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(1) smoldering Oe and Oa horizons damage vascular tissues of the stem base;
(2) smoldering Oe and Oa horizons damage roots in the organic and surficial mineral soil horizons;
(3) associated flaming combustion damages canopy meristems; and
(4) fire-caused damage and subsequent stresses lead to whole-tree carbohydrate deficits.
Beginning in the fall of 2003, we used overstory longleaf pines to evaluate three of these hypotheses using small-scale fire damage and fire surrogates (mechanical damage to tissues) to test these hypotheses (root, stem, root + stem).
(mortality and radial growth surveys on-going)
"Burn Day Data" provides weather conditions under which "Tree Data--Forest Floor consumption data for 4 burning treatments " was collected as part of a Small-scale Duff Burning and Overstory Pine Decline Study under the 01-1-3-11 Duff Consumption and Southern Pine Mortality (JFSP) project {4DAA8684-ED0E-4D38-B2B6-32374E6CF0E0}.
Surrounding randomly selected mature (>30 cm DBH) individual longleaf pines, 3 m radius plots were established. Plots were burned in one of four burning treatments:
1) basal forest floor burned, but tree base protected with manual fuel removal from stem (ROOT),
2) basal forest floor consumed by smoldering fire (ROOT+STEM),
3) tree base subjected to fire, adjacent forest floor protected with fire retardant material ([Cleveland Laminating Corp., Cleveland, OH, USA]; STEM), or
4) a burn with all smoldering extinguished following termination of flaming fire (CONTROL).
Each treatment had 20 replicates, for a total of 80 treatment trees. Within each 3 m radius plot, four 20 cm steel pins were installed flush with the forest floor at 30 cm from the stem in cardinal directions. Following the burns, these pins were measured for depth reduction ((initial depth - post-fire depth) / initial depth).
Prior to ignition, one cylindrical 10 cm wide forest floor core and the underlying 25 cm of mineral soil was removed within 1 m of each tree to assay live pine root density. All living pine root tips within each core were counted by depth (forest floor: 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, >15 cm; mineral soil: 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, and 20-25 cm).
Fire temperatures were measured during all fire treatments using Type J (range <0 to 1200 C) thermocouples linked to a Campbell Scientific CR10X datalogger. Temperature was measured along the base of the stem (2 points) and at DBH (1 point)> To assess root and soil heating, thermocouples were buried in three directions in the Oa horizon (3 points), and beneath these points in the mineral soil at 5, 10, and 20 cm depths (9 points). Temperature was logged every two minutes from 15 minutes pre-ignition through the duration of the burning day (termination was required by 1700 hours on all burning days).
Each plot was ring-ignited (from a 1 m raked line) using a drip torch. Fuel moisture samples were collected from adjacent trees to approximate time-of-burn moisture conditions of the litter and duff horizons. During fire measurements included maximum flame height (cm), flame time (sec), and smoldering time (sec).
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