants; Predictor Variables
Abstract: In the human brain, the morphology of cortical gyri and sulci is complex and variable among individuals, and it may reflect pathological functioning with specific abnormalities observed in certain developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Since cortical folding occurs early during brain development, these structural abnormalities might be present long before the appearance of functional symptoms. So far, the precise mechanisms responsible for such alteration in the convolution pattern during intra-uterine or post-natal development are still poorly understood. Here we compared anatomical and functional brain development "in vivo" among 45 premature newborns who experienced different intra-uterine environments: 22 normal singletons, 12 twins and 11 newborns with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and dedicated post-processing tools, we investigated early disturbances in cortical formation at birth, over the developmental period critical for the emergence of convolutions (26-36 weeks of gestational age), and defined early "endophenotypes" of sulcal development. We demonstrated that twins have a delayed but harmonious maturation, with reduced surface and sulcation index compared to singletons, whereas the gyrification of IUGR newborns is discordant to the normal developmental trajectory, with a more pronounced reduction of surface in relation to the sulcation index compared to normal newborns. Furthermore, we showed that these structural measurements of the brain at birth are predictors of infants' outcome at term equivalent age, for MRI-based cerebral volumes and neurobehavioural development evaluated with the assessment of preterm infant's behaviour (APIB). Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
5. Dimensions of Psychopathy and Their Relationships to Cognitive Functioning in Children (EJ802908)
Fontaine, Nathalie; Barker, Edward D.; Salekin, Randall T.; Viding, Essi
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, v37 n3 p690-696 Jul 2008
2008-07-00
Descriptors: Conceptual Tempo; Hyperactivity; Psychopathology; Nonverbal Ability; Cognitive Ability; Verbal Ability; Twins; Individual Differences; Gender Differences; Personality Traits; Psychological Patterns; Foreign Countries; Children
Abstract: Individuals with psychopathic traits are hypothesized to be free of intellectual deficits and possibly even to exhibit good cognitive abilities. Previous studies, based on clinical and incarcerated youth, have shown inconsistent findings. We investigated the relationships between different dimensions of psychopathy (callous/unemotional traits, narcissism, impulsivity) and cognitive abilities in a large population-based sample of children (age 9, N = 4,713). Findings indicated a positive relationship between narcissism and both verbal and nonverbal abilities, even after accounting for conduct problems and hyperactivity. Callous/unemotional traits and impulsivity were negatively related to both types of cognitive abilities but did not remain significant after accounting for conduct problems and hyperactivity. Interactions between gender and the dimensions of psychopathy were not significant. (Contains 3 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
6. A Multivariate Genetic Analysis of Specific Phobia, Separation Anxiety and Social Phobia in Early Childhood (EJ802197)
Eley, Thalia C.; Rijsdijk, Fruhling V.; Perrin, Sean; O'Connor, Thomas G.; Bolton, Derek
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, v36 n6 p839-848 Aug 2008
Descriptors: Genetics; Environmental Influences; Family Influence; Mental Disorders; Separation Anxiety; Fear; Twins; Multivariate Analysis; Young Children
Abstract: Background: Comorbidity amongst anxiety disorders is very common in children as in adults and leads to considerable distress and impairment, yet is poorly understood. Multivariate genetic analyses can shed light on the origins of this comorbidity by revealing whether genetic or environmental risks for one disorder also influence another. We examined the genetic and environmental influences on the comorbidity between three common childhood anxiety disorders: Specific Phobia, Separation Anxiety and Social Phobia. Methods: Using a two-phase design 4,662 twin-pairs were screened in the first phase and 854 pairs were assessed in the second phase by maternal-informant diagnostic interview using DSM-IV criteria. Results: Multivariate genetic analysis revealed significant shared environmental over-lap between Specific Phobia and Separation Anxiety and significant familial and non-shared environmental over-lap between Specific Phobia and Social Phobia. Conclusions: Familial influences, especially shared environment, are central to the comorbidity between Specific Phobia and both Separation Anxiety and Social Phobia. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
7. The Contribution of Prenatal Stress to the Pathogenesis of Autism as a Neurobiological Developmental Disorder: A Dizygotic Twin Study (EJ799385)
Claassen, M.; Naude, H.; Pretorius, E.; Bosman, M. C.
Early Child Development and Care, v178 n5 p487-511 Jul 2008
Descriptors: Autism; Pregnancy; Pathology; Biochemistry; Stress Variables; Neurological Organization; Neurological Impairments; Twins; Prenatal Care; Mothers
Abstract: This paper reports on the contribution of prenatal stress to the pathogenesis of autism as a neurobiological developmental disorder in a dizygotic study. The aim was to explore whether the neurobiological impact of stress prior to week 28 of gestation might be related to the pathogenesis of autism. The following data-generating strategies were employed: a diagnostic stress inventory, the 16-Personality Factor Questionnaire, magnetic resonance imaging and blood plasma sampling. It was found that maternal stress during pregnancy may have produced elevated leucocytes and glucocorticoids during gestation, because stress affects cellular immunity due to involvement of the hipothalamic-pituary-adrenal axis. These were implicated in suboptimal placental functioning, heightened exposure of the foetus to glucocorticoids and altered neural development. The autistic subject's blood plasma pathology results showed elevated glucocorticoids and serotonin. Significant cortisol and serotonin differences were noted in the blood plasma pathology results of the autistic subject and the control. Hyperserotonemia and elevated glucocorticoids were therefore implicated in altered programmed neural development, as suggested by the autistic subject's magnetic resonance images. Differences in head circumference were also noted. It was concluded that prenatal maternal stress might have significantly contributed to the pathogenesis of autism. (Contains 4 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
8. Relationships between Parental Negativity and Childhood Antisocial Behavior over Time: A Bidirectional Effects Model in a Longitudinal Genetically Informative Design (EJ796460)
Larsson, Henrik; Viding, Essi; Rijsdijk, Fruhling V.; Plomin, Robert
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, v36 n5 p633-645 Jul 2008
Descriptors: Twins; Antisocial Behavior; Young Children; Parent Child Relationship; Child Behavior; Longitudinal Studies; Genetics
Abstract: This study examined the direction and etiology underlying the relationships between parental negativity and early childhood antisocial behavior using a bidirectional effects model in a longitudinal genetically informative design. We analyzed parent reports of parental negativity and early childhood antisocial behavior in 6,230 pairs of twins at 4 and 7 years of age. Results from a cross-lagged twin model contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the bidirectional processes involved in parental negativity and childhood antisocial behavior. Specifically, the findings of this study suggest that the association between parenting and child antisocial behavior is best explained by both parent-driven and child-driven effects. We found support for the notion that parent's negative feelings towards their children environmentally mediate the risk for child antisocial behavior. We also found evidence of genetically mediated child effects; in which genetically influenced antisocial behavior evoke parental negativity towards the child. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
9. Word Reading and Reading Comprehension: Stability, Overlap and Independence (EJ795915)
Betjemann, Rebecca S.; Willcutt, Erik G.; Olson, Richard K.; Keenan, Janice M.; Defries, John C.; Wadsworth, Sally J.
Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, v21 n5 p539-558 Jul 2008
Descriptors: Reading Skills; Reading Comprehension; Twins; Genetics; Etiology; Environmental Influences; Longitudinal Studies; Correlation
Abstract: Longitudinal twin data were analyzed to investigate the etiology of the stability of genetic and environmental influences on word reading and reading comprehension, as well as the stability of those influences on their relationship. Participating twin pairs were initially tested at a mean age of 10.3 years, and retested approximately five years later. Both word reading and comprehension were found to be highly stable, and genetic influences were primarily responsible for that stability. In contrast to studies with younger participants, no unique genetic influences were observed at follow-up testing in this older sample. High genetic correlations were obtained between word reading and reading comprehension at both ages, indicating common genetic influences. However, significant genetic influence on comprehension was also observed, independent of that on word reading. Although the phenotypic relation between the two measures appeared to decline across time, the genetic etiology of this relation was highly stable. Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
10. Assessment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder Diagnostic Criteria in the National Comorbidity Survey and Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders (EJ809811)
Kubarych, Thomas S.; Aggen, Steven H.; Hettema, John M.; Kendler, Kenneth S.; Neale, Michael C.
Psychological Assessment, v20 n3 p206-216 Sep 2008
Descriptors: Epidemiology; Factor Analysis; Anxiety; Clinical Diagnosis; Mental Disorders; Evaluation Methods; Measurement Techniques; Research Methodology; Symptoms (Individual Disorders); Interviews; Twins; Females; Whites; Age Differences; Test Items
Abstract: The authors investigated measurement properties of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition," generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) criteria in the National Comorbidity Survey and the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders (VATSPSUD). The two studies used different widely used instruments. There were significant (p less than 0.001) differences in measurement of GAD due to age, study, and age-study interaction on item thresholds and factor loadings of GAD, especially when different stem-probe structures of interviews were taken into account. Item thresholds were estimated to differ by as much as -0.74 as a function of age and 0.40 as a function of study. Despite these differences, factor scores derived from symptom criteria strongly predicted categorical diagnostic outcomes based on symptom count. It is concluded that interview structure, especially the stem-probe format of structured interviews, and wording had significant effects on study findings; that future studies in psychiatric epidemiology should use common structured interviews as much as possible; and that factor scores can be used in conjunction with sum scores as cut points to retain the advantages of both dimensional and categorical classification. (Contains 12 tables.) Note:The following two links are not-applicable for text-based browsers or screen-reading software. Show Hide Full Abstract
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