A Abdomen The posteriormost section of the three main body parts of an insect (see also head and thorax). (See Figure) Abdominal segment(s) Division(s) of the posteriormost section of the body. See also abdomen. (See Figure) Abdominal spiracle Respiratory opening (spiracle) located on the lateral areas of 1 or more abdominal segments in the more primitive families of scale insects including the ensign scales and margarodoid groups. (See Figure) Anal area The region of the body that bears the anus; usually near the posterior end (See Figure). Many important taxonomic characters are to be found in the anal area of scale insects. These characters usually correspond to adaptations that help excrete honeydew away from the relatively immobile, phloem-feeding adult female. Anal bar A narrow sclerotization on the ventral surface of the anal lobe. (See Figure) Anal cerarius The posteriormost cerarius, usually associated with the anal lobe (sometimes called the anal-lobe cerarius). (See Figure) Anal cleft A notch originating near the anal opening and ending at the body margin. Common in soft scales and aclerdids. (See Figure) Anal fold Apex of anal invagination when anal tube is retracted. Anal fringe A series of dermal projections in the anal region of lac scales (See Figure) Anal invagination Tube containing anal ring that is everted when honeydew is excreted. Anal lobe(s) Projection(s) from the body margin that are usually laterad of the anal opening. Common on felt scales. (See Figure) Anal opening The distal most portion of the excretory system; often the source of honeydew. (See Figure) Anal plate(s) One or two sclerotized areas that surround or cover the anal opening. (See Figure) Common on soft scales and aclerdids. Anal plate protuberance Raised area surrounding the anal plate that normally is sclerotized. (See Figure) Anal ring Usually an oval sclerotized area that surrounds the anal opening; often adorned with wax pores and setae. (See Figure) See also anal tube sclerotization. Anal ring pores Wax pores embedded in the anal ring. Producing a wax tube that carries the honeydew away from the body of the scale insect. (See Figure) Anal ring setae Setae that originate on the anal ring. Usually with 6 or 8 such setae, sometimes with fewer or more. (See Figure) Anal tube A cylindrical structure that terminates at the anal opening. (See Figure) Anal tube apodemes Sclerotized bars attached to each side of the anal tube on aclerdids. (See Figure) Anal tube sclerotization Heavy pigmentation on the anal tube either as a ring on the dermal surface or as a ring internally. See also sclerotization. (See Figure) Anal tubercule A heavily sclerotized posterior prolongation of the body of lac scales. Antenna (pl., antennae) Pair of jointed appendages located on the head of an insect above the mouthparts. Each antenna usually consists of one or more articulated segments bearing sensory organs. (See Figure) In some scales, such as adult female diaspidids, the antenna is reduced to an unarticulated, unsegmented stub. Antennal articulatory process A projection that protrudes from the basal segment of the antenna and articulates with the second segment. (See Figure) Common on mealybugs. Antennal bar A narrow, heavily sclerotized area that extends from the base of the first antennal segment toward the distal part of the segment. (See Figure) See also antenna. Antennal segments Distinctly sclerotized section(s) of the antenna separated by membranous unsclerotized section(s). (See Figure) See also antenna. Anterior Front; or, towards the head. (See Figure) Anterior cerarius (i.e., frontal cerarius) The anteriormost cerarius on the head. (See Figure) Anus The posterior opening of the digestive tract. Apex (apical) At the end, tip, or opposite of the base; i.e., the apical segment of the antenna is the segment at the tip. (See Figure) Apical setae Setae located near apex of anal plates on dorsal surface. Arch plate Narrow, semicircular sclerotized area located anterior of the anal ring. (See Figure) Areolate (derm) pattern Oval or oblong clear areas on dorsal body surface. Atrium Chamber or room-like area. (See Figure) Atrium of thoracic spiracles A chamber in the sclerotized area that surrounds the opening of the respiratory system on the thorax. (See Figure) See also spiracle. Auxiliary seta(e) Usually long, slender setae that occur on the cerarius of mealybugs. (See Figure) TOP GO BACK! B Basal claw denticle Small projections at base of claw. (See Figure) Basal sclerotization Heavily pigmented areas that usually are associated with the cerarii. (See Figure) Base (basal) Proximal end of a structure; i.e. the base of the scale antenna is where the antenna attaches to scale body. (See Figure) See also antenna. Bifurcate With 2 projections, e.g., microtubulars bifurcate in Eriococcus araucariae. Bilocular pore Pore with two loculi. (See Figure) Brachium A more or less elongate and chitinous, or sometimes membranous process, bearing a series of brachial plates. Characteristic of lac scales. Brachial plate Heavily chitinized areas perforated by pores of various types, associated with the spiracles. As a rule, the brachial plates are borne upon a process called "Brachium", but in some cases they are sessile. Characteristic of lac scales. TOP GO BACK! C Campaniform sensilla Sensory pore usually located on second antennal segment (See Figure) and on tarsus. Capitate setae Setae with a swollen apex. (See Figure) Carina(e) Ridge Cerarius (pl = cerarii) Typically an aggregation of 2 or more closely associated conical setae and a basal cluster of trilocular pores, with or without filamentous setae and discoidal pores, located near body margin (See Figure). Atypically with any combination of associated conical, enlarged filamentous, or truncate setae, one or many basal trilocular or quinquelocular pores, filamentous setae, and discoidal pores. Cerarian seta(e) Usually stout, conical seta(e) that occur on the cerarius of mealybugs and putoids. (See Figure) Cicatrices Minute to large pore-like structures overlying glandular cells and surrounded by a slightly sclerotized rim (Foldi 1991); they occur on the ventral and/or dorsal cuticle of females and sometimes males of many species belonging in the margarodid complex. (See Figure) Circulus Circular, oval, rectangular, or hourglass shaped areas of cuticle on the ventral side of the abdomen, present in mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) and putoids. (See Figure) The circulus functions as an adhesive organ in the mature female (Williams 1978). Claw Apical segment of leg, attached to tarsus. (See Figure) When present, always single. See also leg. Claw denticle Typically a single tooth on the plantar surface of the claw. (See Figure) Claw digitules Typically 2 setae originating at the base of the claw (See Figure); these setae may or may not have enlarged apices. Clubbed seta(e) Seta(e) with apex enlarged. (See Figure) Clypeolabral shield Basal portion of mouthparts, usually shield shaped. (See Figure) Conical seta Enlarged seta that is cone shaped. (See Figure) Coxa Basal segment of leg attached to trochanter. (See Figure) Coxal cavity Concave depression on coxae of hind two pairs of legs of Kilifia species. Crenulations Irregular raised areas usually along posterolateral margin of abdomen especially on aclerdids. (See Figure) Cribriform plates Sclerotized cuticular plates bearing numerous pores or projections that occur on the posterior dorsal portion of the abdomen of some Coccidae, Cerococcidae, and Lecanodiaspididae. (See Figure) Cruciform pores Pores with 4 loculi arranged in the form of a cross. (See Figure) Common on Eriococcids. Cyst The resting stage of some margarodids that develops after the first instar and before the adult female. It lacks legs and has reduced antennae. TOP GO BACK! D Derm Surface of body; skin. Derm rugosities Roughened areas that occur on the derm of phoenicococcids. (See Figure) Dermal pocket A series of dorsal invaginations that contain several pores and usually are arranged in longitudinal lines on certain species of stictococcids. Digitules Typically 2 modified setae originating at the base of the claw or on the tarsus; (See Figure) these setae may or may not have enlarged apices. See also claw digitules and tarsal digitules. Dimples Small indentations on the brachial plate of species of lac scales. Discal setae Setae located near center of anal plates on dorsal surface. Discoidal pore(s) Simple pore(s), without obvious loculi. (See Figure) Distal The area or segment most distant from the base of a structure. For example, the distal segment on a 9-segmented antenna is segment 9. Dorsal duct Usually 2 large tubular ducts on dorsum anterior of anal lobes on species of Bambusaspis. Dorsomedial cerarius Cerarii occurring along the midline of the top surface of the body. (See Figure) Dorsomedial spine Spire-shaped structure that occurs on the dorsomedial area of the abdomen on lac scales. (See Figure) Dorsal cerarius Cerarii occurring on the the top surface of the body. (See Figure) Dorsal (dorsum) Top of the structure. For example, the dorsum of a scale insect is the top of the body. (See Figure) Dorsal seta(e) Seta(e) that occur on the dorsal surface of the adult female and are not part of the cerarius. (See Figure) Dorsal tube A pair of tubelike structures found dorsally near the posterior end of the body of some adult female asterolecaniids. Duct cluster Relatively round regions with a concentration of microducts. Characteristic of lac scales. TOP GO BACK! E Eight-shaped pores Wax producing structures that look like the number "8" in cross section. (See Figure) Common in pit scales. Eight-shaped ducts Ducts that are shaped like an eight. Enlarged setae Setae that are not slender and filamentous. (See Figure) Common in eriococcids. Eye Generally a dome-shaped structure on the lateral margin of the head that is simple, without facets except in some adult males. (See Figure) TOP GO BACK! F Femur Leg segment between the trochanter and tibia. The third leg segment when all segments are present. In some families, such as Margarodidae and Ortheziidae, the trochanter and femur are fused. (See Figure) Ferrisia-like rim An oral-rim like tubular duct that has a heavily sclerotized area surrounding the duct orifice; occurring on Ferrisia species. (See Figure) Filamentous duct Thin dendritic ducts near body margin of certain species of Ceroplastes. Filamentous seta A slender seta. (See Figure) Flower-shaped setae Setae with apices divided into 3 or more petal-like structures located on dorsum of some species of Stictococcids. Fluted With series of longitudinal ridges, e.g. the ovisac of Iceya purchasi. Forelegs The anterior pair of legs; projecting from the scale's prothorax. (See Figure) Fringe seta(e) Ventral setae located on the anal fold anterior of the subapical setae. Frontal cerarius (i.e., anterior cerarius) The anteriormost cerarius on the head. (See Figure) TOP GO BACK! G Gland spines Simple projections occurring between the pygidial lobes of armored scales; usually with 1 or more associated microducts; found in armored scales. (See Figure) TOP GO BACK! H Head First major portion on the body of the scale; containing the mouthparts, antennae, and eyes. (See Figure) Hindlegs The posterior pair of legs; projecting from the scale's metathorax. (See Figure) TOP GO BACK! I Internal tube Same as anal tube. Instar The stage in an insect's life history that occurs between any two molts; e.g. the first instar is the insect that hatches from the egg, the second instar is the insect that occurs between the first and second molt. Invaginated setae Setae that look invaginated, i.e., sheathed. Invaginated tubular duct Tubular duct with a cup-like structure at the inner end. (See Figure) TOP GO BACK! J TOP GO BACK! K TOP GO BACK! L Labial segments 1 or up to 4 segments on the distal portion of the mouthparts. (See Figure) Labium Distal portion of the mouthparts; usually triangular shaped and the posterior section of the mouthparts on mounted specimens. (See Figure) Lateral Marginal, or on the side. Lateral view Looking from the side. Legs When present, the ambulatory structures on each side of the thoracic segments comprising the coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus, and claw. (See Figure) In adult female scales, legs vary from well-developed to completely absent. Loculus (pl., loculi) Section(s) of various kinds of wax pores. For example, a trilocular pore has 3 sections or loculi. (See Figure) TOP GO BACK! M Macroduct(s) Large-sized ducts usually on pygidium of diaspidids. (See Figure) Macrotubular duct(s) Large-sized tubular ducts on families such as Eriococcidae. (See Figure) Margin 0utside edge of a structure. Marginal At the margin. (See Figure) Marginal duct cluster A cluster of microducts close to the margin of the body of lac scales. Marginal setae Setae occurring along body margin or outside edge of body. (See Figure) Marsupial band A band of pores surrounding the external opening of the marsupium located on the ventral abdomen; occurring in species of Steatococcus. Marsupium An internal pouch that holds the eggs of first instar nymphs after they are produced by species of Steatococcus; the pouch contains the vulva and cicatrices. Median or medial Middle Metasternal sclerotization Darkly pigmented area near hind pair of legs on ventral metathorax of conchaspidids. (See Figure) Microduct Small-sized tubular ducts on scales like diaspidids. Microtubular duct Small-sized tubular ducts usually on eriocccids. (See Figure) Midlegs The middle pair of legs; projecting from an insect's mesothorax. (See Figure) Mouthparts The mouthparts of scale insects are composed of a clypeolabral shield, a labium, and 4 needle-like stylets. The mouthparts are found on the ventral side of the body, between the fore-coxae. They project backwards and are modified for piercing and sucking. Due to their feeding habits, some adult females have reduced, or vestigial mouthparts. Multilocular pores Pores with more than 5 loculi. Usually abundant around the vulva. (See Figure) TOP GO BACK! N Narrow rimmed quinquelocular pore With narrow sclerotized area around rim of pore. O Ocellar spot 2 round or circular areas normally with radiating wrinkles on the dorsum of the head on conchaspidids. (See Figure) Open center pores Unusually large pores with central area clear and perimeter with many loculi; usually present around body margin; occurring in some species of Icerya and Steatococcus. Operculum Oval or round area near posterior end of body of halimococcids in second instar. (See Figure) Oral collars (oral-collar tubular ducts) Oral-collar tubular ducts are cylindrical structures that have a narrow area surrounding the orifice of the duct. (See Figure) Oral rims (oral-rim tubular ducts) Oral-rim tubular ducts are cylindrical structures that have a broad area surrounding the orifice of the duct. (See Figure) Ornate setae Multibranched or feather-shaped setae on caryonemid scales. (See Figure) Ostioles A pair of slit-like organs located between the head and prothorax and on the sixth abdominal segment (Williams 1985) of nymphs and adult females of the Phenacoleachiidae, Putoidae, and most Pseudococcidae. (See Figure) They discharge a fluid apparently derived from the hemolymph that solidifies on contact with air (Ferris 1950). Ostiolar secretions appear to have dual functions in defense and releasing alarm pheromones (Williams 1978). Ovisac A waxy secretion produced by the adult female that encloses the eggs. Ovisac band A marginal area on Ortheziids and some Monophlebids containing a concentration of pores and setae. (See Figure) TOP GO BACK! P Paraphysis (pl. paraphyses) Sclerotized processes along body margin of armored scale pygidium. (See Figure) Pedicel Membranous stalk holding dorsal spine. Perivaginal pore clusters Groups of pores surrounding the vulvar area on certain lac scales. Plates Fringed projections occurring between the pygidial lobes of armored scales. (See Figure) Pocketlike sclerotization Fringed projections occurring between the pygidial lobes of armored scales. (See Figure) Polygonal Pores Series of variably sided pores inside anal tube of some monophlebids. Pores Dermal openings of secretory organs. The distribution, abundance, and morphology of these structures are frequently diagnostic. (See Figure) Posterior Towards the rear of the body, towards the anus. (See Figure) Predominant pore type Most abundant kind of pore. Preopercular pores Discoidal pores normally located in a cluster anterior of anal plates . (See Figure) Prevulvar seta(e) Ventral setae located just anterior of anal area and conspicously larger than other setae in area. Pseudospines A series of conical projections on the brachial plate of species of lac scales. Pygidial lobes Typically, sclerotized protrusions from the body margin of posterior abdominal segments arranged segmentally. Typical of armored scales. (See Figure) Pygidium Posterior portion of the abdomen which has the segments coalesced into a sclerotized structure that acts like a trowel for forming the wax cover of armored scales. (See Figure) TOP GO BACK! Q Quadrilocular pore(s) Pores with 4 loculi. (See Figure) Quinquelocular pore(s) Pores with 5 loculi. (See Figure) Common on eriococcids, soft scales, and some groups of mealybugs to name a few groups with quinquelocular pores. TOP GO BACK! R Reticulate pattern Area of markings that contains numerous enclosed areas forming a distinct dermal pattern. Reticulate pattern of antenna Cross-hatched lines on at least some antennal segments. Present on some margarodid groups. (See Figure) See also antenna. TOP GO BACK! S Sclerotization Hardened area that stains more darkly in slide-mounted specimens. (See Figure) Sclerotized bar (near anal opening) Typically, a dark stained narrow area laterad of each side of the anal opening. Sometimes fused with the arch plate. Common on some asterolecaniids. (See Figure) Seta Sensory sclerotized structure that projects from the derm and has a basal socket. Setal shape and size can be quite diverse. See also conical seta and filamentous seta. (See Figure) 6-locular pore A kind of multilocular pore with 6 divisions or loculi. 7-locular pore A kind of multilocular pore with 7 divisions or loculi. Setal base The base of the seta. See also Base (basal). Simple pore Another name for discoidal pore. . Spiracle Sclerotized area surrounding the opening of the respiratory system or tracheae. (See Figure) Spiracles are present on the thorax and, in some cases, the abdomen. Spiracular furrow Narrow area connecting the spiracular opening with the body margin that appears as a tubular depression in the derm and generally contains a concentration of wax pores. (See Figure) See also spiracle. Spiracular pores Pores that are placed in the spiracular atrium or immediately surrounding the spiracle. (See Figure) See also spiracle. Spiracular (stigmatic) setae Marginal setae that are differentiated from other marginal setae in their size and/or shape and are located at the lateral end of the spiracular furrow. (See Figure) See also spiracle. Stigmatic area Body margin surrounding bases of stigmatic setae. Striations A series of thin lines on the surface of a structure. Subapical setae Setae located near posterior apex of anal plates on ventral surface, often associated with ventral thickening. Subdiscal setae Setae located anterior of apical setae on anal plates on dorsal surface, but not in center of plate. Submarginal Near margin of structure. Submarginal tubercles Tubular ducts often located in submarginal areas of many species of Coccidae, usually associated with a raised area on the derm and a conspicuous duct orifice. (See Figure) Also see Two-ringed ducts. Submedial Near the middle of the structure. TOP GO BACK! T Tarsal digitules Usually 2 setae located near the distal apex of the tarsus that are differentiated from other leg setae by their size or shape; (See Figure) usually with an apical swelling. Tarsus Leg segment between the tibia and the claw. The fifth segment of the leg when all segments are present. (See Figure) In some families, such as Micrococcidae, the tibia and tarsus are fused (See Figure). Test Covering of scale insect body. Thorax Middle portion of the body containing the legs and thoracic spiracles. (See Figure) Thoracic spiracles Sclerotized areas surrounding the opening of the respiratory system or tracheae. (See Figure) Normally located behind the first two pairs of legs or near the junction of the pro- and mesothoracic segments and between the meso- and metathoraic segments. Tibia Leg segment between the femur and tarsus. The forth segment of the leg when all segments are present. (See Figure) In some families, such as Micrococcidae, the tibia and tarsus are fused. (See Figure) Tibio-tarsal sclerosis Sclerotized area between tibia and tarsus on many species of Coccidae . (See Figure) Tibio-tarsal spur Noticeable membranous protrusion between the tibia and tarsus on some species of Kilifia. Translucent pores Clear areas on the surface of any or all of the coxa, trochanter, femur, or tibia. Usually appearing as small clear dots in the more hearvily sclerotized derm of the leg. (See Figure) Occurring in pseudococcids and eriococcids. Trilocular pore(s) Pores with 3 loculi. (See Figure) Common on mealybugs where they have a swirled appearance when focusing up and down with a compound microscope. Trochanter Leg segment located between the coxa and femur. Second leg segment when all segments are present. (See Figure) In some families, such as Margarodidae and Ortheziidae, the trochanter and the femur are fused. (See Figure) Trochanter pores Sensory pores on each side of the trochanter, usually 2, sometimes more. (See Figure) Truncate setae Setae that look abbreviated, with the tip cut off. Common in cochineal scales. (See Figure) Tubular ducts Cylindrical structures that are the vestibules of 1 or more wax-producing glands. (See Figure) Two-ringed duct Large tubular duct that often contain two concentric rings located near the dorsal body margin on the coccidae. Especially predominant on Philephedra. TOP GO BACK! U TOP GO BACK! V Venter (ventral) Bottom of the structure. For example, the venter of a scale insect is the bottom of the body. (See Figure) Ventral duct group 1 or 2 clusters of ducts anterior of mouthparts on Paratachardina species. Ventral groove Ventral groove. Sclerotized indentation anterolateral or the anal plate on aclerdids. (See Figure) Ventral thickening A sclerotized bar laterad of the anal fold and fringe setae. Vulva Female genital opening usually located ventrally between the 7th and 8th abdominal segments. (See Figure) See also abdomen. Vulvar orientation Arrangement of the long axis of the opening of the vulva. Usually horizontal. (See Figure) TOP GO BACK! W Wax plates Aggregations of spines on Ortheziids that form ornate wax structures. Wide rimmed quinquelocular pore With broad sclerotized area around rim of pore. TOP GO BACK! X TOP GO BACK! Y TOP GO BACK! Z TOP GO BACK!