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Table of Contents
Absolute-pollution Exclusion
Abuse
Accident Insurance
Accounting
Accrual Rate
Accrued Benefits Funding Methods
Accumulation Units
Actuarial Control Cycle
Actuarial Estimate
Actuarial Funding
Actuarial Institute of the Republic of China
Actuarial Liability
Actuarial Research Clearing House (ARCH)
Actuarial Society of America
Actuarial Society of Ghana
Actuarial Society of Hong Kong
Actuarial Surplus/Deficiency
Actuary
Adjusting and Other Expense
Adjustment Coefficient
Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
Adverse Selection
Affine Models of the Term Structure of Interest Rates
AFIR
Agents Balances
Age-to-age Factors
Aggregate Limit
Aggregate Loss Modeling
Aggregate Method
Aircraft Products Liability
Aktuarvereinigung Österreichs (Austrian Actuarial Association)
ALAE
Allele
Allocation Rate
Alternative Risk Transfer
American Academy of Actuaries
American Risk and Insurance Association (ARIA)
American Society of Pension Actuaries
Ammeter Process
Ammeter, Hans (1912--1986)
Analysis of Surplus
Annual Aggregate Deductible
Annual Aggregate Limit
Annual Statements
Annuities
Annuity Certain
Annuity Due
Antiselection, Life Insurance
Antiselection, Non-life
Appointed Actuary
Apportionable Premium
Approximating the Aggregate Claims Distribution
Aquaculture Insurance
AR, ARMA Process
Arbitrage Pricing Model
Arbitrage
ARCH Model
Argentina, Actuarial Associations
Arrow--Pratt Index
Asociación Mexicana de Actuarios Consultores
Asociación Mexicana de Actuarios
Assessmentism
Asset Allocation
Asset Management
Asset Shares
Asset--Liability Modeling
Assets in Pension Funds
Association of Actuaries and Financial Analysts
Association Royale des Actuaires Belges
ASTIN
Attachment Point
Attained Age Method
Audit
Automobile Insurance, Commercial
Automobile Insurance, Private
Avalanche
Aviation Insurance
Bühlmann--Straub Model
Background Risk
Bailey, Arthur L. (1905--1954)
Bailey--Simon Method
Balance Sheet
Balducci Assumption
Bankruptcy
Bayesian Claims Reserving
Bayesian Statistics
Beard, Robert Eric (1911--1983)
Beekman's Convolution Formula
Benktander Distribution
Bernoulli Distribution
Bernoulli Family
Berry--Esséen Inequality
Beta Distribution
Beta Function
Beveridge System
Bias
Bid Bond
Bid--Ask Spread
Bid--offer Spread
Binomial Distribution
Binomial Model
Bismarck System
Black--Scholes Model
Blue Water Hull
Bonus Hunger
Bonus in Life and Pension Insurance
Bonus Reserve Valuation
Bonus Smoothing Account
Bonus--Malus Systems
Borch, Karl Henrik (1919--1986)
Borch's Theorem
Bordereaux
Borel--Cantelli Lemma
Bornhuetter--Ferguson Method
Bowers' Gamma Approximation
Brace--Gatarek--Musiela Approximation
Brazilian Institute of Actuaries (IBA)
Break-even Point
Breslau Table
British Actuarial Journal
Brownian Motion
Budget Ultimate Losses
Bundling
Burglary Insurance
Burning Cost
Burr Distribution
Business Interruption Insurance
Buy-up Policy
C1--C4 Risks
Cafeteria Plans
Canadian Institute of Actuaries
Cape Cod Method
Capital Allocation for P&C Insurers: A Survey of Methods
Capital Asset Pricing Models
Capital in Life Assurance
Capital Units
Captives
Cargo Insurance
Case Reserve
Cash Balance Plans
Cash Flow Statement
Casualty Actuarial Society
Casualty Insurance
Catastrophe Derivatives
Catastrophe Excess of Loss
Catastrophe Models and Catastrophe Loads
Caveat Emptor
CBNI Reserve
CBNS Reserve
Cede
Ceiling
Censored Distributions
Censoring
Census Method
Central Limit Theorem
Central Mortality Rate
\v{C}esk Spole\v{c}nost Aktu r\ucirc{u}
Chain-Ladder Method
Change of Measure
Characteristic Function
China, Development of Actuarial Science
Chromosome
Churning
Claim Expense Liabilities
Claim Frequency
Claim Number Processes
Claim Size Processes
Claims Inflation
Claims Reserve
Claims Reserving in Non-Life Insurance
Claims Reserving using Credibility Methods
Claims-made Basis in Reinsurance
Claims-made Policy in Direct Insurance
Clash Layer
Closed Claim
Clustering
Coastal Hull
Coefficient of Variation
Cohort
Coinsurance
Collegi d'Actuaris de Catalunya
Colegio Nacional de Actuarios
Collective Investment (Pooling)
Collective Risk Models
Collective Risk Theory
Combinatorics
Combined Ratio
Comité Permanent des Congrés d'Actuaires
Commercial Bond
Commercial Multi-peril Insurance
Commission Liabilities
Commutation Functions
Comonotonicity
Competing Risks
Competing Risks
Complete Markets
Compound Distributions
Compound Interest
Compound Poisson Frequency Models
Compound Process
Concave
Conditional Probability/Expectation
Conference of Consulting Actuaries
Conjugate Prior
Consejo Profesional de Ciencias Económicas de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires
Consequential Damage
Contingent Capital
Contingent Insurance
Continuous Multivariate Distributions
Continuous Parametric Distributions
Continuous Period
Contract Bond
Contributed Surplus
Contribution Plan
Control Period
Convexity
Convolutions of Distributions
Cooperative Game Theory
Copulas
Co-reinsurance
Coronary Heart Disease
Correlation Coefficient
Counting Processes
Coupling
Covariate
Cover Note
Coverage
Cox Process
Cox--Ingersoll--Ross Model
Cramér Condition
Cramér, Harald (1893--1985)
Cramér--Lundberg Asymptotics
Cramér--Lundberg Condition and Estimate
Credibility Theory
Credit Insurance
Credit Risk
Credit Scoring
Croatian Actuarial Association
Crop Insurance
Cumulant
Current Unit Method
Curtate Future Lifetime
Cyprus Association of Actuaries (CAA)
Damageability Function
Data Analysis
Data Mining
De Finetti, Bruno (1906--1985)
De Moivre, Abraham (1667--1754)
De Pril Recursions and Approximations
De Pril Transform
De Pril's Approximation
De Witt, Johan (1625--1672)
Decision Theory
Decrement Analysis
Deductible
Defense and Cost Containment
Deferral/Matching
Deferred Acquisition Costs
Deferred Period
Defined Accrued Benefit Method
Defined Benefits
Defined Contributions
Delaporte Distribution
Demography
Demutualization
Den Danske Aktuarforening
Den Norske Aktuarforening (The Norwegian Society of Actuaries)
Dependent Risks
Deregulation of Commercial Insurance
Derivative Pricing, Numerical Methods
Derivative Securities
Design Matrix
Deutsche Aktuarvereinigung e. V. (DAV)
Development Year
DFA---Dynamic Financial Analysis
Dhaene--Vandebroek's Recursion
Diffusion Approximations
Diffusion Processes
Direct Costs
Direct Insurance
Directionally Convex Functions
Directors and Officers Insurance
Dirichlet Processes
Disability Income Insurance
Disability Insurance, Numerical Methods
Disability Insurance
Discount Factor
Discounted Cash Flow Model
Discounting
Discrete Multivariate Distributions
Discrete Parametric Distributions
Discretization of Distributions
Discriminant Analysis
Dismemberment
Distorted Probability
Distribution System
Diversification
Dividend Discount Model
Dividends
Dividing Societies
DNA
Dodson, James (1710--1757)
Drought
Duration
Dynamic Financial Modeling of an Insurance Enterprise
Early Mortality Tables
Early Retirement Factor
Early Warning Systems
Early-onset Alzheimer's Disease
Earthquake Insurance
ECOMOR Reinsurance
Economic Capital
Edgeworth Approximation
Edgeworth Expansion
Efficient Markets Hypothesis
Elasticity
Elimination Period
EM-algorithm
Embedded Value
Empirical Bayes Theory
Empirical Distribution
Employer's Liability Insurance
Employment Practices Liability Insurance
Endowment
Energy Insurance
Entity-specific Value
Entry Age Method
Equalization Reserve
Equilibrium Distribution
Equilibrium Theory
Equitas
Equity Indexed Annuity
Equivalence Principle
Equivalent Martingale Measure
Erlang Distribution
Esscher Approximation
Esscher Transform
Estate
Estimated Maximum Loss
Estimation
Estonian Actuarial Society
Euler--Maclaurin Expansion and Woolhouse's Formula
Exceedance Probability Curves
Excess Losses
Excess of Loss Reinsurance
Exclusions in Direct Insurance
Exclusions in Reinsurance
Expectation of Life
Expected Shortfall
Expense Inflation
Expense Ratios
Expenses in Life Insurance
Experience Basis
Experience Rating
Exponential Dispersion Family
Exponential Distribution
Exponential Tilting
Exposed to Risk
Exposure Rating
Extreme Value Distributions
Extreme Value Theory
Extremes
Factor Analysis
Facultative Reinsurance
Faculty of Actuaries
Failure Rate
Fair Value
Familial Breast Cancer
Fertility
Fidelity and Surety
Fidelity Bond
Filtration
Finance
Financial Economics
Financial Engineering
Financial Insurance
Financial Intermediaries: the Relationship Between their Economic Functions and Actuarial Risks
Financial Markets
Financial Pricing of Insurance
Financial Reinsurance
Finite Risk Reinsurance
Fire Insurance
First Order Basis
First Party Coverage
Fisher's Scoring Technique
Fixed-income Security
Flesacker--Hughston Framework
Flood Risk
Fluctuation Reserves
Force of Mortality
Foreign Exchange Risk in Insurance
Forfeiture
Forwards
Fourier Transform
Frailty
Franchise
Franckx, Edouard (1907--1988)
Fraud in Insurance
Free Riding
Freight, Demurrage and Defence Cover
Friendly Societies
Frontier Between Public and Private Insurance Schemes
Full Value Insurance
Fully Indexed Clause
Fund Charge
Fund Management Charge
Funding Ratio
Future Service Reserve
Futures
Fuzzy Set Theory
GAAP
Gamma Distribution
Gamma Function
GARCH Model
Gaussian Processes
General Insurance
Generalized Discrete Distributions
Generalized Linear Models
Genetics and Insurance
Geneva Association
Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance
Genotype
Geometric Distribution
Gibbs Sampling
Girsanov's Theorem
Going Concern
Gompertz, Benjamin (1779--1865)
Good Faith
Graduation
Graphical Methods
Graunt, John (1620--1674)
Greeks
Gross Net Premium Income
Gross Premium Valuation
Group Life Insurance
Group Personal Pensions
Groupe Consultatif Actuariel Européen
Guaranteed Annuity Option
Hachemeister's Regression Model
Hail Insurance
Haldane Approximation
Halley, Edmond (1656--1742)
Hattendorff's Theorem
Hazard Rate
Health Insurance
Heath--Jarrow--Morton Framework
Heavy-tailed
Heckman--Meyers Algorithm
Hedging and Risk Management
Helix
Hellenic Actuarial Society
Het Actuarieel Genootschap (The Dutch Actuarial Society)
Heterogeneity in Life Insurance
Hidden Markov Models
Hipp's Approximation
Historical Cost
History of Actuarial Education
History of Actuarial Profession
History of Actuarial Science
History of Insurance
Ho--Lee Models
Homeowners Insurance
Hours Clause
Household Insurance
Hull and Machinery Insurance
Hull--White Model
Hungarian Actuarial Society
Huntington's Disease
Hurricane
Huygens, Christiaan and Lodewijck
Hypergeometric Distribution
IASB
IBNR Reserve
IBNS Reserve
Immunization
Impairment
Inception Annuity
Income Protection Insurance
Income Statement
Incomplete Markets
Indemnity
Index Clause
Indexed Deductible
Indexing
Index-linked Security
Individual Retirement Account
Individual Risk Model
Industrial Special Risks Cover
Infinite Divisibility
Inflation Impact on Aggregate Claims
Inflation: A Case Study
Information Criteria
Initial Units
Insolvency
Installment Premium
Institut des Actuaires
Institute of Actuaries of Australia
Institute of Actuaries of Japan
Institute of Actuaries
Instituto Actuarial Argentino
Insurability
Insurable Interest
Insurance Capital Asset Pricing Model
Insurance Company
Insurance Derivatives
Insurance Expense Liabilities
Insurance Forms
Insurance Regulation and Supervision
Insurance Securitization
Insurance: Mathematics and Economics
Insuratization
Integrated Products
Integrated Tail Distribution
Interest Rate Risk and Immunization
Interest-rate Modeling
Internal Rate-of-return Model
International Accounting Standards
International Actuarial Association
International Actuarial Notation
International Association for the Study of Insurance Economics---`The Geneva Association'
International Association of Consulting Actuaries
Inverse Gaussian Distribution
Investment Growth Rate
Israel Association of Actuaries
Issued Capital
Istituto Italiano degli Attuari
Itô Calculus
Jackknifing
Jensen's Inequality
Journal of Actuarial Practice
Journal of Risk and Insurance
Kalman Filter, Reserving Methods
Kalman Filter
Kaplan--Meier Estimator
Kendall's τ
Keogh Plan
Kernel Methods
Kolmogorov Backward Equations
Kornya's Approximation
Lévy Processes
Ladder Height
LAE
Landslide
Landslip
Laplace Transform
Laplace, Pierre Simon
Lapse
Lapses
Large Deviations
Largest Claims and ECOMOR Reinsurance
Latent Claim
Latvian Actuarial Association
Law of Large Numbers
Layer
Lee--Carter Model
Leverage
Lexis Diagram
Liability Insurance
Liability Management
Licence Bond
Lidstone, George James (1870--1952)
Lidstone's Theorem
Life Insurance Mathematics
Life Insurance
Life Reinsurance
Life Table Data, Combining
Life Table
Link Function
Link Ratio Method
Linton, Morris Albert (1887--1966)
Liquidation
Living Benefit Guarantee
Lloyd's
Loan-to-value Ratio
Locus
Logarithmic Distribution
Log-gamma Distribution
Logistic Regression Model
Log-normal Distribution
Long Range Dependence
Longevity
Longstaff--Schwartz Model
Long-tail Business
Long-term Care Insurance
Long-term Health Insurance
Long-term Sickness Insurance
Loss of Hire Insurance
Loss Ratio Method
Loss Ratio
Loss Reserve
Losses-occurring Basis
Loss-of-income Insurance
Loss-of-Profits Insurance
Loss-of-time Insurance
Lotteries
Lundberg Approximations, Generalized
Lundberg Inequality for Ruin Probability
Lundberg, Filip (1876--1965)
Lutine Bell
Maclaurin, Colin
Macro Pricing
Malus
Manchester Unity
Marginal Pricing
Marginal Totals
Marine Insurance
Market Equilibrium
Market Models
Market Value Adjustment
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods
Markov Chains and Markov Processes
Markov Models in Actuarial Science
Martingales
Mass Tort Liabilities
Matching
Material Facts
Maturity Guarantees Working Party
Maturity Guarantees
Maximum Benefit Period
Maximum Likelihood
Maximum Limit
McClintock, Emory (1840--1916)
Mean Residual Lifetime
Mean--variance Criterion
Medical Underwriting
Mendel's Laws
Merit Rating
Meteors
Mexico, Actuarial Associations
Meyers--Read Approach
Migration
Minimum Variance Principle
Mixed Poisson Distributions
Mixture of Distributions
Mixtures of Exponential Distributions
Model Office
Moment Generating Function
Monte Carlo Methods in Life Insurance
Montreal Agreement
Moral Hazard
Morgan, William
Mortality Laws
Mortality Tale
Mortgage Insurance in the United States
Motor Insurance
Multitrigger Products
Multivariate Distribution
Multivariate Statistics
Mutation
Mutuals
Nash Equilibrium
National Associations of Actuaries
Natural Hazards
Negative Binomial Distribution
Net Income
Net Investment Income
Neural Networks
New Zealand Society of Actuaries
Neyman Type A
No-claim Discount System
Noncancellable Sickness Insurance
Noncooperative Game Theory
Nonexpected Utility Theory
Non-life Insurance
Non-life Reserves---Continuous Time Micro Models
Nonparametric Statistics
Nonparticipating Business
Nonprofits Business
Nonproportional Reinsurance
Normal Distribution
Normal Equations
Normal Power Approximation
North American Actuarial Journal
Northampton Table
Numerical Algorithms
Obligatory Reinsurance
Occurrence Policy
Occurrence/Exposure Rate
Ocean Hull
Offshore Insurance
Ohlin's Lemma
Oligopoly in Insurance Markets
On-leveling
Open Cover
Operational Time
Operations Research
Optimal Risk Sharing
Optimization (Stochastic)
Options and Guarantees in Life Insurance
Options
Ordering of Risks
Ornstein--Uhlenbeck Process
Orphan Assets
Outlier Detection
Overdispersion
Overheads
P&I Clubs
Package Mod
Paid-up Policy
Paid-up Sum Assured
Pakistan Society of Actuaries
Panjer Recursion
Parameter and Model Uncertainty
Pareto Distribution
Pareto Optimality
Pareto Rating
Participating Business
Past Service Reserve
Pay As You Go
Payback Period
Payment Bond
Pearson Correlation
Penetrance
Pension Fund Mathematics
Pension Fund
Pensions, Individual
Pensions: Finance, Risk and Accounting
Pensions
Performance Bond
Peril of the Sea
Peril
Permanent Assurance
Permanent Health Insurance
Permanent Sickness Insurance
Permit Bond
Persatuan Aktuari Malaysia
Phase Method
Phase-type Distributions
Phenotype
PML
Point Processes
Poisson Distribution
Poisson Processes
Policy Liabilities
Policy Limit
Policy
Policyholder Dividends
Polskie Stowarzyszenie Aktuariuszy
Pooling Equilibria
Pooling in Insurance
Pooling of Employee Benefits
Population Dynamics
Population Projection
Portfolio Theory
Portfolio Transfer
Portuguese Institute of Actuaries
Posterior Distribution
Postselection
Prediction
Premium Balances
Premium Principles
Premium Tax Liabilities
Premium
Premiums Receivable
Present Values and Accumulations
Price, Richard (1726--1791)
Primary Insurance
Principal Component Analysis
Principle of Equivalent Utility
Prior Distribution
Pro Rata Temporis
Probability Generating Function
Probability Theory
Probable Maximum Loss
Probationary Period
Professionalism
Profit Testing
Projected Unit Method
Projection of Future Mortality
Property and Casualty Insurance
Property Insurance---Personal
Property-liability Insurance
Proportional Reinsurance
Prospective Benefits Funding Methods
Prospective Reserve
Protected Cell
Protection and Indemnity Clubs
Public Official Bond
PUP
Qualification Period
Quantile Measure
Queueing Theory
Quota-share Reinsurance
Random Number Generation and Quasi-Monte Carlo
Random Variable
Random Walk
Rare Event
Rate on Line
Ratemaking
RBNS Reserve
Reciprocal Exchange
Redington, Frank Mitchell (1906--1986)
Regenerative Processes
Registered Retirement Income Fund
Registered Retirement Savings Plan
Regression Models for Data Analysis
Regular Variation
Reinstatement
Reinsurance Forms
Reinsurance Pricing
Reinsurance Receivables
Reinsurance Recoverables
Reinsurance Supervision
Reinsurance to Close
Reinsurance, Functions and Values
Reinsurance, Reserving
Reinsurance---Terms, Conditions, and Methods of Placing
Reinsurance
Reister Plan
Reliability Analysis
Reliability Classifications
Renewable, Increasable, Convertible Term Assurance
Renewal Theory
Replacement Value
Resampling
Reserve Process
RESTIN
Retention and Reinsurance Programmes
Retroactive Date
Retrocession
Retrospective Premium
Retrospective Reserve
Revenue Policy
Risk Aversion
Risk-based Capital Allocation
Risk Budgeting
Risk Classification, Practical Aspects
Risk Classification, Pricing Aspects
Risk Discount Rate
Risk Loading
Risk Management and Insurance Review
Risk Management, Integrated
Risk Management: An Interdisciplinary Framework
Risk Measures
Risk Minimization
Risk Neutral
Risk Premium
Risk Process
Risk Rate
Risk Statistics
Risk Utility Ranking
Risk-adjusted Rate
Risk-attaching Basis
Risk-based Capital Requirements
Risk-free Rate
Risk-neutral Pricing
Robustness
Rubinow, Isaac Max (1875--1936)
Ruin Theory
Run-off Triangle
Satellite Insurance
Savings Premium
Scale Distribution
Scandinavian Actuarial Journal
Schedule Ultimate Losses
Schedules
Screening Methods
Seasonality
Second Order Basis
Segerdahl, Carl--Otto (1912--1972)
Segregated Fund Insurance
Select Mortality
Selection
Self-insurance
Self-investment
Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity Testing
Separation Method
Seriatim Approach
Service Table
Severe Inflation Clause
Severity of Ruin
Shot-noise Processes
Sickness Insurance
Sigma-algebra
Simulation Methods for Stochastic Differential Equations
Simulation of Risk Processes
Simulation of Stochastic Processes
Singapore Actuarial Society
Skandinavisk Aktuarietidskrift
Skewness
Sleep-easy Cover
Sliding Scale
Slovak Society of Actuaries
Slovensko Aktuarsko Dru\v{s}tvo. Slovenian Association of Actuaries (SAA)
Slowly Varying Function
Social Insurance
Social Security
Society of Actuaries
Solvency
Sparre Andersen Process
Spearman's ρ
Spectral Density/Distribution
Splines
Stability
Stable Distributions
Stable Population Model
Stakeholder Pension
Standard Contribution Rate
Stationary Processes
Statistical Terminology
Statutory Capital
Stevin, Simon
Stochastic Calculus
Stochastic Control Theory
Stochastic Differential Equation
Stochastic Dominance
Stochastic Integral
Stochastic Investment Models
Stochastic Optimization
Stochastic Orderings
Stochastic Processes
Stochastic Simulation
Stop-loss Premium
Stop-loss Reinsurance
Stop-loss Ordering
Stop-loss Transform
Stopping Time
Storm Surge
Stress Testing
Structural Distribution
Subexponential Distributions
Subject Premium
Subsidence
Sufficient Statistics
Sum at Risk
Sum Insured
Sundt and Jewell Class of Distributions
Sundt's Classes of Distributions
Suomen Aktuaariyhdistys---The Actuarial Society of Finland
Superannuation
Superhedging
Superimposed Inflation
Surety Bond
Surplus in Life and Pension Insurance
Surplus Process
Surplus Treaty
Surrenders and Alterations
Survival Analysis
Survival Function
Svenska Aktuarieföreningen, Swedish Society of Actuaries
Sverdrup, Erling (1917--1994)
Swaps
Swaption
Swiss Association of Actuaries
Syndicate
Tail Value-at-risk
Technical Bases in Life Insurance
Term Insurance
Term Structure of Interest Rates
Thiele, Thorvald Nicolai (1838--1910)
Thiele's Differential Equation
Thinned Distributions
Third Party Coverage
Time of Ruin
Time Series
Tontine
Total Loss
Total Service Reserve
Transaction Costs
Transforms
Travel Insurance
Treaty Reinsurance
Truncated Distributions
Tsunami
Uberrima Fides
Ukrainian Actuarial Society
ULAE
Umbrella Cover
Under and Over Dispersion
Underwriting Cycle
Underwriting Expenses
Underwriting Income
Underwriting
Unearned Premium Reserve (Liability)
Unemployment Insurance
Unexpired Risk Reserve
Uniform Distribution of Deaths
Uniform Distribution
Unit Costs
Unitised With-profits Business
Unitised With-profits Policy
Unit-linked Business
Universal Life
Utility Maximization
Utility Theory
Valuation Basis
Valuation of Life Insurance Liabilities
Value-at-risk
Variable Annuity Guaranteed Living Benefits
Variable Annuity Insurance
Vasicek Model
Volatility
Vulcanism
Waiting Period
Wallace, Robert
Waring's Theorem
Warsaw Convention
Webster, Alexander
Weibull Distribution
Whittaker, E.T.
Wiener Process
Wiener--Hopf Factorization
Wilkie Investment Model
Wilson--Hilferty Approximation
With-profits Business
Withdrawal
Without-profits Business
Woolhouse's Formula
Workers' Compensation Insurance
Working Covers
Wright, Elizur (1804--1885)
xs
XSE
XSI
Yield Curve
Zero-modified Frequency Distributions
Zillmerisation
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Insurance -- Mathematics -- Encyclopedias.