Red colour is dominant to white; at each locus, the white allele is assigned a and the red allele, b. White-grained T. aestivum and amber-grained T. durum wheats carry recessive a alleles at each locus. White-grained CS*7/Kenya Farmer and CS*6/Timstein are considered near-isogenic to CS with R-D1b.

ma: (Proximal): Xpsr483(Cxp1)-3A - 28 cM - R-A1 -7cM - Xpsr904-3A {370} (distal).Xbcd131-3B - 5 cM - R-B1 - 5 cM - Xabc174-3B {410}. Xbcd131-3D cosegregation with R-D1.- 15cM - Xabc174-3D {410}.
 

R-N1 {1018}.		3N {1018}.	su: CS/Ae. uniaristata.
R-R1 {1011}.		6RL {1011}.	ad: Holdfast/King II.
R-V1 {1518}.		3VL {1518}.	ad: Creso/D. villosum.

A 3Ag chromosome from decaploid Ag. elongatum carries an allele for red grain colour which was transferred to Agent and the majority of Sears' 3D-3Ae#1 translocations {939}. This will be added to the series when its chromosomal identity is known.

Numerous genetic studies have identified hexaploid varieties carrying specified one, two, or all three R alleles (Red alleles bold):

R-A1b R-B1a R-D1a. [R2]. v: Diamant 2 {014}; Norin 10- Brevor, 14 {017}; Red Bobs
{1003}; Sapphire {370}; Wembley {370}; Baron {370}; Hustler {370}; Maris Widgeon {370}; Mercia;
{370}; Motto {370}; Slejpner {370}; Talent {370}.

R-A1a R-B1b R-D1a. [R3]. v: Dollar {370}; Canon {370}; Grana {370}; Supreme {370}.
R-A1a R-B1a R-D1b. [R1]. v: Chinese Spring; Pawnee {549}; Alexandria {370}; Jerico
{370}; Minaret {370}; Apollo {370}; Axona {370}; Dwarf A {370}; Fortress {370}; Longbow
{370}; Luna {370}; Mardler {370}; Maris Huntsman {370}; NFC 75/93/27A; Rapier {370};
Voyage {370}; Vuka {370}.

R-A1b R-B1b. R-D1a. [R2,R3]. v: Red Chief {548}; Avalon{370}; Bersée; Cappelle
Desprez; Feuvert; Mission; Parade; Rendezvous; Yuri {370}.

R-A1b R-D1b R-B1a. [R2,R1]. v: Broom {370}; Bezostaya 1{370}; Brigand{370};
Brock{370}; Kronjuwel{370}.

R-A1a R-B1b R-D1b. [R3,R1]. v: Kharkov {1003}; Fenman {370}; Norman{370};
Pastiche {370}; Riband {370}; Sperber {370}; Squadron {370}; Urban {370}.

R-A1b R-B1b R-D1b. [R1,R2,R3]. v: Arin; Banco; Joel: Koga; Vilmorin 5917 {659};
Bowie; Frondoso {1148}; Frontiera {437}; Hope {204,206}; Japanese Bearded {1548}; Kanred {1078,
1426}; Lin Calel {1078}; Neepawa; Park; RL 4137 {056}; PI 178383 {1000}; Renown {435}; Thatcher {975}. Cub; Tonic {370}; Ambassador; Boxer; Brimstone; Carmen; Cheyenne; Dauntless; Drum; Durin; Favorits; Fresco; Galahad; Haven; Hornet; Kador; NFC 70/84C; Probus; Rannyaya 12; Rektor; Sentry; Soleil {370}.

Other studies have identified wheats carrying either one or two, unidentified R-1 alleles: {056,437,549,
631,654,659,1078,1148,1333,1349,1454,370}.

Response to Photoperiod

One-gene {1169} and two-gene {638,1137,1170} differences were reported in inheritance studies. In Chinese Spring/Hope substitution lines for chromosomes 1A, 4B and 6B greater sensitivity to short photoperiod was found, whereas substitutions of 3B and 7D were less sensitive {487}.

Insensitivity is dominant.

Gene Ppd-H2 mapped on chromosome 2HS of barley may be a member of the Ppd series of orthologous loci {766}.

ppd1. 2D {1566}, 2DL {1268}. s: CS/Ciano 2D {1268}. v: Diamont 1 ppd2 {887}; Lancer ppd2 {638}; Saratovskaya 29 ppd2 {887}; Warrier ppd2 {638}. Cheyenne ppd2 ppd3 {1141}.

ppd2. 2BS {1566,1269,1268}. s: CS*/Timstein 2B {1268}; CS*/Marquis 2B {1269}. v: Bersée {557}; Skorospelka 35 {887}. Diamont 1 ppd1 {887}; Lancer ppd1 {638}; Warrier ppd1 {638}; Saratovskaya 29 ppd1 {887}. Cheyenne ppd1ppd3 {1141}.

ppd3 {1141}. 2A {774}, 2AL {1268}. v: Cheyenne ppd1ppd2 {1141}.

Ppd1 ppd2. s: Cappelle-Desprez*/Mara 2D {1598}.
ppd1 Ppd2. v: Spica {557}.
Ppd1 Ppd2. v: Shabati Sonora {887}.

Two genes controlled photoperiod response in T. turgidum {788}.

Response to Salinity

K+/Na+ discrimination

Variation in K+/Na+ discrimination ratios correlate with salt tolerance, high ratios being indicative of higher tolerance.
 

Kna1 {290}.		4DL {290}.	v: Hexaploid wheats {290}.
			tv:su: Langdon 4D(4B) {283}.
		4BS.4BL-4DL {283}.	tv:tr: Various lines {290}.
		4BS.4BL-4DL-4BL {849}.	tv:tr: Selection 3*5-4 {849}.

ma: Kna1 was completely linked with Xabc305-4B, Xabc305-4D, Xbcd402-4B, Xbcd402-4D, Xpsr375-4D, Xpsr567- 4B, Xpsr567-4D, Xwg199-4B and Xwg199-4D in recombined T. turgidum 4B and T. aestivum 4D chromosomes {283,849}.

Response to Tissue Culture

QTL loci mapped include:
 

Qtcr.ipk-2B.1 [{084}].		[Tcr-B1 {084}].
ma: Weakly associated with Xpsr102-2B.
Qtcr.ipk-2B.2 [{084}].		[Tcr-B2 {084}].
ma: Closely linked and distal to Ppd2.
Qtcr:ipk-2B.3 [{084}].		[Tcr-B3 {084}].
ma: Linked withYr7/Sr9g.

Response to Vernalization

Vrn-1 {1398}.
Orthologous series in long arms of chromosomes of homoeologous group 5.

Vrn-A1 {1398}. [Vrn1 {1172}, Sk {002}]. 5AL {775,883}. i: Triple Dirk {1171,1172}. s: Kharkov 22MC*/Rescue 5A {358}; Winalta*8/Rescue 5A {876}. Rescue*/Cadet 5A Vrn-D1 Vrn-B1 {1221}. v: Cadet {1221}; Conley {1171}; Diamant II {885}; Falcon {1172}; Koga II {1611}; Kolben {001,1171,1172}; Konosu 25 {460}; Marquis {001}; Reward {1171}; Saitama 27 {460}; Saratov 29 {883}; Saratovskaya 29 {885}; Saratovskaya 210 {883}; Shabati Sonora {885}; Thatcher {1171}; WW15 {1172}. Shortandinka Vrn-B1 {885}; Takari Vrn-B1 {253}. Hope Vrn-B4 {1424}. ma: Vrn-A1 - 7.5cM - Xwg644-5A {726}. Located mid 5A cosegregating with Xcdo504-5A, Xwg644-5A and Xpsr426-5A {419}.

Cultivars possessing Vrn-A1 are insensitive to vernalization. Vrn-A1 is epistatic to other genes. According to {1221}, Vrn-A1 is not always fully dominant and not always epistatic. Kuspira et al. {745} attributed single gene variation in T. monococcum to the Vrn-A1 locus. Multiple recessive alleles were suggested {745}. Vrn-Am1 was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 5Am closely linked to the same RFLP markers as Vrn-1 {279}.

Vrn-1 should be orthologous to Vrn-H1 {Sh2/Sgh2} of barley {726,418,767} and Vrn-R1 {Sp1} of rye {726,1142} based on map locations using common RFLP markers.

Vrn-B1 {1398}. The literature indicates this gene is located in chromosome 5BL. Because the previously designated genes Vrn4 and Vrn2 are probably the same, or allelic, the listing of information will follow earlier formats under the previous synonymns. Stelmakh {1424} doubted the existence of Vrn4.

[Vrn4 {1173}]. 5B {885}, 5D {635}, 5BL {885}. s: Rescue*/Cadet 5A Vrn-A1 Vrn-D1 {885}. v: Mara {1611}; Pirourix 28 {885}. Shortandinka Vrn-A1 {1221}.

[Vrn2 {1172}, Ss {002}]. 5B {921,920}, 5BL or 7BL {635}. Earlier location of 2B {875} was not correct. i: Triple Dirk B {1172}. Brown Schlanstedt 001,002,1171,1172}; Bersee {557}; Cadet {1221}; Festiguay {1172}; Milturum 321 {885}; Milturum 553 {885}, Noe {002}}; Spica {557}. Borsum Vrn1 {001}; Dala Vrn1 {001}; Diamant 1 Vrn1 {001}; Halland Vrn-A1 {001}; Haruhikari Vrn-A1 {883}; Rubin Vrn-A1 {001}; Triple Dirk Vrn-A1 {1173}. Gabo Vrn4 {1172}.

In some studies, genotypes were subdivided. Carriers of Vrn2a did not react to 15 and 30 days vernalization. Carriers of Vrn2b showed accelerated heading after 15 and 30 days vernalization {921,920}.

[Vrn2a = Vrn2 {921,920}]. i: Ank-18 {921,920}. s: Saratovskaya 29*8/Mironovskaya 808 {920}; Saratovskaya 29*8/Odesskaya 51 5A {920}. v: Pirothrix 28 {920}. Saratovskaya 29 Vrn-A1 {920}.

[Vrn2b = Vrn2 {921,920}]. s: Diamant 1*8/Mironovskaya 808 5A {920}; Diamant 1*8/Skorospelka 35 5A {920}. v: Magali; Milturum 321 {920}; Milturum 553 {920}; Ulyanovka 9 {920}. Diamant 1 Vrn-A1 {920}; Novosibirksaya 67 Vrn-A1 {920}.

Vrn-D1 {1398}. [Vrn3 {1172}]. 5DL {775,883}. i: Triple Dirk E {1172}. s: Rescue*/Cadet 5A Vrn-A1 Vrn4 {1221}. v: Chinese Spring {1172}; Norin 61 {460}; Shinchunaga {460}; Shirasagi Komugi {460}; Ushio Komugi {460}. Rescue Vrn-B1 {1221}.

Vrn-2 {1398}.

Orthologous series in chromosomes of homoeologous group 4. Vrn-Am2 was located in T. monococcum {279} on chromosome 5Am on the 4Am translocated region. Vrn-H2 (sh/sgh1) occurs in barley chromosome 4H {1455} and is probably orthologous to Vrn-Am2 based on comparative maps {279,767}.

Vrn-A2a {279}. Winter habit- dominant in diploid wheat. dv: G1777 {279}; G3116 {279}.

Vrn-A2b {279}. Spring habit. dv: DV92 {279}

Vrn-3 {1398}.

Orthologous series in chromosomes of homoeologous group 1 predicted from orthology with Vrn-H3 (Sh3) in barley chromosome 1H {1455,1316}. Aneuploid and whole chromosome substitution experiments showed that all group 1 chromosomes of wheat carry genes affecting response to vernalization {773}.

Vrn-4 {279}. To date, only Vrn-B4 has been detected.

Vrn-B4 {279}. [Vrn5, eHi {771} {769}]. 7BS {768,771}. The distal region of 7BS has been translocated with a chromosome segment with homoeology to the distal region of 5AL. It is not known if Vrn-4 is located in the region homoeologous to 5L or 7S. s: CS*/Hope 7B Vrn-D1 {768}. v: Hope Vrn-A1 {1424}.
References to additional studies are given in {1424}.
 

Stock	Genotype	Vernalization Response
Triple Dirk	Vrn-A1 vrn-B1 vrn-D1	No
Kolben	Vrn-A1 vrn-B1 vrn-D1	No
Festiguay	vrn-A1 vrn-B1 vrn-D1	Yes
Gabo	vrn-A1 vrn-B1 vrn-D1	Yes
Chinese Spring	vrn-A1 vrn-B1 Vrn-D1	Yes

Winter cultivars carry recessive alleles at all Vrn loci. Differences among winter wheats with respect to vernalization requirements seem to be due to multiple recessive alleles {1173}. Two genes may determine differences between winter wheats requiring 20 days and 60-65 days of vernalization {461}.

Restorers for Cytoplasmic Male Sterility

1. Restorers for T. timopheevi cytoplasm

Rf1 {823}. 1A {1224,1619,873}, 1AS {868}. v: L22 {868}; (T. timopheevi/Aegilops
squarrosa)// 3*Dirk {1619}. T. timopheevi/3* Marquis Rf2 {823}. R113 Rf4 {873}.
A second gene referred to as Rf4 {1619} in the last stock was located in chromosome 7D, but its
relationship to Rf2 in {823} is unknown.
 

Rf2 {823}.		7D {871}.	v: T. timopheevi/3*Marquis Rf1 {823}.
Rf3 {1453}.		1B {1453}, 1BS.	v: T. spelta var. duhamelianum {1453}.

ma: RFLP markers Xcdo442-1B and Xbcd249-1B were found to be associated with Rf3 on 1BS.
{860} Novel Rf genes were identified on 5AL linked to Xcdo786-5A and XksuH1-5A {860}.

Rf4 [{1619}]. [Rf2 {1619}]. 6B {1619,873}, 1BS {868}. v: L3 {868}; (T. timopheevi
/Aegilops squarrosa) / 3*Canthatch Rf5 {1619}. R113 Rf1 {873}.

Rf5 [{1619}]. [Rf3 {1619}]. 6D {1619}. v: (T. timopheevi/Aegilops squarrosa)/ 3*Canthatch
Rf4 {1619}.

Rf6 {865,859}. 6AS [T6AL.6AS-6U] {865}. tr: Line 2114 {865}.
6BS [T6BL.6BS-6U] {865}. tr: Lines 040-5; 061-1 {865}; 061-4 {865}.

Genes Rfc3 in chromosome 6RL and Rfc4 in chromosome 4L were reported in {225}.

2. Restorers for T. longissimum cytoplasm

Vi {867}. 1B {870}, 1BS {{027}}. v: T. turgidum{867}.
Probably derived from a cv. Selkirk T. aestivum line with T. cylindricum cytoplasm {867}.

3. Restorers for photoperiod-sensitive Aegilops crassa cytoplasm

Morai & Tsunewaki {1047} described photoperiod sensitive CMS cause by Aegilops crassa cytoplasm in bread wheat cv. Norin 26. Almost complete sterility occurred when plants were grown in photoperiods of 15h or longer.
 

Rfd1 {1047}.

7BL {1047}.

v: Chinese Spring {1047}.

A different system of restoration occurs in cv. Norin 61 where at least four chromosomes, 4A, 1D, 3D and 5D, appear to be involved {1046}.

Ribosomal RNA

5S rRNA genes

Within the Triticeae there are basically two sets of 5S rRNA loci. One set identified by repetitive units 320-468 bp in length is located on group 1 chromosomes. The other set identified by repetitive units 469-500 bp in length is on group 5 chromosomes. Within species the repetitive units at a locus are extremely uniform in size and sequence. They remain stable in foreign genetic backgrounds.
 

5S-Rrna-A1.	[5SDna-A1 {295}].	1AS {295,658}.	v: CS {1043}.
5S-Rrna-B1.	[5SDna-B1 {295}].	1BS {039,295}.	dv: T. monococcum
5S-Rrna-D1.	[5SDna-D1 {295}].	1D {295,758}.	v: CS {295,758}.
		1DS {295}.	dv: T. tauschii {758}.
5S-Rrna-E1.	[5SDna-E1 {960}].	1E {1290}.	dv: L. elongatum.
5S-Rrna-R1.	[5SDna-R1 {1206}].	1RS {039,1206}.	al: S. cereale.
5S-Rrna-Sc1.	[5SDna-Sc1 {960}].	1Sc {1290}.	al: Elymus ciliaris.
5S-Rrna-St1.	[5SDna-St1 {960}].	1St {1290}.	al: E. trachycaulus.
5S-Rrna-Y1.	[5SDna-Y1 {960}].	1Y {1290}.	al: E. ciliaris.
5S-Rrna-A2.	[5SDna-A2 {295}].	5AS {295,658}.	v: CS {295}. al: T. monococcum {295,658}.
5S-Rrna-B2.	[5SDna-B2 {295}].	5BS {295}.	v: CS.
5S-Rrna-D2.	[5SDna-D2 {295}].	5D {295,758}.	v: CS {295,758}. dv: T. tauschii {758}. 5DS {758}.
5S-Rrna-R2.	[5SDna-R2 {1206}].	5RS {1206}.	al: S. cereale.
5S-Rrna-Ht2.	[5SDna-Ht2 {960}].	5Ht {1290}.	al: E. trachycaulus.
5S-Rrna-U2.	[5SDna-U2 {295}].	5U {295}.	al: T. umbellulatum.
5S-Rrna-V2.	[5SDna-V2 {960}].	5V {1290}.	al: D. villosa.
5S-Rrna-H3.	[5SDNA-H3 {793}].	2H {710}, 2HL {793}.	al: Betzes Barley; Sultan barley.
5S-Rrna-H4.	[5SDNA-H4 {793}].	3HL {793}.	al: Betzes barley; Sultan barley.
5S-Rrna-H5.	[5SDNA-H5 {793}].	4HL {793}.	al: Betzes barley; Sultan barley.
5S-Rrna-H6.	[5SDNA-H6 {793}].	4HS {793}.	al: Betzes barley; Sultan barley.

The 5S-Rrna-1 loci were physically mapped in 1AS, 1BS, and 1DS and the 5S-Rrna-2 loci were physically mapped in 5AS, 5BS, and 5DS of Chinese Spring using deletion lines {1043}.

Table 1 in {276} lists the chromosome or chromosome arm locations of rRNA loci in 12 Triticeae species.

Seedling Leaf Chlorosis
 

sc {149}.

3BS {149}.

s: CS*/Hope3B {149}. v: Hartog {149}; Suneca {149}; wheats with Sr2 {149}.

Leaf chlorosis is affected by temperature and light and is enhanced by infection with pathogens. sc is completely linked with Pbc {pseudo-black chaff} and Sr2 {reaction to Puccinia graminis}.

Sterol Esterification in Kernels - Synthesis of ß-Sitosterol Esters

Two sterol-ester phenotypes, p-L (palmitate + linoleate) and L (linoleate) are inherited as alleles at a single locus.
 

Pln {428}.	P-L {428}.	7DS {1476}.	v: Aradi {428}; Aragon 03 {428}.
pln {428}.		L {428}.	v: Mara {428}; Pane 247 {428}.

Temperature-Sensitive Winter Variegation

This phenotype involves reduced vigour and chlorotic patches on leaves of certain genotypes in Ae. umbellutata cytoplasm when grown at low temperatures {1596}.
 

Vgw.	[Vg {1021}].	5BL {1021}.	v: Bersée {1596}; Cappelle-Desprez {1596}; Hobbit Sib {1596}; Mara {1596}.
Variegation is dominant {1596}.
vgw {1021}.			v: Besostaya I {1596}; CS {1596}; Poros {1596}; Sava {1596}; T. spelta {1596}.

Tenacious Glumes
 

Tg {1240}.

Dominant. Derived from T. tauschii.

2DS {1240}.

v: SyntheticABD wheats {652}.

Tiller Inhibition
 

tin {1212}.

Restricted tiller number is recessive {1212}.

1AS {1212}.

v: Israel Uniculm 494 {1212}.

Uniculm Stunt

Stunting is favoured by a combination of long days and low night temperatures {581}. Caused by duplicate recessive genes us1 and us2 located in chromosomes 4A and 5B, respectively {200}.
 

Genotypes:	Normal		v: Us1 us2: Alfa {581}; Jaral {581}.
	Normal		v: us1 Us2: Mabruk {581}.
	Stunted		v: us1 us2: Line 492 {581}.

Variegated Red Seed Coat

vg {498}. v: Line 10859 {498}. vgvg genotypes in Line 10859 are variegated. The Vg/vg locus was independent of the single red gene locus in Line 10859. In a cross to Selkirk (R-A1b, R-B1b, R-D1b) vgvg was expressed only in plants with one R gene {498}.