============================================================================== DATABASE: DB1017 (2/1997) TITLE: Northern Hemisphere Biome- and Process-Specific Forest Areas and Gross Merchantable Volumes: 1890-1990 CONTRIBUTORS: A. N. D. Auclair, J. A. Bedford and C. Revenga Science and Policy Associates, Inc. 1333 H Street NW, W400 Washington, D.C. USA Email: scipol@access.digex.net EDITED BY: A. L. Brenkert Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830-6335 Email: azt@ornl.gov ============================================================================== This db1017.doc (README) file contains: (I) Introduction (II) Data Used for this Database, Geographic Regions and Biomes (III) The Database (IV) FORTRAN and SAS Codes to Access the Data (V) Description of Data Checks Performed by CDIAC (VI) Instructions for Obtaining the Files (VII) References ============================================================================== DOCUMENTATION (I) Introduction Database DB1017 consists of annual values (1890 through 1990) of the areal extent (Ha) and gross merchantable (wood) volume (GMV in m3) of depletion and accrual processes in Northern Hemisphere boreal and temperate forests. The data files cover six geographic regions: (1) Alaska, (2) Canada, (3) Europe, (4) Former Soviet Union, (5) Non-Soviet Temperate Asia, and (6) the contiguous United States (48 states). Forest depletions (source terms for atmospheric CO2) are identified as forest pests, forest diebacks, forest fires, forest harvests, and land-use changes. Forest accruals (sink terms for atmospheric CO2) are identified as forest fire exclusion, forest fire suppression, and afforestation/crop abandonment. Both the areal extent (Ha) and GMV (m3) are listed as total area and volume of the depletion or accrual processes, and are calculated separately for each of the following biomes: (a) forest tundra, (b) boreal forest (boreal softwood), (c) mixed wood (mixed hardwood), (d) temperate softwoods, and (e) temperate hardwoods. The source terms for atmospheric CO2 due to land-use changes in temperate woodland and shrubland are reported in separate files. Percentages of lumber, pulp and fuelwood of GMV are provided for the forest harvest files, and the land-use files. In addition, estimates of accelerated tree growth rates are provided in separate files. Table 1 gives an overview of the files. Tables 4, 5, 6, and 7 provide a more extensive description of the files. ______________________________________________________________________________ Table 1. List of the 69 files and the general naming convention. ______________________________________________________________________________ Under Forest Depletions (sources for atmospheric CO2) are listed: Forest Pests 6 regional.pe files Forest Dieback 6 regional.fd files & 18 species-specific files Forest Fire 6 regional.fi files Forest Harvest 6 regional.ha files Landuse: Forest Conversion to Cropland 5 regional.lu files Temperate Woodland and Shrubland Conversion to Cropland 3 regionalws.lu files Under Forest Accruals (sinks for atmospheric CO2) are listed: Forest Fire Exclusion 4 regional.fe files Forest Fire Suppression 6 regional.fs files Afforestation and Cropland Abandonment 5 regional.ac files Temperate Wood and Shrubland Afforestation 1 regionalws.ac files No files are provided for Forest Regrowth no regional.re files Under Accelerated Tree-Growth are listed: Accelerated Tree-Growth 3 avi.* files ______________________________________________________________________________ The data files were generated by Auclair et al. (1994a, b, c, d, e) under contract to the United States Environment Protection Agency (EPA), Office of Environment Processes and Effect Research. The focus of the Auclair et al. (1994a, b, c, d, e) effort was the calculation of carbon fluxes within the temperate and boreal forests by using the data files as input to a Carbon Flux model (Van Akkeren, 1994, Van Akkeren and Bedford, 1994). The EPA Carbon Flux bookkeeping model, converts area and volume estimates from the various forest processes in the Northern Hemisphere to carbon equivalents (Auclair et al., 1994d, e). The purpose of this database is to make the information used in the EPA Carbon Flux model available without charge. In addition, the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) is providing this documentation. The data are accessible through the Internet and a variety of media (e.g., floppy diskettes, 8-mm tape). The database consists of 69 data files, 9 graphics image format (gif) files, and this db1017.doc file, and requires around 1.3 megabytes of disk storage. ================================================================================ (II) Data used for this Database, Geographic Regions and Biomes Auclair et al. (1994e) used the following databases, in addition to the literature, for generating the files: 1) National Forest Statistics of the U.S.D.A Forest Service and Forestry Canada: Inventories are based on permanent sample plots stratified to monitor forest changes on a continuous basis at 5-10 year intervals. 2) National Forestry Annual Data: a wide array of archived annual data is available on specific forest depletions (pests, weather, dieback, wildfire, harvesting, conversion to non-forest) and accruals (replanting and regrowth, tree diameter, volume growth, conversion of non-forest to forest). 3) Tree Growth Rate Data: a databank of 1600 tree growth chronologies was obtained from NOAA's National Geophysical Data Center. 4) Forest harvesting data that are available from 1979 to 1990 from UN/FAO reports (United Nations, 1992) for Eurasian data. 5) Land use (harvesting, forest conversion to cropland, afforestation, cropland abandonment) estimates over the 1700-1980 period as reconstructed by Houghton and Hackler (1994). For the United States and Canada the national forestry databases of the U.S.D.A. Forest Service and Forestry Canada were compiled for annual total area and GMV of forest depletions in Alaska, Canada, and the contiguous U.S.A. Records of natural depletions (pests, dieback, wildfire) were consistent from 1950 to 1990 and often extended back to 1920. Extrapolations back to periods prior to 1920, that is, 1890 for this database, were based on the average of the first decade of available statistics. Man-caused depletions (harvesting, forest conversion to cropland) were estimated from both the national forest statistics and from the literature. Houghton and Hackler's (1994) estimates of rates of conversion of forest to cropland were used with some modifications (e.g., Canada's forest conversion to cropland was assumed to be 15% of the area and volume of the total North American continent estimates). Accruals (fire suppression, fire exclusion, regrowth, reforestation and afforestation, accelerated tree growth) were estimated from the forest statistics, published literature, and published dendrochronologies of tree radial increments. Houghton and Hackler's (1994) estimates of annual afforestation rates and cropland abandonment were used. For the Eurasian data, there was no ready access to yearly century- long trends on each depletion or accrual process (Auclair et al., 1994a,e). The exceptions were forest harvesting from UN/FAO reports (United Nations, 1992) for the years 1979-1990 and land-use estimates (harvesting, forest conversion to cropland, afforestation and cropland abandonment) reconstructed by Houghton and Hackler (1994) for the period 1700-1980 (Auclair et al., 1994a, e). A combination of the UN/FAO harvest rates, Houghton and Hackler's land-use estimates with some redefinitions of their biome classes, and the biome redefinitions were used for GMV and areal extent calculations of forest harvesting and changes in land-use. To approximate the level of natural depletions (pests, dieback, wildfire) and accruals (fire exclusion, fire suppression, accelerated tree growth) "surrogate" biomes in North America were identified, providing the pattern of the changes over time. These patterns were then extrapolated to the Eurasian biomes (Auclair et al., 1994a, File 11). The extrapolation was made in each case using the actual areas of the biomes in question. Auclair et al. (1994a: Data File 11, in section: Expansion Coefficients Dataset 3b) list the areas of the different biomes for each region expressed in units of a million Ha. The initial estimates were based on a pixel count of Olson et al.'s (1983) ecoregion distribution. Because of differences of these estimates with estimates of total forest areas of the regions and the biome area distributions in the United Nations/FAO report and in published literature the initial estimates were revised and are listed in Table 2. ______________________________________________________________________________ Table 2. Areal estimates for individual biomes in each of the geographic regions in units of million Ha. ___________________________________________________________________________ Canada Alaska US(48) Europe F.USSR N.S.Asia Total ___________________________________________________________________________ forest tundra 195.87 31.32 - 18.09 227.7 - 472.98 boreal forest 178.25 13.05 - 41.81 471.3 16.0 720.41 mixed hardwood 21.30 5.22 - - 26.5 8.0 61.02 temperate softwood 22.97 2.61 92.06 29.32 42.2 60.0 249.16 temperate hardwood 34.91 - 151.80 104.58 43.2 150.0 484.49 __________________ _____ _____ ______ ______ _____ _____ _______ total forest 453.31 52.20 243.86 193.80 810.9 234.0 1988.06 ___________________________________________________________________________ Character and function of forests, together with carbon storage and flux, differ among regions and forest types. For this reason, Auclair et al. (1994a) structured the database on a (geopolitical) regional and biome basis. The six regions are listed in the introduction and above. Auclair's biome descriptions compared to Houghton and Hackler's (1994) are listed in Table 3. ______________________________________________________________________________ Table 3. Comparison of biome descriptions. ______________________________________________________________________________ Auclair et al., 1994a,e Houghton and Hackler, 1994 ______________________________________________________________________________ forest tundra - boreal forest (boreal softwood) boreal forest for forest harvesting and Temperate Softwood Forest mixed wood (mixed hardwood) boreal forest for forest conversion to cropland temperate softwoods temperate evergreen forest temperate hardwoods temperate deciduous forest and vegetation type 5 of Walters, (1973), listed as Tropical Seasonal Forests temperate woodland and shrubland temperate woodland and shrubland and tropical woodland and shrubland ______________________________________________________________________________ Definitions of biomes can be found in Houghton, Hackler, and Daniels (1995). The following definitions are from that source for the above categorized biomes: Tundra: 'Insufficient heat. Consists of low herbaceous plants and dwarf trees. Sedges, grasses, and lichens are also found. Soil of this biome is frozen throughout the winter with only the top few feet thawing during the summer.' Forest: 'Abundant water and heat. Consists of closely set trees whose crowns form a continuous canopy that provide shade for the ground and lower layers of vegetation.' Woodland: 'Transitional biome between forest and grassland. Consists of widely spaced trees whose crowns do not form a continuous canopy. Ground is usually covered with a dense layer of grass, shrubs, or forbs.' Other definitions from the same source, relevant to the above, are: For Latitudinal Regions: Boreal: 'Includes the subarctic zone.' Temperate: 'Includes half of the subtropical zones and midlatitude zones.' For Precipitation Regimes: Moist: 'A continuous hot, frost-free climate with abundant precipitation in all months of the year.' Warm: 'A continuously cool, frost-free climate with abundant precipitation. This type occurs on highlands within the seasonal and moist regions.' For Dominant Vegetation Covers: Deciduous: 'Occurs in the midlatitudes where winters are cold, summers are warm, and precipitation is adequate all months of the year. Consists of tall broadleaf trees that develop a continuous canopy in the summer but shed their leaves in the winter. Lower layers are weakly developed, with a dense layer of herbs in spring.' Evergreen: 'Occurs in climates where the dominant tree species grow continuously throughout the year.' Scrub: 'Occurs in hot locations of the world that experience long dry seasons with brief, but intense, rainy periods. Vegetation cover consists of small drought-tolerant trees, shrubs, grasses, and cactus.' Auclair et al. (1994e, p. 11) give an example of the relation between carbon storage and GMV: 'The total GMV of forest harvest (i.e., industrial plus non-industrial fractions) was calculated from the C release of the total tree mass (minus slash) by assuming 3.94 m3/tC in softwood and 4.68 m3/tC in hardwood biomes (Birdsey 1992), and a total tree volume to gross merchantable volume ratio of 2.44. Tree crowns (i.e. slash) were assumed to represent about 33% of the total tree volume'. One more conversion factor from GMV to C, beyond the ones mentioned above, is listed in Auclair et al. (1994a: File 4 Forest Harvest under the Europe, Former Soviet Union, Non-Soviet Temperate Asia and Northern Hemisphere Summary section): for mixed hardwoods in Europe this conversion factor is 4.28 m3/tC. ================================================================================ (III) The Database Basic units in the database are annual values of areal extent (Ha) and gross merchantable volume (GMV in m3) of depletion and accrual processes. Calculations of areal extent and GMV are forest-process dependent and are comprehensively documented in Auclair et al. (1994a). Table 4 summarizes the forest accrual and forest depletion information provided in each file. All files have 16 columns. Not all columns show depletions or accruals for each of the years for all regions for 1890-1990. A non-zero value/zero value (+/-) string was added in Table 4 for each file indicating for which column at which years non-zero values were reported. The files in Table 4 are ordered first by region, and secondly by forest accrual and forest depletion processes. The column headings of the files are as follows: "Year Area (Ha) Volume (m3) FTDRA (Ha) BSFWD (Ha) MHDWD (Ha) TSFWD (Ha) THDWD (Ha) FTDRA (m3) BSFWD (m3) MHDWD (m3) TSFWD (m3) THDWD (m3) % Lumber % Pulp % Fuelwood" where for the 16 columns: (1) Year Specific year for data (2) Area (Ha) Total area of depletion or accrual (for that specific year) (3) Volume (m3) Total volume (GMV) of depletion or accrual (for that specific year) Biome areas undergoing depletion or accrual processes: (4) FTDRA (Ha) Forest Tundra (5) BSFWD (Ha) Boreal Softwood (6) MHDWD (Ha) Mixed Hardwood (7) TSFWD (Ha) Temperate Softwood (8) THDWD (Ha) Temperate Hardwood Biome GMV undergoing depletion or accrual processes: (9) FTDRA (m3) Forest Tundra (10) BSFWD (m3) Boreal Softwood (11) MHDWD (m3) Mixed Hardwood (12) TSFWD (m3) Temperate Softwood (13) THDWD (m3) Temperate Hardwood Harvest Percentages of: (14) % Lumber of GMV (15) % Pulp of GMV (16) % Fuelwood of GMV _____________________________________________________________________ Table 4. Detailed list of forest accrual and forest depletion files. _____________________________________________________________________ REGION Forest Process: file file file name description size (bytes) + indicates a non-zero value listed in that column for the listed years - indicates a zero value listed in that column for the listed years _____________________________________________________________________ ALASKA: Forest Depletions: ak.pe forest pests 10378 +++-+++--+++---- 1890-1990 ak.fd forest dieback 6578 ++++----+------- 1890-1933, 1935-1942, 1944-1945, 1950,1966, 1983-1984 +++++---++------ 1934,1943, 1946-1949, 1951-1965, 1967-1982, 1985-1990 ak.fi forest fire 9259 +++++++-++++---- 1890-1990 ak.ha forest harvest 9764 +------------+++ 1890-1942 +++-+++--+++-+++ 1943-1952, 1971-1990 +++-+-+--+-+-+++ 1953-1970 Forest Accruals: ak.fs fire suppression 8246 +--------------- 1890-1990 CANADA: Forest Depletions: ca.pe forest pests 12810 +++-++++-++++--- 1890-1990 ca.fd forest dieback 8670 +++-+-++-+-++--- 1890-1933, 1935-1942, 1944-1945, 1950, 1966, 1983-1984 +++-+-+--+-+---- 1934,1943, 1946-1949, 1951-1965, 1967-1982, 1985-1990 ca.fi forest fire 12802 +++++++-++++---- 1890-1990 ca.ha forest harvest 14088 +++-++++-+++++-+ 1890-1900 +++-++++-+++++++ 1901-1990 ca.lu land-use 8055 +++--+++--++++-+ 1890-1899 +++--+++--++++++ 1900-1990 Forest Accruals: ca.fe fire exclusion 3776 +++--++---++---- 1890 +--------------- 1891-1990 ca.fs fire suppression 7289 +--------------- 1890-1935 +++++++-++++---- 1936-1990 ca.ac afforestation and crop abandonment 7611 +++---++---+++-+ 1890-1900 +++---++---+++++ 1901-1990 EUROPE: Forest Depletions: eu.pe forest pests 10855 +++-+-++-+-++--- 1890-1990 eu.fd forest dieback 9459 +++---+----+---- 1890-1891, 1895-1899 +++---++---++--- 1892-1894, 1900-1933, 1935-1942, 1944-1945, 1950 +++-+-++-+-++--- 1934,1943, 1946-1949, 1951-1990 eu.fi forest fire 12651 +++++-++++-++--- 1890-1990 eu.ha forest harvest 10199 +++-+-++-+-+++-+ 1890-1899 +++-+-++-+-+++++ 1900-1990 eu.lu land-use 7957 +++--+++--++++-+ 1890-1899 +++--+++--++++++ 1900-1959 +------------+++ 1960-1990 euws.lu land-use of Europe's temperate woodland and shrubland biome 5954 +++----+----++-+ 1890-1899 +++----+----++++ 1900-1959 +------------+++ 1960-1990 Forest Accruals: eu.fe fire exclusion 3737 +++---+----+---- 1890 +--------------- 1891-1990 eu.fs fire suppression 8585 +--------------- 1890-1935 +++++-++++-++--- 1936-1990 eu.ac afforestation and crop abandonment 7665 +++---+----+-+-+ 1890-1899 +++---+----+-+++ 1900-1969 +++--+++--++++++ 1970-1990 euws.ac afforestation and crop abandonment for Europe's temperate woodland and shrubland biome 5058 +------------+-+ 1890-1899 +------------+++ 1900-1969 +++----+----++++ 1970-1990 FORMER SOVIET UNION: Forest Depletions: fu.pe forest pests 12523 +++-++++-++++--- 1890-1990 fu.fd forest dieback 8254 +--------------- 1890-1894, 1904-1913, +++----+----+--- 1895-1903, 1914-1915, 1917-1924, 1931, 1966, 1983-1984 +++---++---++--- 1916, 1925-1930, 1932-1933, 1935-1942, 1944-1945, 1950 +++-+-++-+-++--- 1934,1943, 1946-1949, 1951-1965, 1975-1978, 1988-1990 +++-+--+-+--+--- 1967-1974, 1979-1982, 1985-1987 fu.fi forest fire 14633 +++++++++++++--- 1890-1990 fu.ha forest harvest 8843 +++-+--+-+--++-+ 1890-1900 +++-+--+-+--++++ 1901-1990 fu.lu land-use 6875 +++----+----++-+ 1890-1899 +++----+----++++ 1900-1939, 1950-1968, 1975-1990 +------------+++ 1940-1949, 1969-1974 Forest Accruals: fu.fe fire exclusion 4697 +++--++---++---- 1890 +--------------- 1891-1990 fu.fs fire suppression 9542 +--------------- 1890-1935 +++++++++++++--- 1936-1990 fu.ac afforestation and crop abandonment 5249 +------------+-+ 1890-1899 +------------+++ 1900-1939, 1950-1968, 1975-1990 +++----+----++++ 1940-1949, 1969-1974 NON-SOVIET TEMPERATE ASIA: Forest Depletions: na.pe forest pests 12600 +++-++++-++++--- 1890-1990 na.fd forest dieback 8306 +--------------- 1890-1894, 1904-1913 +++----+----+--- 1895-1903, 1914-1915, 1966, 1983-1984 +++---++---++--- 1916, 1925-1930, 1932-1945, 1950 +++---+----+---- 1917-1924, 1931 +++-+-++-+-++--- 1946-1949, 1951-1965, 1975-1978, 1988-1990 +++-+--+-+--+--- 1967-1974, 1979-1982, 1985-1987 na.fi forest fire 12666 +++-++++-++++--- 1890-1990 na.ha forest harvest 8603 +++---++---+++-+ 1890-1900 +++---++---+++++ 1901-1990 na.lu land-use 8595 +++---++---+++-+ 1890-1899 +++---++---+++++ 1900-1990 naws.lu land-use for Non-Soviet Asia's temperate woodland and shrubland biome 6906 +++----+----++-+ 1890-1899 +++----+----++++ 1900-1990 Forest Accruals: na.fe fire exclusion 3799 +++--++---++---- 1890 +--------------- 1891-1990 na.fs fire suppression 8406 +--------------- 1890-1935 +++-++++-++++--- 1936-1990 na.ac afforestation and crop abandonment 5997 +------------+-+ 1890-1899 +------------+++ 1900-1950 +++---+----+-+++ 1951-1990 CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES (48 states): Forest Depletions: us.pe forest pests 7525 +++---++---++--- 1890-1990 us.fd forest dieback 7593 +--------------- 1890-1894, 1904-1913 +++----+----+--- 1895-1903, 1914-1915, 1965-1974, 1979-1987 +++---++---++--- 1916, 1925-1964, 1975-1978, 1988-1990 +++---+----+---- 1917-1924 us.fi forest fire 7637 +++---++---++--- 1890-1990 us.ha forest harvest 7947 +++---++---+++-+ 1890-1899 +++---++---+++++ 1900-1990 us.lu land-use 8182 +++---++---+++-+ 1890-1899 +++---++---+++++ 1900-1990 usws.lu land-use for the United States' temperate woodland and shrubland biome 5906 +++----+----++-+ 1890-1899 +++----+----++++ 1900-1949 +------------+++ 1950-1990 Forest Accruals: us.fs fire suppression 5749 +--------------- 1890-1935 +++---++---++--- 1936-1990 us.ac afforestation and crop abandonment 8037 +++---++---+++-+ 1890-1899 +++---++---+++++ 1900-1990 _____________________________________________________________________ Table 5 summarizes the species-specific forest die-back information. These files also have 16 columns and not all columns show non-zero values for all years for all regions for the period of 1890-1990. A non-zero value/zero value (+/-) string indicates here also for which column at which year non-zero were reported. The files in Table 5 are also ordered first by region, but secondly by the species softwood or hardwood designation. The headings of the files are identical to Table 4. _____________________________________________________________________ Table 5. List of species-specific die-back files. _____________________________________________________________________ REGION file file file name description size (bytes) + indicates a non-zero value listed in that column for the listed years - indicates a zero value listed in that column for the listed years _____________________________________________________________________ ALASKA: Softwood: ak.yc Yellow Cedar 5923 ++++----+------- 1890-1990 CANADA: Softwoods: ca.wp White Pine 5447 +++---+----+---- 1916-1964 +--------------- remaining years ca.yc Yellow Cedar 6505 ++++----+------- 1890-1990 Hardwoods: ca.as Ash 5073 +++----+----+--- 1929-1930, 1954-1990 +--------------- remaining years ca.bf Balsam Fir 4663 ++++---+----+--- 1933, 1948, 1960-1984 +--------------- remaining years ca.bi Birch 4139 +++----+----+--- 1937-1951 +--------------- remaining years ca.ma Maple 4451 +++----+----+--- 1946-1949, 1963-1968, 1977-1978, 1980-1986, 1989-1990 +--------------- remaining years ca.oa Oak 3997 +++----+----+--- 1977-1984 +--------------- remaining years ca.rs Red Spruce 4991 +++----+----+--- 1897-1900, 1933, 1937-1938, 1948-1949, 1957, 1959-1984 +--------------- remaining years CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES (48 states): Softwoods: us.tf True Fir 4595 +++---+----+---- 1923-1925, 1930-1934, 1948-1952, 1959-1963, 1975-1978, 1988-1990 +--------------- remaining years us.wp Western White Pine 5433 +++---+----+---- 1916-1964 +--------------- remaining years Hardwoods: us.as Ash 5083 +++----+----+--- 1929-1930, 1954-1990 +--------------- remaining years us.bf Balsam Fir 4663 +++----+----+--- 1933, 1948, 1960-1984 +--------------- remaining years us.bi Birch 4345 +++----+----+--- 1939-1952, 1979-1980, 1989-1990 +--------------- remaining years us.ma Maple 5179 +++----+----+--- 1939-1949, 1956-1971, 1973, 1976-1982, 1984-1990 +--------------- remaining years us.oa Oak 5383 +++----+----+--- 1895-1903, 1914-1916, 1925-1928, 1953-1959, 1966-1969, 1971-1990 +--------------- remaining years us.rs Red Spruce 4991 +++----+----+--- 1897-1900, 1933, 1937-1938, 1948-1949, 1957, 1959-1984 +--------------- remaining years us.se South East Pine 5805 +++----+----+--- 1932-1990 +--------------- 1890-1931 _____________________________________________________________________ Table 6 lists the three accelerated tree-growth increment files. These three files have two columns each. The first column indicates the year, and the second column contains factors or indices used for weighting tree growth. The value can be positive or negative given that tree growth can fluctuate above or below the regression line of expected growth. The avi.ftb file is relevant to the forest tundra and boreal forests and is based on the Jacoby and D'Arrigo (1989) data. The data are factors derived by factor analysis (eigenvectors) of tree-ring widths. The avi.tsm file is relevant for mixed hardwoods and temperate softwoods and is based on tree-ring data of bristlecone pine, provided by Gary Funkhouser (pers. comm., Auclair et al.). Data in this file are growth- rate indices. The avi.thd file is relevant for temperate hardwoods and is based on the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center tree ring data. Data in this file are growth-rate indices. The headings of accelerated volume increment (avi) files are as follows: avi.ftb YEARS,Jacoby (FT & BF) avi.thd YEARS,NGDC (THDWD) avi.tsm YEARS,"Funkhauser (MH,TS)" _____________________________________________________________________ Table 6. List of the accelerated volume increment files. _____________________________________________________________________ file file description file size name (bytes) _____________________________________________________________________ avi.ftb accelerated growth (factor) for the forest tundra and boreal forests 1079 (Jacoby & D'Arrigo data) avi.thd accelerated growth (weighting index) for the temperate hardwood forests 989 (NGDC tree ring data, based on Jacoby & D'Arrigo, 1989) avi.tsm accelerated growth (weighting index) for the mixed hardwood and temperate softwood forests 1041 (Funkhouser data) _____________________________________________________________________ Table 7 lists the graphic image format (gif) files of the data. Each gif file represents the total GMV (m3) of the accrual or depletion process in one image, and the total areal extent (Ha) of the accrual or depletion process in a second image for each geographic region for 1890 to 1990. The biome-specific processes for each region are not represented as gif images. The accelerated growth-rate information is graphed separately. _____________________________________________________________________ Table 7. List of the graphics image format (gif) files. _____________________________________________________________________ file file size name (bytes) _____________________________________________________________________ For Forest Depletions (Sources for atmospheric CO2): forestpestlosses.gif 15795 forestdiebacks.gif 18599 forestfires.gif 26097 forestharvestlosses.gif 15994 landuselosses.gif 14148 For Forest Accruals (Sinks for Atmospheric CO2): fireexclusionsinks.gif 9635 firesuppressionsink.gif 13303 afforestationsink.gif 11949 For Accelerated Tree Growth: accgrowth.gif 19375 _____________________________________________________________________ ================================================================================ (IV) FORTRAN-77 and SAS codes to access files The following is a listing of the FORTRAN code to access each of the 16 column depletion and accrual data files. __________________________________________________ OPEN (UNIT=10,FILE='ak.pe',STATUS='old') READ(10,*) DO I=1,100 READ (10,*) Year,Area,Volume, &AFTDRA,ABSFWD,AMHDWD,ATSFWD,ATHDWD, &VFTDRA,VBSFWD,VMHDWD,VTSFWD,VTHDWD, &Plumb,Ppulp,Pfwood ENDDO CLOSE (UNIT=10) STOP END __________________________________________________ The following is a listing of the FORTRAN code to access each of the 2 column accelerated growth-increment data files. __________________________________________________ REAL*4 Info OPEN (UNIT=10,FILE='avi.thd',STATUS='old') READ(10,*) DO I=1,100 READ (10,*) Year,Info ENDDO CLOSE (UNIT=10) STOP END __________________________________________________ The following is a listing of the SAS code to access each of the 16 column depletion and accrual data files. (SAS is the registered trademark of SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina, 27511, USA.) _________________________________________________________ DATA CHANGE; INFILE 'ak.pe' missover FIRSTOBS=2; INPUT Year Area Volume AFTDRA ABSFWD AMHDWD ATSFWD ATHDWD VFTDRA VBSFWD VMHDWD VTSFWD VTHDWD Plumb Ppulp Pfwood; RUN; _________________________________________________________ The following is a listing of the SAS code to access each of the 2 column avi data files. _____________________________________ DATA AVI; INFILE 'avi.thd' missover FIRSTOBS=2; INPUT Year Info; RUN; _____________________________________ NOTE that the files can easily be pulled into spread-sheet software like Microsoft Excel. ================================================================================ (V) QA performed by CDIAC One of the roles of the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) is to quality assure (QA) data. The QA process is an important component of the value-added concept of ensuring accurate, usable information for researchers, because data received by CDIAC are rarely in condition for immediate distribution, regardless of source. The following summarizes the checks performed on the Auclair et al. data: (a) term definitions (b) file organization (c) file listings and figures providing overviews of the information (d) FORTRAN and SAS access codes Comprehensive documentation of the GMV and areal extent calculations is provided in Auclair et al. (1994a) and is available in hardcopy at cost of replication and delivery (see section VI). CDIAC is acquainted with this information but has not undertaken a QA of that report. Note that Data File 12, Report #2, TASK 2 (Auclair et al., 1994a) is a Quality Assurance and Quality Control chapter for the areas of Canada, Alaska, United States (48 states), with range estimates of validation and error, a listing of discussions with experts in the field and a review of the draft of data files. ================================================================================ (VI) How to obtain the information The 69 data files, and this db1017.doc file are available, free of charge from CDIAC's anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol) area as follows: > ftp to cdiac.esd.ornl.gov (or 128.219.24.36) > enter 'anonymous' as user id > enter your e-mail address as password > cd pub/db1017 > dir > get filenames > bye The database can also be accessed via the World Wide Web from CDIAC's homepage http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov click on Products and Services click on CDIAC's Anonymous FTP Service click on CDIAC's FTP area click on db1017 click on any of the files For non-FTP data acquisitions (e.g. IBM- or MacIntosh-formatted floppy diskettes; 8200 or 8500 format for 8-mm tape), users may request data, free of charge from CDIAC using the following address: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Post Office Box 2008 Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA Phone: (423) 574-3645 or (423) 574-0390 FAX: (423) 574-2232 E-Mail: cdiac@ornl.gov The Auclair et al. (1994a, b, c, d, e) reports are available in hardcopy at cost of replication and delivery: Science and Policy Associates, Inc. 1333 H Street NW, W400 Washington, D.C. USA Email: scipol@access.digex.net ================================================================================ (VII) References: Auclair, A.N.D., J.A. Bedford, and C. Revenga 1994a. National forest depletion and accrual dataset: Area and volume estimates. Documentation File, Version 3. Task Report 2 to the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400, Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Auclair, A.N.D., J.A. Bedford, and C. Revenga 1994b. Biome and process-specific forest area and volume dataset: Carbon flux model data input file. Task Report 3 to the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400, Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Auclair, A.N.D., J.A. Bedford, and C. Revenga 1994c. Carbon Flux Model estimates: Output matrix documentation file. Task Report 6 to the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400, Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Auclair, A.N.D., J.A. Bedford, and C. Revenga 1994d. Carbon Flux Model estimates: Summary tables documentation file. Task Report 7 to the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400, Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Auclair, A.N.D., J.A. Bedford, and C. Revenga 1994e. The missing carbon sink in the terrestrial biosphere. Task Report 8 to the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400, Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Houghton, R. A. and J. Hackler: edited by R. C. Daniels, March, 1995. Continental Scale Estimates of the Biotic Carbon Flux from Land Cover Change: 1850 to 1980. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Pub. No. 4379, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. Van Akkeren, P.A. 1994. The EPA Carbon Flux model: Design document (Part I and II). Task Report 4 to the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400, Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. Van Akkeren, P.A., and J.A. Bedford 1994. The EPA Carbon Flux model: Users' guide. Task Report 5 to the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency (Washington, DC). Science and Policy Associates, Inc., Suite W400, Landmark Building, 1333 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. ===== Auclair et al.'s (1994) references that are referred to in this db1017.doc file are the following: Alaska Fire Service 1992. Annual forest fire reports, 1944-1990. Alaska Fire Service, Bureau of Land Management, Department of Interior, P.O. Box 35005, Fort Wainwright, Alaska, USA. Birdsey, R.A., 1992. Carbon storage and accumulation in United States forest ecosystems. General Technical Report WO-59, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, Radnor, Pennsylvania. USA. Forestry Canada 1991. Selected forestry statistics, Canada, 1991. Policy and Economics Directorate, Forestry Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Forestry Canada 1992a. Annual forest fire statistics on number of fires and area burned in Canada, 1918-1990. Petawa National Institute of Forestry, Canadian Forestry Service, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada. Forestry Canada 1992b. National forest harvest database, 1962-1992. Forestry Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Funkhauser, Gary. Personal Communication. Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ-85721 (Data is a recent update of Dr. Donald Graybill's analysis of bristlecone pine at Sheep MTN, CA). Houghton, R. A. and J. Hackler, 1994. The Houghton global land-use dataset: Updated database and documentation notes. Unpublished report. The Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. USA. Jacoby G. C. and R. D'Arrigo, 1989. Reconstructed northern hemisphere annual temperature since 1671 based on high-latitude tree-ring data from North America. Climatic Change 14:39-59 ( tree ring data stored in the NGDC databank Boulder, Colo) National Geophysical Data Center 1994. The International Tree-Ring Data Bank. World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology, N.O.A.A., U.S. Department of Commerce, Boulder, Colo, USA Olsen, J.S., J.A. Watts and L.J. Allison, 1983. Carbon in live vegetation of major world ecosystems. ORNL-5862. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. Statistics Canada 1992. Yearly roundwood production data, 1926-1990. Statistics Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. United Nations, 1992. Forest Products, 1970-1990. FAO Forestry Series No. 25 /FAO Statistics Series No. 103, FAO Yearbook 1990. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. 332 pp. U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1916-1990. Annual forest fire reports. Fire and Aviation Management Division, USDA Forest Service, Independence at 14th Street, Washington, DC. USA. U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1958. Timber resources for America's future. Forest Resource Report No. 14, USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. USA. U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1964. The demand and price situation for forest products, 1964. Miscellaneous Publication No. 983. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. USA. U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1965. Timber trends in the United States. Forest Resource Report No. 17, USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. USA. U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1965. U.S. timber production, trade, consumption, and price statistics, 1950-87. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1471. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. USA. U.S.D.A. Forest Service 1990. U.S. timber production, trade, consumption, and price statistics, 1950-87. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1486. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC. USA. ================================================================================