U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Preliminary Map of Peak Horizontal Ground Acceleration for the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake of January 17, 1995, Japan (Part B of 2 - Description of Mapped Data Sets) prepared by R.D. Borcherdt and C.M. Wentworth from Preliminary information kindly provided by the primary agencies and investigators in Japan Open-File Report 95 - 259 B This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Abstract The Hanshin-Awaji earthquake (also known as the Hyogo-ken Nanbu and the Great Hanshin earthquake) provided an unprecedented set of measurements of strong ground shaking. The measurements constitute the most comprehensive set of strong- motion recordings yet obtained for sites underlain by soft soil deposits of Holocene age within a few kilometers of the crustal rupture zone. The recordings, obtained on or near many important structures, provide an important new empirical data set for evaluating input ground motion levels and site amplification factors for codes and site-specific design procedures world wide. This report describes the data used to prepare a preliminary map summarizing the strong motion data in relation to seismicity and underlying geology (Wentworth, Borcherdt, and Mark., 1995; Figure 1, hereafter referred to as Figure 1/I). The map shows station locations, peak acceleration values, and generalized acceleration contours superimposed on pertinent seismicity and the geologic map of Japan. The map (Figure 1/I) indicates a zone of high acceleration with ground motions throughout the zone greater than 400 gal and locally greater than 800 gal. This zone encompasses the area of most intense damage mapped as JMA intensity level 7, which extends through Kobe City. The zone of most intense damage is parallel, but displaced slightly from the surface projection of the crustal rupture zone implied by aftershock locations. The zone is underlain by soft-soil deposits of Holocene age. Introduction Strong ground shaking generated by the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake of January 17, 1995, caused at least 5378 casualties and economic losses exceeding 96 billion U.S. dollars (Asahi Evening News, February 17,1995). Essentially all of the life loss and about 75-80 percent of the direct economic losses were caused by shaking-induced failure of residential and commercial structures. About 20 to 25 percent of the remaining direct economic losses are attributed to the failure of port, river and agricultural facilities caused by ground shaking either indirectly through shaking-induced ground failures associated with liquefaction and landsliding or directly through shaking-induced structural failures. Consequently, understanding the nature of the strong ground shaking radiated by the crustal rupture process is fundamental to understanding the damaging effects of this earthquake and the possible effects of similar earthquakes in other densely urbanized areas. The strong-motion recordings were obtained with instrumentation installed and maintained by a variety of private, government, and university-affiliated agencies in Japan. Data assimilation and distribution is provided by each agency with coordination provided for some agencies by The National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention of the Science and Technology Agency, Japan. All of the data and results reported here have been derived from preliminary information supplied by the various agencies, the "Prompt Report on Strong Motion Accelerograms No. 46", and principal investigators and colleagues in Japan. A conscious effort has been made to report the results accurately with appropriate credit to the agencies, which made this outstanding data set possible. Any omissions or inaccuracies are not intentional, but some are sure to exist due to language translation difficulties. This preliminary compilation and its map representation (Figure1/I; Wentworth, Borcherdt, and Mark, 1995) is intended to provide an overview of this excellent data set with the understanding that additional and more accurate information should be incorporated to improve the result as it becomes available. The preliminary map (Figure 1/I) shows peak acceleration values near the station location, generalized acceleration contours, and seismicity for a two-day interval superimposed on the geologic map of Japan (map scale 1:1,000,000). The map was compiled from digital databases for the seismicity, station coordinates, and geology using a commercial geographic information system (ARC/INFO). Inadequate station spacing implies that the resultant acceleration contours provide a generalized overview of the radiated peak ground-motion distribution. Resultant contours are dependent on grid spacing and algorithm selected to contour the data. Interpretation of the map should be conducted with these limitations in mind. Detailed discussion of the data layers follows. Geology The base layer for Figure 1/I is a map showing generalized geologic units and major faults. The base layer was obtained from the digital version of the 1:1,000,000 scale Geologic Map of Japan (Geological Survey of Japan, 1992). The digital representation of the geologic boundaries, as available on CD-ROM, is stored in a coordinate system of decimal degrees. These coordinates were projected using an oblique mercator projection. A one-degree grid of latitude and longitude is superimposed on the map. A description of the geologic units is provided in referenced publications. The geologic units shown in Figure 1/I differentiate each of the Holocene and Pleistocene units distinguished on the geologic map. Three groups of sedimentary rocks are differentiated, those of Pliocene, Miocene, and pre-Miocene age. All of the igneous and metamorphic rocks are shown as a single unit. These unit distinctions were chosen in order that the boundaries for the geologic units would approximately coincide with the boundaries for the principal site classes with distinct seismic response characteristics. In general, the tendency for each generalized unit to amplify input ground motion levels increases with decreasing geologic age. Portions of Port Island, Rokko Island and the Kansai International airport are not included in the 1992 version of the Geologic Map of Japan and hence are not shown on the map (Figure 1/I). Seismicity Seismicity for a two-day time period including the occurrence time of the main shock is shown in Figure 1/I. The location of the main-shock epicenter is that reported in the "Prompt Report on Strong Motion Accelerograms No. 46". (Circular contours centered on the epicenter with radii in 25 km intervals provide a map scale and reference coordinate system). The seismicity distribution was derived from aftershock locations reported via ftp by the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Observation Networks of Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, and Faculty of Science, Kochi University. The seismicity suggests a rupture surface between 35 and 50 km long. Comparison of the seismicity pattern with mapped surface faults suggests that the rupture zone is about 46 km long extending from about 19 km southwest of the epicenter to about 27 km northeast of the epicenter. Coseismic crustal rupture associated with the earthquake initiated on the Nojima fault located on Awaji island. The rupture extended to the ground surface along a 9 km segment of the fault on Awaji Island. Maximum surface displacements of 1.7 m right-lateral, horizontal and 1.0 m vertical were observed (T. Masaharu, pers. commun., 1995). The aftershock locations suggest the rupture zone increases slightly in average depth to the northeast. The shallowest seismicity occurs beneath Awaji Island and downtown Kobe City. No surface rupture associated with the fault system had been confirmed in Kobe City as of this writing. Strong Motion Recordings Locations of the strong-motion stations are shown in Figure 1/I and tabulated in Table 1. Coordinates for some stations were provided by the agencies and coordinates for others were inferred from page-sized maps projected to a common scale. The locations inferred from these maps (shown in italics in Table 1) are considered least accurate and should be updated, when additional information becomes available. Projection of available maps is expected to have introduced location errors in general less than 100 m; however, other sources of error may have contributed to larger uncertainties for some sites whose coordinates are shown in italics. The peak amplitudes shown in Figure 1/I were measured using different types of instrumentation and reported in different ways by some agencies. These differences should be considered in deriving conclusions from the data. Station identification, various measures of distance and peak amplitude data, and geologic classifications of the sites are tabulated (Table 1). The measurements exceeding full scale at two stations are indicated. Measures of distance shown in Table 1 are 1) distance to epicenter (E-Dist), 2) distance to hypocenter (H-Dist), 3) distance to projected rupture surface (Surf-Dis), and 4) distance to seismogenic rupture (SR-Dis; depth below surface, 4 km). Distances to the surface projection of the fault rupture surface were approximated as the closest distance to the straight line implied by the seismicity and determined by endpoints defined by coordinates [34o 29.4`N, 134 53.2E] and [34 45.7N, 135 16.3E]. The geologic classification of the sites shown in Table 1 was determined by superposition of the strong-motion station locations on the geologic map of Japan. The resultant classification is dependent on the accuracy of the station coordinates and the generalized nature of the 1:1,000,000 scale geologic map. Consequently, the geologic classification for sites must be regarded as preliminary. Site-specific amplification factors are derived from this classification by Borcherdt (1995). The mean and standard deviation for amplification factors inferred for Holocene sites in the azimuthal window of 45 degrees centered along strike are 1.8 and 1.5, respectively. Corresponding values inferred for the azimuthal window of +67.5 degrees perpendicular to strike are 1.7 and 1.5. The preliminary 1.8 value is slightly smaller than the 2.0 value for soft-soil sites as initially inferred from the Loma Prieta strong-motion data for input ground motion levels near 0.1g (Borcherdt, 1994), but larger than values being considered for code revisions based on numerical modeling results. Ground Acceleration Contours Acceleration contours, derived from the peak acceleration values tabulated in Table 1, are shown as one of the map layers in Figure 1/ I. The contours were derived from a grid of values interpolated at a spacing of 0.5 km using a minimum curvature gridding routine (Webring, 1981). The contours are shown with a contour interval of 50 gals. Inadequate station spacing in some areas contributes to generalized grid values and hence generalized contours. Discussion The strong ground motion measurements of the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake provide an important new empirical near-source strong-motion data set. The data set is especially important for estimating near-source input ground motion levels, site amplification factors at high input levels, and shaking-induced soil and structural failures. The station locations (Figure 1/I and Table 1) show that the horizontal ground acceleration exceeded 500 gal at ten sites and reached levels near 800 gal at two sites at distances between about 4 and 20 km of the projected rupture zone. Measurements at ten other sites within distances of 20 km were between 200 and 500 gal. Superposition of the station locations on the geologic map (Figure 1; Part I) indicates that about sixty percent of the measurements are located on soil deposits of Holocene age. Geotechnical information indicates that these deposits are comprised of interbedded sand, clay, and gravel layers with a majority of the interval shear-wave velocities between about 100 and 350 m/s (Iwasaki, et al., 1991 ). These strong-motion data constitute an important new set of measurements for inferring ground motion levels on soft soils, especially at distances less than 10 km. The acceleration contours for the higher levels of motion (>400 gal) show an elongated southwest-northeast trend roughly parallel to and inclusive of the surface projection of the inferred rupture zone. The acceleration contours reveal that the peak ground acceleration levels decrease rapidly with increasing distance from the surface projection of the implied fault rupture. This rapid attenuation, readily apparent on plots of peak acceleration with distance compiled with linear scales (see e.g. Borcherdt, 1995), is consistent with localized patterns of intense damage. The general trends in the contours for the acceleration levels greater than 0.4g roughly include the zones mapped with the intensity level JMA 7. This correspondence clearly emphasizes the severity of the ground motion as observed on soft soil near the projected fault rupture surface. These high levels of shaking confirm that the "near-source" factors currently being considered for U.S. building codes are needed to account for high levels of shaking near the crustal rupture zones. The agreement in preliminary amplification factors derived for the Hanshin-Awaji and the Loma Prieta earthquakes (Borcherdt, 1995) suggests that site amplification and proximity to the crustal rupture zone contributed to the high levels of ground acceleration apparent from the mapped values and generalized acceleration contours. The area roughly indicated by acceleration contours greater than 0.4g helps explain the well defined zone of intense damage mapped as intensity JMA 7. Acknowledgments The authors are especially appreciative of the information and data provided by numerous agencies and colleagues on which this preliminary summary is based. In particular, data and information provided by colleagues of The Public Works Research Institute, The National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Science and Technology Agency, The Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Department of Civil Engineering, Gifu University, the Port and Harbor Research Institute, the Architectural Institute of Japan, The Committee on Earthquake Observation and Research in the Kansai Area, Osaka Gas, Japan Railway, Japan Highways, Japan Meteorological Agency, Ministry of Construction, Building Research Institute, Geological Survey of Japan and others are appreciated. A special note of thanks is expressed to Y. Iwasaki, H. Kameda, K. Ohtani, M. Sugito, M. Watabe, and numerous other colleagues for information and personal contributions. Manuscript review by W. Joyner is appreciated. References Borcherdt, R.D., 1994, Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design (Methodology and Justification), Earthquake Spectra, 10, p. 617-653. Borcherdt, R.D., 1995, Seismology, geology, and geotechnical issues, National Institute of Science and Technology, U. S. Geological Survey, Reports, in press. Geological Survey of Japan, 1992, Geological Map of Japan, CD-ROM Version, Third Edition, CD-ROM series of Earth Science Databases, CDGSJ92010, Map Scale 1:1,000,000. Huzita, K., and Kasama, T., 1982, Geology of the Osaka-Seihokubu District, Scale 1;50,000: Geological Survey of Japan. Huzita, K., and Kasama, T., 1983, Geology of the Kobe District, Scale 1;50,000: Geological Survey of Japan. Huzita, K., and Maeda, Y., 1984, Geology of the Suma District, Scale 1;50,000: Geological Survey of Japan. Huzita, K., and Maeda, Y., 1985, Geology of the Osaka-Seinambu District, Scale 1;50,000: Geological Survey of Japan. Iwasaki, Y., Suwa, S., Yamamoto, K., and Hamada, T., 1991, Regional Geo-data system for seismic zoning, Proceedings Fourth International Conferince on Seismic Zonation, Standford,CA, III, p. 723-730. Maximum accelerations observed by JR, JR Earthquake Information No. 23a, Internet. Nakamura,Y., 1995, Waveform and its analysis of the 1995 Hyogo-ken-Nanbu earthquake, JR Earthquake Information No. 23c, 46 pp. Nakamura,Y., Kazutoshi, H., Saita, J., and Sato, S., 1995, Strong Accelerations and damage of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake, JR Earthquake Information No. 23b, 25 pp. NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for New Buildings, 1991 edition, Prepared by Building Seismic Safety Council for Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington D.C., I, 199 pp. Oka, F., Sugito, M., Yashima, A., and Bardet, J.P., 1995, The Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster (The 1995 South Hyogo Prefecture Earthquake), Preliminary Investigation Report, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan, 71 pp. Science and Technology Agency, Japan, 1995, Prompt report on strong-motion accelerograms No. 46, The National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Science and Technology Agency, Japan, 42 pp. Webring, M., 1981, MINC: a gridding program based on minimum curvature, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1224, 41 pp. Wentworth, C.W., Borcherdt, R. D., and Mark, R., 1995, Preliminary map of peak horizontal ground acceleration for the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake of January 17,1995, Japan, Part I of 2, U. S. Geological Survey Open File Report No. 95-259 A, 5 pp. Table 1 A preliminary list of strong-motion stations for the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake. Station Name Sta Geol.Sit N. E. LAzmE-disH-disSurf-SR-Di PGA Pub. Code Cla(deg)(deg) (de(km) (km) (km) (km) (gal Coords. Fukiai OG-FUIQp-Q3III34.71135.20 52 18.523.4 0.4 4.0 833 Shin-Kobe JR-SNKQp-Q3III34.70135.20 53 18.022.9 0.8 4.1 561 * Kobe Marine JM-KBM Qh IV 34.68135.18 54 15.421.0 0.9 4.1 817 * Kobe UniversKC-KBUQp-Q3III34.72135.24 54 22.326.4 1.3 4.2 305 Takatori JR-TKT Qh IV 34.64135.13 62 9.917.4 1.7 4.3 616 * PHRI Kobe PH-KOB Qh IV 34.69135.22 59 19.424.1 2.7 4.8 394 Port Island MC-PRI Qh IV 34.69135.22 61 19.123.9 3.3 5.2 341 Kobe MotoyamKC-KOB Qh IV 34.71135.27 60 24.428.2 3.8 5.5 775? Port Island MC-PIA Qh IV 34.66135.20 65 16.421.8 4.0 5.6 340 Nishinomiya OG-NSM Qh IV 34.73135.34 63 31.034.1 7.5 8.5 792 Takaraduka JR-TKD Qh IV 34.80135.34 51 35.538.2 8.5 9.3 601 * Nishi-AkashiJR-NSA Qh IV 34.66134.96311 9.717.2 10.1 10.8 481 * Amagasaki 1 KC-AMG Qh IV 34.71135.40 70 35.638.3 13.4 14.0 >321 PHRI AmagasaPH-AMG Qh IV 34.68135.38 74 32.935.8 13.4 14.0 475 Amagasaki 2 MC-AMG Qh IV 34.71135.41 70 35.738.4 13.7 14.3 310 Amagasaki 3 JH-AMO Qh IV 34.72135.43 70 37.940.4 15.3 15.8 580 Inagawa RiveTD-OKI Qh IV 34.82135.42 55 42.644.9 15.8 16.3 421 Hokko OG-HOK Qh IV 34.66135.43 80 36.238.9 18.1 18.5 266 Fukushima KC-FKS Qh IV 34.68135.44 78 37.840.3 18.3 18.8 212 Yodo R (OoyoMC-YRO Qh IV 34.68135.45 77 39.041.5 18.9 19.3 336 Hitokura DamTD-HTD sed I 34.90135.40 46 46.748.7 19.8 20.2 478 Toyonaka KC-TYNQp-Q1III34.80135.49 62 46.348.4 20.6 21.0 Senri OG-SENTp-N3 I 34.80135.50 63 47.149.2 21.4 21.8 312 Minoogawa DaTD-MND sed I 34.86135.47 55 48.550.5 21.6 21.9 127 Shin-Osaka(SJR-SNO Qh IV 34.73135.51 72 45.647.7 22.5 22.8 245 * Kakogawa OzeMC-KGO Qh IV 34.79134.91330 23.827.7 23.9 24.2 139 Osaka JM-OSKQp-Q3III34.67135.52 80 44.546.7 24.7 25.0 80 Kansai Int'lKA-KIA Qh IV 34.42135.21143 25.829.5 25.2 25.6 160 Kakogawa JR-KKG Qh IV 34.76134.84314 25.329.0 25.7 26.0 229 * Abeno KC--ABQp-Q3III34.63135.51 86 43.745.9 26.6 26.9 226 Morikawachi OG-MKW Qh IV 34.67135.54 80 46.548.6 26.6 26.9 210 Kawachi OG-KAW Qh IV 34.73135.57 74 50.552.4 27.8 28.1 177 Sakai S KC-SAS Qh IV 34.56135.46 97 39.341.7 28.4 28.7 150 Sakai N OG-SKN Qh IV 34.57135.48 95 40.843.2 28.8 29.0 173 Fujiidera OG-FU2 Qh IV 34.50135.38111 33.636.5 28.9 29.2 168 Shin-osaka KC-AHN Qh IV 34.67135.57 81 49.051.0 28.9 29.2 243 Minami-OsakaJH-MNO Qh IV 34.75135.60 72 53.555.3 30.0 30.3 202 Izumi OG-IZ1 Qh IV 34.49135.40110 35.638.4 30.5 30.7 178 Iwasaki OG-IWS Qh IV 34.63135.56 87 48.150.1 30.6 30.9 185 Yodo River (MC-YRH Qh IV 34.80135.61 67 56.658.3 31.6 31.9 253 Tadaoka KC-TADQp-Q3III34.48135.40113 36.339.0 31.9 32.2 290 Yae KC-YAE Qh IV 34.68135.61 81 52.754.5 32.4 32.6 155 Izumi 2 OG-IZ2Qp-Q3III34.40135.32131 34.036.9 33.2 33.4 240 SasayamaguchJR-SMG sed I 35.05135.18 14 51.253.0 33.5 33.7 195 * Higashi-KishJR-HGKQp-Q3III34.44135.38120 36.339.0 33.7 33.9 149 * Shirahama OG-SHR Qh IV 34.77134.72304 34.537.3 33.7 34.0 189 Shijonawate OG-SHJ Qh IV 34.73135.63 76 56.358.0 33.8 34.0 224 Yodo River, TD-HKC Qh IV 34.81135.64 68 59.561.1 34.5 34.8 313 Hashiramoto OG-HSM Qh IV 34.86135.63 63 60.962.5 34.8 35.1 251 Onji OG-ONJ Qh IV 34.62135.62 88 53.255.0 35.6 35.9 169 Fujiidera OG-FJ3Qp-Q3III34.56135.59 95 50.652.5 36.5 36.7 149 Shin-TakatsuJR-SNT Qh IV 34.85135.65 63 62.564.0 36.6 36.8 323 * Matsuo OG-MTS Qh IV 34.24135.15167 41.844.2 36.7 36.9 180 Shikama KC-SHM Qh IV 34.79134.69304 38.741.2 37.7 37.9 253 Fujiidera OG-FU1Qp-Q3III34.55135.61 96 52.354.1 38.4 38.6 149 Kino-Kawa OhTD-KKO Qh IV 34.23135.16165 43.345.6 38.6 38.8 150 Table 2.4.1 continued Himeji KC-HIMvolc I 34.83134.72311 38.841.3 38.9 39.1 189 Nakanoshima OG-NKS Qh IV 34.24135.19162 43.045.3 39.3 39.5 126 Wakayama Br JH-WKY Qh IV 34.25135.21159 42.244.5 39.3 39.5 109 Oimosaka-KamJH-OMKQp-Q2III34.98135.60 51 66.567.9 39.4 39.6 273 Sonobo JR-SNB Qh IV 35.10135.48 37 68.269.6 42.4 42.6 163 * Keiji BypassJH-KJB Qh IV 34.89135.74 63 71.572.8 45.4 45.6 249 Tatsuno JH-TSNvolc I 34.87134.62308 48.250.2 47.7 47.9 136 Fushimi OG-FUS Qh IV 34.94135.77 61 76.277.4 49.8 49.9 206 Chihaya KC--CHig/me I 34.43135.65108 59.461.1 50.4 50.6 109 Nijo JR-NJO Qh IV 35.00135.74 55 77.979.1 51.0 51.1 84 * Nara JR-NRA Qh IV 34.67135.82 84 71.672.9 51.1 51.2 113 * Amagase Dam TD-AMDQp-Q1III34.87135.81 67 76.677.8 51.2 51.3 172 Kyoto OG-KYO Qh IV 35.01135.75 55 79.180.2 52.1 52.3 67 Higashiyama JR-HGY sed I 34.97135.79 59 80.381.4 53.6 53.8 113 * Shirakawa DaTD-SKDTmN1/II 34.61135.85 90 74.675.9 56.1 56.2 169 Fukuchiyama JR-FHY Qh IV 35.29135.12 5 76.777.8 60.7 60.8 110 * Ikuno JR-IKNvolc I 35.16134.79339 65.767.1 62.1 62.2 59 * In JR-IN volc I 34.75134.22282 76.377.6 66.9 67.0 101 * Kusatsu OG-KUS Qh IV 35.00135.95 62 94.595.5 68.2 68.3 6 Gobo JR-GBO sed I 33.90135.16172 78.980.1 69.9 70.0 170 * Ritto JR-RTO Qh IV 35.02135.99 62 98.899.7 72.4 72.5 67 * Nishi-MaidurJR-NSM sed I 35.43135.33 16 96.197.0 75.4 75.5 87 * Maizura JM-MAZig/me I 35.44135.32 15 96.997.8 76.4 76.5 67 * Himeji JR-HMJvolc I 34.82134.07285 91.792.7 82.9 83.0 125 * Tsuge JR-TSGTp-N3III34.84136.25 77114.2114.990.6 90.7 97 * Obama JR-OBM Qh IV 35.48135.74 33117.2117.991.7 91.8 74 * Gokasou JR-GOKvolc I 35.13136.18 61119.7120.493.1 93.2 128 * Toyooka JR-TYKTmN1/II 35.54134.80348106.2107.096.7 96.8 124 * Shin-MalbaraJR-SNM Qh IV 35.31136.29 56138.5139.1111.6111.6227 * Kji-NagashimJR-KNG sed I 34.20136.34111127.2127.9116.0116.1 46 * Matsuzaka JR-MTZ Qh IV 34.57136.53 92136.9137.5117.7117.8 49 * Kumancshi JR-KUMvolc I 33.88136.10130126.1126.8123.5123.6 52 * Yokkaichi JR-YKC Qh IV 34.96136.63 75150.4150.9126.2126.2 65 * Sekigahara JR-SKH Qh IV 35.36136.47 58154.8155.2127.9128.0 95 * Shin-SekigahJR-SNS Qh IV 35.35136.48 58155.3155.7128.4128.5106 * Hashima JR-HSM Qh IV 35.32136.67 62168.8169.2142.3142.4 57 * Kisogawa JR-KIS Qh IV 35.34136.78 63178.4178.8152.0152.1 67 * Biwajima(SS)JR-BWJ Qh IV 35.19136.86 69178.7179.1153.1153.2 21 * Odaka(SS) JR-ODKTp-N3III35.06136.95 74181.6182.0157.0157.1 18 * Anjo(SS) JR-ANJQp-Q3III34.92137.09 80191.2191.5167.8167.8 26 * Okazaki JR-OKZQp-Q3III34.92137.16 80196.5196.8173.2173.3 9 * Mino-Ota JR-MNO Qh IV 35.44137.02 63202.8203.0176.3176.4 50 * Tajimi JR-TJMTmN1/II 35.33137.12 68205.8206.0179.9180.0 15 * Toyohashi JR-TYH 34.76137.38 86214.8215.0193.1193.1 12 * Gero JR-GRO 35.80137.24 57239.9240.1213.0213.0 10 * Nakatsugawa JR-NKT 35.49137.50 67244.9245.0218.9218.9 14 * Nagiso JR-NGS 35.59137.61 66258.3258.3232.1232.1 19 * Takayama JR-TKY 36.13137.25 50263.0263.0235.9236.0 7 * Shin-Iwata(SJR-SHI 34.72137.90 88261.7261.8240.3240.3 14 * Hiraoka JR-HRK 35.27137.85 75266.9267.0242.2242.2 8 * Ida JR-IDA 35.51137.82 69272.7272.7246.9246.9 18 * KC - Kansai Committee for Earthquake ObservatPH - Port and Harbor Research Institute OG - Osaka Gas JM - Japan Meterological Agency JR - Japan Railway KA - Kansai International Airport JH - Japan Highway TD - To be Determined MC - Ministry of Construction Bold faced coordinates provided by agencies. * coordinates for stations with asterisks provided by corresponding Jananese agencies, other coordinates inferred from maps.