Catalogue Query Results
Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus salicis Linnaeus, 1758: 456. Type data: on Salix hermaphrodita. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Linnean Society of London, England.
Coccus cryptogamus Dalman, 1826: 357-363. Type data: SWITZERLAND: in forest, 17/07/1825. Unknown type status. Described: both sexes. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1935: 132.
Coccus (Aspidiotus) Salicis; Ratzeburg, 1844: 195. Change of combination.
Aspidiotes salicis; Bouché, 1844: 294. Change of combination.
Myzaegirus salicifex Amyot, 1847: 479. Nomen nudum; discovered by Borchsenius, 1966: 100.
Aspidiotus Populi Baerensprung, 1849: 167. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin. Syntypes. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1934e: 168. Notes: Type material presumed lost.
Aspidiotus salicis; Baerensprung, 1849: 167. Change of combination.
Aspidiotus minimus Baerensprung, 1849: 167-168. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on Populus sp. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1966: 99. Notes: Type material probably lost.
Diaspis nivea Bremi, 1849: 327. Type data: SWITZERLAND: on Vaccinium myrtillus. Described: female. Synonymy by Signoret, 1869: 874. Notes: Although Borchsenius (1966) treated Diaspis nivea as an incertae sedis, most other authors (Signoret 1869, Comstock 1883 & 1916a, Lindinger 1935 & 1936) agreed it was a junior synonym of Chionaspis vaccinii (=C. salicis).
Aspidiotus saliceti Bouché, 1851: 111. Type data: GEMANY: Berlin. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1966: 100. Notes: Type material probably lost.
Aspidiotus Vaccinii Bouché, 1851: 111. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin, on Vaccinium sp. Syntypes, female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1934e: 165. Notes: Type material probably lost.
Aspidiotus salicis-nigrae Walsh, 1868: 40. Type data: UNITED STATES: Illinois, on Salix nigra, by B.D. Walsh. Unknown type status. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1970: 1018. Notes: "Walsh's type of the species is lost, probably having been burned with the rest of his collection in the great Chicago fire (Cooley, 1899)."
Mytilaspis Maquarti Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 737. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1966: 99.
Mytilaspis cryptogama; Targioni Tozzetti, 1868: 738. Change of combination.
Diaspis myriadus Signoret, 1869: 871. Nomen nudum.
Chionaspis aceris Signoret, 1869d: 442. Type data: AUSTRIA: Vienna, by M. Mayr. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1937: 181.
Chionaspis alni Signoret, 1869d: 443. Type data: SWITZERLAND: Grindelwald. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1899a: 398.
Chionaspis fraxini Signoret, 1869d: 445. Type data: Europe. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Synonymy by Douglas, 1886: 249.
Chionaspis salicis; Signoret, 1869d: 447. Change of combination.
Chionaspis vaccinii; Signoret, 1869d: 448. Change of combination.
Mytilaspis salicis LeBaron, 1872: 140. Type data: UNITED STATES: Illinois, Stark County, on gray willow. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ferris, 1937: SI-24. Homonym of Chionaspis salicis (Linnaeus).
Diaspis salicicorticis Bessey, 1874: 244. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1966: 100. Notes: Bessey gives the combination Diaspis salicicorticis authored by Riley, but as yet, no use of this name has been found in Riley's literature. Since Bessey did not intend to describe a new species, there is no type data included.
Lecanium Vaccinii; Kaltenbach, 1874: 420. Change of combination.
Aspidiotus mytilus Glaser, 1877: 49. Type data: GERMANY: Rhine area. Unknown type status. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1932f: 179. Notes: Although Lindinger (1932f) placed this in synonomy with Chionaspis salicis, Borchsenius (1966) treated it as an incertae sedis.
Chionaspis salicis; Comstock, 1881a: 320. Change of combination.
Coccus (Aspidiotus) mytilus; Glaser, 1886. Change of combination.
Chionaspis sorbi Douglas, 1893a: 130-131. Type data: FINLAND: Abo, on Sorbus aucuparia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1966: 100.
Chionaspis ortholobis; Cockerell, 1894l: 189. Misidentification; discovered by Cockerell, 1898f: 133. Notes: Cockerell (1898f) states that his (1894l) redescription of Chionaspis ortholobis was actually a misidentification of his newly named species Chionaspis ortholobis bruneri, which is now considered a junior synonym of C. salicis.
Chionaspis ortholobis Bruneri Cockerell, 1898f: 133.
Chionaspis salicis-nigrae; Cooley, 1899: 10, 19. Change of combination.
Chionaspis bruneri; Cockerell, 1905b: 203. Change of combination and rank.
Chionaspis micropori Marlatt, 1908c: 25-26. Type data: CHINA: Shansi, Wu Tai Shan, on Populus tremula, by F.N. Meyer. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; type no. 14144. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1970: 1018. Notes: Paratype in NYSM (McCabe & Johnson, 1980).
Diaspis niveus; Comstock, 1916: 110. Misspelling of species name.
Aspidiotus cryptogamus; Lindinger, 1932: 27. Change of combination.
Diaspis populi; Lindinger, 1935: 132. Change of combination.
Chionaspis salicis Archangelskaya, 1937: 88. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Synonymy by Danzig, 1970: 1018.
Aspidiotus aceris; Ferris, 1941e: 40. Change of combination.
Aspidiotus alni; Ferris, 1941e: 40. Change of combination.
Chionaspis minimus; Ferris, 1941e: 45. Change of combination.
Aspidiotus salicifex; Ferris, 1941e: 48. Change of combination.
Chionaspis salicifex; Ferris, 1941e: 48. Change of combination.
Chionaspis montana Borchsenius, 1949b: 347. Type data: RUSSIA: Kirghiz, banks of Karakol River, near the mouth of the Susamyr, 1913, by V. Chernavin; Zailinskii Ala-tau, 1938, by P. Ovchinikov, on Salis sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1986a: 368. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. 54/39. Synonymy by Danzig, 1970: 1018.
Chionaspis polypora Borchsenius, 1949b: 347. Type data: RUSSIA: Przhevalsk Semirechensk region, by D. Pedashenko. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1986a: 368. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. 145-10. Synonymy by Danzig, 1970: 1018.
Chionaspis caucasioni Hadzibejli, 1963: 432. Type data: RUSSIA:. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1993. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Synonymy by Danzig, 1970: 1018.
COMMON NAMES: black willow bark louse [Walsh1868]; black willow scale [Koszta1963, MillerDa2005]; cochenille dartreuse du saule [MawFoHa2000]; cochenille du saule [Foldi2001]; cottonwood scale [MillerDa1990]; willow scale [Hollin1923, MillerDa2005]; willow scurfy scale [LiuKoRh1989].
Foes: Aphelinidae: Aphytis stepanovi [Watson2002a], Encarsia gigas [Watson2002a], Pteroptrix longicornis [Watson2002a]. Encyrtidae: Thomsonisca amanthus [Watson2002a], Zaomma lambinus. Phalangiidae: Platybunus pinetorum [KosztaKo1988F]. ACARI Acaridae: Histiogaster entomophagus [KosztaKo1988F]. Cymbaeremaeidae: Scapheremaeus sp. [Koszta1963]. Hemisarcoptidae: Hemisarcoptes budensis [FainRi1998], Hemisarcoptes malus [Danzig1959]. ACARIFORMES Tyroglyphidae: Tyrophagus dimidiatus [KosztaKo1988F]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Chilocorus bipustulatus [Danzig1959], Chilocorus bivulnerus [Cocker1910b], Chilocorus kuwanae [Lambdi1995], Chilocorus renipustulatus [Danzig1959], Chilocorus sp. [HertinSi1972], Novius suturalis [KosztaKo1988F], Scymnusrus suturalis [HertinSi1972]. Nitidulidae: Cybocephalus politus [HertinSi1972]. HEMIPTERA Anthocoridae: Anthocoris limbatus [HertinSi1972], Anthocoris minki [HertinSi1972]. Miridae: Orthonotus rufifrons [HertinSi1972], Pilophorus clavatus [HertinSi1972]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Ablerus celsus [Watson2002a], Aphelinus fuscipennis [KosztaKo1988F], Aphelinus mytilaspidis [Ruhl1913], Aphytis diaspidis [HertinSi1972], Aphytis fuscipennis [HertinSi1972], Aphytis maculicornis [HertinSi1972], Aphytis mytilaspidis [HertinSi1972], Aphytis proclia [HertinSi1972], Aphytis sp. [HertinSi1972], Aphytis sugonjaevi [KosztaKo1988F], Archenomus bicolor [HertinSi1972], Archenomus longicornis [HertinSi1972], Azotus celsus [KosztaKo1988F], Casca chinensis [HertinSi1972], Coccophagoides similis [HertinSi1972], Coccophagus insidiator [HertinSi1972], Hispaniella lauri [HertinSi1972], Pteroptrix dimidiata [KosztaKo1988F]. Encyrtidae: Anabrolepis zetterstedti [KosztaKo1988F], Aphytis diaspidis [Koszta1963], Aphytis proclia [RosenDe1979], Apterencyrtus microphagus [HertinSi1972], Arrhenophagus chionaspidis [HertinSi1972], Cheiloneurus microphagus [KosztaKo1988F], Euussuria sp. [HertinSi1972], Habrolepis zetterstedti [Morley1909], Heterencyrtus sumavicus [HertinSi1972], Prospaltella gigas [KosztaKo1988F], Thomsonisca typica [Danzig1959]. Mymaridae: Gonatocerus sp. [HertinSi1972], Polynema sp. [HertinSi1972]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa sp. [HertinSi1972]. Thysanidae: Thysanus ater [HertinSi1972]. LEPIDOPTERA Tortricidae: Brysoptera rufifrons [KosztaKo1988F].
Hosts: Aceraceae: Acer pseudoplatanus [Tao1999], Acer sp. [new], Acer vulgare [Tao1999]. Adoxaceae: Viburnum sp. [MillerDa2005]. Betulaceae: Alnus communis [Tao1999], Alnus glutinosa [Willia1985c], Alnus sp. [Borchs1966, MillerDa2005], Betula sp. [Tang1984b, MillerDa2005], Corylus sp. [Borchs1966, MillerDa2005]. Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum [Borchs1966]. Celastraceae: Celastrus orbiculatus [Xie1998], Euonymus [Borchs1966]. Cistaceae: Helianthemum [Borchs1966], Helianthemum sp. [MillerDa2005]. Cornaceae: Cornus asperifolia [Cooley1899], Cornus pubescens [Cooley1899], Cornus sanguinea [Tao1999], Cornus sericea [Cooley1899], Cornus sp. [MillerDa2005], Cornus stolonifera [Cooley1899]. Elaeagnaceae: Hippophae sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Ericaceae: Andromeda sp. [Borchs1966, MillerDa2005], Arctostaphylos sp. [Borchs1966, MillerDa2005], Erica [Borchs1966], Erica carnea [Lindin1936], Ledum [Borchs1966], Ledum sp. [MillerDa2005], Lyonia [Borchs1966], Lyonia sp. [MillerDa2005], Oxycoccus sp. [Borchs1966], Rhododendron [Borchs1966], Rhododendron sp. [MillerDa2005], Vaccinium myrtillus [Bremi1849], Vaccinium sp. [Comsto1883, MillerDa2005], Vaccinium uliginosum [Tao1999], Vaccinium vitisidaea [Tao1999]. Fabaceae: Cytisus [Borchs1966], Genista [Borchs1966], Genista sp. [MillerDa2005], Laburnum sp. [KosztaKo1988F], Sarcothamnus [Borchs1966], Sarcothamnus scoparius [Cooley1899], Sarcothamnus vulgaris [Tao1999], Sarothamnus sp. [MillerDa2005], Sophora sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Borchs1966], Quercus sp. [MillerDa2005]. Grossulariaceae: Grossularia sp. [MillerDa2005]. Hamamelidaceae: Liquidambar styraciflua [LambdiWa1980]. Loranthaceae: Loranthus sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Magnoliaceae: Liriodendron sp. [MillerDa2005], Liriodendron tulipifera [Cooley1899]. Myrtaceae: Myrtus [Borchs1966], Myrtus sp. [MillerDa2005]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus americana [Koszta1963], Fraxinus excelsior [BognarVi1979], Jasminum [Borchs1966], Jasminum sp. [MillerDa2005], Ligustrum [Borchs1966], Ligustrum sp. [MillerDa2005], Syringa [Borchs1966], Syringa sp. [MillerDa2005]. Paeoniaceae: Paeonia sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Rhamnaceae: Ceanothus sp. [Cooley1899], Rhamnus sp. [MillerDa2005], Rhamnus ussuriensis [Borchs1966]. Rosaceae: Amelanchier canadensis [Cooley1899], Amelanchier sp. [MillerDa2005], Cotoneaster [Borchs1966], Malus sp. [Tao1999], Padus sp. [Tang1984b], Pyrus [Borchs1966], Pyrus sp. [MillerDa2005], Rosa sp. [Borchs1966, MillerDa2005], Sorbus aucuparia [Dougla1893a], Sorbus sp. [MillerDa2005]. Salicaceae: Chosenia bracteosa [Muraka1970], Populus alba [Borchs1966], Populus canadensis [Borchs1966], Populus deltoides [Amos1933], Populus grandidentata [Koszta1963], Populus jackii [LiuKoRh1989], Populus nigra [BognarVi1979], Populus pyramioides [Tao1999], Populus simonii [BognarVi1979], Populus sp. [Cheo1935, MillerDa2005], Populus tremula [Borchs1938], Populus tremuloides [Koszta1963], Salix alba [Cooley1899], Salix alba camellia [Cooley1899], Salix amygdaloides [LiuKoRh1989], Salix babylonica [LiuKoRh1989], Salix brachycarpa [LiuKoRh1989], Salix cordata [Hartma1916], Salix exigua [LiuKoRh1989], Salix hermaphrodita [Tao1999], Salix holoserica [Tao1999], Salix interior [Koszta1963], Salix interior pedicellata [Koszta1963], Salix interior wheeleri [Koszta1963], Salix laevigata [LiuKoRh1989], Salix lasiolepis [LiuKoRh1989], Salix nigra [Walsh1868], Salix sp. [Willia1985c, MillerDa2005], Salix viminalis [Tao1999]. Saxifragaceae: Grossularia [Borchs1966], Ribes sp. [Borchs1966, MillerDa2005]. Tamaricaceae: Tamarix sp. [KosztaKo1988F]. Tiliaceae: Tilia parvifolia [Tao1999]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus sp. [Borchs1966, MillerDa2005]. Vitaceae: Vitis [Borchs1966], Vitis sp. [MillerDa2005]
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada [Tao1999, MillerDa2005] (British Columbia [Venabl1939], Ontario [Cooley1899]); Mexico [LiuKoRh1989, MillerDa2005]; United States of America (Alabama [BesheaTiHo1973, MillerDa2005], Arizona [Cooley1899, MillerDa2005], Arkansas [LiuKoRh1989, MillerDa2005], California [Cooley1899, MillerDa2005], Colorado [Cooley1899, MillerDa2005], District of Columbia [LiuKoRh1989, MillerDa2005], Florida [MerrilCh1923, MillerDa2005], Idaho [LiuKoRh1989, MillerDa2005], Illinois [McDani1971, MillerDa2005], Indiana [Cooley1899, MillerDa2005], Iowa [Osborn1898, MillerDa2005], Kansas [Dean1909, MillerDa2005], Louisiana [LiuKoRh1989, MillerDa2005], Maine [Cooley1899], Maryland [MillerDa2005, MillerDa2005], Massachusetts [Cooley1899, MillerDa2005], Michigan [MillerDa2005], Minnesota [Cooley1899, MillerDa2005], Mississippi [MerrilCh1923, MillerDa2005], Missouri [Hollin1923, MillerDa2005], Montana [MillerDa2005], Nebraska [Cooley1899, MillerDa2005], New Jersey [MillerDa2005], New Mexico [Cooley1899, MillerDa2005], New York [Cooley1899, MillerDa2005], North Carolina [Merril1953, MillerDa2005], North Dakota [LiuKoRh1989, MillerDa2005], Ohio [Hartma1916, MillerDa2005], Oklahoma [LiuKoRh1989, MillerDa2005], Pennsylvania [Trimbl1928, MillerDa2005], South Dakota [Severi1920, MillerDa2005], Tennessee [LambdiWa1980, MillerDa2005], Texas [McDani1971, MillerDa2005], Virginia [LiuKoRh1989, MillerDa2005], Washington [Cooley1899], Wisconsin [LiuKoRh1989, MillerDa2005], Wyoming [LiuKoRh1989, MillerDa2005]). Oriental: India (Bihar [Watson2002a], Jammu & Kashmir [Watson2002a]); Pakistan [AhmadGh1972]. Palaearctic: Albania [DanzigPe1998]; Algeria [DanzigPe1998]; Armenia [TerGri1962]; Austria [Signor1869d]; Belgium [DanzigPe1998]; Bulgaria [Tschor1939]; China [MillerDa2005] (Gansu (=Kansu) [Hua2000], Gansu (=Kansu) [Watson2002a], Jilin (=Kirin) [Tang1986], Liaoning [Tao1999], Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Tao1999], Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [Watson2002a], Ningxia (=Ningsia) [Tang1984b], Qinghai (=Chinghai) [Hua2000], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Marlat1908c], Xingiang Uygur (=Sinkiang) [Tang1986], Xizang (=Tibet) [Hua2000]); Corsica [KosztaKo1988F]; Cyprus [DanzigPe1998]; Czechoslovakia [KosztaKo1988F]; Denmark [Kozarz1986, Gertss2001]; Finland [Dougla1893a]; France [KosztaKo1988F]; Germany [Baeren1849]; Greece [Korone1934]; Hungary [Erdos1957]; Iran [Bodenh1944b, KozarFoZa1996]; Ireland [Green1934d]; Italy [Leonar1901a, LongoMaPe1995]; Japan [Tao1999] (Honshu [Muraka1970]); Kazakhstan [Danzig1986a]; Luxembourg [DanzigPe1998]; Malta [Borg1932]; Mongolia [Danzig1972b]; Morocco [DanzigPe1998]; Netherlands [KosztaKo1988F]; Norway [Gertss2001]; Poland [KosztaKo1988F]; Portugal [KosztaKo1988F]; Romania [KosztaKo1988F]; Russia [Borchs1938] (Caucasus [Danzig1986a], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1986a], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1986a]); Sicily [LongoMaPe1995]; South Korea [Danzig1986a, MillerDa2005]; Spain [GomezM1937]; Sweden [Tragar1939, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [Dalman1826]; Turkey [KosztaKo1988F]; USSR [MillerDa2005]; United Kingdom (Channel Islands [Watson2002a], England [Newste1907a, KosztaKo1988F], Northern Ireland [Watson2002a], Scilly Isles [Willia1985c], Scotland [Watson2002a]); Yugoslavia [KosztaKo1988F] (Macedonia [Atanas1959]).
BIOLOGY: Chionaspis salicis has 1 generation per year and has males or reproduces parthenogenetically. Red eggs overwinter and hatch in Germany at the end of April. Some nymphs settle under tests of females, a few on leaves, first molt at end of May. Winged or wingless males are active from mid-June through mid-July. Eggs are laid at the end of August (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). In Missouri, United States, Chionaspis salicis overwinters as an egg. Eggs are laid in the middle of September and young emerge about the middle of June. Adult males are recorded by July first. There are at least two generations a year (Hollinger, 1923). According to Langford (1926) this species has 2 generations each year in Colorado and overwinters in the egg stage. First generation crawlers appear in late April and molt in mid May. Adults are present from early to mid June and eggs begin to appear in late June. Crawlers of the second generation are present in July and adults appear in late August. Overwintering eggs are laid in September. Crawlers have been reported in Missouri in mid June (Hollinger 1923) and in Ohio in late May early June (Kosztarab 1963). In Tennessee this species has 3 generations each year and overwinters as eggs. Crawlers of each generation begin emerging during the third week of April, the second week of June, and the fourth week of August; second instars appear the first week of May, second week of July, and first week of September. Adult males begin emerging the fourth week of May, first week of August, and the second week of September; adult females are present the third week of May, fourth week in July, and third week of September. Adult females laid from 18-265 eggs with an average of 152; this is very different from that found in Colorado where 11 to 54 eggs were laid, with an average of 33 (Lambdin 1990). (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
GENERAL REMARKS: Early descriptions and illustrations by Cooley (1899), Marlatt (1908c) and Borchsenius (1949b). Later detailed descriptions and illustrations by Danzig (1986a) and Liu et al. (1989).
STRUCTURE: Test of female broad oystershell-shaped, convex, white, about 2-3mm long, with yellow exuviae. Adult female spindle-shaped, 1.3-1.7mm long, widest at 1st or 2nd abdominal segment, red (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988). Female scale 2.5 mm long, expanding posteriorly, usually more or less curved, secretion white, smooth and dense, distinct ventral scale. Male scale about 1 mm, with distinct median carina. Adult female dark purple, with eggs or young also dark purple (Marlatt, 1908c). Adult female elongated, pygidium broadly rounded (Borchsenius, 1949b).Female scale is oystershell-shaped, broad, convex, white, 2.5-3.5 mm long, exuviae yellowish. Male scale elongate oval, slightly tricarinated, white, 0.8-1.0 mm long, exuviae brownish to almost colorless (Kosztarab, 1963).
SYSTEMATICS: Because of the polyphagous nature and distinctly manifest sexual dimorphism of Chionaspis salicis, it has been repeatedly described under different names (Danzig, 1986a). Borchsenius (1966) lists this species as incertae sedis.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. The willow scale can build to large populations which completely cover twigs and branches. It has been reported to kill branches, and Langford (1925) states it may "become so severe as to cause the dying of branches, and in some cases the entire tree." Young trees are reported to be most affected. According to Danzig (1980) the willow scale is a pest of currants, aspen, and willow. This species was apparently a more serious pest in the early part of the last century, but Lambdin (1990) reported that it can be a pest on ornamental willows in Tennessee where it causes loss of plant vigor, die back, stunting, and eventual death of the affected plant. Miller and Davidson (1990) consider this species to be an occasional pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
KEYS: Miller & Davidson 2005: 20-36 (female) [Key to adult females and field key.]; Gill 1997: 76 (female) [Key to California species of Chionaspis]; Kosztarab 1996: 440 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Danzig 1993: 319 (female) [Key to species of Chionapis]; Liu, Kosztarab & Rhoades 1989: 16 (female) [as Chionaspis salicisnigrae; Key to the species of Chionaspis in North America]; Danzig 1988: 723 (female) [Key to Chionaspis species of the Far East USSR]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 333 [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Kosztarab & Kozár 1988: 333 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Danzig 1986a: 367 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Chen 1983: 7 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Chou 1982: 82 (female) [as Chionaspis salicis-niger, C. micropori; Key to Chinese species of Chionaspis]; Danzig 1980b: 310 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Bazarov & Shmelev 1971: 117 (female) [as C. polypora, C. montana, C. singularis and C. variabilis; Key to species of central Asia]; Danzig 1971d: 843 (female) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]; McDaniel 1971: 282 (female) [Key to the Texas species of the genus Chionaspis Signoret]; Kosztarab 1963: 62 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Schmutterer 1959: 229 (female) [Bestimmungstabelle der mitteleuropäischen Chionaspis-Arten]; McKenzie 1956: 30 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Balachowsky 1954e: 320 (female) [Clef d'identification du g. Chionaspis Sign. de la région paléarctique]; Balachowsky 1954e: 321 (female) [Clef d'identification du g. Chionaspis Sign. de la région paléarctique]; Borchsenius 1950b: 192 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Ferris 1942: 50 [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Archangelskaya 1937: 88 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Britton 1923: 362 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Hollinger 1923: 20 (female) [Species of Chionaspis known to occur in Missouri]; MacGillivray 1921: 325 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; MacGillivray 1921: 330 (female) [as Chionaspis salicis-nigrae; Key to species of Chionaspis]; Leonardi 1920: 226 (female) [Key to Italian species of Chionaspis]; Lawson 1917: 260 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis in Kansas]; Comstock 1916: 559 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Dietz & Morrison 1916a: 264 (female) [Key to Chionaspis species of Indiana]; Sanders 1904a: 43 (female) [Key to Chionaspis species of Ohio]; Cooley 1899: 10 (female) [Key to species of Chionaspis]; Comstock 1881a: 98 [Key to species of Chionaspis].
CITATIONS: AhmadGh1972 [distribution: 84]; Amos1933 [distribution, host: 207]; AnneckPr1974 [biological control, distribution: 38]; Archan1937 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 88, 92-93]; Ashmea1900 [biological control, taxonomy: 409]; Atanas1959 [distribution, host: 431]; Aurivi1888 [biological control, taxonomy: 144]; Bachma1953 [distribution, taxonomy: 176]; Baeren1849 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 167]; Baker1972 [distribution, host: 109]; Balach1927 [distribution, taxonomy: 181]; Balach1954e [distribution, taxonomy: 320, 321, 341, 344, 347]; Barnes1930 [biological control, taxonomy: 321, 328]; Bazaro1963a [distribution, taxonomy: 71]; Bazaro1968a [distribution, taxonomy: 92]; Bazaro1971c [distribution, taxonomy: 87]; BazaroSh1971 [distribution, taxonomy: 117, 122]; BeardsGo1975 [taxonomy: 54]; BesheaTiHo1973 [distribution, host: 10]; Bodenh1944b [distribution, host, taxonomy: 86, 97, 98]; Bodenh1949 [distribution, taxonomy: 109, 113]; Bodenh1953 [distribution, taxonomy: 13]; Bodenh1953a [distribution, taxonomy: 159]; BognarVi1979 [distribution, host: 18]; Boraty1953 [structure, taxonomy: 457, 469]; Boraty1955 [distribution, taxonomy: 67]; BoratyDa1971 [taxonomy: 64]; Borchs1937 [distribution, taxonomy: 113]; Borchs1937a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 110, 111, 186]; Borchs1938 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 140]; Borchs1949 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 213, 215]; Borchs1949b [taxonomy: 347]; Borchs1950b [taxonomy: 192]; Borchs1963a [distribution, taxonomy: 146, 226, 227, 228]; Borchs1966 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 98, 369, 372]; Borchs1973 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 226]; Borg1932 [distribution, host: 13-14]; Bouche1844 [taxonomy: 294]; Bouche1851 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 111]; BrandtBo1948 [taxonomy: 2]; Branig1914 [taxonomy: 296]; Bremi1849 [taxonomy: 327]; Britto1923 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 362, 365]; BurgesGa1982 [distribution, host: 108]; Chen1983 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 9-10, 12-14, 90]; Cheo1935 [distribution, host: 96]; Chou1982 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 82-86]; Chou1986 [illustration: 478]; Chou1986 [illustration: 479]; Cocker1894 [taxonomy: 33]; Cocker1895e [taxonomy: 33]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 336]; Cocker1896i [taxonomy: 55]; Cocker1898f [distribution, host, taxonomy: 133]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 398]; Cocker1905b [distribution, taxonomy: 203]; Cocker1910b [distribution: 427]; CockerRo1909aWW [taxonomy: 107]; Comsto1881a [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 320]; Comsto1883 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 98, 107-108, 110]; Comsto1916 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 568, 569, 571]; Comsto1916a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 571]; Cooley1899 [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 10, 11-15, 19-22]; Dalman1826 [distribution, taxonomy: 357]; Danzig1959 [biological control, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 450]; Danzig1964 [distribution, taxonomy: 649]; Danzig1970 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 1018-1020]; Danzig1971d [taxonomy: 843]; Danzig1972b [distribution, host: 346]; Danzig1977b [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 39, 48, 53, 55]; Danzig1980b [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 310, 311, 313]; Danzig1986a [description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy: 367, 368-369]; Danzig1988 [distribution, taxonomy: 723]; DanzigPe1998 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 210-211]; Dean1909 [distribution, host: 270]; DeBachRo1976 [taxonomy: 176]; Dekle1965c [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 10, 38]; DietzMo1916a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 264, 272-273]; Dingle1924 [taxonomy: 369]; Dinthe1950 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 173, 199-252]; DoaneVaCh1936 [distribution: 377]; Dougla1885a [distribution, taxonomy: 159]; Dougla1891a [taxonomy: 97]; Dougla1893a [description, host, illustration, taxonomy: 130]; Dougla1912 [distribution: 193]; Erdos1957 [biological control, distribution: 368]; Essig1915a [distribution, economic importance: 163]; Essig1926 [distribution, host: 310]; FainRi1998 [biological control, distribution: 33-39]; Felt1901 [distribution: 360]; FeltMo1928 [distribution, host: 198]; FeltRa1932 [distribution, host: 461]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 223-225]; Ferris1936a [taxonomy: 21, 42]; Ferris1937 [taxonomy: SI-24]; Ferris1941e [distribution, taxonomy: 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49]; Ferris1942 [taxonomy: SIV-446:50]; Ferris1955d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 43-44]; Fleury1935a [distribution, host: 17, 49]; Foldi2001 [distribution, economic importance: 306, 307]; Fulmek1943 [biological control: 10, 15, 24, 55]; Garcia1921 [biological control, distribution: 54]; Garcia1930 [biological control, distribution: 54]; Gavalo1927 [distribution, host: 211]; Gertss2000 [distribution, host: 152]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 127]; Ghauri1962 [distribution, physiology, taxonomy: 9, 13, 19, 23, 147, 152-158,]; Giraul1909 [life history: 356]; Glaser1877 [description, distribution: 49]; Goethe1884 [distribution, taxonomy: 116]; GomezM1937 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 214, 219]; GomezM1946 [distribution, host: 83]; Green1927a [distribution, host: 59]; Green1934d [distribution: 114]; Hadzib1983 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 38, 181, 182, 275]; HadzibGe1983 [host, taxonomy: 181, 275]; Hall1946a [distribution, host: 508]; Harris1944 [distribution, host: 110]; Hartma1916 [distribution, host: 102]; Hellen1921 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 121]; Henrik1921 [distribution, taxonomy: 306]; Herric1911 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 28-29]; HertinSi1972 [biological control: 178-179]; Hofer1903 [taxonomy: 480]; Hoffma1927 [distribution, host: 76]; Hollin1923 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 20, 27-28, 69]; Houser1918a [distribution, host: 289-290]; HowellTi1977 [description, taxonomy: 125]; Hua2000 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 149]; Hunter1900 [distribution, host: 101]; Ibraim1961 [distribution, host: 209]; Ibraim1962 [distribution, host: 8]; Jancke1955 [taxonomy: 297]; Jansen2001 [distribution: 201]; Kalten1874 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 420, 587]; Kawai1972 [distribution, host: 38]; Kawai1980 [distribution, host: 290-291]; Kaweck1936a [taxonomy: 321]; Killin1936 [distribution: 156]; King1902b [distribution, host: 61]; Kiritc1928 [distribution, host: 116]; KonstaKo1990 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 106-108]; Korone1934 [description, distribution: 55, 57]; Koszta1963 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 75-77]; Koszta1996 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 469-472]; KosztaKo1978 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 150, 153]; KosztaKo1988F [biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 335-336]; Koteja1974b [physiology, taxonomy: 84]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; Koteja2000d [distribution: 243]; KozarFoZa1996 [distribution: 66]; KozarWa1985 [distribution: 82]; Kozarz1986 [distribution, taxonomy: 308]; KozarzRe1975 [distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy: 31]; Kuwana1927 [distribution: 72]; Lagows1998a [ecology: 65]; LagowsKo1996 [distribution, taxonomy: 32]; Lambdi1995 [biological control, distribution: 327-330]; LambdiWa1980 [distribution, host: 80]; Langfo1926 [distribution, host, life history: 50-57]; Lawson1917 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 260, 269-270]; LeBaro1872 [p. 140]; Lellak1966 [taxonomy: 301]; Leonar1901a [taxonomy: 562]; Leonar1918 [distribution, taxonomy: 212]; Leonar1920 [distribution, taxonomy: 226, 230]; Lindin1907 [taxonomy: 6]; Lindin1910 [taxonomy: 151]; Lindin1911 [taxonomy: 88]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 301]; Lindin1923 [taxonomy: 147, 152]; Lindin1928 [taxonomy: 106]; Lindin1931a [taxonomy: 90-91]; Lindin1932 [taxonomy: 27]; Lindin1932f [distribution, host, taxonomy: 179]; Lindin1934e [taxonomy: 160]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 132]; Lindin1936 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 167]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 181]; Lindin1949 [taxonomy: 211]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 551]; Lindin1958 [taxonomy: 366]; Linnae1758 [host: 456]; LiuKoRh1989 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 91-98]; Lomaki1967 [distribution, host: 37]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 126]; LongoMaPe1999a [distribution: 144]; Low1883 [taxonomy: 6]; Luff1904 [distribution, taxonomy: 276]; Lupo1938a [distribution, host, taxonomy: 271, 277]; MacGil1921 [catalogue, distribution, host, taxonomy: 325]; Macqua1847 [description, distribution, taxonomy: LXXV]; Macqua1849 [distribution, taxonomy: 47]; Mani1976 [biological control, distribution: 63]; Marlat1908c [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 25-26]; Masi1931 [biological control: 423]; Maskel1891 [taxonomy: 9]; Mateso1955 [distribution, host: 200]; Mateso1958 [distribution, host: 130-131]; Mateso1971 [distribution, host: 25]; MatesoMiIu1962a [taxonomy: 121]; MawFoHa2000 [distribution, taxonomy: 44]; McCabeJo1980 [taxonomy: 8]; McDani1971 [distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 291-292]; McKenz1956 [distribution, taxonomy: 31, 101]; Merril1953 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 32]; MerrilCh1923 [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 217]; Miller2005 [distribution: 485]; MillerDa1990 [economic importance, taxonomy: 301]; MillerDa2005 [description, distribution, host, economic importance: 118]; Misra1924CS [distribution: 350]; Moghad2004 [distribution, host: 30]; Morgan1892 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 16]; Morley1909 [biological control: 257]; MorseNo2006 [taxonomy, phylogeny: 3]; Muraka1970 [distribution, host: 88]; Myers1927LE [taxonomy: 342]; Nakaha1975 [taxonomy: 202]; Nakaha1982 [distribution, host: 20]; Newell1899a [distribution, economic importance: 155-156]; Newste1889 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 436]; Newste1900a [distribution, taxonomy: 234]; Newste1901b [distribution, taxonomy: 180]; Newste1907a [chemical control, description, distribution, host: 9]; Osborn1898 [distribution, taxonomy: 227]; Panis1981 [distribution, host: 7]; Pierce1917 [distribution, economic importance: 11, 26. 45, 48, 141, 219]; Podsia1987 [taxonomy: 290]; PooleGe1997 [distribution: 347]; Rasina1959 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 112]; Rasina1960 [distribution, host: 14]; Ratzeb1844 [description, taxonomy: 195]; Reh1904 [taxonomy: 24-27]; Reyne1957 [taxonomy: 27, 33]; Riley1894 [taxonomy: 69]; RosenDe1979 [biological control: 756]; RossemBuBu1965 [taxonomy: ???]; Rubtso1952 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 179-182]; Ruhl1913c [taxonomy: 80]; Ruhl1919 [taxonomy: 40]; Sachtl1944 [taxonomy: 74]; Sander1904a [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 43, 49-50]; Sander1906 [taxonomy: 11]; Savesc1961 [distribution, taxonomy: 32]; SchildSc1928 [biological control: 267]; Schmid1939 [taxonomy: 136]; Schmut1952 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 578-579]; Schmut1959 [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 229, 230]; Severi1920 [distribution: 10]; ShiLi1991 [host: 164]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 871, 874]; Signor1869d [description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy: 443, 445, 447, 448]; Signor1877 [host, taxonomy: 620]; Siraiw1939 [distribution: 75]; Sleesm1945 [distribution, host: 44]; SmirnoWi1933 [distribution, host, life history, taxonomy: 415-424]; Sugony1958 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 311]; Sugony1962 [biological control, distribution: 178]; Sugony1962a [biological control, distribution: 755-756]; Szulcz1926 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 137, 139]; Takagi1985 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 3, 8, 41-42]; TakagiKa1967 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 30, 38]; Tang1977 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 160]; Tang1984b [distribution, host: 129]; Tang1986 [distribution, host: 299]; Tang2001 [taxonomy: 3]; Tao1999 [distribution, host: 78-79]; Targio1868 [taxonomy: 737, 738]; Terezn1959c [description, distribution, host, taxonomy: 795, 796, 797]; Terezn1963c [distribution, host: 1528]; Terezn1967b [distribution, host: 562]; Terezn1982 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 60]; TerGri1954 [distribution, host: 66]; TerGri1954 [distribution, host: 66]; TerGri1962 [distribution, host: 145]; TerGri1969a [distribution, host: 73]; Tomlin1892 [description, distribution, host: 289]; Tozlu2001 [host: 133]; Tragar1939 [distribution, host: 399-400]; Treher1916 [distribution: 181]; Trimbl1928 [distribution, host: 45]; Tschor1939 [distribution: 90]; Tudor1982 [biological control: 88, 89]; Tullgr1906 [taxonomy: 85]; Tzalev1972 [biological control, distribution, taxonomy: 86]; Venabl1939 [distribution, host: 24]; Walsh1868 [host: 40]; Watson2002 [taxonomy: 117]; Watson2002a [biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy]; WebsteBu1902 [distribution, host: 113]; Westco1973 [distribution, host: 426]; Willia1985c [distribution, host: 137]; Wolff1911 [taxonomy: 66]; Wu1935 [taxonomy: 201]; Wunn1925 [taxonomy: 119]; Xie1998 [description, distribution, taxonomy: 133]; Yang1982 [distribution, host, taxonomy: 237, 238]; Yasnos1978 [distribution, taxonomy: 486, 494, 501]; Yasnos1979 [biological control, distribution: 211]; Zahrad1952 [taxonomy: 184]; Zahrad1972 [taxonomy: 430-432]; ZakOga1958 [biological control, distribution: 142]; ZakOga1961 [distribution, taxonomy: 368, 397, 398].
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