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Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1. Introduction The Early Cenozoic Mammalian Radiation Timing of the Crown-Therian Radiation Mammalian Phylogeny, Interrelationships, and Classification Determining Relationships: The Evidence of Evolution Monophyly and Paraphyly Phylogeny and Classification Geochronology and Biochronology of the Early Cenozoic Paleocene-Eocene Boundary Eocene-Oligocene Boundary European Land-Mammal Ages North American Land-Mammal Ages South American Land-Mammal Ages Asian Land-Mammal Ages Paleogeographic Setting during the Beginning of the Age of Mammals Paleocene-Eocene Climate and Flora Organization of the Text 2. Mammalian Skeletal Structure and Adaptations Skull Dentition Postcranial Skeleton Skeletal Adaptations 3. The Origin of Mammals What is a Mammal? The Evolutionary Transition to Mammals 4. Synopsis of Mesozoic Mammal Evolution Historical Background The Oldest Mammals Haramiyids and Possible Relatives Morganucodonts, Sinoconodon, and Kuehneotheriids Hadrocodium Docodonta Multituberculata Plagiaulacoidea Djadochtatherioidea Ptilodontoidea Taeniolabidoidea Relationships and Extinction of Multituberculates Eutriconodonta Symmetrodonts Eupantotheres Tribosphenic Mammals Southern Tribosphenic Mammals: Australosphenida Mesozoic Australosphenidans Monotremes Northern Tribosphenic Mammals: Boreosphenida Aegialodontia "Tribotheres" Mesozoic Mammals of Uncertain Affinity 5. Metatheria: Marsupials and their Relatives Basal Metatherians Deltatheroida Asiadelphia Primitive Marsupials Ameridelphia Peradectidae and Didelphidae Paucituberculata Sparassodonta (Borhyaenoids) Australidelphia 6. Earliest Placental/Eutherian Mammals Basal Eutherians 7. Cimolesta Didelphodonta and other Primitive Cimolesta Didymoconidae Pantolesta Apatotheria Taeniodonta Tillodontia Pantodonta 8. Creodonta and Carnivora Creodonta Oxyaenidae Hyaenodontids\ae Carnivora Miacoids Feliformia Caniformia Canidae Ursoidea Musteloidea (=Mustelida) 9. Insectivora Leptictida Lipotyphla Adapisoriculidae Erinaceomorpha Primitive Erinaceomorphs Erinaceidae Soricomorpha Primitive Soricomorphs Geolabididae Nyctitheriidae Micropternodontidae Apternodontidae Plesiosoricidae Soricidae Talpoidea 10. Archonta Chiroptera Fossil Bats Dermoptera Plagiomenidae and Mixodectidae Dermoptera and Primatomorpha Primates and Plesiadapiformes Plesiadapiformes Purgatoriidae Palaechthonidae Plesiadapidae Carpolestidae Saxonellidae Micromomyidae Picromomyidae Picrodontidae Paromomyidae Microsyopidae Toliapinidae Azibiidae Plesiadapiform Origins Fossil Euprimates Adapoidea Notharctidae; Adapidae; Sivaladapidae Earliest Strepsirrhines Tarsiiformes Omomyidae; Tarsiidae Anthropoidea Earliest North African Anthropoids; Early Asian Anthropoids; Fayum Anthropoids Scandentia 11. "Edentates:" Xenarthra and Pholidota Xenarthra Cingulata Pilosa Phyllophaga Vermilingua and Eurotamandua Pholidota Eomanidae and Patriomanidae Palaeanodonta Ernanodonta 12. Archaic Ungulates Oldest Ungulate Relatives Condylarthra: Archaic Ungulates Arctocyonidae Mioclaenidae Periptychidae Didolodontidae Hyopsodontidae Phenacodontidae Tingamarra Arctostylopida Meridiungulata: Endemic South American Ungulates Notoungulata Notioprogonia Toxodontia Typotheria Hegetotheria Litopterna Astrapotheria Pyrotheria Xenungulata Dinocerata 13. Altungulata Perissodactyla Equoids Equidae Palaeotheriidae Brontotheriidae Ceratomorpha Tapiroidea Rhinocerotoidea Ancylopoda Paenungulata Hyracoidea Tethytheria Proboscidea Embrithopoda Sirenia 14. Cete and Artiodactyla Cete and Cetacea Mesonychia (=Acreodi) Cetacea Archaeoceti Mysticeti and Odontoceti (=Neoceti) Artiodactyla Primitive Bunodont Artiodactyls Dichobunidae Helohyidae Cebochoeridae Raoellidae Choeropotamidae Relationships of Dichobunoids to Later Artiodactyls Suiformes (=Suina) Anthracotheriidae Entelodontidae Tayassuidae Suidae Primitive Selenodont Artiodactyls Mixtotheriidae Anoplotherioidea Anoplotheriidae; Dacrytheriidae; Cainotheriidae Oreodontoidea Tylopoda Xiphodontidae Oromerycidae Protoceratidae Camelidae Ruminantia Amphimerycidae Hypertragulidae Leptomerycidae Other Primitive Ruminants Pecora 15. Anagalida Primitive Asian Anagalidans and Possible Anagalidans Zalambdalestidae Anagalidae Pseudictopidae Macroscelidea Glires Duplicidentata Lagomorpha Mimotonidae Simplicidentata Eurymylidae Rodentia Zygomasseteric Anatomy in Rodents Tooth Enamel of Rodents Oldest Known Rodents Suborder Sciuromorpha Suborder Myomorpha Suborder Anomalomuromorpha Suborder Sciuravida Superfamily Ctenodactyloidea Suborder Hystricognatha 16. Reflections and Speculations on the Beginning of the Age of Mammals The Early Cenozoic Mammal Record The Southern Hemisphere North America Europe Asia Synopsis of Paleocene and Eocene Mammals Non-tribosphenic Mammals: Multituberculata and Dryolestoidea Monotremata Metatheria Cimolesta Carnivora and Creodonta Insectivora Archonta Xenarthra and Pholidota Ungulata Archaic Ungulates Altungulata Cete and Artiodactyla Anagalida A Final Note Bibliography Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Paleontology -- Cenozoic.
Mammals -- History.
Mammals -- Evolution.
Life -- Origin.