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Contents List of figures vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction: Towards gynaecology The Gynaeciorum libri 1 The significance of gynaecology 7 Authority over the womb 15 A ¿century of change¿? 25 1 Prefacing women: owners and users 29 Prefacing women 30 Owners and annotators 42 Treating menstrual disorders 52 Sterility and the uterine mole 59 2 Medical history and obstetric practice in William Smellie 65 Smellie vs. Burton: haste, error and rivalry 67 The making of a man-midwife 72 Smellie and midwives 63 The laboratory of lying-in 76 Training men-midwives 79 Looking to the past 83 Using Hippocrates 90 Smellie¿s sources 99 3 Guilty of ¿male-practice¿? Burton¿s attack on Smellie 107 Disputes in action 108 Languages 114 The lithopedion of Sens 117 The case of the ass¿s urine 121 To cut or not to cut? 126 Beyond the wicker woman 131 The ¿noble instrument¿ 137 Avicenna 141 Albucasis 143 Ancient instruments 151 4 Delighting in a ¿bit of antiquity¿: Sir James Young Simpson 155 Collecting the past 158 Defining gynaecology 164 Simpson and the classics 172 Performing the part both of man and woman: Simpson and gender 176 Those most bitter pains: justifying chloroform 183 Conclusion 191 Bibliography 195 List of illustrations Plate 1: Sir James Young Simpson, by Norman Macbeth. Photograph by Iain Milne. Reproduced with permission of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinurgh. Plate 2: Title page of the copy of the 1586 edition owned by Crosse and Wildberg. Reproduced by courtesy of the University Librarian and Director, The John Rylands University Library, The University of Manchester. Plate 3: Bookplate of Johan Karl Wilhelm Moehsen, from the same copy of the 1586 edition. Reproduced by courtesy of the University Librarian and Director, The John Rylands University Library, The University of Manchester. Plate 4: Harvie¿s certificate of attendance at Smellie¿s course. Reproduced with the permission of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Plate 5: Francis Clifton, Hippocrates upon Airs, Water and Situation (London, 1734), frontispiece. Reproduced with permission of The Wellcome Library. Plate 6: Spach, Gynaeciorum libri (1597), p. 446: selection of gynaecological and obstetrical instruments. Reproduced with permission of The Wellcome Library. Plate 7: Loose sheet from William Smellie¿s copy of Spach. Photograph by Paul Archibald. Reproduced by permission of the Lanark Public Library. Acknowledgements This book has been the result of a long process of research, mostly funded by a Wellcome Trust University Award at the University of Reading, from 1996-2001. The completion of this output of the project was funded by the AHRC Research Leave Scheme (award RL/ 111813), and I would like to put on record my thanks to both bodies for supporting my work. Many academics, librarians and archivists have played a central role in making possible the research I have undertaken. In particular I would like to thank for their enthusiasm and hospitality Roger Davidson, Monica Green, Iain Milne (Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh), Marianne Smith (Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh), and Paul Archibald (Lindsay Institute, Lanark). I would also like to thank Carol Burrows and Dorothy Clayton (The John Rylands University Library, Manchester), Jack Eckert (Center for the History of Medicine, Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine), Véronique Dasen, George Ferzoco, Elaine Garrett and Lucy Reid (Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists), Stephen Greenberg (History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine), Robert Greenwood (Royal Society of Medicine), Ann Ellis Hanson, Christian Hogrefe (Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel), Gertie Johansson (Hagstroemer Medico-Historical Library), Ian Maclean, Rosie McLure (Lothian Health Services Archive, Edinburgh University Library), Cathy McClive, Janet McMullin (Christ Church, Oxford), Lianne McTavish, Peter Mohr (Honorary Curator, University of Manchester Medical School Museum), Vivian Nutton, Julian Reid (Archivist, Merton College, Oxford), Julius Rocca, Emilie Savage-Smith, Amanda Saville (Librarian, The Queen¿s College, Oxford), and Julianne Simpson and John Symons (Wellcome Library) I would also like to thank the audiences whose responses to various versions of my work have shaped this book. Parts of chapter 1 were first delivered at the conference ¿Secret Bodies: medical knowledge and early modern women¿, held in July, 2000 at the University of Warwick; other parts were presented to the 15th Medieval, Renaissance and Baroque Symposium, ¿Where there was no sex or gender?¿ at the University of Miami, February, 2006. An earlier version of parts of chapters 3 and 4 was presented as ¿Producing gynaecology: 18th and 19th century users of a 16th century gynaecological compendium¿, 13th Berkshire Women¿s History Conference, Claremont, CA, April 2005, and sections of chapters 2 and 3 were delivered as a seminar paper, ¿William Smellie vs. John Burton: using the history of medicine in eighteenth-century obstetrics¿, at the Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, December 2005. The University of Reading¿s Research Endowment Trust Fund and the British Academy funded my attendance at Claremont and Miami (British Academy grant nos. OCG-40135 and OCG-41734). Finally, my thanks are due not only to my parents, for their patience with the demands of this project, but also to my husband Ralph Shephard, for finding the perfect balance between keeping out of my way and making me cups of tea. It is not an easy thing to marry a historian while she is completing a book.
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Midwifery -- Great Britain -- History -- 17th century.
Obstetrics -- Great Britain -- History -- 17th century.
Midwives -- Great Britain -- History -- 17th century.
Gynecology -- Great Britain -- History -- 17th century.
Midwifery -- history -- England.
Genital Diseases, Female -- history -- England.
History, 16th Century -- England.
History, 17th Century -- England.
Medicine in Literature -- England.
Obstetrics -- history -- England.