Welcome to NGC. Skip directly to: Search Box, Navigation, Content.



GUIDELINE TITLE

Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SOURCE(S)

  • Priori SG, Aliot E, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Bossaert L, Breithardt G, Brugada P, Camm AJ, Cappato R, Cobbe SM, Di Mario C, Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Pedersen AK, Ravens U, Schwartz PJ, Trusz-Gluza M, Vardas P, Wellens HJ, Zipes DP. Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2001 Aug;22(16):1374-450. [586 references]

REFERENCES SUPPORTING THE RECOMMENDATIONS

  • A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators. N Engl J Med 1997 Nov 27;337(22):1576-83. PubMed


  • Ambrosioni E, Borghi C, Magnani B. The effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor zofenopril on mortality and morbidity after anterior myocardial infarction. The Survival of Myocardial Infarction Long-Term Evaluation (SMILE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1995;332:80-5.


  • Andresen D, Steinbeck G, Bruggemann T, Muller D, Haberl R, Behrens S, Hoffmann E, Wegscheider K, Dissmann R, Ehlers HC. Risk stratification following myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era: a two-step strategy using noninvasive and invasive methods. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999 Jan;33(1):131-8. PubMed


  • Attoyan C, Haissaguerre M, Dartigues JF, Le Metayer P, Warin JF, Clementy J. [Ventricular fibrillation in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Predictive factors. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1994 Jul;87(7):889-97. PubMed


  • Auricchio A, Klein H, Trappe HJ, Wenzlaff P. Lack of prognostic value of syncope in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991 Jan;17(1):152-8. PubMed


  • Babuty D, Cosnay P, Breuillac JC, Charniot JC, Delhomme C, Fauchier L, Fauchier JP. Ventricular arrhythmia factors in mitral valve prolapse. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994 Jun;17(6):1090-9. PubMed


  • Benn M, Hansen PS, Pedersen AK. QT dispersion in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Eur Heart J 1999 May;20(10):764-70. PubMed


  • Berder V, Vauthier M, Mabo P, De Place C, Laurent M, Almange C, Daubert C. Characteristics and outcome in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Am J Cardiol 1995 Feb 15;75(5):411-4. PubMed


  • Bhandari AK, Shapiro WA, Morady F, Shen EN, Mason J, Scheinman MM. Electrophysiologic testing in patients with the long QT syndrome. Circulation 1985 Jan;71(1):63-71. PubMed


  • Bigger JT Jr. Prophylactic use of implanted cardiac defibrillators in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery. Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Patch Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1997 Nov 27;337(22):1569-75.


  • Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Sabel KG, Olsson SB. A long term follow up of 15 patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Br Heart J 1987 Nov;58(5):477-88. PubMed


  • Bocker D, Haverkamp W, Block M, Borggrefe M, Hammel D, Breithardt G. Comparison of d,l-sotalol and implantable defibrillators for treatment of sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1996 Jul 15;94(2):151-7. PubMed


  • Boudoulas H, Schaal SF, Stang JM, Fontana ME, Kolibash AJ, Wooley CF. Mitral valve prolapse: cardiac arrest with long-term survival. Int J Cardiol 1990 Jan;26(1):37-44. PubMed


  • Braunwald E. Commentary. Cardiol Rev 1993;1:349.


  • Breithardt G, Wichter T, Haverkamp W, Borggrefe M, Block M, Hammel D, Scheld HH. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, long QT syndrome, or no structural heart disease. Am Heart J 1994 Apr;127(4 Pt 2):1151-8. [29 references] PubMed


  • Brembilla-Perrot B, Donetti J, de la Chaise AT, Sadoul N, Aliot E, Juilliere Y. Diagnostic value of ventricular stimulation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1991 Apr;121(4 Pt 1):1124-31. PubMed


  • Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P. Right bundle-branch block and ST-segment elevation in leads V1 through V3: a marker for sudden death in patients without demonstrable structural heart disease. Circulation 1998 Feb 10;97(5):457-60. PubMed


  • Burkart F, Pfisterer M, Kiowski W, Follath F, Burckhardt D. Effect of antiarrhythmic therapy on mortality in survivors of myocardial infarction with asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias: Basel Antiarrhythmic Study of Infarct Survival (BASIS. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990 Dec;16(7):1711-8. PubMed


  • Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G, Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999 Dec 16;341(25):1882-90. PubMed


  • Cairns JA, Connolly SJ, Roberts R, Gent M. Randomised trial of outcome after myoca. Lancet 1997 Mar 8;349(9053):675-82. PubMed


  • Caruso AC, Marcus FI, Hahn EA, Hartz VL, Mason JW. Predictors of arrhythmic death and cardiac arrest in the ESVEM trial. Electrophysiologic Study Versus Electromagnetic Monitoring. Circulation 1997 Sep 16;96(6):1888-92. PubMed


  • Cecchi F, Maron BJ, Epstein SE. Long-term outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy successfully resuscitated after cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989 May;13(6):1283-8. PubMed


  • Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Montereggi A, Squillatini G, Dolara A, Maron BJ. Prognostic value of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and the potential role of amiodarone treatment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: assessment in an unselected non-referral based patient population. Heart 1998 Apr;79(4):331-6. PubMed


  • Ceremuzynski L, Kleczar E, Krzeminska-Pakula M, Kuch J, Nartowicz E, Smielak-Korombel J, Dyduszynski A, Maciejewicz J, Zaleska T, Lazarczyk-Kedzia E, et al.. Effect of amiodarone on mortality after myocardial infarction: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992 Nov 1;20(5):1056-62. PubMed


  • Cheitlin MD, De Castro CM, McAllister HA. Sudden death as a complication of anomalous left coronary origin from the anterior sinus of Valsalva, A not-so-minor congenital anomaly. Circulation 1974 Oct;50(4):780-7.


  • Click RL, Gersh BJ, Sugrue DD, Holmes DR Jr, Wood DL, Osborn MJ, Hammill SC. Role of invasive electrophysiologic testing in patients with symptomatic bundle branch block. Am J Cardiol 1987 Apr 1;59(8):817-23. PubMed


  • Connolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS, Dorian P, Roy D, Sheldon RS, Mitchell LB, Green MS, Klein GJ, O'Brien B. Canadian implantable defibrillator study (CIDS) : a randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone. Circulation 2000 Mar 21;101(11):1297-302.


  • CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 1987 Jun 4;316(23):1429-35. PubMed


  • Copie X, Hnatkova K, Staunton A, Fei L, Camm AJ, Malik M. Predictive power of increased heart rate versus depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and heart rate variability for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Results of a two-year follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996 Feb;27(2):270-6. PubMed


  • Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in young athletes. N Engl J Med 1998 Aug 6;339(6):364-9. PubMed


  • Corrado D, Basso C, Thiene G, McKenna WJ, Davies MJ, Fontaliran F, Nava A, Silvestri F, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Wlodarska EK, Fontaine G, Camerini F. Spectrum of clinicopathologic manifestations of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: a multicenter study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 Nov 15;30(6):1512-20. PubMed


  • Counihan PJ, Frenneaux MP, Webb DJ, McKenna WJ. Abnormal vascular responses to supine exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1991 Aug;84(2):686-96. PubMed


  • Cutler D, Wallace JM. Myocardial bridging in a young patient with sudden death. Clin Cardiol 1997 Jun;20(6):581-3. PubMed


  • Daliento L, Turrini P, Nava A, Rizzoli G, Angelini A, Buja G, Scognamiglio R, Thiene G. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in young versus adult patients: similarities and differences. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995 Mar 1;25(3):655-64. PubMed


  • De Ambroggi L, Aime E, Ceriotti C, Rovida M, Negroni S. Mapping of ventricular repolarization potentials in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: principal component analysis of the ST-T waves. Circulation 1997 Dec 16;96(12):4314-8. PubMed


  • de Chillou C, Sadoul N, Bizeau O, Feldmann L, Gazakure E, Ismail M, Magnin-Poull I, Blankoff I, Aliot E. Progn. Am J Cardiol 1997 Oct 1;80(7):852-8. PubMed


  • Dec GW, Fuster V. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1994 Dec 8;331(23):1564-75. [152 references] PubMed


  • Desseigne P, Tabib A, Loire R. [Myocardial bridging on the left anterior descending coronary artery and sudden death. Apropos of 19 cases with autopsy. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1991 Apr;84(4):511-6. [27 references]


  • Dhingra RC, Amat-Y-Leon F, Wyndham C, Sridhar SS, Wu D, Rosen KM. Significance of left axis deviation in patients with chronic left bundle branch block. Am J Cardiol 1978 Oct;42(4):551-6.


  • Dhingra RC, Wyndham C, Bauernfeind R, Swiryn S, Deedwania PC, Smith T, Denes P, Rosen KM. Significance of block distal to the His bundle induced by atrial pacing in patients with chronic bifascicular block. Circulation 1979 Dec;60(7):1455-64.


  • Di Lenarda A, Secoli G, Perkan A, Gregori D, Lardieri G, Pinamonti B, Sinagra G, Zecchin M, Camerini F. Changing mortality in dilated cardiomyopathy. The Heart Muscle Disease Study Group. Br Heart J 1994 Dec;72(6 Suppl):S46-51. PubMed


  • Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 1997 Feb 20;336(8):525-33. PubMed


  • Dorostkar PC, Eldar M, Belhassen B, Scheinman MM. Long-term follow-up of patients with long-QT syndrome treated with beta-blockers and continuous pacing. Circulation 1999 Dec 14;100(24):2431-6.


  • Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, Perrone SV, Bortman GR, Curiel R. Randomised trial of low-dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure. Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina (GESICA. Lancet 1994 Aug 20;344(8921):493-8. PubMed


  • Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, Peters RW, Obias-Manno D, Barker AH, Arensberg D, Baker A, Friedman L, Greene HL, et al.. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med 1991 Mar 21;324(12):781-8. PubMed


  • Edhag O, Swahn A. Prognosis of patients with complete heart block or arrhythmic syncope who were not treated with artificial pacemakers. A long-term follow-up study of 101 patients. Acta Med Scand 1976;200(6):457-63.


  • Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992 Sep 3;327(10):685-91. PubMed


  • Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999 Jun 12;353(9169):2001-7. PubMed


  • Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomised trials. Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators. Lancet 1997 Nov 15;350(9089):1417-24. PubMed


  • Effect of the antiarrhythmic agent moricizine on survival after myocardial infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial II Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992 Jul 23;327(4):227-33. PubMed


  • Effect of verapamil on mortality and major events after acute myocardial infarction (the Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial II-DAVIT II).. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:779-85.


  • Einstein AB Jr, Marshburn J. Clinical practice guidelines: tools for raising quality of care and reducing costs. Cancer Control 1996 Jul;3(4):343-5. PubMed


  • Elizari MV, Martinez JM, Belziti C, Ciruzzi M, Perez de la Hoz R, Sinisi A, Carbajales J, Scapin O, Garguichevich J, Girotti L, Cagide A. Morbidity and mortality following early administration of amiodarone in acute myocardial infarction. GEMICA study investigators, GEMA Group, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Grupo de Estudios Multicentricos en Argentina. Eur Heart J 2000 Feb;21(3):198-205.


  • Elliott PM, Gimeno Blanes JR, Mahon NG, Poloniecki JD, McKenna WJ. Relation between severity of left-ventricular hypertrophy and prognosis in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet 2001 Feb 10;357(9254):420-4.


  • Elliott PM, Poloniecki J, Dickie S, Sharma S, Monserrat L, Varnava A, Mahon NG, McKenna WJ. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of high risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 Dec;36(7):2212-8.


  • Elliott PM, Sharma S, Varnava A, Poloniecki J, Rowland E, McKenna WJ. Survival after cardiac arrest or sustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999 May;33(6):1596-601. PubMed


  • Ellison KE, Friedman PL, Ganz LI, Stevenson WG. Entrainment mapping and radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in right ventricular dysplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998 Sep;32(3):724-8. PubMed


  • Ezri M, Lerman BB, Marchlinski FE, Buxton AE, Josephson ME. Electrophysiologic evaluation of syncope in patients with bifascicular block. Am Heart J 1983 Oct;106(4 Pt 1):693-7. PubMed


  • Fananapazir L, Chang AC, Epstein SE, McAreavey D. Prognostic determinants in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prospective evaluation of a therapeutic strategy based on clinical, Holter, hemodynamic, and electrophysiological findings. Circulation 1992 Sep;86(3):730-40. PubMed


  • Farrell TG, Bashir Y, Cripps T, Malik M, Poloniecki J, Bennett ED, Ward DE, Camm AJ. Risk stratification for arrhythmic events in postinfarction patients based on heart rate variability, ambulatory electrocardiographic variables and the signal-averaged electrocardiogram. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991 Sep;18(3):687-97. PubMed


  • Frenneaux MP, Counihan PJ, Caforio AL, Chikamori T, McKenna WJ. Abnormal blood pressure response during exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1990 Dec;82(6):1995-2002. PubMed


  • Furberg CD, Hawkins CM, Lichstein E. Effect of propranolol in postinfarction patients with mechanical or electrical complications. Circulation 1984 Apr;69(4):761-5. PubMed


  • Fuster V, Gersh BJ, Giuliani ER, Tajik AJ, Brandenburg RO, Frye RL. The natural history of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1981 Mar;47(3):525-31.


  • Ge J, Jeremias A, Rupp A, Abels M, Baumgart D, Liu F, Haude M, Gorge G, von Birgelen C, Sack S, Erbel R. New signs characteristic of myocardial bridging demonstrated by intracoronary ultrasound and Doppler. Eur Heart J 1999 Dec;20(23):1707-16.


  • GISSI-3: effects of lisinopril and transdermal glyceryl trinitrate singly and together on 6-week mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'infarto Miocardico. Lancet 1994 May 7;343(8906):1115-22. PubMed


  • Glover DW, Maron BJ. Profile of preparticipation cardiovascular screening for high school athletes. JAMA 1998 Jun 10;279(22):1817-9. PubMed


  • Gottlieb SS, McCarter RJ, Vogel RA. Effect of beta-blockade on mortality among high-risk and low-risk patients after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998 Aug 20;339(8):489-97. PubMed


  • Gradman A, Deedwania P, Cody R, Massie B, Packer M, Pitt B, Goldstein S. Predictors of total mortality and sudden death in mild to moderate heart failure. Captopril-Digoxin Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989 Sep;14(3):564-70; discussion 571-2. PubMed


  • Hanke H, Hanke S, Finking G, Muhic-Lohrer A, Muck AO, Schmahl FW, Haasis R, Hombach V. Different effects of estrogen and progesterone on experimental atherosclerosis in female versus male rabbits. Quantification of cellular proliferation by bromodeoxyuridine. Circulation 1996 Jul 15;94(2):175-81. PubMed


  • Harada T, Aonuma K, Yamauchi Y, Igawa M, Hachiya H, Oh JC, Tomita Y, Suzuki F, Nakagawa T. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with right ventricular dysplasia: Identification of target sites by entrainment mapping techniques. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998 Nov;21(11 Pt 2):2547-50. PubMed


  • Haverkamp W, Martinez-Rubio A, Hief C, Lammers A, Muhlenkamp S, Wichter T, Breithardt G, Borggrefe M. Efficacy and safety of d,l-sotalol in patients with ventricular tachycardia and in survivors of cardiac arrest. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997 Aug;30(2):487-95. PubMed


  • Held PH, Yusuf S, Furberg CD. Calcium channel blockers in acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina: an overview. BMJ 1989 Nov 11;299(6709):1187-92. PubMed


  • Hennekens CH, Albert CM, Godfried SL, Gaziano JM, Buring JE. Adjunctive drug therapy of acute myocardial infarction--evidence from clinical trials. N Engl J Med 1996 Nov 28;335(22):1660-7. [71 references] PubMed


  • Herlitz J, Bahr J, Fischer M, Kuisma M, Lexow K, Thorgeirsson G. Resuscitation in Europe: a tale of five European regions. Resuscitation 1999 Jul;41(2):121-31. PubMed


  • Hermida JS, Minassian A, Jarry G, Delonca J, Rey JL, Quiret JC, Lesbre JP. Familial incidence of late ventricular potentials and electrocardiographic abnormalities in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Am J Cardiol 1997 May 15;79(10):1375-80. PubMed


  • Hindman MC, Wagner GS, JaRo M, Atkins JM, Scheinman MM, DeSanctis RW, Hutter AH Jr, Yeatman L, Rubenfire M, Pujura C, Rubin M, Morris JJ. The clinical significance of bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. 2. Indications for temporary and permanent pacemaker insertion. Circulation 1978 Oct;58(4):689-99.


  • Hofmann T, Meinertz T, Kasper W, Geibel A, Zehender M, Hohnloser S, Stienen U, Treese N, Just H. Mode of death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a multivariate analysis of prognostic determinants. Am Heart J 1988 Dec;116(6 Pt 1):1455-63. PubMed


  • Hohnloser SH, Franck P, Klingenheben T, Zabel M, Just H. Open infarct artery, late potentials, and other prognostic factors in patients after acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era. A prospective trial. Circulation 1994 Oct;90(4):1747-56. PubMed


  • Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, Zabel M, Schopperl M, Mauss O. Prevalence, characteristics and prognostic value during long-term follow-up of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999 Jun;33(7):1895-902. PubMed


  • Horstkotte D, Loogen F. The natural history of aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J 1988 Apr;9 Suppl E:57-64. [15 references] PubMed


  • Ikeda T, Sakata T, Takami M, Kondo N, Tezuka N, Nakae T, Noro M, Enjoji Y, Abe R, Sugi K, Yamaguchi T. Combined assessment of T-wave alternans and late potentials used to predict arrhythmic events after myocardial infarction. A prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 Mar 1;35(3):722-30. PubMed


  • ISIS-4: a randomised factorial trial assessing early oral captopril, oral mononitrate, and intravenous magnesium sulphate in 58,050 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. ISIS-4 (Fourth International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative. Lancet 1995 Mar 18;345(8951):669-85. PubMed


  • Johansson BW. Complete heart block. A clinical, hemodynamic and pharmacological study in patients with and without an artificial pacemaker. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1966;451:1-127.


  • Julian DG, Camm AJ, Frangin G, Janse MJ, Munoz A, Schwartz PJ, Simon P. Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial Investigators. Lancet 1997 Mar 8;349(9053):667-74. PubMed


  • Kelly P, Coats A. Variation in mode of sudden cardiac death in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 1997 May;18(5):879-80. PubMed


  • Kendall MJ, Lynch KP, Hjalmarson A, Kjekshus J. Beta-blockers and sudden cardiac death. Ann Intern Med 1995 Sep 1;123(5):358-67. [113 references] PubMed


  • Keogh AM, Baron DW, Hickie JB. Prognostic guides in patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy assessed for cardiac transplantation. Am J Cardiol 1990 Apr 1;65(13):903-8. PubMed


  • Kimbiris D, Iskandrian AS, Segal BL, Bemis CE. Anomalous aortic origin of coronary arteries. Circulation 1978 Oct;58(4):606-15.


  • Klein GJ, Bashore TM, Sellers TD, Pritchett EL, Smith WM, Gallagher JJ. Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. N Engl J Med 1979 Nov 15;301(20):1080-5.


  • Knight BP, Goyal R, Pelosi F, Flemming M, Horwood L, Morady F, Strickberger SA. Outcome of patients with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and unexplained syncope treated with an implantable defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999 Jun;33(7):1964-70. PubMed


  • Kober L, Bloch Thomsen PE, Moller M, Torp-Pedersen C, Carlsen J, Sandoe E, Egstrup K, Agner E, Videbaek J, Marchant B, Camm AJ. Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left-ventricular dysfunction: a randomised trial. Lancet 2000 Dec 16;356(9247):2052-8.


  • Kron J, Hart M, Schual-Berke S, Niles NR, Hosenpud JD, McAnulty JH. Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Role of programmed electrical stimulation and Holter monitoring in predicting those at risk of sudden death. Chest 1988 Jan;93(1):85-90. PubMed


  • Kuck KH, Cappato R, Siebels J, Ruppel R. Randomized comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest : the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg (CASH). Circulation 2000 Aug 15;102(7):748-54.


  • Kuck KH, Kunze KP, Schluter M, Nienaber CA, Costard A. Programmed electrical stimulation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Results in patients with and without cardiac arrest or syncope. Eur Heart J 1988 Feb;9(2):177-85. [37 references] PubMed


  • Kulan K, Komsuoglu B, Tuncer C, Kulan C. Significance of QT dispersion on ventricular arrhythmias in mitral valve prolapse. Int J Cardiol 1996 Jun;54(3):251-7. PubMed


  • La Rovere MT, Bigger JT Jr, Marcus FI, Mortara A, Schwartz PJ. Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. ATRAMI (Autonomic Tone and Reflexes After Myocardial Infarction) Investigators. Lancet 1998 Feb 14;351(9101):478-84. PubMed


  • Leclercq JF, Coumel P. Characteristics, prognosis and treatment of the ventricular arrhythmias of right ventricular dysplasia. Eur Heart J 1989 Sep;10 Suppl D:61-7. PubMed


  • Leclercq JF, Coumel P. Late potentials in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Prevalence, diagnostic and prognostic values. Eur Heart J 1993 Sep;14 Suppl E:80-3. PubMed


  • Leclercq JF, Potenza S, Maison-Blanche P, Chastang C, Coumel P. Determinants of spontaneous occurrence of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in right ventricular dysplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996 Sep;28(3):720-4. PubMed


  • Leenhardt A, Lucet V, Denjoy I, Grau F, Ngoc DD, Coumel P. Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in children. A 7-year follow-up of 21 patients. Circulation 1995 Mar 1;91(5):1512-9. PubMed


  • Lemery R, Brugada P, Janssen J, Cheriex E, Dugernier T, Wellens HJ. Nonischemic sustained ventricular tachycardia: clinical outcome in 12 patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1989 Jul;14(1):96-105. PubMed


  • Liberthson RR, Dinsmore RE, Fallon JT. Aberrant coronary artery origin from the aorta. Report of 18 patients, review of literature and delineation of natural history and management. Circulation 1979 Apr;59(4):748-54.


  • Link MS, Wang PJ, Haugh CJ, Homoud MK, Foote CB, Costeas XB, Estes NA 3rd. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: clinical results with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 1997 Feb;1(1):41-8. PubMed


  • Locati EH, Zareba W, Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, Vincent GM, Lehmann MH, Towbin JA, Priori SG, Napolitano C, Robinson JL, Andrews M, Timothy K, Hall WJ. Age- and sex-related differences in clinical manifestations in patients with congenital long-QT syndrome: findings from the International LQTS Registry. Circulation 1998 Jun 9;97(22):2237-44. PubMed


  • Lund O, Nielsen TT, Emmertsen K, Flo C, Rasmussen B, Jensen FT, Pilegaard HK, Kristensen LH, Hansen OK. Mortality and worsening of prognostic profile during waiting time for valve replacement in aortic stenosis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996 Dec;44(6):289-95. PubMed


  • Luu M, Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Baron K, Walden J. Diverse mechanisms of unexpected cardiac arrest in advanced heart failure. Circulation 1989 Dec;80(6):1675-80. PubMed


  • MacMahon S, Collins R, Peto R, Koster RW, Yusuf S. Effects of prophylactic lidocaine in suspected acute myocardial infarction. An overview of results from the randomized, controlled trials. JAMA 1988;260:1910-16.


  • Maggioni AP, Zuanetti G, Franzosi MG, Rovelli F, Santoro E, Staszewsky L, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G. Prevalence and prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction in the fibrinolytic era. GISSI-2 results. Circulation 1993 Feb;87(2):312-22. PubMed


  • Malik M, Camm AJ, Janse MJ, Julian DG, Frangin GA, Schwartz PJ. Depressed heart rate variability identifies postinfarction patients who might benefit from prophylactic treatment with amiodarone: a substudy of EMIAT (The European Myocardial Infarct Amiodarone Trial). J Am Coll Cardiol 2000 Apr;35(5):1263-75.


  • Marcus FI, Fontaine GH, Frank R, Gallagher JJ, Reiter MJ. Long-term follow-up in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease. Eur Heart J 1989 Sep;10 Suppl D:68-73. PubMed


  • Marks ML, Trippel DL, Keating MT. Long QT syndrome associated with syndactyly identified in females. Am J Cardiol 1995 Oct 1;76(10):744-5. PubMed


  • Maron BJ, Casey SA, Poliac LC, Gohman TE, Almquist AK, Aeppli DM. Clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a regional United States cohort. JAMA 1999 Feb 17;281(7):650-5. PubMed


  • Maron BJ, Olivotto I, Spirito P, Casey SA, Bellone P, Gohman TE, Graham KJ, Burton DA, Cecchi F. Epidemiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-related death: revisited in a large non-referral-based patient population. Circulation 2000 Aug 22;102(8):858-64.


  • Maron BJ, Roberts WC, Epstein SE. Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a profile of 78 patients. Circulation 1982 Jun;65(7):1388-94. PubMed


  • Maron BJ, Savage DD, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE. Prognostic significance of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a prospective study. Am J Cardiol 1981 Aug;48(2):252-7.


  • Maron BJ, Shen WK, Link MS, Epstein AE, Almquist AK, Daubert JP, Bardy GH, Favale S, Rea RF, Boriani G, Estes NA 3rd, Spirito P. Efficacy of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators for the prevention of sudden death in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000 Feb 10;342(6):365-73. PubMed


  • Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Puffer JC, McGrew CA, Strong WB, Douglas PS, Clark LT, Mitten MJ, Crawford MH, Atkins DL, Driscoll DJ, Epstein AE. Cardiovascular preparticipation screening of competitive athletes. Circulation 1996 Aug 15;94(4):850-6. PubMed


  • Maron BJ. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet 1997 Jul 12;350(9071):127-33. [67 references] PubMed


  • Martinez-Rubio A, Schwammenthal Y, Schwammenthal E, Block M, Reinhardt L, Garcia-Alberola A, Sierra G, Shenasa M, Haverkamp W, Scheld HH, Breithardt G, Borggrefe M. Patients with valvular heart disease presenting with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias or syncope: results of programmed ventricular stimulation and long-term follow-up. Circulation 1997 Jul 15;96(2):500-8. PubMed


  • Mason JW. A comparison of seven antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Electrophysiologic Study versus Electrocardiographic Monitoring Investigators. N Engl J Med 1993 Aug 12;329(7):452-8. PubMed


  • McAnulty JH, Rahimtoola SH, Murphy E, DeMots H, Ritzmann L, Kanarek PE, Kauffman S. Natural history of "high-risk" bundle-branch block: final report of a prospective study. N Engl J Med 1982 Jul 15;307(3):137-43. PubMed


  • McClements BM, Adgey AA. Value of signal-averaged electrocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography, Holter monitoring and clinical variables for prediction of arrhythmic events in survivors of acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993 May;21(6):1419-27. PubMed


  • McKenna W, Deanfield J, Faruqui A, England D, Oakley C, Goodwin J. Prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: role of age and clinical, electrocardiographic and hemodynamic features. Am J Cardiol 1981 Mar;47(3):532-8.


  • McKenna WJ, Deanfield JE. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: an important cause of sudden death. Arch Dis Child 1984 Oct;59(10):971-5. PubMed


  • McKenna WJ, England D, Doi YL, Deanfield JE, Oakley C, Goodwin JF. Arrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. I: Influence on prognosis. Br Heart J 1981 Aug;46(2):168-72.


  • McKenna WJ, Franklin RC, Nihoyannopoulos P, Robinson KC, Deanfield JE. Arrhythmia and prognosis in infants, children and adolescents with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988 Jan;11(1):147-53. PubMed


  • McKenna WJ, Oakley CM, Krikler DM, Goodwin JF. Improved survival with amiodarone in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and ventricular tachycardia. Br Heart J 1985 Apr;53(4):412-6. PubMed


  • McKenna WJ, Sadoul N, Slade AK, Saumarez RC. The prognostic significance of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1994 Dec;90(6):3115-7. [26 references] PubMed


  • Mehta D, Goldman M, David O, Gomes JA. Value of quantitative measurement of signal-averaged electrocardiographic variables in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: correlation with echocardiographic right ventricular cavity dimensions. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996 Sep;28(3):713-9. PubMed


  • Meinertz T, Hofmann T, Kasper W, Treese N, Bechtold H, Stienen U, Pop T, Leitner ER, Andresen D, Meyer J. Significance of ventricular arrhythmias in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1984 Mar 15;53(7):902-7. PubMed


  • Michaelsson M, Engle MA. Congenital complete heart block: an international study of the natural history. Cardiovasc Clin 1972;4(3):85-101. [41 references]


  • Michaelsson M, Jonzon A, Riesenfeld T. Isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block in adult life. A prospective study. Circulation 1995 Aug 1;92(3):442-9. PubMed


  • Middlekauff HR, Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW, Saxon LA. Syncope in advanced heart failure: high risk of sudden death regardless of origin of syncope. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993 Jan;21(1):110-6. PubMed


  • Montoya PT, Brugada P, Smeets J, Talajic M, Della Bella P, Lezaun R, vd Dool A, Wellens HJ, Bayes de Luna A, Oter R, et al.. Ventricular fibrillation in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Eur Heart J 1991 Feb;12(2):144-50. PubMed


  • Mora A, Cortes C, Lopez G, Ballve M, Cabarrocas E. [Adenosine triphosphate in the peroperative management of hypertensive crises and heart rate disorders in the surgical treatment of pheochromocytoma. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 1994 Sep-Oct;41(5):262-7. PubMed


  • Morady F, Harvey M, Kalbfleisch SJ, el-Atassi R, Calkins H, Langberg JJ. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1993 Feb;87(2):363-72. PubMed


  • Morady F, Higgins J, Peters RW, Schwartz AB, Shen EN, Bhandari A, Scheinman MM, Sauve MJ. Electrophysiologic testing in bundle branch block and unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol 1984 Sep 1;54(6):587-91. PubMed


  • Mosesso VN Jr, Davis EA, Auble TE, Paris PM, Yealy DM. Use of automated external defibrillators by police officers for treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 1998 Aug;32(2):200-7. PubMed


  • Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, Levine JH, Saksena S, Waldo AL, Wilber D, Brown MW, Heo M, Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. N Engl J Med 1996 Dec 26;335(26):1933-40. PubMed


  • Moss AJ, Liu JE, Gottlieb S, Locati EH, Schwartz PJ, Robinson JL. Efficacy of permanent pacing in the management of high-risk patients with long QT syndrome. Circulation 1991 Oct;84(4):1524-9. PubMed


  • Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, Crampton RS, Tzivoni D, Locati EH, MacCluer J, Hall WJ, Weitkamp L, Vincent GM, Garson A Jr, et al.. The long QT syndrome. Prospective longitudinal study of 328 families. Circulation 1991 Sep;84(3):1136-44. PubMed


  • Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Schwartz PJ, Crampton RS, Benhorin J, Vincent GM, Locati EH, Priori SG, Napolitano C, Medina A, Zhang L, Robinson JL, Timothy K, Towbin JA, Andrews ML. Effectiveness and limitations of beta-blocker therapy in congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation 2000 Feb 15;101(6):616-23.


  • Munger TM, Packer DL, Hammill SC, Feldman BJ, Bailey KR, Ballard DJ, Holmes DR Jr, Gersh BJ. A population study of the natural history of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953-1989. Circulation 1993 Mar;87(3):866-73. PubMed


  • Mushlin AI, Hall WJ, Zwanziger J, Gajary E, Andrews M, Marron R, Zou KH, Moss AJ. The cost-effectiveness of automatic implantable cardiac defibrillators: results from MADIT. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial. Circulation 1998 Jun 2;97(21):2129-35. PubMed


  • Napolitano C, Schwartz PJ, Brown AM, Ronchetti E, Bianchi L, Pinnavaia A, Acquaro G, Priori SG. Evidence for a cardiac ion channel mutation underlying drug-induced QT prolongation and life-threatening arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2000 Jun;11(6):691-6.


  • Nicolosi GL, Latini R, Marino P, Maggioni AP, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Geraci E, Santoro L, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Vecchio C, Volpi A. The prognostic value of predischarge quantitative two-dimen. Eur Heart J 1996 Nov;17(11):1646-56. PubMed


  • Nishimura RA, McGoon MD, Shub C, Miller FA Jr, Ilstrup DM, Tajik AJ. Echocardiographically documented mitral-valve prolapse. Long-term follow-up of 237 patients. N Engl J Med 1985 Nov 21;313(21):1305-9. PubMed


  • O'Rourke MF, Donaldson E, Geddes JS. An airline cardiac arrest program. Circulation 1997 Nov 4;96(9):2849-53. PubMed


  • Olivotto I, Maron BJ, Montereggi A, Mazzuoli F, Dolara A, Cecchi F. Prognostic value of systemic blood pressure response during exercise in a community-based patient population with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999 Jun;33(7):2044-51. PubMed


  • Otto CM, Burwash IG, Legget ME, Munt BI, Fujioka M, Healy NL, Kraft CD, Miyake-Hull CY, Schwaegler RG. Prospective study of asymptomatic valvular aortic stenosis. Clinical, echocardiographic, and exercise predictors of outcome. Circulation 1997 May 6;95(9):2262-70. PubMed


  • Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, Colucci WS, Fowler MB, Gilbert EM, Shusterman NH. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996 May 23;334(21):1349-55. PubMed


  • Packer M, Carver JR, Rodeheffer RJ, Ivanhoe RJ, DiBianco R, Zeldis SM, Hendrix GH, Bommer WJ, Elkayam U, Kukin ML, et al.. Effect of oral milrinone on mortality in severe chronic heart failure. The PROMISE Study Research Group. N Engl J Med 1991 Nov 21;325(21):1468-75. PubMed


  • Page RL, Hamdan MH, McKenas DK. Defibrillation aboard a commercial aircraft. Circulation 1998 Apr 21;97(15):1429-30. PubMed


  • Pelliccia A, Maron BJ. Preparticipation cardiovascular evaluation of the competitive athlete: perspectives from the 30-year Italian experience. Am J Cardiol 1995 Apr 15;75(12):827-9. PubMed


  • Pellikka PA, Nishimura RA, Bailey KR, Tajik AJ. The natural history of adults with asymptomatic, hemodynamically significant aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990 Apr;15(5):1012-7. PubMed


  • Peters S. Left ventricular impairment in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia: what we can learn from angiography. Cardiology 1995;86(6):473-6. PubMed


  • Peters S. Right ventricular cardiomyopathy: diffuse dilatation, focal dysplasia or biventricular disease. Int J Cardiol 1997 Oct 31;62(1):63-7. PubMed


  • Peterson ED, Shaw LJ, Califf RM. Risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med 1997 Apr 1;126(7):561-82. [280 references]


  • Pfister GC, Puffer JC, Maron BJ. Preparticipation cardiovascular screening for US collegiate student-athletes. JAMA 2000 Mar 22-29;283(12):1597-9.


  • Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, Cody R, Castaigne A, Perez A, Palensky J, Wittes J. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999 Sep 2;341(10):709-17. PubMed


  • Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) Investigators. N Engl J Med 1989 Aug 10;321(6):406-12. PubMed


  • Priori SG, Napolitano C, Diehl L, Schwartz PJ. Dispersion of the QT interval. A marker of therapeutic efficacy in the idiopathic long QT syndrome. Circulation 1994 Apr;89(4):1681-9. PubMed


  • Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M, Pappone C, Della Bella P, Brignole M, Giordano U, Giovannini T, Menozzi C, Bloise R, Crotti L, Terreni L, Schwartz PJ. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation syndrome: A prospective evaluation of 52 families. Circulation 2000 Nov 14;102(20):2509-15.


  • Raitt MH, Renfroe EG, Epstein AE, et al. 'Stable' ventricular tachycardia is not a benign rhythm: insights from the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) registry. Circulation 2001;103:244-52.


  • Randomized antiarrhythmic drug therapy in survivors of cardiac arrest (the CASCADE Study). The CASCADE Investigators. Am J Cardiol 1993 Aug 1;72(3):280-7. PubMed


  • Rashba EJ, Zareba W, Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Robinson J, Locati EH, Schwartz PJ, Andrews M. Influence of pregnancy on the risk for cardiac events in patients with hereditary long QT syndrome. LQTS Investigators. Circulation 1998 Feb 10;97(5):451-6. PubMed


  • Redwood CS, Moolman-Smook JC, Watkins H. Properties of mutant contractile proteins that cause hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Res 1999 Oct;44(1):20-36. [108 references]


  • Romeo F, Pelliccia F, Cianfrocca C, Cristofani R, Reale A. Predictors of sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1989 Jan 1;63(1):138-40. PubMed


  • Ross J Jr, Braunwald E. Aortic stenosis. Circulation 1968 Jul;38(1 Suppl):61-7. [50 references]


  • Sadoul N, Prasad K, Elliott PM, Bannerjee S, Frenneaux MP, McKenna WJ. Prospective prognostic assessment of blood pressure response during exercise in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1997 Nov 4;96(9):2987-91. PubMed


  • Saumarez RC, Slade AK, Grace AA, Sadoul N, Camm AJ, McKenna WJ. The significance of paced electrogram fractionation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A prospective study. Circulation 1995 Jun 1;91(11):2762-8. PubMed


  • Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Devereux RB, Castelli WP, Anderson SJ, Levy D, McNamara PM, Stokes J 3rd, Kannel WB, Feinleib M. Mitral valve prolapse in the general population. 1. Epidemiologic features: the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 1983 Sep;106(3):571-6. PubMed


  • Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Suave MJ, Desai J, Abbott JA, Cogan J, Wohl B, Williams K. Value of the H-Q interval in patients with bundle branch block and the role of prophylactic permanent pacing. Am J Cardiol 1982 Dec;50(6):1316-22. PubMed


  • Scheinman MM, Weiss AN, Shafton E, Benowitz N, Rowland M. Electrophysiologic effects of procaine amide in patients with intraventricular conduction delay. Circulation 1974 Mar;49(3):522-9.


  • Schmidt G, Malik M, Barthel P, Schneider R, Ulm K, Rolnitzky L, Camm AJ, Bigger JT Jr, Schomig A. Heart-rate turbulence after ventricular premature beats as a predictor of mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1999 Apr 24;353(9162):1390-6. PubMed


  • Schwartz PJ, Locati EH, Moss AJ, Crampton RS, Trazzi R, Ruberti U. Left cardiac sympathetic denervation in the therapy of congenital long QT syndrome. A worldwide report. Circulation 1991 Aug;84(2):503-11. PubMed


  • Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Napolitano C. The long QT syndrome. In: Zipes DP, Jalife J, editor(s). Cardiac electrophysiology. From cell to bedside. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders Co.; 2000. p. 597-615.


  • Schwartz PJ, Priori SG, Spazzolini C, Moss AJ, Vincent GM, Napolitano C, Denjoy I, Guicheney P, Breithardt G, Keating MT, Towbin JA, Beggs AH, Brink P, Wilde AA, Toivonen L, Zareba W, Robinson JL, Timothy KW, Corfield V, Wattanasirichaigoon D, Corbett C, Haverkamp W, Schulze-Bahr E, Lehmann MH, Schwartz K, Coumel P, Bloise R. Genotype-phenotype correlation in the long-QT syndrome: gene-specific triggers for life-threatening arrhythmias. Circulation 2001 Jan 2;103(1):89-95.


  • Schwartz PJ, Wolf S. QT interval prolongation as predictor of sudden death in patients with myocardial infarction. Circulation 1978 Jun;57(6):1074-7.


  • Schwarz ER, Klues HG, vom Dahl J, Klein I, Krebs W, Hanrath P. Functional, angiographic and intracoronary Doppler flow characteristics in symptomatic patients with myocardial bridging: effect of short-term intravenous beta-blocker medication. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996 Jun;27(7):1637-45. PubMed


  • Shaw DB, Kekwick CA, Veale D, Gowers J, Whistance T. Survival in second degree atrioventricular block. Br Heart J 1985 Jun;53(6):587-93. PubMed


  • Silka MJ, Manwill JR, Kron J, McAnulty JH. Bradycardia-mediated tachyarrhythmias in congenital heart disease and responses to chronic pacing at physiologic rates. Am J Cardiol 1990 Feb 15;65(7):488-93. PubMed


  • Singh SN, Fletcher RD, Fisher SG, Singh BN, Lewis HD, Deedwania PC, Massie BM, Colling C, Lazzeri D. Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. Survival Trial of Antiarrhythmic Therapy in Congestive Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 1995 Jul 13;333(2):77-82. PubMed


  • Solti F, Szatmary L, Vecsey T, Renyi-Vamos F Jr, Bodor E. Congenital complete heart block associated with QT prolongation. Eur Heart J 1992 Aug;13(8):1080-3. PubMed


  • SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991 Aug 1;325(5):293-302. PubMed


  • Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM, Bernabo P, Bruzzi P, Maron BJ. Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2000 Jun 15;342(24):1778-85.


  • Spirito P, Rapezzi C, Autore C, Bruzzi P, Bellone P, Ortolani P, Fragola PV, Chiarella F, Zoni-Berisso M, Branzi A, et al.. Prognosis of asymptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1994 Dec;90(6):2743-7. PubMed


  • Spirito P, Seidman CE, McKenna WJ, Maron BJ. The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1997 Mar 13;336(11):775-85.


  • Stables RH, Knight CJ, McNeill JG, Sigwart U. Coronary stenting in the management of myocardial ischaemia caused by muscle bridging. Br Heart J 1995 Jul;74(1):90-2. PubMed


  • Stafford WJ, Trohman RG, Bilsker M, Zaman L, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ. Cardiac arrest in an adolescent with atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986 Mar;7(3):701-4. PubMed


  • Statters DJ, Malik M, Redwood S, Hnatkova K, Staunton A, Camm AJ. Use of ventricular premature complexes for risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era. Am J Cardiol 1996 Jan 15;77(2):133-8. PubMed


  • Steinberg J, Ehlert F, Cannon D. Dilated cardiomyopathy versus coronary artery disease in patients with VT/VF: differences in presentation and outcome in the arrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators (AVID) registry [abstract]. Circulation 1997;96(Abstr Suppl):15.


  • Steinberg JS, Regan A, Sciacca RR, Bigger JT Jr, Fleiss JL. Predicting arrhythmic events after acute myocardial infarction using the signal-averaged electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1992 Jan 1;69(1):13-21. PubMed


  • Stevenson WG, Khan H, Sager P, Saxon LA, Middlekauff HR, Natterson PD, Wiener I. Identification of reentry circuit sites during catheter mapping and radiofrequency ablation of ventricular tachycardia late after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1993 Oct;88(4 Pt 1):1647-70. PubMed


  • Stevenson WG, Ridker PM. Should survivors of myocardial infarction with low ejection fraction be routinely referred to arrhythmia specialists. JAMA 1996 Aug 14;276(6):481-5. PubMed


  • Stewart RA, McKenna WJ, Oakley CM. Good prognosis for dilated cardiomyopathy without severe heart failure or arrhythmia. Q J Med 1990 Mar;74(275):309-18. PubMed


  • Strasberg B, Amat-Y-Leon F, Dhingra RC, Palileo E, Swiryn S, Bauernfeind R, Wyndham C, Rosen KM. Natural history of chronic second-degree atrioventricular nodal block. Circulation 1981 May;63(5):1043-9.


  • Tamburro P, Wilber D. Sudden death in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1992 Oct;124(4):1035-45. [100 references] PubMed


  • Teo KK, Yusuf S, Furberg CD. Effects of prophylactic antiarrhythmic drug therapy in acute myocardial infarction. An overview of results from randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1993 Oct 6;270(13):1589-95. [89 references] PubMed


  • The Beta-Blocker Pooling Project (BBPP): subgroup findings from randomized trials in post infarction patients. The Beta-Blocker Pooling Project Research Group. Eur Heart J 1988 Jan;9(1):8-16. PubMed


  • The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999 Jan 2;353(9146):9-13. PubMed


  • Tieleman RG, Crijns HJ, Wiesfeld AC, Posma J, Hamer HP, Lie KI. Increased dispersion of refractoriness in the absence of QT prolongation in patients with mitral valve prolapse and ventricular arrhythmias. Br Heart J 1995 Jan;73(1):37-40. PubMed


  • Timmermans C, Smeets JL, Rodriguez LM, Vrouchos G, van den Dool A, Wellens HJ. Aborted sudden death in the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1995 Sep 1;76(7):492-4. PubMed


  • Tio RA, Van Gelder IC, Boonstra PW, Crijns HJ. Myocardial bridging in a survivor of sudden cardiac near-death: role of intracoronary doppler flow measurements and angiography during dobutamine stress in the clinical evaluation. Heart 1997 Mar;77(3):280-2. PubMed


  • Tonkin AM, Heddle WF, Tornos P. Intermittent atrioventricular block: procainamide administration as a provocative test. Aust N Z J Med 1978 Dec;8(6):594-602.


  • Torp-Pedersen C, Moller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, Kober L, Sandoe E, Egstrup K, Agner E, Carlsen J, Videbaek J, Marchant B, Camm AJ. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999 Sep 16;341(12):857-65. PubMed


  • Turrini P, Angelini A, Thiene G, Buja G, Daliento L, Rizzoli G, Nava A. Late potentials and ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1999 Apr 15;83(8):1214-9. PubMed


  • van Hemel NM, Kingma JH, Defauw JA, Vermeulen FE, Mast EG, Ernst JM, Ascoop CA. Left ventricular segmental wall motion score as a criterion for selecting patients for direct surgery in the treatment of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia. Eur Heart J 1989 Apr;10(4):304-15. PubMed


  • van Hemel NM, Kingma JH, Defauw JJ, Hoogteijling-van Dusseldorp E, Kelder JC, Beukema WP, Vermeulen FE. Continuation of antiarrhythmic drugs, or arrhythmia surgery after multiple drug failures. A randomized trial in the treatment of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia. Eur Heart J 1996 Apr;17(4):564-73. PubMed


  • Varnava A, Baboonian C, Davison F, de Cruz L, Elliott PM, Davies MJ, McKenna WJ. A new mutation of the cardiac troponin T gene causing familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without left ventricular hypertrophy. Heart 1999 Nov;82(5):621-4. PubMed


  • Viskin S, Belhassen B, Paredes A, Yakirevich V, Miller H, Laniado S. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: report of an adult with ventricular fibrillation as the presenting symptom. Am Heart J 1992 Jul;124(1):221-2. PubMed


  • Vohra J, Sathe S, Warren R, Tatoulis J, Hunt D. Malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients with mitral valve prolapse and mild mitral regurgitation. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1993 Mar;16(3 Pt 1):387-93. PubMed


  • Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H, Friedman PL, MacNeil DJ, Pauls JF, Pitt B, Pratt CM, Schwartz PJ, Veltri EP. Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Survival With Oral d-Sotalol. Lancet 1996 Jul 6;348(9019):7-12. PubMed


  • Waters D, Lesperance J, Francetich M, Causey D, Theroux P, Chiang YK, Hudon G, Lemarbre L, Reitman M, Joyal M, et al.. A controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of a calcium channel blocker on the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 1990 Dec;82(6):1940-53. PubMed


  • Watkins H, McKenna WJ, Thierfelder L, Suk HJ, Anan R, O'Donoghue A, Spirito P, Matsumori A, Moravec CS, Seidman JG, et al.. Mutations in the genes for cardiac troponin T and alpha-tropomyosin in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1995 Apr 20;332(16):1058-64. PubMed


  • Wellens HJ, Bar FW, Gorgels AP, Vanagt EJ. Use of ajmaline in patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome to disclose short refractory period of the accessory pathway. Am J Cardiol 1980 Jan;45(1):130-3.


  • Wellens HJ, Doevendans P, Smeets J, Rodriguez LM, Dulk KD, Timmermans C, Vos M. Arrhythmia risk: electrophysiological studies and monophasic action potentials. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997 Oct;20(10 Pt 2):2560-5. [42 references] PubMed


  • White RD, Asplin BR, Bugliosi TF, Hankins DG. High discharge survival rate after out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation with rapid defibrillation by police and paramedics. Ann Emerg Med 1996 Nov;28(5):480-5.


  • Wichter T, Borggrefe M, Haverkamp W, Chen X, Breithardt G. Efficacy of antiarrhythmic drugs in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular disease. Results in patients with inducible and noninducible ventricular tachycardia. Circulation 1992 Jul;86(1):29-37. PubMed


  • Wigle ED, Sasson Z, Henderson MA, Ruddy TD, Fulop J, Rakowski H, Williams WG. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The importance of the site and the extent of hypertrophy. A review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1985 Jul-Aug;28(1):1-83. [271 references] PubMed


  • Wilber DJ. Evaluation and treatment of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Curr Opin Cardiol 1996 Jan;11(1):23-31. [28 references] PubMed


  • Yap Y, Duong T, Bland M, et al. Left ventricular ejection fraction in the trombolytic era remains a powerful predictor of long-term but not short-term all-cause, cardiac and arrhythmic mortality after myocardial infarction - secondary meta-analysis of 2828 patients. Heart 2000;83:55.


  • Yusuf S, Held P, Furberg C. Update of effects of calcium antagonists in myocardial infarction or angina in light of the second Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial (DAVIT-II) and other recent studies. Am J Cardiol 1991 Jun 1;67(15):1295-7. PubMed


  • Zabel M, Klingenheben T, Franz MR, Hohnloser SH. Assessment of QT dispersion for prediction of mortality or arrhythmic events after myocardial infarction: results of a prospective, long-term follow-up study. Circulation 1998 Jun 30;97(25):2543-50. PubMed


  • Zareba W, Moss AJ, le Cessie S, Hall WJ. T wave alternans in idiopathic long QT syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994 Jun;23(7):1541-6. PubMed


  • Zareba W, Moss AJ, Schwartz PJ, Vincent GM, Robinson JL, Priori SG, Benhorin J, Locati EH, Towbin JA, Keating MT, Lehmann MH, Hall WJ. Influence of genotype on the clinical course of the long-QT syndrome. International Long-QT Syndrome Registry Research Group. N Engl J Med 1998 Oct 1;339(14):960-5. PubMed


  • Zipes DP, DiMarco JP, Gillette PC, Jackman WM, Myerburg RJ, Rahimtoola SH, Ritchie JL, Cheitlin MD, Garson A Jr, Gibbons RJ, et al.. Guidelines for clinical intracardiac electrophysiological and catheter ablation procedures. A report of the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Clinical Intracardiac Electrophysiologic and Catheter Ablation Procedures) [trunc]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995 Aug;26(2):555-73. PubMed


  • Zuanetti G, Neilson JM, Latini R, Santoro E, Maggioni AP, Ewing DJ. Prognostic significance of heart rate variability in post-myocardial infarction patients in the fibrinolytic era. The GISSI-2 results. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell' Infarto Miocardico. Circulation 1996 Aug 1;94(3):432-6. PubMed


  • Zuppiroli A, Rinaldi M, Kramer-Fox R, Favilli S, Roman MJ, Devereux RB. Natural history of mitral valve prolapse. Am J Cardiol 1995 May 15;75(15):1028-32. PubMed



© 1998-2009 National Guideline Clearinghouse

Date Modified: 2/9/2009

 

 

   
DHHS Logo