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Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate (CASRN 302-01-2)
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0352
Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate; CASRN 302-01-2
Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS only after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA health scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research and Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent a consensus reached in the review process. Background information and explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate
File First On-Line 09/07/1988
Category (section) |
Status |
Last Revised |
|---|---|---|
| Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) | no data | |
| Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) | no data | |
| Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) | on-line | 04/01/1991 |
_I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects
_I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD)
Substance Name — Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate
CASRN — 302-01-2
Not available at this time.
_I.B. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC)
Substance Name — Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate
CASRN — 302-01-2
Not available at this time.
_II. Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure
Substance Name — Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate
CASRN — 302-01-2
Last Revised — 04/01/1991
Section II provides information on three aspects of the carcinogenic assessment for the substance in question; the weight-of-evidence judgment of the likelihood that the substance is a human carcinogen, and quantitative estimates of risk from oral exposure and from inhalation exposure. The quantitative risk estimates are presented in three ways. The slope factor is the result of application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure and is presented as the risk per (mg/kg)/day. The unit risk is the quantitative estimate in terms of either risk per ug/L drinking water or risk per ug/cu.m air breathed. The third form in which risk is presented is a drinking water or air concentration providing cancer risks of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000 or 1 in 1,000,000. The rationale and methods used to develop the carcinogenicity information in IRIS are described in The Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986 (EPA/600/8-87/045) and in the IRIS Background Document. IRIS summaries developed since the publication of EPA's more recent Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment also utilize those Guidelines where indicated (Federal Register 61(79):17960-18011, April 23, 1996). Users are referred to Section I of this IRIS file for information on long-term toxic effects other than carcinogenicity.
_II.A. Evidence for Human Carcinogenicity
__II.A.1. Weight-of-Evidence Characterization
Classification — B2; probable human carcinogen.
Basis — Tumors have been induced in mice, rats and hamsters following oral, inhalation or intraperitoneal administration of hydrazine and hydrazine sulfate. Hydrazine is mutagenic in numerous assays.
__II.A.2. Human Carcinogenicity Data
Inadequate. A Letter to the Editor by Roe (1978) is the only available report on effects of hydrazine exposure in humans. Mortality data from two hydrazine manufacturing plants (from one company of nine in the field) are presented. Between 1963 and 1975, one company reported two deaths. Both were due to heart disease and were presumed to be unrelated to hydrazine exposure. A second company reported 26 deaths among 272 workers who had been employed at the plant between 1945 and 1970. Two of these deaths were due to stomach cancer. The author noted that the observed and expected deaths were similar and that these occupational exposures to hydrazine are not associated with an increased risk of cancer.
__II.A.3. Animal Carcinogenicity Data
Sufficient. Biancifiori (1970) conducted a multiple-dose study in which hydrazine sulfate was administered by gavage to groups of 24 to 30 8-week-old CBA/Cb/Se mice of each sex at doses of 0.0, 0.14, 0.28, 0.56, or 1.13 mg/day, 6 days/week for 25 weeks. Animals were observed throughout their lifetimes. Liver carcinomas were induced in a dose-related manner in both sexes and lung metastases were observed in some of the mice treated with 1.13 mg/kg/day. Pulmonary tumors were reportedly present in many of the treated mice, but incidences were not reported because the purpose of the study was to describe hepatic tumors.
Many other water gavage studies of hydrazine sulfate in mice have resulted in increased incidence of lung adenomas/carcinomas. Strains tested included BALB/c (Biancifiori and Ribacchi, 1962), CBA/Cb/Se (Biancifiori et al., 1964; Severi and Biancifiori, 1968), BALB/c x DBA/2 (Kelly et al., 1969) and Swiss (Roe et al., 1967). Hepatomas and hepatocarcinomas were also observed in some strains as a consequence of treatment. Cb/Se rats gavaged with 18 (males) or 12 (females) mg hydrazine sulfate/day showed an increased incidence of lung tumors in both sexes and hepatomas in males only (Severi and Biancifiori, 1968).
Toth (1969) administered 0.012% hydrazine sulfate in the drinking water to groups of 6-week old Swiss, C3H, and AKR mice (40 to 50/sex) for their lifetimes. Groups of 110 Swiss mice and 30 C3H and AKR mice of each sex served as untreated controls. Lung adenomas and adenocarcinomas were reported in 46-50% of the treated Swiss mice (25/50 males and 24/50 females), compared with 9-11% in the controls (11/110 males and 14/110 females). Hydrazine sulfate did not induce significantly increased incidence of tumors at other sites in the Swiss mice, or at any site in the C3H or AKR mice. In a later study, Toth (1972) administered 0.001% hydrazine continuously in the drinking water to 50 Swiss mice/sex for their lifetimes. Lung adenomas and adenocarcinomas were induced in 24/50 of the males and 27/50 of the females (48-54%). Yamamoto and Weisburger (1970) reported a 100% induction of lung adenomas and adenocarcinomas (38/38 by comparison with 12/20 in the controls) in A/J male mice given 325 mg/L hydrazine sulfate in the drinking water for 48 weeks.
MacEwen et al. (1981) reported on the carcinogenic effect of inhaled hydrazine in C57BL/6 mice, F344 rats, Syrian golden hamsters and beagle dogs. Hydrazine vapor (97% pure) was administered to 400 female mice at 0.05, 0.25 or 1.0 ppm; to 100 rats of each sex at 0.05, 0.25, 1.0, or 5.0 ppm; to 160 male hamsters at 0.25, 1.0 or 5.0 ppm; and to 4 dogs of each sex at 0.25 or 1.0 ppm. Exposure was 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 1 year, followed by a variable observation period (12-38 months). Appropriate controls were maintained for each species. Significantly increased incidences of tumors were reported at the highest exposures administered in mice (lung adenoma), male and female rats (nasal cavity adenoma and adenocarcinoma), and hamsters (nasal cavity polyp) as well as in male and female rats treated with 1.0 ppm hydrazine (nasal cavity adenoma and adenocarcinoma). No significant increase in tumor induction was observed at the lower doses nor were treatment-related neoplasms reported in the dogs. The observation period is considered to be insufficient for dogs.
Juhasz et al. (1966) injected white mice of both genders with hydrazine (0.5 mg x 16 injections) over a period of 46 days, then observed the animals for 1 year. Mediastinum reticulum-cell sarcomas were observed in 4/34 mice, and 9/34 had myeloid leukemias. A single thymic leukemia was reported out of 60 control animals. Kelly et al. (1969) injected (BALB/c\x DBA/2)F1 male mice i.p. with a total dose of 20.8 mg hydrazine sulfate/animal (given in 8 weekly injections). Lung tumors were reported in 6/30 of the treated animals and 1/9 of the control animals.
__II.A.4. Supporting Data for Carcinogenicity
The mutagenicity of hydrazine has been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo assays tested as hydrazine sulfate, hydrazine hydrate or hydrazine hydrochloride. Hydrazine induced reverse mutations in histidine auxotrophs of S. typhimurium (Kimball, 1977; Anderson and Styles, 1978; McMahon et al., 1979; Tosk et al., 1979; Parodi et al., 1981; Rogan et al., 1982), in tryptophan auxotrophs of E. coli (McMahon et al., 1979; Von Wright and Tikkanen, 1980), and in a host-mediated assay with mice given a single dose of hydrazine sulfate by gavage (Simmon et al., 1979). Intraperitoneal treatment of mice with hydrazine sulfate and radiolabeled formate or methionine produced radiolabeled 7-methylguanine in liver DNA and RNA, indicating that hydrazine mediated indirect alkylation of nucleic acids in vivo (Quintero-Ruiz et al., 1970). Hydrazine induces DNA strand breaks in rat hepatocytes treated in vitro (Sina et al., 1983) and in the liver and lung of mice treated intraperitoneally with hydrazine hydrate (Parodi et al., 1981). sister chromatid exchange was induced by in vitro treatment with hydrazine in Chinese hamster V-79 cells (Speit et al., 1980), Chinese hamster ovary cells (MacRae and Stitch, 1979), and Chinese hamster Don (lung) cells (Baker et al., 1983). Hydrazine induced specific locus and recessive lethal mutations in D. melanogaster (Jain and Shukla, 1972; Shukla, 1972) but did not induce dominant lethal mutations in mice (Epstein and Shafner, 1968; Epstein et al., 1972).
_II.B. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure
__II.B.1. Summary of Risk Estimates
Oral Slope Factor — 3.0 per (mg/kg)/day
Drinking Water Unit Risk — 8.5E-5 per (ug/L)
Extrapolation Method — Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk
Drinking Water Concentrations at Specified Risk Levels:
Risk Level
|
Concentration
|
|---|---|
|
E-4 (1 in 10,000)
|
1E+0 ug/L
|
|
E-5 (1 in 100,000)
|
1E-1 ug/L
|
|
E-6 (1 in 1,000,000)
|
1E-2 ug/L
|
__II.B.2. Dose-Response Data (Carcinogenicity, Oral Exposure)
Tumor Type — hepatoma
Test animals — mouse, CBA/Cb/Se; male
Route — gavage (hydrazine sulfate in water)
Reference — Biancifiori, 1970
|
Administered
Dose (ppm) |
Human Equivalent
Dose (mg/kg)/day |
Tumor
Incidence |
|---|---|---|
|
0
|
0
|
3/30
|
|
0.14
|
0.044
|
1/26
|
|
0.28
|
0.103
|
7/25
|
|
0.56
|
0.222
|
12/25
|
|
1.13
|
0.403
|
15/25
|
__II.B.3. Additional Comments (Carcinogenicity, Oral Exposure)
Human equivalent doses were calculated to reflect a treatment period of 175 days and an experimental period of 607 days, the mean length of the experiment for each treatment group. Mouse body weight was assumed to be 0.03 kg and the animal lifespan was assumed to be 730 days. A slope factor of 9.01E-1 per (mg/kg)/day was derived from the lung tumor response in male Swiss mice in the single-dose lifetime drinking water study with 0.012% (0.74 mg/day) hydrazine sulfate (Toth, 1969). The values for hydrazine would be expected to be less than these values for hydrazine sulfate because of the smaller molecular weight of the molecule. Although it is likely that hydrazine is responsible for the tumorigenic response in these experiments, the slope factor calculated on the basis of this compound may not be appropriate for hydrazine, even after converting the dose rate from hydrazine sulfate to that of hydrazine. The absorption rates in the body are likely to differ between the two compounds. The lifetime drinking water study with hydrazine in Swiss mice (Toth, 1972) is inappropriate for the calculation of a slope factor because of the lack of concurrent controls.
The unit risk should not be used if the water concentration exceeds 1E+2 ug/L, since above this concentration the unit risk may not be appropriate.
__II.B.4. Discussion of Confidence (Carcinogenicity, Oral Exposure)
The study showed a dose-response and encompassed the lifespan of the animal. Two independent slope factors are within a factor of 4.
_II.C. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Inhalation Exposure
__II.C.1. Summary of Risk Estimates
Inhalation Unit Risk — 4.9E-3 per (ug/cu.m)
Extrapolation Method — Linearized multistage procedure, extra risk
Air Concentrations at Specified Risk Levels:
Risk Level
|
Concentration
|
|---|---|
| E-4 (1 in 10,000) | 2E-2 ug/cu.m |
| E-5 (1 in 100,000) | 2E-3 ug/cu.m |
| E-6 (1 in 1,000,000) | 2E-4 ug/cu.m |
__II.C.2. Dose-Response Data for Carcinogenicity, Inhalation Exposure
Tumor Type — nasal cavity adenoma or adenocarcinoma
Test animals — rat/F344, male
Route — inhalation (hydrazine)
Reference — MacEwen et al., 1981
|
------------Dose-------------
|
||
|---|---|---|
|
Administered
(ppm) |
Human Equivalent
(mg/kg)/day |
Tumor
Incidence |
|
0.0
|
0.00
|
0/149
|
|
1.0
|
0.01
|
11/98
|
|
5.0
|
0.05
|
72/99
|
__II.C.3. Additional Comments (Carcinogenicity, Inhalation Exposure)
Data in Section II.C.2. were described in the Evaluation of the Potential Carcinogenicity of Hydrazine (U.S. EPA, 1986). Global 82 was used to calculate a slope factor of 1.7E+1 per (mg/kg)/day, which was the basis for the inhalation unit risk.
Human equivalent doses reflect a treatment period of 365 days and an experimental period of 910 days. Rat body weight was assumed to be 350 g, and the animal lifespan was assumed to be 910 days.
The unit risk should not be used if the air concentration exceeds 2 ug/cu.m, since above this concentration the unit risk may not be appropriate.
__II.C.4. Discussion of Confidence (Carcinogenicity, Inhalation Exposure)
A sufficient number of animals were treated for less than lifetime and observed until death; a dose-related increase in incidence was observed.
_II.D. EPA Documentation, Review, and Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
__II.D.1. EPA Documentation
Source Document — U.S. EPA, 1984, 1986
The values in the 1986 Reportable Quantity Document for Hydrazine (review draft) have received limited Agency Review. The values in the 1984 Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Hydrazine and Hydrazine Sulfate (final draft) have received Agency Review.
__II.D.2. EPA Review (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Agency Work Group Review — 06/03/1987
Verification Date — 06/03/1987
Screening-Level Literature Review Findings — A screening-level review conducted by an EPA contractor of the more recent toxicology literature pertinent to the cancer assessment for Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate conducted in September 2002 identified one or more significant new studies. IRIS users may request the references for those studies from the IRIS Hotline at hotline.iris@epa.gov or (202)566-1676.
__II.D.3. EPA Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Please contact the IRIS Hotline for all questions concerning this assessment or IRIS, in general, at (202)566-1676 (phone), (202)566-1749 (FAX) or hotline.iris@epa.gov (internet address).
_III.
[reserved]
_IV. [reserved]
_V. [reserved]
_VI. Bibliography
Substance Name — Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate
CASRN — 302-01-2
Last Revised — 02/01/1991
_VI.A. Oral RfD References
None
_VI.B. Inhalation RfD References
None
_VI.C. Carcinogenicity Assessment References
Anderson, D. and J.A. Styles. 1978. An evaluation of four short-term tests for detecting organic chemical carcinogens. Appendix 2. The bacterial mutation test. Br. J. Cancer. 37: 924-930.
Baker, R.S.U., G.A. Mitchell, K.M. Meher-Homji and E. Podobna. 1983. Sensitivity of two Chinese hamster cell lines to SCE induction by a variety of chemical mutagens. Mutat. Res. 118(1-2): 103-116.
Biancifiori, C. 1970. Hepatomas in CBA/Cb/Se mice and liver lesions in golden hamsters induced by hydrazine sulfate. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 44: 943.
Biancifiori, C. and R. Ribacchi. 1962. Pulmonary tumors in mice induced by oral isoniazid and its metabolites. Nature. 194: 488-489.
Biancifiori, C., E. Bucciarelli, D.B. Clayson and F.E. Santilli. 1964. Induction of hepatomas in CBA/Cd/Se mice by hydrazine sulphate and the lack of effect of croton oil on tumor induction in BALB/c/Cd/Se mice. Br. J. Cancer. 18: 543-550.
Epstein, S.S. and H. Shafner. 1968. Chemical mutagens in the human environment. Nature. 219: 385-387.
Epstein, S.S., E. Arnold, J. Andrea, W. Bass and Y. Bishop. 1972. Detection of chemical mutagens by the dominant lethal assay in the mouse. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 23: 288-325.
Jain, H.K. and P.T. Shukla. 1972. Locus specificity of mutagens in Drosophila. Mutat. Res. 14: 440-442.
Juhasz, J., J. Balo and B. Szende. 1966. Tumor-inducing effects of hydrazine in mice. Nature. 121: 1377.
Kelly, M.G., R.W. O'Gara, S.T. Yancey, K. Gadekar, C. Botkin and V.T. Oliverio. 1969. Comparative carcinogenicity of N-isopropyl-alpha- (2- methylhydrazine)-p-toluamide-HCl (procarbazine hydrochloride), its degradation products, other hydrazines, and isonicotinic acid hydrazine. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 42: 337-344.
Kimball, R.F. 1977. The mutagenicity of hydrazine and some of its derivatives. Mutat. Res. 39(2): 11-126.
MacEwen, J.D., E.H. Vernot, C.C. Haun, E.R. Kinkead and A. Hall, III. 1981. Chronic Inhalation Toxicity of Hydrazine: Oncogenic Effects. Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. NTIS, Springfield, VA.
MacRae, W.D. and H.F. Stich. 1979. Induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster ovary cells by thiol and hydrazine compounds. Mutat. Res. 68(4): 351-366.
McMahon, R.E., J.C. Cline and C.Z. Thompson. 1979. Assay of 855 test chemicals in ten tester strains using a new modification of the Ames test for bacterial mutagens. Cancer Res. 39(3): 682-693.
Parodi, S., S. DeFlora, M. Cavanna, et al. 1981. DNA-damaging activity in vitro and bacterial mutagenicity of 16 hydrazine derivatives as related quantitatively to their carcinogenicity. Cancer Res. 41(4): 1469-1482.
Quintero-Ruiz, A., L.L. Paz-Neri and S. Villa-Trevino. 1981. Indirect alkylation of CBA mouse live DNA and RNA by hydrazine in vivo. A possible mechanism of action as a carcinogen. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 67(3): 613-618.
Roe, F.J.C., G.A. Grant and D.M. Millican. 1967. Carcinogenicity of hydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine for mouse lung. Nature (London). 216: 375-376.
Roe, F.J.C. 1978. Letter to the Editor. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 21: 323-325.
Rogan, E.G., B.A. Walker, R. Gingell, D.L. Nagel and B. Toth. 1982. Microbial mutagenicity of selected hydrazines. Mutat. Res. 102(4): 413-424.
Severi, L. and C. Biancifiori. 1968. Hepatic carcinogenesis in CBA/Cb/Se mice and Cb/Se rats by isonicotinic acid hydrazine and hydrazone sulfate. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 41: 331-340.
Shukla, P.T. 1972. Analysis of mutagen specificity in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat. Res. 16: 363-371.
Simmon, V.F., H.S. Rosenkranz, E. Zeiger and L.A. Poirier. 1979. Mutagenic activity of chemical carcinogens and related compounds in the intraperitoneal host-mediated assay. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 62(4): 911-918.
Sin, J.F., C.L. Bean, G.R. Dysart, V.I. Taylor and M.O. Bradley. 1983. Evaluation of the alkaline elution/rat hepatocyte assay as a predictor of carcinogenic/mutagenic potential. Mutat. Res. 113(5): 357-391.
Speit, G., C. Wick and M. Wolf. 1980. Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by hydroxylamine, hydrazine and isoniazid and their inhibition by cysteine. Human Genet. 52(2): 155-158.
Tosk, J., I. Schemeltz and D. Hoffman. 1979. Hydrazines as mutagens in a histidine-requiring auzotroph of Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res. 66(3): 247-252.
Toth, B. 1969. Lung tumor induction and inhibition of breast adenocarcinomas by hydrazine sulfate in mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 42: 469-475.
Toth, B. 1972. Hydrazine, methylhydrazine and methylhydrazine sulfate carcinogenesis in Swiss mice. Failure of ammonium hydroxide to interfere in the development of tumors. Int. J. Cancer. 9: 109-118.
U.S. EPA. 1984. Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Hydrazine and Hydrazine Sulfate. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. 1986. Evaluation of the Potential Carcinogenicity of Hydrazine. Prepared by the Carcinogen Assessment Group, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC for the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response and the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.
Von Wright, A. and L. Tikkanen. 1980. Hydrazine and methylhydrazine as recA+-independent mutagens in Escherichia coli. Mutat. Res. 71(2): 269-271.
Yamamoto, R.S. and J.H. Weisburger. 1970. Failure of arginine glutamate to inhibit lung rumor formation by isoniazid and hydrazine in mice. Life Sci. 9: 285.
_VII. Revision History
Substance Name — Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate
CASRN — 302-01-2
|
Date |
Section |
Description |
|---|---|---|
| 09/07/1988 | II. | Carcinogen summary on-line |
| 04/01/1989 | V. | Supplementary data on-line |
| 06/01/1989 | II.D.3. | Secondary contact deleted |
| 12/01/1989 | II.A.3. | 2nd para, deleted Biancifiori et al., 1968 |
| 12/01/1989 | VI. | Bibliography on-line |
| 01/01/1991 | II. | Text edited |
| 01/01/1991 | II.C.1. | Inhalation slope factor removed (global change) |
| 02/01/1991 | II.C.3. | Information on extrapolation process included |
| 02/01/1991 | II.D.1. | Title corrected for U.S. EPA, 1986 |
| 02/01/1991 | VI.C. | Title corrected for U.S. EPA, 1986 |
| 04/01/1991 | II. | Text edited |
| 01/01/1992 | IV. | Regulatory Action section on-line |
| 04/01/1997 | III., IV., V. | Drinking Water Health Advisories, EPA Regulatory Actions, and Supplementary Data were removed from IRIS on or before April 1997. IRIS users were directed to the appropriate EPA Program Offices for this information. |
| 12/03/2002 | II.D.2. | Screening-Level Literature Review Findings message has been added. |
_VIII. Synonyms
Substance Name — Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate
CASRN — 302-01-2
Last Revised — 09/07/1988
- 302-01-2
- hydrazine
- hydrazine, anhydrous
- Hydrazine/Hydrazine sulfate