American
Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology; American College of Veterinary Pathologists.
NAL Call No.: SF601 A54
Descriptors:
equine disease West Nile Virus in
Anderson, John F.; Rahal, James J. Efficacy of interferon alpha-2b
and ribavirin against West Nile virus in vitro. Emerging Infectious
Diseases. 2002 Jan; 8(1): 107-8. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL Call No.: RA648.5 E46
Descriptors: antiviral agents, pharmacology, West Nile fever, drug therapy,
drug effects, human recombinant interferon alpha-2b, ribavirin, vero cell cultures
from African green monkey kidney cells, cytotoxic effect of ribavirin, therapeutic
activity, possible treatment.
NAL Call No.: SF917 F42
Descriptors:
dogs, horses, various mosquito borne illnesses, prevention and control
methods,
Anonymous.
NAL Call No.: RA407.3 M56
Abstract:
This report summarizes West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance data reported to CDC
through ArboNET and by states and other jurisdictions as of 7 a.m. Mountain
Daylight Time, September 25, 2002.
Anonymous.
Abstract:
This report summarizes West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance data reported
to CDC through ArboNET and by states and other jurisdictions as of 7:30 a.m.
Mountain Daylight Time, September 18, 2002.
Anonymous.
NAL
Call No.: RA407.3 M56
Abstract:
This report summarizes West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance data reported
to CDC through ArboNET and by states and other jurisdictions as of 7:30 a.m.
Mountain Daylight Time, September 11, 2002.
Anonymous.
MMWR
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2002, Aug 30; 51(34): 764-6. ISSN:
NAL
Call No.: RA407.3 M56
Descriptors:
Abstract: This report summarizes West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance data reported to CDC through ArboNET and by states and other jurisdictions as of 7:30 a.m. Mountain Daylight Time, August 28, 2002, and highlights WNV activity in Illinois.
Anonymous
. West Nile virus activity--United States, July 31-August 7, 2002, and
Louisiana, January 1-August 7, 2002.
NAL Call No.: RA407.3 M56
Abstract:
This report summarizes the West Nile virus (WNV) surveillance data reported
to the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through ArboNET and by states and other
jurisdictions in
the USA as of 7 August 2002. During the reporting period of 31 July-7 August,
a total of 68
laboratory-positive human cases of WNV-associated illness were reported from
Louisiana (n=40),
Mississippi (n=23), Texas (n=4) and Illinois (n=1). WNV infections in 447 dead
crows, 263
other dead birds, 42 horses and 183 mosquito pools were also observed. During
1 January-7
August 2002, the office of public health in Louisiana has identified 71 laboratory-positive
human cases of WNV, including 38 males and 33 females aged 13-88 years. Clinically,
55 patients
presented with WNV-associated meningoencephalitis (including 5 fatalities) and
9 with WNV-associated
fever. The clinical presentations of 7 patients have not been ascertained.
Anonymous.
NAL
Call No.: RA407.3 M56
Abstract:
This report summarizes the
Anonymous.
Weekly update:
NAL
Call No.: RA407.3 M56
Abstract:
This report summarizes
Anonymous. Symposium sur les zoonoses virales (Viral zoonoses).
[Viral Zoonoses. Meeting report.] 9-11 janvier 2002, Londres, Royaume-Uni.
Virologie (Montrouge). Mars-Avril, 2002; 6 (2): 140-141. ISSN: 1267-8694.
Descriptors: various animal viruses, zoonotic viruses, West Nile virus.
Anonymous. West Nile Virus activity--United States, 2001. MMWR
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2002 Jun 14; 51(23): 497-501. ISSN:
0149-2195.
NAL Call No.: RA407.3 M56
Descriptors: West Nile fever, epidemiology, surveillance data in U.S.,
ArboNET, illnesses, horses, birds, humans, mosquitoes.
Abstract: In 2001, West Nile virus (WNV) activity was reported
from 359 counties in 27 states and the District of Columbia (DC) to ArboNET,
a web-based, surveillance data network maintained by 54 state and local public
health agencies and CDC. This activity represented a marked increase from 2000,
when WNV activity was reported from 138 counties in 12 states and DC. This report
summarizes surveillance data for 2001, which indicate that 66 human illnesses
were reported from 10 states and that widespread WNV activity in birds, horses,
and mosquitoes extended into the midwestern United States and several southern
states unaffected previously. The findings in this report underscore the need
for public education, increased WNV surveillance aimed at early viral detection,
and sustained, integrated mosquito-control activities.
Anraku, Itaru; Harvey, Tracey J.; Linedale, Richard; Gardner, Joy; Harrich,
David; Suhrbier, Andreas; Khromykh, Alexander A. Kunjin virus replicon vaccine
vectors induce protective CD8+ T-cell immunity. Journal of Virology.
2002 Apr; 76(8): 3791-9. ISSN: 0022-538X.
NAL Call No.: QR360.J6
Descriptors: CD8+ T Lymphocytes, viral vaccines immunology, inbred BALB-C
mouse models, West Nile virus genetics.
Abstract: The ability of self-replicating RNA (replicon) vaccine
vectors derived from the Australian flavivirus Kunjin (KUN) to induce protective
alphabeta CD8+ T-cell responses was examined. KUN replicons encoding a model
immunogen were delivered by three different vaccine modalities: (i) as naked
RNA transcribed in vitro, (ii) as plasmid DNA constructed to allow in vivo transcription
of replicon RNA by cellular RNA polymerase II (DNA based), and (iii) as replicon
RNA encapsidated into virus-like particles. A single immunization with any of
these KUN replicon vaccines induced CD8+ T-cell responses at levels comparable
to those induced by recombinant vaccinia virus encoding the same immunogen.
Immunization with only 0.1 microg of DNA-based KUN replicons elicited CD8+ T-cell
responses similar to those seen after immunization with 100 microg of a conventional
DNA vaccine. Naked RNA immunization with KUN replicons also protected mice against
challenges with recombinant vaccinia virus and B16 tumor cells. These results
demonstrate the value of KUN replicon vectors for inducing protective antiviral
and anticancer CD8+ T-cell responses.
Apperson,
C.S.; Harrison, B.A.; Unnasch, T.R.; Hassan, H.K.; Irby, W.S.; Savage, H.M.;
Aspen, S.E.; Watson, D.W.; Rueda, L.M.; Engber, B.R.; Nasci, R.S.
NAL
Call No.: 421 J828
Abstract:
The
host-feeding patterns of mosquitoes (n = 247) collected in the Borough of Queens
in
Descriptors:
mosquito population control, disease transmission factors, epidemiology, disease
spread.
Beasley,
D.W.; Barrett, A.D.
Descriptors: crows, arbovirus prevelance levels in bird populations,
bird brain tissue testing survey, equine encephalitis, West Nile Virus in Connecticut,
epitope, mapping, viral envelope proteins immunology, antibodies, recombinant
proteins, virulence, pathogenicity.
Beasley, David W.C.; Li, Li; Suderman, Miguel T.; Barrett, Alan D.T.
Mouse neuroinvasive phenotype of West Nile virus strains varies depending
upon virus genotype. Virology. 2002 Apr 25; 296(1): 17-23. ISSN:
0042-6822.
NAL Call No.: QR360.J6
Descriptors: molecular basis of virulence, virulence phenotype of the
virus, 19 strains of West Nile virus, comparison study, mice, hamsters, North
American strain, level of neuroinvasiveness.
Abstract: Despite recent advances in the genetics of West Nile
(WN) virus, relatively little is known about the molecular basis of virulence
of this virus. In particular, although the genotype of the WN virus strain that
was recently introduced into North America has been determined, there have been
few experimental studies on the virulence phenotype of the virus. We compared
genetic and neurovirulence properties of 19 strains of WN virus, including 2
from North America, and observed significant differences in their neuroinvasive
phenotype in mice and hamsters that correlated with virus genotype. Virus isolated
in North America was found to be highly neuroinvasive with a lack of age-related
resistance to infection in mice normally associated with mosquito-borne flaviviruses.
Beckwith,
W.H.; Sirpenski, S.; French, R.A.; Nelson, R.; Mayo, D.
NAL
Call No.: 448.8 AM326
Descriptors: bird viral disease, crows, songbirds, prevalence levels in bird populations, bird brain testing survey, equine encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, Connecticut, viral isolation and purification, reverse transcriptase polymerase-chain reaction, virus cultivation.
Abstract:
The emergence of the
Borowski, Peter; Lang, Melanie; Haag, Annemarie; Schmitz, Herbert; Choe,
Joonho; Chen, Huan Ming; Hosmane, Ramachandra S. Characterization of imidazo(4,5-d)pyridazine
nucleosides as modulators of unwinding reaction mediated by West Nile virus
nucleoside triphosphatase/helicase: Evidence for activity on the level of substrate
and/or enzyme. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. May, 2002;
46 (5): 1231-1239. ISSN: 0066-4804.
NAL Call No.: RM265 A5132
Descriptors: synthesis and properties, nucleoside analogues, double-stranded
DNA, unwinding reaction mediated West Nile virus nucleoside triphosphatase,
helicase activity, new class of helicase-specific antivirals, potential pharmaceutical.
Abstract:
Compounds that interact with DNA or RNA generally act as inhibitors of enzymes
that unwind DNA or RNA. In the present study we describe the synthesis and properties
of some nucleoside analogues that interact with double-stranded DNA but that,
in contrast, facilitate the unwinding reaction mediated by West Nile (WN) virus
nucleoside triphosphatase (NTPase)/helicase. The nucleoside analogues described,
1-(2'-O-methyl-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine-4,7(5H,6H)-dione
(HMC-HO4), 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine-4,7(5H,6H)-dione,
and 1-(2'-deoxy-alpha-D-ribofuranosyl)imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine-4,7(5H,6H)dione,
all contain the imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine ring system. The extent of the enhancing
effect on helicase activity was found to be dependent on the time of exposure
of the DNA substrate to the compounds and their concentrations. The nucleoside
analogues were nevertheless found to be capable of uncoupling the ATPase and
helicase activities of the enzyme by a mechanism operating on the level of the
enzyme. Thus, in the case of HMC-HO4, the direct interaction with the enzyme
caused inhibition of its helicase activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration
of 30 microM. The similar potency of the compound against replication of WN
virus in cell culture suggests that inhibition of the helicase activity of the
viral enzyme is responsible for the observed antiviral activity of HMC-HO4 and
may indeed represent an important mode of action of antiviral drugs in general.
Comparative studies performed with the related NTPase/helicase from hepatitis
C virus revealed that the extent of the effects mediated by imidazo[4,5-d]pyridazine
nucleosides is enzyme specific. The substances described may represent a starting
point for the development of a new class of helicase-specific antivirals.
Bram, Ralph A.; George, John E.; Reichar, Robert E.; Tabaciinic, Walter
J. Threat of foreign arthropod-borne pathogens to livestock in the United
States. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2002 May; 39(3): 405-16.
ISSN: 0022-2585.
NAL Call No.: 421 J828
Descriptors: risks in U.S., insect borne diseases, production animals,
U.S. programs, strategic planning, arboviral diseases including West Nile virus.
Abstract: There are many exotic animal pathogens throughout the
world that, if introduced into the United States. could have a significant detrimental
impact on the health of livestock, agricultural economy, the environment, and
public health. Many of these pathogens are arthropod-borne and potential vectors
are readily available in the United States. A number of these arthropod-borne
pathogens are discussed here as examples that illustrate the potential risk
and the consequences of inadvertent introductions. Several International agencies
have a role in global surveillance and in controlling animal diseases should
they begin to expand their range. The risk to the United States is considerable.
We propose that the United States invest in the improved infrastructure needed
to reduce the risk of foreign arthropod-borne pathogens. Current U.S. programs
focus on the exclusion of pathogens through regulation of animal movements and
products, surveillance, especially trained animal disease diagnosticians, research
support, international cooperation and, should pathogens enter our country,
the resources for their prompt eradication. We suggest that the United States
needs to develop a comprehensive, updated strategic plan to assess all aspects
of current and future requirements, objectives, and resources needed to protect
its national interests.
Briese, Thomas; Rambaut, Andrew; Pathmajeyan, Melissa; Bishara, Jihad;
Weinberger, Miriam; Pitlik, Silvio; Lipkin, W. Ian. Phylogenetic analysis
of a human isolate from the 2000 Israel West Nile virus epidemic. Emerging
Infectious Diseases. 2002 May; 8(5): 528-31. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL Call No.: RA648.5 E46
Descriptors: West Nile virus isolates, comparison study, reverse transcription-polymerase
chain reaction, phylogenetic analysis, Romanian, Russian, Israeli and New York
isolates.
Abstract: Specimens from a patient of the 2000 Israel West Nile
virus epidemic were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
Products corresponding to E, NS3, and NS5 sequences were amplified from cerebellar
but not from cortical samples. Phylogenetic analyses indicated a closer relationship
of this isolate to 1996 Romanian and 1999 Russian than to 1998-99 Israeli or
1999 New York isolates.
Brinton,
MA. Host factors involved in
NAL
Call No.:
Descriptors: carrier proteins, RNA binding proteins, virus replication, West Nile virus genetics, birds, Culicidae mosquitoes, disease susceptibility, integration host factors, potential anti-viral agents, possible highly conserved protein in diverse species, 3’ RNA’s, mice.
Abstract:
Viruses use cell proteins during many stages of their replication cycles, including
attachment, entry, translation, transcription/replication, and assembly. Mutations
in the cell proteins involved can cause disruptions of these critical host-virus
interactions, which in turn can affect the efficiency of virus replication.
These host-virus interactions also represent novel targets for the development
of new antiviral agents. The different alleles of the murine Flv gene confer
resistance or susceptibility to flavivirus-induced disease and provide a natural
mutant system for the study of a host protein that can alter the outcome of
a flavivirus infection. Since flaviviruses, such as
Bunning, Michel L.; Bowen, Richard A.; Cropp, C. Bruce;
Sullivan, Kevin G.; Davis, Brent S.; Komar, Nicholas; Godsey, Marvin S.; Baker,
Dale; Hettler, Danielle L.; Holmes, Derek A.; Biggerstaff, Brad J.; Mitchell,
Carl J. Experimental infection of horses with West Nile virus. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2002 Apr; 8(4): 380-6. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL Call No.: RA648.5 E46
Descriptors: horses, epidemiology, duration of viremia, NY99 isolate,
non-amplyfing hosts, Aedes, albopictus, experimental infection.
Abstract: A total of 12 horses
of different breeds and ages were infected with West Nile virus (WNV) via the
bites of infected Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Half the horses were infected
with a viral isolate from the brain of a horse (BC787), and half were infected
with an isolate from crow brain (NY99-6625); both were NY99 isolates. Postinfection,
uninfected female Ae. albopictus fed on eight of the infected horses. In the
first trial, Nt antibody titers reached >1:320, 1:20, 1:160, and 1:80 for
horses 1 to 4, respectively. In the second trial, the seven horses with subclinical
infections developed Nt antibody titers >1:10 between days 7 and 11 post
infection. The highest viremia level in horses fed upon by the recipient mosquitoes
was approximately 460 Vero cell PFU/mL. All mosquitoes that fed upon viremic
horses were negative for the virus. Horses infected with the NY99 strain of
WNV develop low viremia levels of short duration; therefore, infected horses
are unlikely to serve as important amplifying hosts for WNV in nature.
Burt, Felicity J.; Grobbelaar, Antoinette A.; Leman, Patricia A.; Anthony,
Fiona, S.; Gibson, Georgina V.F.; Swanepoel, Robert. Phylogenetic relationships
of southern african west nile virus isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases.
2002 Aug; 8(8): 820-6. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL Call No.: RA648.5 E46
Descriptors: West Nile virus, African strains, comparison, evolution,
phylogenetics, lineages 1 and 2.
Abstract: Phylogenetic relationships
were examined for 29 southern African West Nile virus (formal name West Nile
virus [WNV]) isolates from various sources in four countries from 1958 to 2001.
In addition sequence data were retrieved from GenBank for another 23 WNV isolates
and Kunjin and Japanese encephalitis viruses. All isolates belonged to two lineages.
Lineage 1 isolates were from central and North Africa, Europe, Israel, and North
America; lineage 2 isolates were from central and southern Africa and Madagascar.
No strict correlation existed between grouping and source of virus isolate,
pathogenicity, geographic distribution, or year of isolation. Some southern
African isolates have been associated with encephalitis in a human, a horse,
and a dog and with fatal hepatitis in a human and death of an ostrich chick.
Chu,
JJ; Ng, ML. Infection of polarized epithelial cells with flavivirus
Descriptors:
Abstract:
Both polarized epithelial Vero (C1008) and non-polarized Vero (control)
cells were grown on permeable cell culture inserts and infected either apically
or basolaterally with West Nile (WN) or Kunjin (KUN) virus. KUN virus (closely
related to WN virus) was used as a comparison. Using indirect immunofluorescence
and plaque assays of productive virus titres, entry of WN and KUN viruses was
confined to the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells. For the first
time, these results provided evidence on the distribution of flavivirus-specific
receptor(s) in polarized epithelial cells; that is to say that receptor expression
was shown to be predominant at the apical surface. In addition, the release
of these viruses from polarized Vero C1008 epithelial cells was also examined.
Egress of WN virus strain Sarafend (S) was observed to occur predominantly at
the apical surface of Vero C1008 cells. In contrast, the release of KUN virus
was bi-directional from polarized Vero C1008 cells. Furthermore, disruption
of the cellular microtubule network was shown to inhibit the apical release
of WN (S) virus but had no effect on the release of KUN virus. Hence, the difference
in the release of these closely related viruses suggested the involvement of
a microtubule-dependent, polarized sorting mechanism for WN virus proteins but
not for KUN virus proteins in polarized epithelial cells.
Chu, J.J.H.; Ng, M.L. Trafficking mechanism of West Nile (Sarafend)
virus structural proteins. Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 May; 67(1):
127-36. ISSN: 0146-6615.
Descriptors: kinesin metabolism, vinblastine pharmacology, viral structural
proteins, envelope (E) and capsid (C) proteins, replication cycle, time-based
double-immunofluorescence labeling, Triton X-100 extraction procedure, microtubules.
Abstract: Previous studies
have shown that West Nile (Sarafend) virus matured by budding at the plasma
membrane, which differs from the usual intracellular maturation of other flaviviruses.
The present study investigated the trafficking mechanism of the envelope (E)
and capsid (C) proteins of West Nile (Sarafend) virus during the replication
cycle. The use of time-based double-immunofluorescence labelling coupled with
the Triton X-100 extraction procedure revealed that both the E and C proteins
were transported from the perinuclear region towards the plasma membrane along
the microtubules simultaneously. The strong association of these virus proteins
with the microtubules was demonstrated further with capsid (C) proteins coupled
with double immunogold-labelling. Extraction of infected cells with Triton X-100
in high salt also revealed that virus E proteins were associated with the microtubules
via protein-protein interaction. The disruption of microtubules with vinblastine
sulphate inhibited the trafficking of both the virus E and C proteins. Both
virus structural proteins were observed to co-localise and retained within vinblastine
sulphate-induced microtubulin paracrystals. Extracellular virus production was
also reduced drastically by vinblastine sulphate at non-cytotoxic concentration.
Subsequent studies revealed that the transportation of virus E protein was associated
with the microtubules-based motor protein, kinesin.
Cooper, J.E. Diagnostic pathology of selected diseases in wildlife.
Revue Scientifique et Technique Office International des Epizooties.
April, 2002; 21 (1): 77-89. ISSN: 0253-1933.
NAL Call No.: SF781.R4
Abstract:
The prompt detection and effective management of infectious disease in
wildlife rely greatly on field diagnosis. Although clinical work is sometimes
of value, the cornerstone of diagnosis is pathological examination (gross necropsy
with supporting laboratory investigations). The approach and rationale to gross
post-mortem examination are common to all species, despite possible significant
differences in technique. Likewise, the principles of sampling are usually comparable,
with emphasis on standardisation, the correct use of equipment, and consistency
in methods of storage and transportation of specimens. However, the type of
sample taken and the laboratory tests required differ, depending upon the circumstances
and possible diagnosis. Retention of material is always important. The principles
of diagnostic pathology are discussed, with reference to selected diseases,
namely: mycobacteriosis, Rift Valley fever, rabies, spongiform encephalopathies,
morbillivirus and poxvirus infections, viral encephalitides,
Crook,
PD; Crowcroft, NS; Brown, DW.
Cummings, Craig A.; Relman, David A. Genomics and microbiology: Microbial
forensics: "Cross-examining pathogens". Science. 14 June,
2002; 296 (5575): 1976-1979. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call No.: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: molecular genetics, bacterial and viral pathogens, West
Nile virus, identification techniques.
Daniels,
PW.
NAL
Call No.: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: flavivirus infections, epidemiology, West Nile
Virus prevention and control, emerging human and animal diseases, emerging diseases.
Dohm,
David J; O'Guinn, Monica L; Turell, Michael J. Effect of environmental
temperature on the ability of Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit
Descriptors: Culex pipiens, vector competence, environmental
temperature effects on virus viability and vertical transmission efficiency,
laboratory study, risk modeling, disease models,
Dohm, David J.; Sardelis, Michael R.; Turell, Michael J. Experimental
vertical transmission of West Nile virus by Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae).
Journal of Medical Entomology. 2002 Jul; 39(4): 640-4. ISSN: 0022-2585.
NAL Call No.: 421 J828
Descriptors: Culex pipiens, Aedes albopictus, New York, winter survival
in vector, vertical transmission.
Abstract: Despite the detection
of West Nile (WN) virus in overwintering Culex pipiens L. in New York in February
2000, the mechanism by which this virus persists throughout the winter to initiate
infections in vertebrate hosts and vectors the following spring remains unknown.
After a blood meal, parous mosquitoes generally do not survive until spring
and gonotrophic dissociation occurs in only a small percentage of the population.
To investigate vertical transmission as a means of viral survival during interepizootics,
we intrathoracically inoculated Cx. pipiens and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) with
WN virus and subsequently tested their F1 progeny for the presence of virus.
Among the Cx. pipiens, we recovered virus from two of 1,417 adult progeny that
had been reared at 18 degrees C for a minimal filial infection rate (MFIR) of
approximately 1.4/1,000 and four of 1,873 adult progeny reared at 26 degrees
C (MFIR = 2.1/1,000). The mean titer of the positive pools was 10(5.6) plaque-forming
units (PFU)/ml (=10(5.9) PFU/mosquito for positive mosquitoes) of virus. Overall,
the MFIR was approximately 1.8/1,000 for Cx. pipiens. Although reports indicate
that Ae. albopictus vertically transmit various viruses in the Japanese encephalitis
virus complex, we did not detect WN virus in any of > 13,000 F1 progeny of
WN virus-inoculated specimens. Female Cx. pipiens that are vertically infected
during the late summer season and then survive the winter could serve as a source
of WN virus to initiate an infection cycle the following spring.
Durand,
B; Chevalier, V; Pouillot, R; Labie, J; Marendat, I; Murgue, B; Zeller, H; Zientara,
S.
Descriptors:
horses, clinical cases, sampling of 5,107, disease antibody levels,
Abstract:
During late summer and autumn 2000, a
Ebel,
GD; Dupuis, AP 2nd; Nicholas, D; Young, D; Maffei, J; Kramer, LD. Detection
by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of antibodies to
NAL
Call No.: RA648.5 E46
Descriptors:
Indirect iG ELISA assay for West Nile virus, compared efficacy in diverse avian species,
value in epizootiology.
Ejiri,
S. Moonlighting functions of polypeptide elongation factor 1: from actin
bundling to zinc finger protein R1-associated nuclear localization.
NAL
Call No.: QH301.B564
Descriptors:
protein biosysthesis, atins metabolism, carrier proteins metabolism, peptide
elongation factor 1 metabolism, physiology and genetics, zinc fingers, apoptosis,
cell nucleus metabolism, cold, cysteine endopeptidases, Cytoskeleton, HIV 1,
herpesvirus 1, molecular mimicry, multienzyme complexes, protein disulfide isomerase
metabolism, selenocysteine metabolism, signa transduction, West Nile virus.
Enserink,
M. Infectious disease.
NAL
Call No.: 470 SCI2
Descriptors: West Nile Virus, bird diseases, Culex virology, mosquito vectors, disease reservoirs, epidemiology, disease transmission and spread, bird migration, mosquito vector feeding behavior, disease prevention and control, U.S. Canada.
Ford-Jones, E. Lee; Fearon, Margaret; Leber, Chuck; Dwight, Prabo; Myszak,
Moira; Cole, Beverly; Greene, Pam Baker; Artes, Sheila; McGeer, Allison; D'Cunha,
Colin; Naus, Monika. Human surveillance for West Nile virus infection in
Ontario in 2000. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2002 Jan
8; 166(1): 29-35. ISSN: 0820-3946.
NAL Call No.: R11 C3
Descriptors: surveillance program, virus disease diagnosis, West Nile
Fever, sentinel chickens, mosquito pools, human disease levels, survey reports
2002, Ontario, Canada.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The first
reports of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in the United States in 1999 prompted
Ontario to establish a surveillance protocol to monitor for the possible spread
of the virus into the province. Surveillance components included evaluation
of dead birds, sentinel chickens, mosquito pools and human disease. We report
the results of human surveillance in 2000. METHODS: Between July 1 and Oct.
31, 2000, an active surveillance program was undertaken in which designated
site coordinators in sentinel hospitals identified patients who met the suspect
case definition (fever and fluctuating level of consciousness [encephalopathy],
with or without muscle weakness). During the same period, following province-wide
distribution of educational material, all other patients tested for WNV antibodies
were identified through review of provincial laboratory reports (laboratory-based
enhanced passive surveillance). RESULTS: Of the 60 hospitals contacted, 59 agreed
to participate in the active surveillance program; 52 provided information on
a regular (weekly) basis, and 7 submitted fewer than 8 reports. Thirty-six (61%)
of the sentinel sites reported suspect cases. In total, 188 patients were tested
(130 identified through active surveillance and 58 through enhanced passive
surveillance). Patients identified through active surveillance were more likely
than those identified through passive surveillance to meet the suspect case
definition (43% [n = 56] v. 7% [n = 4]), to be admitted to hospital (75% [n
= 99] v. 16% [n = 9]), to have a longer hospital stay (mean 25 v. 3 days), to
have had a second (convalescent) serum sample collected (37% [n = 48] v. 31%
[n = 18]), to have had a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample banked (56% [n = 73]
v. 14% [n = 8]) and to have had a discharge diagnosis reported (79% [n = 103]
v. 28% [n = 16]). Of the 60 patients (32%) who met the suspect case definition,
34 (57% [31 active, 3 passive]) had a discharge diagnosis of encephalitis. Of
these, 17 (50% [15 active, 2 passive]) had paired serum samples collected, and
18 (51% [all active]) had a CSF sample banked. The reported causal agents were
herpes simplex virus (n = 8), varicelia virus (n = 2), Powassan virus (n = 1),
echovirus 30 (n = 1) and group B Streptococcus (n = 1); the cause was unknown
in 18 cases. One patient died of encephalitis. The remaining 26 patients who
met the suspect case definition were ultimately found to have nonencephalitic
infections, vascular events or alcohol- or drug-related illness. The 128 (68%)
tested for WNV who did not meet the suspect case definition included 9 patients
ultimately discharged with a diagnosis of encephalitis. No cases of WNV infection
were identified. INTERPRETATION: Only one-third of the tested patients met the
suspect case definition of encephalopathy on admission, and nearly half of them
were later found to have another diagnosis; others did not meet the case definition
but were later discharged with a diagnosis of encephalitis. This affirms that
identification of acute encephalitis on the basis of symptoms at the time of
admission is often impossible.
NAL
Call No.: QR1 C8
Descriptors:
Hay, S.I.; Myers, M.F.; Maynard, N.; Rogers, D.J. Special Issue: remote
sensing and human health. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing.
2002, 68: 2, 107-179. ISSN: 0099-1112. Special issue contains an introduction
and 7 articles on remote sensing in human health.
NAL Call No.: 325.28 P56
Descriptors: disease outbreak predictions, satellite sensor data, distribution
of West Nile fever in North America, diseases in other countries, predictive
modeling.
Hochberg, Leigh R.; Sims, John R.; Davis, Benjamin T. West Nile encephalitis
in Massachusetts. New England Journal of Medicine. March 28, 2002;
346 (13): 1030-1031. ISSN: 0028-4793.
NAL Call No.: 448.8 N442
Descriptors: human cases, pathogenesis, disease process, diagnosis.
Holick,
J; Kyle, A; Ferraro, W; Delaney, RR; Iwaseczk, M. Discovery of Aedes
albopictus infected with west nile virus in southeastern
NAL
Call No.: QL536 J686
Descriptors:
Aedes albopictus as disease vector, transmission, identification of viral antigen,
reverse transcription PCR,
Abstract:
In August 2000, Aedes albopictus was found in a CO2-baited Centers for Disease
Control light trap in eastern
Hunt,
A.R.; Hall, R.A.; Kerst, A.J.; Nasci, R.S.; Savage, H.M.; Panella, N.A.; Gottfried,
K.L.; Burkhalter, K.L.; Roehrig, J.T. Detection of
NAL Call No.: QR46.J6
Descriptors: viral antigens, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus,
Culex mosquitoes, Corvus brachyrhynchos, crows.
Kamimura
K; Horio M; Nakamura M; Doi R; Takashima I; Igarashi A; Ahmed A; Takasu T. Sampling
of Culex tritaeniorhynchus for virus isolation in
NAL
Call No.: QL99 E3
Descriptors:
mosquito disease vectors, West Nile virus strains, mosquito surveys
Katz, Yeshayahu; Lustig, Shlomo; Ben Shlomo, Izhar; Kobiler, David; Ben-Nathan,
David. Inhalation anesthetic-induced neuroinvasion by an attenuated strain of
West Nile virus in mice. Journal of Medical Virology. 2002 Apr; 66(4):
576-80. ISSN: 0146-6615.
Descriptors: immune suppressors, nitrous oxide inhalation, anesthetics,
West Nile viruses, mouse model, at risk populations, brain invasion factors,
subclinical infections.
Abstract: There are contradictory
reports regarding the effects of inhalation anesthetics on the immune system.
Measurable immune responses have been studied in vitro, but little is known
about the in vivo effects in the intact organism. We used an attenuated, non-neuroinvasive,
nonlethal strain of the encephalitic West Nile virus, termed WN-25, which can
become lethal in combination with environmental stressors, to study possible
modulatory immune effects of inhalation anesthetics in mice. Both single short-term
exposure and repeated exposure to halothane and nitrous oxide were studied.
Exposure to 30% CO2 served as a positive control. Mortality, brain invasion,
spleen weight, and antiviral antibodies served as the experimental endpoints.
Halothane and nitrous oxide led to viral brain invasion, increased mortality,
and suppressed immune response in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.
Repeated exposures had a cumulative effect. Assessment of the stability of the
viral attenuation did not demonstrate any alteration in the character of the
virus, suggesting an increased access to the brain by inhalation anesthetics
that led to the fatal encephalitis. These findings may be of special concern
to populations at risk, such as operating room staff and patients undergoing
general anesthesia in endemic areas of encephalitic virus species, in which
subclinical infection may develop into an overt disease.
Kennedy,
D.
NAL Call No.: 470 SCI2
Descriptors:
Aedes mosquito virology; West Nile Fever, epidemiology and transmission, virus physiology,
Kesson, Alison M.; Cheng, Ying; King-Nicholas, J.C. Regulation of
immune recognition molecules by flavivirus, West Nile. Viral Immunology.
2002; 15 (2): 273-283. ISSN: 0882-8245.
Descriptors: cell cycles, immune molecules, major histocompatability
complex class-I and class-II (MHC-I, MHC-II), ICAM-1, VCAM, and E-selectin.
Klein, C.; Kimiagar, I.; Pollak, L.; Gandelman-Marton, R.; Itzhaki, A.;
Milo, R.; Rabey, J.M. Neurological features of West Nile Virus infection
during the 2000 outbreak in a regional hospital in Israel. Journal of
the Neurological Sciences. 2002 Aug 15; 200(1-2): 63-6. ISSN: 0022-510X.
Descriptors: West Nile virus, Israel, disease symptoms, encephalitis,
seasonal rates, bird migration pathways.
Abstract: During the summer
of 2000, 35 patients with West Nile Virus Fever were admitted to our hospital.
Of these, the 26 (21 adults, mean age 56 (19-86) and 5 children (aged 9-15))
presented have neurological involvement, 33% with meningitis, 52% with meningoencephalitis,
10% with encephalitis and 5% with acute polyneuropathy. Presenting clinical
features were fever in 95% of cases, headache in 90%, nausea/vomiting in 52%,
confusion in 48%, somnolence in 38%, neck stiffness in 33%, a skin rash in 19%,
diarrhea in 14%, cervical pain in 14%, seizure in 9%, photophobia in 9% and
limb weakness in 4%. Leucopenia was not found. Two patients diagnosed with meningoencephalitis
died. Three patients had signs of an acute polyneuropathy, this being the only
complaint of one patient. The EEG was abnormal in all cases of meningitis or
meningoencephalitis, except in three cases. Outbreaks of West Nile Virus Fever
are emerging as a worldwide disease with high rates of neurological involvement
and death. It should be considered in cases presenting with aseptic meningoencephalitis,
meningitis and acute polyneuropathy, especially during the summer months and
in areas along bird migration pathways.
Knight, Jonathan. US zoos keep watch for cross-species killer. Nature.
2002 May 30; 417(6888): 477. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call No.: 472 N21
Descriptors: West Nile virus, zoo animals, risks of infection, epidemiology.
Komar, Nicholas; Lanciotti, Robert; Bowen, Richard; Langevin, Stanley;
Bunning, Michel. Detection of West Nile virus in oral and cloacal swabs collected
from bird carcasses. Emerging Infectious Diseases. July, 2002; 8
(7): 741-742. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL Call No.: RA648.5 E46
Descriptors: West Nile virus, crows, jays postmortem swab sampling, detection
method.
Abstract:
We evaluated if postmortem cloacal and oral swabs could replace brain tissue
as a specimen for
Lanciotti,
R.S.; Ebel,G.D.; Deubel, V.; Kerst, A.J.; Murri, S.; Meyer, R.; Bowen, M.; McKinney,
N.; Morrill, W.E.; Crabtree, M.B.
NAL
Call No.: 448.8 V81
Descriptors:
nucleotide sequences, phylogenetics,
Lazar, Arye; Epstein, Eyal; Lustig, Shlomo; Barnea, Ada; Silberstein,
Lea; Reuveny, Shaul. Inactivation of west-nile virus during peptic cleavage
of horse plasma IgG. Biologicals. 2002 Jun; 30(2): 163-5. ISSN: 1045-1056.
NAL Call No.: QH301 J68
Descriptors: West Nile virus, plasma IgG, F(ab) products, immunotherapy,
plasma-derived medical products, guidelines, viral clearance.
Abstract: Peptic cleavage of
horse plasma IgG is a common procedure for the preparation of F(ab)(2) products
for human use, such as antivenin and antitoxin.(1) The removal of the Fc fragment
from the IgG molecule by enzymatic cleavage at low pH, ensures fewer side-effects
of the F(ab)(2) product for passive immunotherapy compared with the whole IgG
molecule. Since the starting material may be contaminated by zoonotic horse
viruses, it is necessary to demonstrate the removal or inactivation of possible
viral contaminants. Guidelines for performing such studies were published by
the Commission for Plasma-Derived Medical Products (CPMP),(2) and updated by
the Committee for Proprietary Medical Products.(3) It is recommended that viral
clearance studies be performed on scaled down production processes that have
been identified as possibly contributing to virus clearance and spiking of a
model virus to the starting material. The model virus should be non-pathogenic
but closely related to the potential infective virus. By quantifying the amount
of virus in the product before and after the production process, the amount
of virus cleared can be determined. Log(10) reductions of the order of 4 logs
or more, and a biphasic inactivation curve (fast initial phase followed by a
slower phase), are indicative of a clearance effect with a particular test virus
under investigation.(3)
Li,
W; Li, Y; Kedersha, N; Anderson, P; Emara, M; Swiderek, KM; Moreno, GT; Brinton,
MA. Cell proteins TIA-1 and TIAR interact with the 3' stem-loop of the
NAL
Call No.: QR360.J6
Descriptors: membrane protein metabolism, RNA, viral genetics,
binding proteins, viral physiology, viral pathogenicity.
Abstract: It was reported previously that four baby hamster kidney (BHK) proteins with molecular masses of 108, 60, 50, and 42 kDa bind specifically to the 3'-terminal stem-loop of the West Nile virus minus-stand RNA [WNV 3'(-) SL RNA] (P. Y. Shi, W. Li, and M. A. Brinton, J. Virol. 70:6278-6287, 1996). In this study, p42 was purified using an RNA affinity column and identified as TIAR by peptide sequencing. A 42-kDa UV-cross-linked viral RNA-cell protein complex formed in BHK cytoplasmic extracts incubated with the WNV 3'(-) SL RNA was immunoprecipitated by anti-TIAR antibody. Both TIAR and the closely related protein TIA-1 are members of the RNA recognition motif (RRM) family of RNA binding proteins. TIA-1 also binds to the WNV 3'(-) SL RNA. The specificity of these viral RNA-cell protein interactions was demonstrated using recombinant proteins in competition gel mobility shift assays. The binding site for the WNV 3'(-) SL RNA was mapped to RRM2 on both TIAR and TIA-1. However, the dissociation constant (K(d)) for the interaction between TIAR RRM2 and the WNV 3'(-) SL RNA was 1.5 x 10(-8), while that for TIA-1 RRM2 was 1.12 x 10(-7). WNV growth was less efficient in murine TIAR knockout cell lines than in control cells. This effect was not observed for two other types of RNA viruses or two types of DNA viruses. Reconstitution of the TIAR knockout cells with TIAR increased the efficiency of WNV growth, but neither the level of TIAR nor WNV replication was as high as in control cells. These data suggest a functional role for TIAR and possibly also for TIA-1 during WNV replication.
Lok,
C.
NAL
Call No.: 280.8 Un33A
Descriptors: Culicidae mosquito virology; insect vectors
of zoonotic diseases, West-Nile fever epidemiology, prevention, repellents,
vector control,
Lopez,
W.
NAL
Call No.:
Abstract:
In 1999, a cluster of encephalitis cases was detected in
Lord,
C.C.; Day, J.F.
NAL
Call No.: RA639.5V43
Descriptors:
St Louis encephalitis virus, West Nile Virus, mosquito borne diseases, disease
transmission, epidemiology, Culex nigripalpus,
biting rates, blood meals, host preferences, seasonal variation, population
dynamics, population density, wild birds mortality, epidemics, simulation models,
Florida, host switching, epizootics.
Descriptors: bird virology, mammals, mortality of captive
species, West Nile virus isolation and purification, New York City, RNA, species specificity,
Bronx Zoo/Wildlife Conservation Park, zoo as sentinels for emerging diseases,
antibody testing.
Mackenzie, JS; Barrett, AD; Deubel, V. The
Japanese encephalitis serological group of flaviviruses: a brief introduction
to the group.
NAL
Call No.: QR1 C8
Descriptors:
encephalitis viruses of
Malakoff,
D. Infectious disease. Bird advocates fear that
NAL
Call No.: 470 SCI2
Descriptors:
epidemiology of bird diseases, migratory birds, wild song birds, bird mortality
levels, transmission,
Malkinson, Mertyn; Banet, Caroline; Weisman, Yoram; Pokamunski, Shimon;
King, Roni; Drouet, Marie Therese; Deubel, Vincent. Introduction of West
Nile virus in the Middle East by migrating white storks. Emerging Infectious
Diseases. 2002 Apr; 8(4): 392-7. ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL Call No.: RA648.5 E46
Descriptors: West Nile virus, infected white storks, disease introduction
from migrating birds, Israel, isolate typing.
Abstract: West Nile virus (WNV)
was isolated in a flock of 1,200 migrating white storks that landed in Eilat,
a town in southern Israel, on August 26, 1998. Strong, hot westerly winds had
forced the storks to fly under considerable physical stress before reaching
the agricultural land surrounding the town. Most of the flock were fledglings,
<1 year old, which had hatched in Europe. Thirteen dead or dying storks were
collected 2 days after arrival and submitted to the laboratory for examination.
Four WNV isolates were obtained from their brains. Out of 11 storks tested six
days after arrival, three had WNV-neutralizing antibodies. Comparative analysis
of full-length genomic sequences of a stork isolate and a 1999 flamingo isolate
from the USA showed 28 nucleotide (nt) (0.25%) and 10 amino acid (0.3%) changes.
Sequence analysis of the envelope gene of the stork isolate showed almost complete
identity with isolates from Israeli domestic geese in 1998 and 1999 and from
a nonmigrating, white-eyed gull in 1999. Since these storks were migrating southwards
for the first time and had not flown over Israel, we assume that they had become
infected with WNV at some point along their route of migration in Europe.
Malkinson,
M; Banet, C. The role of birds in the ecology of
NAL
Call No.: QR1 C8
Descriptors: wild birds, disease reservoirs, transmission,
migratory patterns, viral detections, pathogenicity, geographical spread,
Abstract:
Surveys
on wild birds conducted during the last two decades in
Mandic,
J. Ponovno uzrokuje smrtonosne bolesti ljudi i zivotinja. [
Marx,
KL; Roston, MA; Marx, KL (ed.); Roston, MA.
Note: The proceedings contains 27 articles on various
aspects of avian medicine surgery, injuries
and illness, disease surveillance of Wet Nile virus, and a variety of other
diseases. Toxicoses, pancreatic cancer
and stifle luxation are also topics. Some
papers deal with basic and advanced diagnostic techniques, hematology, dermatology,
behavior, nutrition, pet parrot taxonomy and disease susceptibility.
Descriptors:
handling and care of pet birds, diseases parasites, veterinary techniques,
toxicology, etc.
Mashimo,
T; Lucas, M; Simon-Chazottes, D; Frenkiel, MP; Montagutelli, X; Ceccaldi, PE;
Deubel, V; Guenet, JL; Despres, P.
Descriptors: animal disease model, mouse model, 2',5' oligoadenylate synthetase genetics, codon,
nonsense genetics, genetic predisposition to disease, West Nile fever genetics
and pathogenicity, DNA primers, inbred
BALB-C mice, inbred C57BL mice, virulence, virus classification.
Abstract:
A mouse model has been established to investigate the genetic determinism
of host susceptibility to West Nile (WN) virus, a member of the genus flavivirus
and family Flaviviridae. Whereas WN virus causes encephalitis and death in most
laboratory inbred mouse strains after peripheral inoculation, most strains derived
from recently trapped wild mice are completely resistant. The phenotype of resistance/susceptibility
is determined by a major locus, Wnv, mapping to chromosome 5 within the 0.4-cM-wide
interval defined by markers D5Mit408 and D5Mit242. We constructed a high resolution
composite/consensus map of the interval by merging the data from the mouse T31
Radiation Hybrid map and those from the homologous region of human chromosome
12q, and found the cluster of genes encoding 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases
(2'-5'-OAS) to be the most prominent candidate. This cluster encodes a multimember
family of IFN-inducible proteins that is known to play an important role in
the established endogenous antiviral pathway. Comparing the cDNA sequences of
2'-5'-OAS L1, L2, and L3 isoforms, between susceptible and resistant strains,
we identified a STOP codon in exon 4 of the gene encoding the L1 isoform in
susceptible strains that can lead to a truncated form with amputation of one
domain, whereas all resistant mice tested so far have a normal copy of this
gene. The observation that WN virus sensitivity of susceptible mice was completely
correlated with the occurrence of a point mutation in 2'-5'-OAS L1 suggests
that this isoform may play a critical role in WN pathogenesis.
Mayo, Donald R.; Beckwith III, William H. Inactivation of West Nile
Virus during Serologic Testing and Transport. Journal of Clinical Mmicrobiology.
2002 Aug; 40(8): 3044-6. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL Call No.: QR46.J6
Descriptors: virus viability, effects of detergent buffers, serum and
cerebrospinal fluid samples, temperature effects, sample transport.
Abstract: Inactivation of West
Nile virus (WNV) in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) wash buffer at
37 degrees C was studied, as well as inactivation of WNV in cell culture medium
over several days at an ambient temperature (28 degrees C). Aliquots of WNV
were removed from the 37 degrees C ELISA wash buffer at 5, 15, 30, and 60 min
for the former experiment, while daily aliquots of medium were sampled for the
latter experiment. No virus was detected in the wash buffer at 30 and 60 min,
while virus was readily detected from cell culture medium over this time. In
addition, titers of WNV consistently dropped over a 7-day period at 28 degrees
C compared to control suspensions of virus held at 4 degrees C. These observations
indicate that WNV is readily inactivated in the presence of detergent-containing
buffers. Furthermore, the viability loss at ambient temperature suggests that
WNV is easily inactivated during routine transportation and testing of human
body fluids such as serum and cerebrospinal fluid.
NAL Call No.: QR1 C8
Descriptors: domestic animals, horses, geese, birds, Europe, North American birds, crows, songbirds, new disease characteristics and patterns, viral evolution, bird migration, viral reservoirs, impacts on wildlife, vectors, insect control, etiology, population surveillance, reptiles, amphibians.
Meek, James. West Nile virus in the United States. Current
Opinion in Pediatrics. 2002 Feb; 14(1): 72-7. ISSN: 1040-8703
Descriptors: West Nile virus, New York City, introduction site in 1999,
review of U.S. introduction and spread.
Abstract: In the late summer
of 1999, the first known cases of West Nile virus infection in the Western Hemisphere
were recorded in New York City. These first cases were the hallmarks of an outbreak
of West Nile virus infection that resulted in 7 deaths among 62 confirmed cases
and an estimated 8200 asymptomatic to mild infections among residents and visitors
in Queens, New York. This article reviews West Nile virus and its spread in
the United States since its introduction in 1999.
Descriptors: animal parasitic nematodes, drug toxicity, lead poisoning, pesticides, poisoning, toxicity, toxicology, trauma, wild animals, zoonoses.
Miller,
E; Bunting, E; Welte, S; Jean, JH; Marx, KL (ed.); Roston, MA.
Descriptors: disease prevalence, disease transmission, epidemiology,
wild birds, surveillance studies for
Mishra, AC; Jadi, RS; Paramasivan,
R; Mourya, DT.
Abstract:
Distribution of West Nile (WN) virus antigen in different tissues of mosquitoes
was studied in three species viz., Culex tritaeniorhynchus, C. vishnui and C.
pseudovishnui. Overall per cent positivity was higher in the intra thoracically
inoculated as compared to the orally infected mosquitoes, suggesting the existence
of a midgut barrier. In a small number of mosquitoes salivary glands were found
negative even though fluorescence was seen in the respective head squashes,
suggesting salivary gland barrier in these mosquitoes. There was no difference
in the per cent salivary gland and salivary gland area positivity between these
three species. Presence of virus antigen in the ovaries of these three species
on the 3rd post infection day suggests the possibility of transovarial transmission
of virus even in the first gonotrophic cycle, which is of epidemiological importance.
Mitchell,
CJ; Morilla, A (ed.); Yoon, KJ (ed.); Zimmerman, JJ.
Descriptors:
arboviruses, disease control and prevention, disease transmission factors, epidemiology, genotypes, vector borne diseases,
vectors, vertebrate hosts and reservoirs.
Descriptors: development of human and veterinary vaccines,
the ChimeriVax technology for flavivirus, Culicidae
virology, genomes, Macaca mulatto, mice,
viremia prevention and control, virulence, epidemiology, virus
transmission, pathogenicity.
Abstract:
Within the past 5 years,
Morrey, John D.; Smee, Donald F.; Sidwell, Robert W.; Tseng, Christopher.
Identification of active antiviral compounds against a New York isolate of
West Nile virus. Antiviral Research. 2002 Jul; 55(1): 107-16.
ISSN: 0166-3542
NAL Call No.: QR355.A5
Descriptors: West Nile fever, NY and Uganda isolates, therapies, 34 compounds,
vero cell culture, MA-104 cells, invitro tests, 6-azauridine triacetate, cyclopententylcytosine
(CPE-C), mycophenolic acid, pyrazofurin.
Abstract: The recent West Nile
virus (WNV) outbreak in the United States has increased the need to identify
effective therapies for this disease. A chemotherapeutic approach may be a reasonable
strategy because the virus infection is typically not chronic and antiviral
drugs have been identified to be effective in vitro against other flaviviruses.
A panel of 34 substances was tested against infection of a recent New York isolate
of WNV in Vero cells and active compounds were also evaluated in MA-104 cells.
Some of these compounds were also evaluated in Vero cells against the 1937 Uganda
isolate of the WNV. Six compounds were identified to be effective against virus-induced
CPE with 50% effective concentrations (EC50) less than 10 microg/ml and with
a selectivity index (SI) of greater than 10. Known inhibitors of orotidine monophosphate
decarboxylase and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase involved in the synthesis
of GTP, UTP, and TTP were most effective. The compounds 6-azauridine, 6-azauridine
triacetate, cyclopententylcytosine (CPE-C), mycophenolic acid and pyrazofurin
appeared to have the greatest activities against the New York isolate, followed
by 2-thio-6-azauridine. Anti-WNV activity of 6-azauridine was confirmed by virus
yield reduction assay when the assay was performed 2 days after initial infection
in Vero cells. The neutral red assay mean EC50 of ribavirin was only 106 microg/ml
with a mean SI of 9.4 against the New York isolate and only slightly more effective
against the Uganda isolate. There were some differences in the drug sensitivities
of the New York and Uganda isolates, but when comparisons were made by categorizing
drugs according to their modes of action, similarities of activities between
the two isolates were identified.
Morrey, J.D.; Sidwell, R.W.; Smee, D.L.; Day, C.W. Cell line-dependent
antiviral activity of ribavirin for West Nile virus. Antiviral Research.
March, 2002; 53 (3): A49. ISSN: 0166-3542
NAL Call No.: QR355.A5
Descriptors: West Nile virus, antiviral compounds, efficacy.
Mullin, Sandra. Public health
and the media: the challenge now faced by bioterrorism.
Descriptors: bioterrorism, public health concerns, communication, disaster
planning, infectious diseases, HIV,
NAL Call No.: QR1 C8
NAL
Call No.: QR1 C8
Descriptors:
O'Leary, D.R.; Nasci, R.S.;
NAL Call No.: 448.9 Am37
Descriptors: West Nile fever epidemiology, avian viral diseases, bird
diseases, Culicidae, population surveillance, prevention and control, transmission,
virus isolation and purification, public health concerns.
Pennycott, T.W.; Gough, R.E.; Wood, A.M.; Reid, H.W. Encephalitis of unknown aetiology in young starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus). Veterinary Record. Aug 17, 2002. v. 151 (7) p. 213-214. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: sturnus vulgaris, passer domesticus, encephalitis, young animals, etiology, West Nile virus, brain, histopathology.
NAL Call No.: 500 N21P
Descriptors: flavivirus pathogenicity, infections and genetics, 2',5'
oligoadenylate synthetase genetics, cell line, chromosome mapping, cloning,
flavivirus physiology, gene expression, laboratory animals, hamsters, inbred
strains of mice, viral replications.
Sequence information: GENBANK/AF217002; GENBANK/AF217003; GENBANK/AF261233; GENBANK/AF319547; GENBANK/AF328926; GENBANK/AF328927; GENBANK/AF418004; GENBANK/AF418005; GENBANK/AF418006; GENBANK/AF418007; GENBANK/AF418008; GENBANK/AF418009; GENBANK/AF418010; GENBANK/AF453830; GENBANK/AF459815; GENBANK/AF481733; GENBANK/AY055829; GENBANK/AY055830; GENBANK/AY055831; GENBANK/AY057107
Abstract:
Inbred
mouse strains exhibit significant differences in their susceptibility to viruses
in the genus Flavivirus, which includes human pathogens such as yellow fever,
Dengue, and
Descriptors:
5 case studies, horses, clinical, histopathological and virological findings,
Pletnev, Alexander G.; Putnak, Robert; Speicher, Jim; Wagar, Eric J.;
Vaughn, David W. West Nile virus/dengue type 4 virus chimeras
that are reduced in neurovirulence and peripheral virulence without loss of
immunogenicity or protective efficacy. Proceedings
of the
NAL Call No.: 500 N21P
Descriptors:
Abstract: A candidate live
attenuated vaccine strain was constructed for West Nile virus (WN), a neurotropic
flavivirus that has recently emerged in the U.S. Considerable attenuation for
mice was achieved by chimerization with dengue virus type 4 (DEN4). The genes
for the structural premembrane and envelope proteins of DEN4 present in an infectious
cDNA clone were replaced by the corresponding genes of WN strain NY99. Two of
18 cDNA clones of a WN/DEN4 chimera yielded full-length RNA transcripts that
were infectious when transfected into susceptible cells. The two infectious
clones shared a motif in the transmembrane signal domain located immediately
downstream of the NS2B-NS3 protease cleavage site that separates the DEN4 capsid
protein and the WN premembrane protein of the chimera. This motif, Asp and Thr
at a position 3 and 6 amino acids downstream of the cleavage site, respectively,
was not present in the 16 noninfectious cDNA clones. The WN/DEN4 chimera was
highly attenuated in mice compared with its WN parent; the chimera was at least
28,500 times less neurovirulent in suckling mice inoculated intracerebrally
and at least 10,000 times less virulent in adult mice inoculated intraperitoneally.
Nonetheless, the WN/DEN4 chimera and a deletion mutant derived from it were
immunogenic and provided complete protection against lethal WN challenge. These
observations provide the basis for pursuing the development of a live attenuated
WN vaccine.
Pollack, Richard J.; Kiszewski, Anthony E.; Spielman, Andrew. Repelling mosquitoes.
NAL Call No.: 448.8 N442
Descriptors: mosquito vector control, human and animal pests, repellent
formulations, transmission, prevention and control, vector borne diseases, West
Nile virus, Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens, 134-62-3: N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide,
134-62-3: N, N-diethyl-3-methyl-benzamide.
Prilipov,
A G; Kinney, R M; Samokhvalov, E I; Savage, H M; Al'khovskii, S V; Tsuchiya,
K R; Gromashevskii, V L; Sadykova, G K; Shatalov, A G; Vyshemirskii, O I; Usachev,
E V; Mokhonov, V V; Voronina, A G; Butenko, A M; Larichev, V F; Zhukov, A N;
Kovtunov, A I; Gubler, D J; L'vov, D K.
NAL Call No.: 448.8 P942
Descriptors:
Abstract:
The
complete nucleotide sequences for 6 strains of the
Descriptors: meeting abstract,
Reed,
SM; Nout, Y; Sofaly, C; Saville, WJ. Review of selected neurological
diseases of the horse.
Descriptors: horses, brain diseases, diagnosis, disease prevention,
encephalitis, myeloencephalopathy, myelopathy,
pathogenesis, polyneuropathy, prognosis, reviews, treatment, equine herpesvirus
1, Neospora, Sarcocystis, West
Ricchi,
R. Animali sinantropi e flavivirus in Toscana.
Descriptors: disease vectors, domestic animals, human diseases,
mosquito borne diseases, reservoir hosts, tickborne diseases, tickborne encephalitis,
vector borne diseases, zoonotic diseases, mosquitoes, Aedes vexans, Culex-pipiens,
Dermacentor marginatus, horses, Hyalomma-marginatum, Ixodes-ricinus, humans, pigeons,
West Nile virus, Tuscany, Italy, animal reservoirs.
Roehrig,
J T; Layton, M; Smith, P; Campbell, G L; Nasci, R; Lanciotti, R S. The
emergence of
NAL Call No.: QR1 C8
Descriptors:
Abstract:
In late summer 1999, the first domestically acquired human cases of WN
encephalitis were documented in the
Rogers, D.J.; Myers, M.F.; Tucker, C.J.; Smith, P.F,; White, D.J.; Backenson,
P.B.; Eidson, M.; Kramer, L.D.; Bakker, B.; Hay, S.I. Predicting the distribution of West Nile fever
in North America using satellite sensor data. Photogrammetric
Engineering and Remote Sensing. 2002, 68: 2, 112-114; 7 ref. ISSN: 0099-1112.
NAL Call No.: 325.28 P56
Descriptors: human disease monitoring, remote sensing,
Abstract: This article focuses
on the use of remotely sensed satellite data in monitoring and predicting the
spread of
Sbai,
H; Mehta, A; DeGroot, AS. Use of T cell epitopes for vaccine development.
Descriptors:
epitopes, T lymphocyte immunology, vaccines, computational biology, genetic
vectors, HIV 1-immunology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetics, Salmonella typhimurium
genetics, vaccines, DNA immunology, Vaccinia virus genetics,
Abstract:
T lymphocytes
play a major role in the recognition and subsequent elimination of tumors and
intracellular pathogens. Induction of epitope-specific T cell responses can
help in the clearance of diseases for which no conventional vaccines exist.
However, the lack of simple methods to identify relevant T cell epitopes, the
high mutation rate of many pathogens, and HLA polymorphism have made the development
of efficient T cell epitope-based, or "epitope-driven" vaccines difficult
to achieve. Our research over the past several years has applied bioinformatics
tools in conjunction with T cell assays to identify naturally processed putative
T cell epitopes from several pathogens. This strategy will accelerate the development
of new generation T cell epitope-based vaccines against various pathogens including
viruses such as HIV and WNV, bacteria such as M.tb., and parasites such as plasmodium.
This chapter will review the use of a bioinformatics-based approach to identify
putative T cell epitopes. It will summarize the current state of knowledge regarding
T cell-epitope-based vaccines and discuss several ways to improve their efficacy.
Scherret,
JH; Mackenzie, JS; Hall, RA; Deubel, V; Gould, EA. Phylogeny and molecular
epidemiology of
NAL
Call No.: QR1 C8
Descriptors:
epidemiology, virus classification and genetics, viral evolution, immunology,
emvelope proteins genetics, pathogenicity.
Shi,
PY; Tilgner, M; Lo, MK.
Abstract:
The lineage I strain of
NAL Call No.: QR360.J6
Descriptors: West Nile virus, lineage I strain, clone, reverse transcription,
PCR, viral RNA, New York City isolate, in vitro mammalian and insect cell culture,
mouse model.
Abstract: We report the first
full-length infectious clone of the current epidemic, lineage I, strain of
Sibbald,
B.
Descriptors: bird diseases. epidemiology, veterinary aspects,
Slatter,
Robin.
Descriptors: disease vectors control, West Nile virus reservoirs, pesticides,
various pesticides mentioned, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, fenthion,
lambda, cyhalothrin, malathion, methoprene, naled/dibrom, organo phosphates,
permethrin, phenothrin, pyrethrins, resmethrin, temphos.
Steinman, A.; Banet, C.; Sutton, G.A.; Yadin, H.; Hadar, S.; Brill, A.
Clinical signs of West Nile virus encephalomyelitis
in horses during the outbreak in Israel in 2000.
NAL Call No.: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: horses,
Abstract: Between August and
October 2000, 76 horses were reported by veterinary practitioners as having
signs of a neurological disorder, varying from an involvement of the spinal
cord alone to the entire central nervous system; 15 of the horses died or were
euthanased as a result of their grave prognosis or secondary complications.
At the same time, an outbreak of
Tesh, Robert B.; Travassos da Rosa, Amelia P.A.; Guzman, Hilda; Araujo,
Tais P.; Xiao, Shu Yuan. Immunization
with heterologous flaviviruses protective against fatal
NAL Call No.:
RA648.5 E46
Descriptors:
hamsters, heterologous flavivirus immunization, effects on
Abstract:
Prior immunization of hamsters with three heterologous flaviviruses (Japanese
encephalitis virus [JEV] SA14-2-8 vaccine, wild-type St. Louis encephalitis
virus [SLEV], and Yellow fever virus [YFV] 17D vaccine) reduces the severity
of subsequent
Tordo,
N. Les zoonoses virales.[1st European meeting on viral zoonoses, Meeting
report.] Virologie Montrouge. Mars-Avril, 2002; 6 (2): 139-140.
ISSN: 1267-8694.
Descriptors: topics at the meeting include human and animal viruses, epidemiology,
pathogenesis, vectors, West Nile virus.
Turell,
M.J.; Spring, A.R.; Miller, M.K.; Cannon, C.E. Effect of holding conditions on the detection
of West Nile viral RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction from
mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) pools. Journal of Medical Entomology.
Jan 2002. v. 39 (1) p. 1-3. Includes references.
ISSN: 0022-2585.
NAL Call No.: 421 J828
Descriptors: Culex pipiens,
Abstract:
We evaluated the effect of holding temperature and time between mosquito death
and processing mosquito pools for virus detection on our ability to detect West
Nile (WN) viral RNA from pools of mosquitoes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR). Pools of 24 uninfected Culex pipiens L. mosquitoes
were "spiked" with either a single Cx. pipiens that had been inoculated
previously with WN virus or with an uninfected mosquito. These pools were held
dry at 20, 4, -20, or -70 degrees C for selected time intervals before all mosquito
pools were triturated in TRIzol LS reagent and processed for detection of WNviral
RNA. While infectious virus virtually disappeared from pools maintained at 20
degrees C by 48 h after mosquito death, neither holding temperature (20 to -70
degrees C) nor holding period (up to 2 wk) affected detection of WN viral RNA
by real-time RT-PCR. These findings suggest that we need not keep mosquitoes
chilled to be able to detect WN viral RNA effectively by RT-PCR. This should
enhance the feasibility of field-based WN virus surveillance programs where
only detection of WN viral RNA is the objective and maintenance of a cold chain
may not be possible.
Turell, M.J.; Morrill, J.C.; Rossi,
C.A.; Gad, A.M.; Cope, S.E.; Clements, T.L.; Arthur, R.R.;Wasieloski, L.P.;
Dohm, D.J.; Nash, D.; Hassan, M.M.; Hassan, A.N.; Morsy, Z.S.; Presley, S.M.
Isolation of West Nile and Sindbis viruses
from mosquitoes collected in the Nile Valley of Egypt during an outbreak of
Rift Valley fever. Journal
of Medical Entomology. Jan 2002. v. 39 (1) p. 248-250. Includes
references. ISSN: 0022-2585.
NAL Call No.: 421 J828
Descriptors:
NAL
Call No.: QR1 C8
Descriptors: mosquito vectors, van
den Hurk, AF; Nisbet, DJ; Foley, PN; Ritchie, SA; Mackenzie, JS; Beebe, NW.
Descriptors:
Arboviruses, isolation and purification, Culicidae mosquito, insect-vector virology and genetics, Murray Valley
Encephalitis, Queensland, Ross river-virus, Sindbis Virus, West Nile virus.
Abstract:
As part of investigations into Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus and related
flaviviruses in northern
Warrilow, David; Northill, Judith A.;
Pyke, Alyssa; Smith, Greg A.
Descriptors: detection methods, diagnostics,
vector control, flaviviruses,
Abstract:
Public health laboratories require rapid diagnosis of dengue outbreaks for application
of measures such as vector control. We have developed a rapid single fluorogenic
probe-based polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of all four dengue
serotypes (FUDRT-PCR). The method employs primers and probe that are complementary
to the evolutionarily conserved 3' untranslated region of the dengue genome.
The assay detected viral RNA of strains of all four dengue serotypes but not
of the flaviviruses Japanese encephalitis virus,
Westaway,
EG; Mackenzie, JM; Khromykh, AA. Replication
and gene function in Kunjin virus.
NAL
Call No.: QR1 C8
Yang,
J; Kim, J; Hwang, D; Choo, A; Dang, K; Maguire, H; Kudchodkar, S; Ramanathan,
M; Weiner, D.
Descriptors: vaccine development, vaccine testing in mice,
Capsid protein, humoral and cellular immune responses, induction of antigen-specific
Th1 and CTL responses, potential utility of the vaccine.
Yang,
J; Ramanathan, M; Muthumani, K; Hwang, D; Yu, Q; Jin, S; Choo, A; Lee, M; Dang,
K; Kim, J; Weiner, D. The
Descriptors: West Nile virus capsid apoptosis inducing region of HIV-1Vpr
gene product homology, effect of expression of West Nile virus Cp gene contruct on human
cells, plasmid gene delivery, nuclear condensation and cell death in tissue
culture, mitochondrial membrane potential and Caspase 9 activation and Caspase
3 activation, mouse muscle, mouse brain
striatum, pathogenesis, therapeutic approach for treatment.
Zyzak, Michael; Loyless, Tom; Cope,
Stanton; Wooster, Mark; Day, Jonathan F. Seasonal
abundance of Culex nigripalpus Theobald and Culex salinarius Coquillett in north
Florida, USA. Journal of Vector Ecology. 2002 Jun; 27(1):
155-62. ISSN: 1081-1710.
NAL Call No.: RA639.S63
Descriptors: mosquito vectors,
Abstract: