Catalogue Query Results
Phenacoccus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus Cockerell, 1893ee: 318. Type species: Pseudococcus aceris Signoret.
Phenacoccus (Paroudablis) Cockerell, 1900f: 87. Type species: Boisduvalia piceae Low.
Phaenacoccus; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 260, 261. Misspelling of genus name.
Phaenacoccus Lindinger, 1935: 142. Unjustified emendation.
Phaenococcus Lindinger, 1937: 192. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Morrison & Morrison, 1966: 152.
Peukinococcus ulc, 1944a: 2. Type species: Boisduvalia piceae Low, by monotypy. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950b: 120. Notes: Synonymy by community of type-species.
Paroudablis Borchsenius, 1949: 88. Type species: Boisduvalia piceae Low. Subsequently designated by Fernald, 1903b. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1994: 287. Notes: A subjective synonym of Phenacoccus.
Phenococcus; Schmutterer, 1952: 396. Misspelling of genus name. Notes: Mis-spelling of Phenacoccus.
Paroudables; Hadzibejli, 1959: 575. Misspelling of genus name.
Caulococcus Borchsenius, 1960e: 47. Type species: Phenacoccus angustatus Borchsenius, by original designation. Synonymy by Ben-Dov, 1994: 74.
Densispina Ter-Grigorian, 1964a: 861. Type species: Densispina graminea Ter-Grigorian, by original designation. Synonymy by Danzig, 2003: 327.
Birendracoccus Ali, 1975: 279. Type species: Dactylopius saccharifolii Green, by monotypy and original designation. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 589.
Phenococcus; Danzig, 1994: 46. Misspelling of genus name.
GENERAL REMARKS: Definition and characters by Kanda (1943a), Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Borchsenius (1949), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Ter-Grigorian (1964a, 1973), Tereznikova (1975), Ali (1975), Danzig (1980b, 1988), Williams (1985), Cox (1987), Avasthi & Shafee (1987), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Williams & Watson (1988a), Tang (1992), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Williams (2004a),
SYSTEMATICS: Paroudablis is generally accepted as a subjective synonym of Phenacoccus. Borchsenius (1960b) assigned 8 species to Caulococcus. Tang (1992) accepted Caulococcus as valid and placed in it a total of 24 species. Other students, e. g. Williams & Miller (1985), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), did not accept its separation from Phenacoccus. Until the characters upon which these genera have been distinguished, will be critically evaluated in a comprehensive revision, Caulococcus is regarded a subjective synonym of Phenacoccus (Ben-Dov, 1994).
KEYS: Danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species of firs]; Williams 2004a: 42,44 (female) [Genera of southern Asia]; Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia]; Danzig 2003: 328-329 (female) [Russia]; Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [Korea]; Marotta, Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Kosztarab 1996: 152-153 (female) [Northeastern North America]; Tang 1992: 320,384,528 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental region]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 347-349 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 43 (female) [Central and South America]; Danzig 1988: 697 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 63 (female) [Central Europe]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 19 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [India]; Avasthi & Shafee 1987: 2 (female) [India]; Cox 1987: 13 (female) [New Zealand]; Williams 1985: 266 (female) [Australia]; Williams 1985: 36, 37 (female) [Australia]; Wang 1982TC: 21 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East Russia]; Kawai 1980: 92 (female) [Japan]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 54 (female) [Tajikistan]; Tereznikova 1975: 160, 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Tereznikova 1975: 160 (female) [Ukraine & Palaearctic region]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 37,38,135 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 46 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1967: 214-216 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1966: 405 (female) [Federated States of Micronesia]; McKenzie 1964: 238 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 34 (female) [Britain]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395-396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 282 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 21 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 120-122 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 88 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Borchsenius 1949: 210-211 (female) [Palaearctic region]; Zimmerman 1948: 161 (female) [Hawaii]; Kanda 1943a: 42 (female) [Japan].
CITATIONS: Ali1975 [taxonomy, description: 279-280]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description: 7]; Beards1966 [taxonomy: 432]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 62,74,114,287,303]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description: 208-211]; Cocker1893ee [taxonomy, description: 318]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description: 72-73]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description: 109, 122-124]; Danzig1988 [taxonomy: 699]; Danzig1994 [taxonomy: 46]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy: 327-329]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, description: 530-532]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 89]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description: 120-122]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 395-396]; GranarScTe1997 [taxonomy, economic importance: 97]; Kanda1943a [taxonomy, description: 42]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy: 7-8]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 260, 261]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description: 77, 150-153]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 122]; Koteja2001 [taxonomy: 48]; KotejaZa1979 [taxonomy: 673]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy: 114]; Lawson1917 [taxonomy, description: 180]; Lindin1935 [taxonomy: 142]; Lindin1937 [taxonomy: 192]; Lindin1957 [taxonomy: 551]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description: 213-216]; MorrisMo1966 [taxonomy, catalogue: 30, 149, 152-154]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy: 396]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description: 323-324,386-387,527]; Tao1999 [taxonomy: 10,22]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description: 210-211]; TerGri1964a [taxonomy, description: 861]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description: 119,134]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description: 7, 32-34]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description: 35, 37, 265-266]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description: 589-591]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description: 43, 345-349]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description: 157]; Xie1998 [taxonomy: 83]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description: 148, 161].
Phenacoccus abditus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus abditus Borchsenius, 1949: 226. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Stalinavada, on Cynodon dactylon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Caulococcus abditus; Borchsenius, 1960c: 49. Change of combination.
HOST: Gramineae: Cynodon dactylon [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [Kozar1984, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 303-304]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 226-227]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 47-49]; Kozar1984 [host, distribution: 128]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 422].
Phenacoccus acericola KingNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus acericola King, 1902e: 211. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Springfield, on maple. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material not located, see Ferris, 1950b.
Phenacoccus acericus; Ferris, 1953a: 395. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: maple mealybug [Koszta1996].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis binotata [Koszta1996], Hyperaspis signata [Koszta1996]. ENCYRTIDAE Apheliniidae: Coccophagus lycimnia [Koszta1996]. HYMENOPRTERA Encyrtidae: Blastothrix sericea [Koszta1996]. HYMENOPTERA Coccinellidae: Tetrastichus minutus [Koszta1996]. Encyrtidae: Acerophagus coccois [Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Koszta1996], Acer platanoides [Koszta1996], Acer saccharinum [Ferris1950b, Koszta1996], Acer saccharum [Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Connecticut [Koszta1996], Illinois [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Indiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Kentucky [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Maine [Koszta1996], Maryland [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Massachusetts [King1902e, BenDov1994], New Jersey [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New York [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Ohio [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Pennsylvania [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Rhode Island [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Tennessee [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996], Wisconsin [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: The females and their ovisacs are usually found on the underside of leaves. Rau (1942) reported that eggs overwinter in Northeastern North USA. Miller (1985b) reported on two or three annual generations on sugar maple in USA, Ohio; nymphs overwinter in bark crevices; in early spring they move to the leaves, and the adults migrate to bark to mate; oviposition takes place on underside of leaves.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Kosztarab (1996).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Johnson & Lyon (1988).
SYSTEMATICS: Some early records of P. acericola from North America were probably misidentifications of P. aceris Signoret.
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 153 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 304]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-125]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy: 397]; JohnsoLy1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration]; King1902e [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 211-212]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control: 153-155].
Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus farinosus alni De Geer, 1776: 442. Unavailable name.
Coccus farinosus Gmelin, 1790: 2220. Unavailable name.
Gossyparia farinosus Signoret, 1875b: 21. Unavailable name.
Pseudococcus mespili Signoret, 1875b: 333. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, on Mespilus germanica. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 251. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 251.
Pseudococcus aceris Signoret, 1875c: 329. Type data: FRANCE: Chambery (Savoie) on Carpinus, Tilia and Aesculus; on 'sycomore' or 'erable' (= Acer pseudoplatanus), no locality indicated. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust.
Pseudococcus aesculi Signoret, 1875c: 330. Type data: FRANCE: Paris, on Aesculus hippocastanum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 251. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 250.
Pseudococcus hederae Signoret, 1875c: 332. Type data: FRANCE: Herault, Montpellier, on 'lierres' (= Hedera helix). Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 251.
Pseudococcus platani Signoret, 1875c: 334. Type data: FRANCE: Haute-Savoie, Annecy, on Platanus orientalis. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 252. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 251.
Pseudococcus aceris; Comstock, 1881a: 345. Notes: This name has been used incorrectly by most authors since 1758, until De Lotto (1958) clarified that it was wrongly applied and associated with the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti).
Pseudococcus ulicis Douglas, 1888a: 88. Type data: ENGLAND: Exeter, probably on furze [= Ulex]. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 176. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Ben-Dov, 1994. Cited as Pseudococcus vitis (Niediel.) - Unavailabale Name.
Pseudococcus ulmi Douglas, 1888b: 124. Type data: ENGLAND: London, on Ulex europaeus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 176.
Pseudococcus quercus Douglas, 1890a: 154. Type data: ENGLAND: Hereford, on Quercus robur. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 176.
Pulvinaria ribesiae; Douglas, 1890b: 240. Misidentification; discovered by Newstead, 1903.
Pseudococcus socius Newstead, 1892: 144. Type data: ENGLAND: Yorkshire, Wakefield, on black currant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Newstead, 1903: 177.
Phenacoccus aceris; Cockerell, 1896b: 324. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus aesculi; Cockerell, 1896b: 324. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus platani; Cockerell, 1896b: 324. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus quercus; Cockerell, 1896b: 324. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus socius; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus ulicis; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus ulmi; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus mespili; Cockerell, 1899j: 264. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus ? farinosus Cockerell, 1899j: 264. Unavailable name. Notes: Author incorrectly cited.
Phenacoccus (Paroudablis) socius; Cockerell, 1900f: 87.
Dactylopius vagabundus Reh, 1903: 305. Type data: GERMANY: on apple. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1912b: 366.
Phenacoccus ? farinosus Fernald, 1903b: 91. Unavailable name.
Dactylopius vagabundus; Reh, 1904: 36.
Phaenacoccus aceris; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 260. Misspelling of genus name.
Phenacoccus polyphagus Borchsenius, 1949: 213. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, Vladivostok, on ash tree [= Fraxinus excelsior]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 124. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Danzig, 1970: 1016.
Phenacoccus mespili; Borchsenius, 1949: 220.
Phenacoccus aceris; Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 35.
Phenacoccus mespili; Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 35. Notes: Incorrect citation of author.
Phenacoccus gorgasalicus Hadzibejli, 1960b: 304. Type data: GEORGIA: Tbilisi, Botanical Gardens, on Quercus hartwissiana and Q. iberica. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, and Tbilisi: Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection, Georgia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 2003: 331.
Phenacoccus prunicola Borchsenius, 1962a: 232. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Dali, on Armeniaca sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1970: 1016.
Phenacoccus aceris; Schmutterer, 1980: 50.
Spinococcus gorgosalicus; Tang, 1992: 554. Misspelling of species name.
Spinococcus gorgasalicus; Tang, 1992: 559. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus gorgasalicus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 320. Revived combination.
Phenacoccus mespili; Ben-Dov, 1994: xxx.
COMMON NAMES: apple mealybug [Bartle1978e, Koszta1996]; polyphagous tree mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus [Tzalev1972, BenDov1994]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Leucospis sileciaca [Tzalev1972]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus fujikona [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus shoenherri [Tzalev1972, Hadzib1983], Aphycus apicalis (Dalman) [Hadzib1983, Trjapi1989, Yasnos2001], Aphycus hazibejliae Trjapitzin [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989, Yasnos2001], Aphycus shutovae [Trjapi1989], Cerapteroceroides japonicus [Trjapi1989], Cheiloneurus phenacocci [Trjapi1989], Leptomastidea bifasciata [Trjapi1989], Microterys chalcostomus (Dalman) [Schmut1955b], Prochiloneurus nagasakiensis [Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus clavatus [Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus phenacocci Yasnosh [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989, Yasnos2001]. Eucyrtidae: Encyrtus chalcostomus [Tzalev1972, BenDov1994]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa utilis Muesebeck [MarshaPi1944, Moore1988].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer [Tzalev1968, Marott1987a, Hadzib1983, KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994, Koszta1996, UygunSeEr1998], Acer campestre [TerGri1962, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Acer negundo [Paik1978, Komosi1986a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Acer platanoides [Schmut1952, Danzig1959, KotejaZa1969, Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Acer pseudoplatanus [Schmut1952, Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Acer saccharinum [Komosi1986, BenDov1994]. Actinidiaceae: Actinidia [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Hedera [Tranfa1976], Hedera colhica [Hadzib1983], Hedera helix [Signor1875b, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, BenDovMa1995], Hedera pastuchovi [Hadzib1983]. Betulaceae: Alnus glutinosa [Schmut1952, Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Alnus incana [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Betula [Koszta1996, KaydanKiKo2005], Betula pendula [TerGri1962, BenDov1994], Betula pubescens [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Betula verucosa [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]. Buxaceae: Buxus sempervirens [Willia1962, BenDov1994]. Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera caprifolium [TerGri1962, BenDov1994], Lonicera tatarica [Danzig1959, BenDov1994]. Carpinaceae: Carpinus betulus [Schmut1952, Willia1962, Hadzib1983, BenDov1994], Carpinus caucasicus [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]. Cornaceae: Cornus [Koszta1996], Cornus mas [TerGri1962, BenDov1994], Thelycrania australis [TerGri1962, BenDov1994]. Corylaceae: Corylus avellana [Schmut1952, KotejaZa1966, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo [PellizFo1996, Foldi2000]. Fagaceae: Castanea sativa [Goux1931a, Willia1962, BenDov1994], Fagus sylvatica [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Quercus [Dougla1890a, Hadzib1983, BenDov1994], Quercus cerris [Kozar1999a], Quercus chrysolepis [Essig1909a], Quercus hartwissiana [Hadzib1960b, BenDov1994], Quercus iberica [Hadzib1960b, BenDov1994], Quercus ilex [PellizFo1996], Quercus pubescens [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994], Quercus robur [Schmut1952, Komosi1986, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994], Quercus suber [MazzeoLoRu1994], Quercus turneri [KozarGuBa1994]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes nigrum [Kozar1980, BenDov1994]. Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hippocastanum [Signor1875b, Marcha1908, Schmut1952, KozarOrKo1977, Komosi1986, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994], Pavia rubra [Schmut1952]. Juglandaceae: Juglans regia [TerGri1962, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]. Leguminosae: Caragana arborescens [Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Cytisus [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Laburnum [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Robinia pseudacacia [Kozar1980, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Ulex minor. Legumiosae: Caragana [Tzalev1968]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [KaydanKiKo2005], Ficus sycomorus [BenDov1994]. Myricaceae: Myrica gale [Willia1962, BenDov1994]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [Tzalev1968, TerGri1969, BenDov1994], Fraxinus americana [KaydanKiKo2005], Fraxinus excelsior [Schmut1952, Tzalev1968, Koteja1971a, Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Fraxinus pennsylvanica [Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Fraxinus rhynchophylla [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Platanaceae: Platanus orientalis [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]. Rosaceae: Amygdalus communis [Kozar1980, BenDov1994], Armeniaca [Borchs1962b, BenDov1994], Cerasus vulgaris [Marcha1908, BenDov1994], Cotoneaster [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, Koszta1996, KaydanKiKo2005], Crataegus [Tzalev1968, KaydanKiKo2005], Crataegus oxyacantha [Schmut1952, Danzig1959, BenDov1994], Cydonia [Tzalev1968], Cydonia japonica [Tzalev1968, KaydanKiKo2005], Cydonia sinensis [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Malus [Koszta1996], Malus communis [KaydanKiKo2005], Malus domestica [Danzig1959, Kozar1980, Hadzib1983, BenDov1994], Malus orientalis [TerGri1973, Hadzib1983, BenDov1994], Malus pumila [Paik1978, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994], Malus sylvestris [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Mespilus germanica [Signor1875b, TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Padus [Kozar1985a, BenDov1994], Persica vulgaris [Willia1962, BenDov1994], Prunus [KozarHuFo1989], Prunus [Schmut1952], Prunus communis [Schmut1952, KaydanKiKo2005], Prunus domestica [KotejaZa1966, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Prunus persica [Schmut1952, KaydanKiKo2005], Prunus spinosa [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Pyrus communis [KaydanKiKo2005], Rosa [Koszta1996], Rubus [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Sorbaria [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Sorbus aucuparia [Willia1962, Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Spiraea [Danzig1978, BenDov1994]. Salicaceae: Salix [Danzig1978a], Salix arenaria [Koteja1971a, BenDov1994], Salix caprea [Schmut1952], Salix pentandra [KozarDr1991, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Eurya japonica montana [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Tilia [Kozar1985a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Tilia caucasica [TerGri1962, BenDov1994], Tilia cordata [Danzig1959, Komosi1986, Koteja1971a, BenDov1994], Tilia euchlora [Komosi1986, BenDov1994], Tilia platyphyllos [Schmut1952, KotejaZa1966, Komosi1986, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994]. Ulmaceae: Celtis willdenowiana [Paik1978, BenDov1994], Ulmus [KozarHuFo1989, Koszta1996], Ulmus campestris [Schmut1952], Ulmus laevis [KozarDr1991, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis adoratissima [Schmut1952], Vitis vinifera [Schmut1952, Kozar1980, BenDov1994, Foldi2000]. HYMENOPTERA Platygasteridae: Allotropa ashmeadi [Mueseb1939].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [Ferris1950b, KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994], Nova Scotia [Gillia1935, Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Maine [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Afghanistan [KozarFoZa1996]; Armenia [TerGri1956, TerGri1969, BenDov1994]; Austria [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [Tzalev1968, KosztaKo1988F]; China [Borchs1962a, BenDov1994] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Corsica [Foldi2003]; Czech Republic [Sulc1943, BenDov1994]; Denmark [KozarzRe1975, BenDov1994]; France [Signor1875b, Goux1931, Goux1933a, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1960b, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001, Hadzib1983]); Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, KozarDr1991, BenDov1994, Kozar1999a, KozarKiSa2004]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996]; Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994]; Italy [Tranfa1976, Marott1987a, LongoMaRu1989, LongoRuMa1991, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995, PellizFo1996]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Latvia [Rasina1955, Rasina1959, BenDov1994]; Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Netherlands [Reyne1957, BenDov1994]; North Korea [Kanda1941a, Danzig1978, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, Komosi1986, Komosi1986a, Komosi1987]; Romania; Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1978, BenDov1994], Tatarstan (=Tatar) AR [Kozar1985a, BenDov1994], Voronoezh Oblast [Gavril2003a], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); Sardinia [PellizFo1996]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997]; South Korea [KwonDaPa2003]; Sweden [Ossian1959, BenDov1994, Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [KosztaKo1988F, KozarGuBa1994]; Turkey [Bodenh1953a, BenDov1994, UygunSeEr1998, KaydanULZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Dougla1888a, BenDov1994], Scotland [Willia1962, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Green (1915a) observed fully developed females (with their conspicuous ovisacs) in England at June; the reproducing female were observed to migrate from the host plant, upon which they developed, to surrounding plants. Life history, natural enemies and associated ants discussed by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988F). Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978). Parasites in the Palaearctic region discussed by Trjapitzin (1989). Biology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya (1992). Kosztarab (1996) reported that in Northeastern North America it is a bisexual species; develops one annual generation; second instar nymphs overwinter in bark crevices; migrate to leaves in early spring; adults appear in late spring to early summer; first instars appear in July, feed and leaves; second instar nymphs migrate in fall to the bark. Occuring on the bark of trunk and branches of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Marchal (1908), Ferris (1950b), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Paik (1978), Danzig (1980b), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F), Kosztarab (1996) and by Danzig (2003). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description of the adult female given by Sulc (1943), Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Records of this species prior to 1902 from North America probably refer to P. acericola King (see Ferris, 1950b). Fernald (1903b:93) indicates that Douglas' (1890b) record of Pulvinaria ribesiae Signoret (family Coccidae), is a misidentification of P. aceris. De Geer (1776: 442, Plate 28, Figs. 16-22) described Coccus farinosus alni from alder in Europe. Subsequent authors (Signoret, 1875a; Cockerell, 1898c) accepted it as mealybug, but disputed its identity. However, De Geer (1776) contains many polynominals, and is hence an unvailable work for nomenclatural purposes. Lindinger (1912) suggested that De Geer's species is conspecific with Ph. aceris Signoret. Signoret attributed Pseudococcus mespili to Geoffroy, but Opinion 228 (1954) placed the book by Geoffroy (1762) on the Official List of invalid works in zoology. Consequently, Chermes mespili Geoffroy is an unvailable name, and Pseudococcus mespili Signoret is the senior synonym of this species. In addition, Cockerell (1899j) noted that Geoffroy's description refers to a Coccidae.Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1960b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
SYSTEMATICS: Reh (1903: 305) introduced the binomen Dactylopius vagabundus for the description of a scale insect named 'Zottenschildlausen' by Schilling, 1897: 248.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug is supposed to be of European origin where occasionally becomes a pest on ornamental or fruit trees (Newstead, 1903; Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F). Has been introduced into North America at the beginning of the 20th century, and became established as a pest of rosaceous fruit trees in Maine, British Columbia, Nova Scotia and California (Turnbull & Chant, 1961; Bartlett, 1978). Komosinska (1986a, 1986b, 1987a, 1987b) quantified the distribution and occurence on various ornamental and forest trees in Warsaw, Poland. Occasionally a pest of Malus and Fraxinus (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988).
KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [Korea]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Kosztarab 1996: 155 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Tang 1992: 529, 530 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [Central Europe]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia]; McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 238 (female) [North America]; Williams 1962: 34 (female) [England]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 120 (female) [North America]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Baird1958 [host, distribution, biological control: 483-485]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 148-149]; Beirne1975 [biological control, host, distribution: 225-236]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 304-306,320,332]; Bodenh1943 [host, distribution: 16-17]; Bodenh1953 [host, distribution: 122]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy: 137, 173, 175, 178]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history: 212-214, 219-221]; Borchs1962a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 232-233]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 139]; Chacho1967 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 728-730]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 324, 325]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 264]; Cocker1900b [taxonomy: 87]; Comsto1881a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 345]; Danzig1959 [host, distribution: 445]; Danzig1970 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 1016-17]; Danzig1978 [host, distribution: 9-10]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 74]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 124-126]; Danzig1995 [taxonomy, life history, structure: 19-24]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 331-333]; DeGeer1776 [taxonomy: 442]; Demeye2004 [distribution, virus: 18-19]; Dougla1888a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88]; Dougla1888b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 124]; Dougla1890a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154]; Dougla1890b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 36]; FengChYe1999 [economic importance, chemistry: 515-518]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 91]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-128]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 109]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 523]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 149]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Gillia1935 [host, distribution, economic importance: 161-164]; Gillia1936 [host, distribution: 133]; Gmelin1790 [taxonomy: 2220]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 235]; Green1915a [host, distribution, life history: 180]; Hadzib1960b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 304-306]; Hadzib1983 [host, distribution, biological control: 77-78, 78-79]; HakkonPi1984 [biological control: 1109-1121]; Hawkin1994 [biological control: 3]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 75]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KaydanULZe2004 [host, distribution: 221]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 260-261]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; Kobakh1965 [biological control: 323-330]; KohlerEi2005 [host, distribution: 161]; Komosi1986 [host, distribution: 4]; Komosi1986a [host, distribution: 14]; Komosi1987 [host, distribution: 96]; Komosi1987a [host, distribution: 106]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 155-157]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 123-125, 130-131]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 321]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 317]; KotejaZa1969 [host, distribution: 361]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 673]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarDr1991 [host, distribution: 362]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution: 93]; KozarzRe1975 [host, distribution: 11]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 114-116]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy: 366]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; LongoMaRu1989 [host, distribution: 170]; LongoRu1990 [host, distribution: 114]; LongoRuMa1991 [host, distribution: 183-184]; MacPheCaVa1976 [biological control: 337-358]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 239-242]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-89]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Marsha1942 [host, distribution, chemical control: 727-732]; Marsha1952 [host, distribution, economic importance: 25-31]; Marsha1953 [host, distribution, economic importance: 7-11]; MarshaPi1944 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 91]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 109-110]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 203]; McLeod1954 [host, distribution, biological control: 19-27]; McLeod1962 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-33]; Moore1988 [biological control: 213]; Mueseb1939 [host, distribution, biological control: 158-160]; Newste1892 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-145]; Newste1903 [taxonomy: 176]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Patter1966 [host, distribution, chemical control: 1430-1435]; PellizFo1996 [host, distribution: 125]; PicketPuLe1958 [host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 169-174]; Podsia1981a [biological control: 159-162]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 68-69]; Rasina1959 [host, distribution: 110]; Reh1903 [taxonomy: 305]; Reh1904 [taxonomy: 36]; Reyne1957 [host, distribution: 18]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution: 396]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 517]; Schmut1980 [taxonomy: 50]; SentenKu2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 247-252]; SforzaBoGr2003 [economic importance, virus, host, distribution: 975-981]; SforzaGr2000 [host, distribution, economic importance: 46-50]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 852, 861]; Signor1875b [taxonomy: 21]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 329-330, 333-334]; Sulc1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-52]; Szulcz1926 [host, distribution: 137-143]; Szulcz1949 [distribution: 219-224]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 530-531,559]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22-23]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-217, 216-219]; TerGri1956 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 35, 36]; TerGri1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-130]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 53]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-140, 140-143]; Tranfa1976 [host, distribution: 137]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 53, 55, 134, 135, 14]; TurnbuCh1961 [economic importance, biological control: 697-753]; Tzalev1968 [host, distribution: 207]; Tzalev1972 [host, distribution, biological control: 81]; UlgentCa2004 [host, distribution: 79-84]; UygunSeEr1998 [host, distribution: 183-191]; Walker1852 [taxonomy: 1082]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 34-35]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 88-89]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440]; YasumaNa1957 [life history, ecology: 203-219].
Phenacoccus alienus De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus alienus De Lotto, 1961: 217. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Middleburg, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Gramineae [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1961, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1961).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 306]; DeLott1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 217-218].
Phenacoccus alleni McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus alleni McKenzie, 1964: 243. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, East Morongo Valley, on Hymenocloa salsola. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus nonarius McKenzie, 1964: 253. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, East Morongo Valley, on Hymenoclea salsola. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1967: 216.
COMMON NAME: Allen mealybug [McKenz1964, McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Compositae: Franseria dumosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hymenoclea salsola [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]. Loasaceae: Petalonyx thurberi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Sphaeralcea orcutii [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occuring on the leaves and twigs of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964, 1967).
KEYS: Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 214-215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 306]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-245]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 216-219].
Phenacoccus alonim Ben-DovNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus alonim Ben-Dov, 1991: 11. Type data: ISRAEL: Alone Aba Nature Reserve, on Quercus ithaburensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Centre, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Fagaceae: Quercus ithaburensis [BenDov1991, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Israel [BenDov1991, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1991).
CITATIONS: BenDov1991 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 11-13]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 307].
Phenacoccus alticola BazarovNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus alticola Bazarov, 1967a: 61. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Pamir, Zor-Kul, on Elymus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Euripersia alticola; Tang, 1992: 447. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus alticola; Ben-Dov, 1994: 307. Revived combination.
HOST: Gramineae: Elymus [Bazaro1967a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1967a, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1967a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 446 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].
CITATIONS: Bazaro1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 307]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 447-448].
Phenacoccus americanus King & CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus americanae King & Cockerell, 1897: 91. Type data: U.S.A.: Massachusetts, Andover, under a stone in nest of Lasius americanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Massachusetts [KingCo1897, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living under rocks in nest of ants, Lasius americanus.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by King & Cockerell (1897).
SYSTEMATICS: No material of this species is available in major collections of scale insects (Kosztarab, 1996). Nevertheless, this is a valid species.
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 307]; KingCo1897 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 91]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy: 157].
Phenacoccus angophorae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus angophorae Williams, 1985: 266. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Cowan, on Angophora sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Angophora [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 266 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 307]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 266-267].
Phenacoccus angustatus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus angustatus Borchsenius, 1949: 222. Type data: KYRGYZSTAN and TADZHIKISTAN: on Sorghum sp. and Cynodon dactylon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Caulococcus angustatus; Borchsenius, 1960c: 47. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus angustatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 307. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Gramineae: Cynodon dactylon [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Phleum phleoides [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Sorghum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Good illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1960c).
KEYS: Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 307]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 222-223]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47-49]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 109]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 422-423].
Phenacoccus arambourgi BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus arambourgi Balachowsky, 1954b: 110. Type data: LEBANON: Barrouk, on Cedrus libanotica ssp. libani. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Pinaceae: Cedrus libanotica libani [Balach1954b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Lebanon [Balach1954b, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1954b).
KEYS: Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Balach1954b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-114]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 308].
Phenacoccus arctophilus (Wang)NOMENCLATURE:
Paroudablis arctophilus Wang, 1979a: 460. Type data: CHINA: Beijing, on Rehmannia glutinosa and R. glutinosa var. huaichingensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus arctophilus; Tang, 1992: 532. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Scrophulariaceae: Rehmannia glutinosa [Wang1979a, BenDov1994], Rehmannia glutinosa huaichingensis [Wang1979a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Wang1979a, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Wang (1979a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 308]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 532]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22]; Wang1979a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 460-461].
Phenacoccus artemisiae EhrhornNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus artemisiae Ehrhorn, 1900: 313. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, near Mountain View, on Artemisia californica. Syntypes, both sexes. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
COMMON NAMES: artemisia mealybug [McKenz1967]; Artemisia mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Compositae: Artemisia californica [Ehrhor1900, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Lotus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ehrhor1900, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and small twigs of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 26 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 308]; Ehrhor1900 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 313, 317]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-130]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 219-221].
Phenacoccus arthrophyti ArchangelskayaNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus arthrophytoni Archangelskaya, 1930: 78. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Repetek, on Arthrophytum ammodendron. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Phenacoccus arthrophyti; Archangelskaya, 1931: 74. Justified emendation.
Euripersia arthrophyti; Tang, 1992: 449. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus artophyti; Tang, 1992: 449. Misspelling of species name.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus diversicornis Mercet [Trjapi1989], Anagyrus haloxyli Sugonjaev [Trjapi1989], Echthroplexiella gallarum Sugonjaev [Trjapi1989], Eremophasma eremobium Sugonjaev [Trjapi1989], Prochiloneurus bolivari Mercet [Trjapi1989], Rhopus olgae Myartseva [Trjapi1989].
HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Haloxylon ammodendron [Archan1930, BenDov1994], Haloxylon aphyllum [Danzig1969, BenDov1994], Haloxylon persicum [Danzig1968b, BenDov1994], Salsola [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1969, Danzig1972b, Danzig1974, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig1968b, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [Archan1930, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: This mealybug lives as an inquiline insect in galls of leafhoppers of the genus Caillardia (C. notata, C. robusta) on Haloxylon spp. (Danzig, 1968b, 1969).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Archan1930 [host, distribution, economic importance: 78]; Archan1931 [taxonomy: 74]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 308]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 232-233]; Danzig1968 [host, distribution: 844]; Danzig1969 [host, distribution: 1579]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 332]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 68]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 449]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 132, 137, 141, 160,].
Phenacoccus asphodeli GouxNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus asphodeli Goux, 1942: 33. Type data: FRANCE: Hyeres (Var), on Asphodelus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta, Russo & Matile-Ferrero, 1997: 436. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
HOSTS: Compositae: Carlina acaulis [MarottRuMa1997]. Liliaceae: Asphodelus [Goux1942, BenDov1994], Asphodelus microcarpus [MarottRuMa1997].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Goux1942, MarottRuMa1997, Foldi2001]; Sardinia [Pelliz2003]; Sicily [MarottRuMa1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1942) and by Marotta et al. (1997). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph given by Goux (1942).
KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 308-309]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 139]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Goux1942 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 33-40]; MarottRuMa1997 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 436-439]; Pelliz2003 [host, distribution: 100-101].
Phenacoccus asteri TakahashiNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus asteri Takahashi, 1932: 43. Type data: TAIWAN: Taihoku, on Aster lauruleanus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Entomology Collection, Taiwan. Described: female.
Puto asteri; Tang, 1992: 405. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus asteri; Ben-Dov, 1994: 309. Revived combination.
HOST: Compositae: Aster lauruleanus [Takaha1932, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1932, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Takahashi (1932). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 309]; Takaha1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 43-45]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 405-406]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 26].
Phenacoccus atubulatus Wu, S.A.NOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus atubulatus Wu, S.A., 2001: xxx. Type data: CHINA: Ningxia Hui, Dabu Forest, on Cynanchum komarovii. Holotype. Type depository: XXXX. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Ningxia (=Ningsia)).
Phenacoccus avenae BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus avenae Borchsenius, 1949: 217. Type data: ARMENIA: on oats. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Miller, 1985: 672. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Caulococcus avenae; Borchsenius, 1960c: 49. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus avenae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 309. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: oat mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Amaryllidaceae: Galanthus elwesii [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Leucojum [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Narcissus [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Sternbergia [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994]. Apiaceae: Bifora radians [KaydanKiKo2005]. Boraginaceae: Echium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Compositae: Carduus pycnophelus [KaydanKiKo2005], Centaurea [KaydanKiKo2005], Lactuca [KaydanKiKo2005]. Cruciferae: Diplotaxis tenuifolia [KaydanKiKo2005], Sisymbrium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Gramineae: Agrostis [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Avena [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, KaydanKiKo2005], Avena fatua [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Bromus inermis [KaydanKiKo2005], Cynodon dactylon [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Hordeum murinum [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Poa bulbosa [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Crocus [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Freesia [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Gladiolus [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Iris germanica [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Lamium [KaydanKiKo2005], Stachys [KaydanKiKo2005]. Liliaceae: Fritillaria [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Hyacinthus azureus [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Scilla bifolia [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Scilla luciliae [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Tulipa [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994], Urginea maritima [BenDov1987, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Galium [KaydanKiKo2005].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Israel [BenDov1987, BenDov1994]; Italy [MarottTr1990, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Netherlands [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994]; Turkey [WilliaMi1985, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig2003]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots, corms and rhizomes of various ornamental plants and inside the leaf sheaths of grasses.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Williams & Miller (1985) and by Danzig (2003). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992). Description of female third-instar nymph by Ter-Grigorian (1973).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Occuring on plants of economic importance to horticulture. Frequenly intercepted on corms and rhizomes imported into Britain and the U.S.A. (Williams & Miller, 1985).
KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [Central Europe]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 136 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1987 [host, distribution: 115]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 309]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 217-219]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 49]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 139]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 345-347]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 125-126]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1992a [host, distribution: 83-84]; MarottTr1990 [host, distribution: 109]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 532-533]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 87]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 168-170]; WilliaMi1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 671-674].
Phenacoccus avetianae BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus avetianae Borchsenius, 1949: 230. Type data: ARMENIA: on unidentified plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
HOSTS: Gramineae: Agropyron [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Festuca [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Poa bulbosa [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Medicago [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Trifolium [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 528 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 309]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, illustration: 230-231]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 533-534]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 89]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 153-157].
Phenacoccus azaleae KuwanaNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus azaleae Kuwana, 1914: 1. Type data: JAPAN: Locality not indicated, on Azalea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Ibarakiken: Insect Taxonomy Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Konnon-dai, Yatabe, Tsukuba-shi, (I. Kuwana) Japan. Described: female.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Coccinella septempunctata L. [XieZhGu2001], Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) [XieZhGu2001]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus schoenherri Westwood [XieZhTa2004], Cheiloneurus phenacocci [Trjapi1989], Syrphophagus aphidivorus (Mayr) [XieZhTa2004].
HOSTS: Ericaceae: Azalea [Kuwana1914, BenDov1994], Rhododendron [Paik1978, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Prunus salicina [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus macrocarpa [TangLi1988, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Gansu (=Kansu) [XieLiMi1998], Hebei (=Hopei) [XieLiMi1998], Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988], Shandong (=Shantung) [XieLiMi1998], Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998], Shanxi (=Shansi) [XieLiMi1998]); Japan [Kuwana1914]; South Korea [Kanda1941a].
BIOLOGY: Develops one annual generation in China (Xie et al., 1998)
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kuwana (1917), Kanda (1935), Paik (1978), Tang & Li (1988) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Reported as a destructive pest in Bunge Pricklyash forest in China (Xie et al. 1998).
KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [Korea]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Kanda 1943a: 43 (female) [Japan].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 309-310]; Kanda1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 276-288]; Kanda1941a [host, distribution: 300-301]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 8]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 95]; Kuwana1914 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1-2]; Kuwana1917a [taxonomy: 170]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 116]; Paik1978 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 534-535, 741]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-49]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 22-23]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 305]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 89-92]; XieLiMi1998 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 420-423]; XieXuTa2004 [host, distribution: 116-122]; XieZhGu2001 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control: 377-382]; XieZhTa2004 [host, distribution, biological control: 28-31].
Phenacoccus baccharidis WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus baccharidis Williams, 1987c: 338. Type data: BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, on Baccharis dracunculifolia. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Compositae: Baccharis dracunculifolia [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1987c) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 310]; Willia1987c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 338-340]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 349-351].
Phenacoccus balachowskyi SavescuNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus balachowskyi Savescu, 1984: 150. Type data: ROMANIA: Tulcea District, Badabag, on Agropyron intermedium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Gramineae: Agropyron intermedium [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 310]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-153].
Phenacoccus balagnus BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus (Trionymus) balagnus Balachowsky, 1933a: 42. Type data: FRANCE: Corsica, Ile Rousse, on Ammophila arenaria. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
Erium balagnum; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus balagnus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 310. Revived combination.
HOST: Gramineae: Ammophila arenaria [Balach1933a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Balach1933a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001ú].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1933a).
CITATIONS: Balach1933a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 42-43]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 310]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122].
Phenacoccus basorae BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus basorae Bodenheimer, 1943: 17. Type data: IRAQ: Basra, on Cynodon dactylon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Centre, Israel. Described: female.
HOST: Gramineae: Cynodon dactylon [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 310]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 17].
Phenacoccus bazarovi Ben-DovNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus eugeniae Bazarov, 1967a: 60. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Pamir, Zor-Kul, on Elymus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Homonym of Phenacoccus eugeniae Takahashi.
Euripersia eugeniae; Tang, 1992: 451. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus bazarovi Ben-Dov, 1994: 310. Replacement name for Phenacoccus eugeniae Bazarov.
HOSTS: Gramineae: Elymus [Bazaro1967a, BenDov1994], Elymus angustus [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1972b, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1967a, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1967a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan].
CITATIONS: Bazaro1967a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-63]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 310]; Danzig1972b [host, distribution: 332]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 451].
Phenacoccus bengalensis Pramanik & GhoseNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus bengalensis Pramanik & Ghose, 1999: 49. Type data: INDIA: West Bengal, Barasat, on Cestrum nocturnum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Calcutta: Department of Zoology, Calcutta University, West Bengal, India. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Solanaceae: Cestrum nocturnum [PramanGh1999, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (West Bengal [PramanGh1999, Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Pramanik & Ghose (1999).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: MishraMuPr2004 [host, distribution, life history: 155-159]; PramanGh1999 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-52]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 591].
Phenacoccus bicerarius BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus bicerarius Borchsenius, 1949: 225. Type data: ARMENIA: on Sorghum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Caulococcus bicerarius; Borchsenius, 1960e: 49. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: bicerarian mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Gramineae: Agrostis tenius [KaydanKiKo2005], Avena [KaydanKiKo2005], Corynephorus canescens [Koteja1971a, KotejaZa1979, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [KaydanKiKo2005], Elymus angustus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Festuca [KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994], Lolium [KaydanUlZe2004], Sorghum [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994, MyartsKaPo1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Poland [Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996, GolanLaJa2001]; Russia (Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005]; Turkmenistan [MyartsKaPo1995].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).
KEYS: Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [Central Europe]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 136 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 311]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 225-226]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 49]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 139]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 74-75]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 219-224]; KaydanULZe2004 [host, distribution: 221-222]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 126]; Koteja1971a [host, distribution: 321]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; KotejaZa1979 [host, distribution: 673]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 34]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 110]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 423-424, 698]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 88]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 170-172].
Phenacoccus borchsenii (Matesova)NOMENCLATURE:
Paroudablis borchsenii Matesova, 1957: 167. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Zailisk Ala-Tay Forest, on Picea schrenkiana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus borchsenii; Danzig, 1980: 130. Change of combination.
HOST: Pinaceae: Picea schrenkiana [Mateso1957, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1957, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matesova (1957). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species on firs]; Russo 1994: 281 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 311]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 130]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 536]; Mateso1957 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 167-168]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 535].
Phenacoccus brachipodi (Savescu)NOMENCLATURE:
Paroudablis brachipodi Savescu, 1985: 115. Type data: ROMANIA: Bacau District, Tg. Ocna, on Brachypodium pinnatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus brachipodi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 311. Change of combination.
HOST: Gramineae: Brachypodium pinnatum [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Acceptance of the synonymy of Paroudablis with Phenacoccus (see Danzig, 1980b) necessitates the new combination of this species. Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 311]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 115-117].
Phenacoccus caillardi (Balachowsky)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus (Phenacoccus) caillardi Balachowsky, 1930c: 120. Type data: ALGERIA: Oued-Smar, on Daucus carota. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Umbelliferae: Daucus carota maximus [Balach1930c, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Balach1930c, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Infesting the flowers of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1930c).
CITATIONS: Balach1930c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 120-122]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 311-312].
Phenacoccus cajonensis McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus cajonensis McKenzie, 1967: 221. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, near Cajon, on Eriogonum fasciculatum var. foliolosum. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: cajon mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOST: Polygonaceae: Eriogonum fasciculatum [McKenz1967].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967]).
BIOLOGY: Living under rocks and on the roots of its host plants, sometimes associated with ants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 312]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 221-225].
Phenacoccus capensis FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus capensis Ferris, 1950b: 131. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, La Laguna, on Phyllanthus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Phyllanthus [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Spiraea douglasii [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]); Mexico [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 312]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-132]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351, 352].
Phenacoccus cassiniae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus cassiniae Williams, 1985: 268. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Loer Plenty, on Cassinia arcuata. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Compositae: Cassinia arcuata [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 266 (female) [Australia ].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 312]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-269].
Phenacoccus celtisifoliae HollingerNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus celtisifoliae Hollinger, 1917a: 269. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, on Celtis occidentalis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus picrospinus Ferris, 1950b: 156. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Orange County, Orange County Park, on Photinia arbutifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 397.
COMMON NAMES: celtis mealybug [McKenz1967]; Celtis mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Leguminosae: Lotus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Photinia arbutifolia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Celtis occidentalis [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Missouri [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and stems of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967). This species was redescribed as if new by Hollinger (1923). Adult female redescribed and illustrated by Fe
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 715 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 122 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 312]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 156-157]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 397]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 269]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 47, 48]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 225-227].
Phenacoccus cerasi SavescuNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus cerasi Savescu, 1985: 111. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucarest, Otopeni, on Prunus avium. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rosaceae: Prunus avium [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 312-313]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-112].
Phenacoccus colemani EhrhornNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus colemani Ehrhorn, 1906: 332. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Palo Alto, on Rubus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus tibiaegracilis McKenzie, 1960: 723. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Ventura County, Cuyama, on Garrya sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1967: 227.
COMMON NAMES: Coleman mealybug [McKenz1967]; garrya mealybug [McKenz1960].
HOSTS: Caprifoliaceae: Symphoricarpos albus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Symphoricarpos racemosus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Arctium lappa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Encelia farinosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Dudleya [Miller1973, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Arctostaphylos rudis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Garryaceae: Garrya [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, Miller1971a, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Holodiscus discolor [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994], Rubus [Ehrhor1906, BenDov1994], Rubus vitifolius [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Castilleia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pedicularis densiflora [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994]); United States of America (California [Ehrhor1906, Miller1971a, Miller1973, BenDov1994], Florida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Oregon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Utah [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Commonly found beneath rocks, on roots and associated with ants. Glass (1944) described the stylet penetration and feeding habits.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 715 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 313]; Ehrhor1906 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 332]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-134]; Glass1944 [life history: 3-16]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 722-725]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 227-230]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 299]; Miller1973 [host, distribution: 266].
Phenacoccus convolvuli SavescuNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus convolvuli Savescu, 1985: 112. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanza District, Traian, on Convolvulus cantabrica. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus cantabrica [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 112]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112-114].
Phenacoccus cotyledonis De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus cotyledonis De Lotto, 1964: 366. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Pretoria, on Cotyledon sp. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Crassulaceae: Cotyledon [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 313]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 366].
Phenacoccus crassus Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus crassus Granara de Willink, 1983a: 59. Type data: ARGENTINA: Province of Tucuman, Zone of Trancas, Tapia, on Flaveria bidentis. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Compositae: Flaveria bidentis [Granar1983a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Croton sarcopetalus [Granar2003]. Labiatae: Leonurus sibiricus [Granar2003].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Granar2003], Tucuman [Granar1983a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Found on roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1983a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 313]; Granar1983a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 59-61]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 80]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 351, 353, 354].
Phenacoccus cynodontis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus cynodontis Borchsenius, 1949: 229. Type data: UZBEKISTAN and TADZHIKISTAN: on Cynodon dactylon. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Caulococcus cynodontis; Borchsenius, 1960c: 49. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus cynodontis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 314. Revived combination.
HOST: Gramineae: Cynodon dactylon [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 314]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 229-230]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 49]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 425].
Phenacoccus cyrenaicus FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus cyrenaicus Ferris, 1922a: 209. Type data: LIBYA: El Garib, on undetermined host plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Libya [Ferris1922a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1922a).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 314]; Ferris1922a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 209-210].
Phenacoccus dearnessi KingNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus dearnessi King, 1901e: 180. Type data: CANADA: Ontario, on Crataegus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Miller & Appleby, 1971: 1342. Type depository: New York: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology Collection, New York, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus cockerelli King, 1903b: 195. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Steamboat Springs, on Amelanchier sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 135.
Phenacoccus betheli Cockerell, 1912: 301. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Grand Canon, on Amelanchier. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA, and Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 135.
Phenacoccus regnillhoi Hollinger, 1917a: 269. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri, Boone County, near Columbia, on Ostra virginiana. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 397. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Miller & Appleby, 1971.
COMMON NAME: two-circuli mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Carpinaceae: Ostrya virginiana [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Amelanchier pallida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cotoneaster apiculata [MillerAp1971, BenDov1994], Crataegus [King1901e, MillerAp1971, BenDov1994], Cydonia [Koszta1996], Prunus havardi [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Ontario [King1901e, BenDov1994]); United States of America (Arizona [Cocker1912, BenDov1994], California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Colorado [King1903b, BenDov1994], Illinois [MillerAp1971, BenDov1994], Indiana [Koszta1996], Kansas [Koszta1996], Maine [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Michigan, Michigan [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Missouri [Hollin1917a, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], North Dakota [Koszta1996], Ohio [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], Wisconsin [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the twigs and stems of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967) and by Miller & Appleby (1971). Good description and illustration of the adult male given by Miller & Appleby (1971). Good description and illustration of the immature stages of female and male given by Miller & Appleby (1971). Hollinger (1923) redescribed the same species, as if a new species. Miller & Appleby (1971) question the synonymy of P. regnillhoi with P. dearnessi.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species may cause disfiguration of nursery plants (Miller & Appleby, 1971).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 157 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 238 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 120 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 314]; Cocker1912 [host, distribution: 301]; CranshJeSc2000 [life history, economic importance, control: 225-229]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-136]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 397]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 269]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51]; King1901e [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 180]; King1903b [taxonomy, host, distribution: 195]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 157-159]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231-232]; MillerAp1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 1342-1357]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29].
Phenacoccus defectus FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus defectus Ferris, 1950b: 137. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Permanente Creek, on Eriophyllum confertiflorum. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: imperfect mealybug.
HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Ambrosia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriophyllum confertiflorum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Helianthus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Tetradymia spinosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Sedum palmeri [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sempervivum tectorum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Gramineae [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Labiatae: Monardella [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Lupinus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum umbellaatum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: France [new].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage, crowns and roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 315]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 137-138]; GermaiMa2006 [host, distribution: 402]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 231, 233, 234]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354, 355].
Phenacoccus destitutus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus destitutus McKenzie, 1967: 235. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Modoc County, near Cedarville, on Eriogonum latifolium var. saxicola. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: destitute mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOST: Polygonaceae: Eriogonum latifolium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 314-315]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235-236].
Phenacoccus dicoriae McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus dicoriae McKenzie, 1961: 28. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, near Garnet, on Dicoria canescens. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: dicoria mealybug [McKenz1961, McKenz1967]; Dicoria mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Compositae: Dicoria canescens [McKenz1961, BenDov1994], Franseria dumosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1961, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the leaves and stems of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 315]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 28-30]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 235, 237, 238].
Phenacoccus discadenatus DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus discadenatus Danzig, 1978b: 128. Type data: RUSSIA: Yakutia-Sakha (= Yakut) AR, Batagay, on Poa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Euripersia discadenatus; Tang, 1992: 450. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus discadentatus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 315. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Gramineae: Agropyron cristatum [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994], Poa [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978b, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1978b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 315]; Danzig1978b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 128-132]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 450].
Phenacoccus divaricatus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus divaricatus Williams, 2004a: 592. Type data: PAKISTAN: Ghari, Duppatta, on Olea cuspidata; collected 12.v.1968. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Oleaceae: Olea cuspidata [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]); Pakistan [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 592-594].
Phenacoccus echeveriae McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus echeveriae McKenzie, 1960: 715. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, near Hemet, on Echeveria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: echeveria mealybug [McKenz1960]; Echeveria mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Crassulaceae: Echeveria [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Lupinus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Nevada [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1961, 1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 315]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 715-717]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 238-240].
Phenacoccus ejinensis Tang in Tang & LiNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus ejinensis Tang in Tang & Li, 1988: 50. Type data: CHINA: Inner Mongolia, Ejin Banner, on Oxytropis glabra. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
Caulococcus ejinensis; Tang, 1992: 425. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus ejinensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 315. Revived combination.
HOST: Leguminosae: Oxytropis glabra [TangLi1988, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 315-316]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 425-426]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 50-53]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10].
Phenacoccus eleabius SilvestriNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus eleabius Silvestri, 1915: 249. Type data: ERITREA: Nefasit, on Olea chrysophylla. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria, Universitŕ di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Oleaceae: Olea chrysophylla [Silves1915, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Eritrea [Silves1915, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Silvestri (1915).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 314]; Silves1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution].
Phenacoccus elongatus KandaNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus elongatus Kanda, 1943a: 46. Type data: JAPAN: Honsyu, Yokohama, on Zoysia japonia. Holotype female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.
Caulococcus elongatus; Tang, 1992: 426. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Gramineae: Aneurolepidium chinense [TangLi1988, BenDov1994], Zoysia japonica [Kanda1943a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]); Japan [Kanda1943a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang & Li (1988) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Kanda 1943a: 43 (female) [Japan].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 316]; Kanda1943a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 46-49]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 426, 700]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 49-51].
Phenacoccus emansor Williams & KozarzhevskayaNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus emansor Williams & Kozarzhevskaya, 1988: 760. Type data: NETHERLANDS: (intercepted at Russia, Moscow), on Iris sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Iridaceae: Iris [WilliaKo1988, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae [WilliaKo1988, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Netherlands [WilliaKo1988, BenDov1994]; Turkey [WilliaKo1988, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the bulbs of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: The records from the Netherlands and Turkey are based on material intercepted in quarantine in the Russia, U.S.A. and England.
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 316]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; WilliaKo1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 760-762].
Phenacoccus eremicus FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus eremicus Ferris, 1950b: 139. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, near Mojave, on Franseria dumosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: eremicus mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Compositae: Encelia farinosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Franseria dumosa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Pluchea sericea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Labiatae: Marrubium vulgare [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Sida hederacea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum fasciculatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Ranunculaceae: Clematis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 316]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 139-140]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 240-242]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356, 357].
Phenacoccus eriogoni FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus eriogoni Ferris, 1918d: 58. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Stevens Creek, on Eriogonum nudum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: cerarii mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Compositae: Baccharis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Peucephyllum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pluchea sericea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia sericea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Lotus scoparius [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum deflexum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriogonum latifolium [McKenz1967, Miller1971a, BenDov1994], Eriogonum nudum [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Purshia glandulosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1918d, Miller1971a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots, crown and foliage of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967). Adult female redescribed and illustrated by Ferris (1950a) and by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 238 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 26 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 316-317]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 58]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 141-142]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 242-244]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 299].
Phenacoccus eschscholtziae McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus eschscholtziae McKenzie, 1961: 30. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, Box Springs Canyon, near Shavers Well, on Eschscholtzia sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus advena McKenzie, 1964: 241. Type data: MEXICO: State of Queretaro, Cadereyta, on Echeveria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1967: 244.
Phenacoccus milleri McKenzie, 1964: 251. Type data: U.S.A.: California, San Bernardino County, Joshua Tree, on Salvia columbariae. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1967: 244.
COMMON NAME: California poppy mealybug [McKenz1961, McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Boraginaceae: Amsinckia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cryptantha augustifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cistaceae: Helianthemum scoparium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Coreopsis californica [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Haplopappus venetus [Miller1971a, BenDov1994], Layia glandulosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Malacothrix glabrata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria [McKenz1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Erodium cicutarium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Gramineae: Ammophila arenaria [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Nama demissum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Labiatae: Salvia columbariae [McKenz1964, McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Lotus argophyllus [Miller1974a, BenDov1994]. Papaveraceae: Eschscholtzia [McKenz1961, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Rumex hymenopsepalus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [McKenz1961, McKenz1964, Miller1971a, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Italy [Marott1987a, LongoMaPe1995, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns or underground portion of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 241 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 28 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 317]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; McKenz1961 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 30-31]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 251-253]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 244-247]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 299]; Miller1974a [host, distribution: 196]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 356, 358, 359].
Phenacoccus eurotiae DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus eurotiae Danzig, 1975: 52. Type data: MONGOLIA: Vostok-Gobai Aymak, Say-Shanda, on Eurotia ceratoides. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Eurotia ceratoides [Danzig1975, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1975, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1975, 2003).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 528 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 317]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-54]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-345]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 535-536].
Phenacoccus evelinae (Tereznikova)NOMENCLATURE:
Paroudablis graminis Tereznikova, 1968d: 472. Type data: UKRAINE: Koryukov region, on Setaria glauca and Triticum vulgare. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus evelinae Tereznikova, 1975: 211. Replacement name for Phenacoccus graminis (Tereznikova).
Phenacoccus graminis; Tereznikova, 1975: 211. Change of combination. Homonym of Phenacoccus graminis (Reuter, 1904a).
Phenacoccus evelinae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 318. Revived combination.
Phenacoccus evelynae; Gavrilov, 2004: 524. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: Evelyna's mealybug.
FOE: DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Leucopis szepligeti [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].
HOSTS: Gramineae: Agropyron repens [Kozar1980, KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, Kozar1999a], Lolium [KaydanUlZe2004], Setaria glauca [Terezn1968d, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare [Terezn1968d, BenDov1994]. Saxifragaceae: Julia major [KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Hungary [Koteja1974b, KozarOrKo1977, KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, Kozar1999a, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarPe1989, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Poland [Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, GolanLaJa2001]; Turkey [KaydanUlZe2004]; Ukraine [Terezn1968d, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the upper leaf surface, inside leaf sheaths and more rarely on the roots of the host plant. Life cycle and natural enemy discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) and by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 122 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 172 (female) [Armenia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 318]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Gavril2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 524]; GolanLaJa2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 229-249]; KaydanUlZe2004 [host, distribution: 219-224]; KaydanULZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, biological control: 126-128]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy: 73]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 673]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 66]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; KozarPe1989 [host, distribution: 200]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 426-427]; Terezn1968d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 472]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 211-214]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-175].
Phenacoccus ferulae BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus ferulae Borchsenius, 1949: 219. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Samarkand, on roots of Ferula sp.; collected A. Archangelskaya, 2.v.1928. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 352. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. 183-38. Described: female.
HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Gypsophila [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Gramineae: Cynodon dactylon [KaydanKiKo2005], Festuca [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994], Poa [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Ferula [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Hungary [KozarWa1986, BenDov1994, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005]; Uzbekistan (Samarkand Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig2003]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003).
KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 318]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 219]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-355]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 89]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 5]; KozarWa1986 [host, distribution: 115]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 536].
Phenacoccus fici TakahashiNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus fici Takahashi, 1940: 21. Type data: TAIWAN: Garanbi, on Ficus retusa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Taichung: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Entomology Collection, Taiwan. Described: female.
Tylococcus fici; Tang, 1992: 318. Change of combination.
HOST: Moraceae: Ficus retusa [Takaha1940, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Taiwan [Takaha1940, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Takahashi (1940) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 317 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 318]; Takaha1940 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-24]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 6]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 30].
Phenacoccus fistulatus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus fistulatus Williams, 2004a: 594. Type data: INDIA: Karnataka, Coorg (Kodagu), Mercara (now Medikari), on grasses; collected T.B. Fletcher, x.1915. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Gramineae [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 594-595].
Phenacoccus formicarum LeonardiNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus formicarum Leonardi, 1908a: 162. Type data: ITALY: Corigliano (Calabria), in nest of the ant Pheidole pallidula. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria, Universitŕ di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Leonar1908a, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Leonardi (1920).
KEYS: Leonardi 1920: 377 (female) [Italy].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 319]; Leonar1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 162-164]; Leonar1920 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 379-381]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110].
Phenacoccus franseriae FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus franseriae Ferris, 1921: 85. Type data: MEXICO: Baja California, San Jose del Cabo, on Franseria [= Ambrosia] sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Compositae: Ambrosia [Ferris1921, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Encelia palmeri [Ferris1921, BenDov1994], Eupatorium adeophorum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hymenoclea monogyra [Ferris1921, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Cnidoscolus angustidens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Kallstroemia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Ferris1921, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 319]; Ferris1921 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-86]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-144]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 359, 360].
Phenacoccus fraxinus TangNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang, 1977: 36. Type data: CHINA: Shanxi Province, Taiyuan, on Fraxinus sinensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, China. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Oleaceae: Fraxinus sinensis [Tang1977, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1977, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998], Xizang (=Tibet) [Wang1981TC, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1977). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 319]; ShiXiXu2005 [chemistry, DNA: 207-211]; Tang1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 36-37]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 537]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23]; Wang1981TC [host, distribution: 287]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 87-88]; XieXuLi1995 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology : 115-118]; ZhangWaBa2002 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 75-77].
Phenacoccus giganteus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus giganteus McKenzie, 1964: 245. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, near Shoshone, on Franseria dumosa. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: giant mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOST: Compositae: Franseria dumosa [McKenz1964, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1964, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on crowns and underground parts of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967). See colour photograph in McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 319]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 245-247]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-249].
Phenacoccus gobicus DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus gobicus Danzig, 1987: 577. Type data: MONGOLIA: Bayan-Khongor Aymak, host plant not recorded. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1987, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1987).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 320]; Danzig1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 577-578].
Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell, 1898: 170. Type data: MEXICO: on 'amistad' closely allied to cotton and probably a species of Gossypium. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1987c: 340. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus helianthi gossypii; Cockerell, 1899a: 391. Change of status.
Phenacoccus gossypii; Ben-Dov, 1994: 320. Revived status.
COMMON NAMES: Mexican mealybug [McKenz1967, Bartle1978e]; mexican mealybug [McKenz1960].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis onerata Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Scymnus bilucernarius Mulsant [BennetSi1964], Scymnus ochroderus Mulsant [BennetSi1964]. HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus gurneyi (Compere) [Blumbe1997]. Encyrtidae: Acerophagus pallidus Timberlake [Flande1935, Moore1988], Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Blumbe1997].
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [KinjoNaHi1996]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Hedera helix [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Cephalotaxaceae: Cephlotaxus [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Borrichia arborescens [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Borrichia frutescens [Willia1987a, BenDov1994], Callistephus sinensis [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Eupatorium [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Helianthus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Pluchea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Senecio kempferi [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Trilisa odoratissima [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Geranium robertianum [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Pelargonium [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Erythrina [Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Phaseolus vulgaris [PerezGCa1987]. Malvaceae: Gossypium [TownseCo1898, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Malva [GomezM1946, Martin1985]. Primulaceae: Primula [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Mespilus japonica [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Veronica [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [PerezGCa1987], Solanum lycopersicum [PerezGCa1987]. Verbenaceae: Lantana [Beards1975, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Ampelopsis arborea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [TownseCo1898, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Florida [PenaWa1982]). Neotropical: Bahamas [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [Kondo2001]; French Guiana [Remill1988]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Martor1976]). Palaearctic: Canary Islands [MatileOr2001]; Japan [KinjoNaHi1996]; Sicily [Marott1987a, BenDov1994]; Spain [GomezM1946, Martin1985].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), Williams (1987c) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Good description and illustration of the adult male (of population in Hawaii) given by Beardsley (1960; 1962). Phenacoccus harbisoni was synonymized with P. gossypii by McKenzie (1967), but was later synonymized with P. madeirensis by Williams (1987c). Williams (1987c) indicated that many records in various publications under the binomen P. gossypii appear to be misindetification of P. madeirensis.
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America]; Zimmerman 1948: 161 (female) [Hawaii].
CITATIONS: Aldric1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry: 205-206]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 149]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-223]; Beards1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 87-88]; Beards1975 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 657]; BellotKa1980 [biological control: 312-335]; BellotSc1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 341-392]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 320]; BennetSi1964 [biological control: 81-94]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; Boyce1948 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; BoyceFa1947 [biological control: 702-705]; Cendan1937 [biological control: 337-339]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; Doutt1952 [taxonomy, structure: 391-397]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-147]; Flande1935 [biological control: 552]; GomezM1946 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 91-94]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; HagenBoMc1976 [biological control, life history]; Heming1936 [biological control: 633]; IPMC1984 [economic importance: 1]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; LambdiJo2001 [structure, anatomy: 113-117]; Leach1940 [life history, virus transmission: 1-3]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 45-468]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 95]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 10,35,82,126,163]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 248-254]; McLeod1939 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 62-68]; MetcalMe1993 [economic importance, host, distribution, control]; Moore1988 [biological control, distribution: 212]; PenaWa1982 [host, distribution, economic importance: 147]; PerezGCa1987 [host, distribution: 129]; Remill1988 [host, distribution: 69-70]; RotundGi1987 [chemistry, life history: 195-202]; Smith1958 [host, distribution, chemical control: 335-338]; TownseCo1898 [taxonomy, description, host, disrtibution: 170-171]; Willia1987c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 340-343]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 361, 362]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-165].
Phenacoccus graminicola LeonardiNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus graminicola Leonardi, 1908a: 160. Type data: ITALY: Cantanzaro Sala (Cantabria) on undetermined Gramineae. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Marotta, 1992a: 85. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria, Universitŕ di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus graminosus McKenzie, 1960: 717. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Alameda County, Berkeley, on Lolium sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Tranfaglia, 1976: 137.
Caulococcus graminicola; Tang, 1992: 427. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus graminicola; Ben-Dov, 1994: 320. Revived combination.
Phenacoccus graminicola; Ben-Dov, 1994: 320. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: ryegrass mealybug [McKenz1960].
HOSTS: Cactaceae: Opuntia [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Gramineae [Cox1987, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Agropygrum [Balach1930a, BenDov1994], Avena fatua [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Avena sterilix [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994], Bromus rigidus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Cynodon dactylon [MazzeoLoRu1994], Ehrharta longiflora [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Hordeum [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Hordeum vulgare [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Lolium [McKenz1960, BenDov1994], Lolium perenne [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Phalaris tuberosa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Triticum aestivum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Medicago sativa [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Trifolium fragiferum [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Trifolium repens [McKenz1960, McKenz1967, Willia1985, BenDov1994], Trifolium repens [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Malus pumila [Willia1985, Cox1987, BenDov1994], Prunus persica [Ward1966, BenDov1994], Pyrus communis [Ward1966, Willia1985, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Foeniculum vulgare [Marott1992a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994], South Australia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Victoria [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); New Zealand [Ward1966, Cox1987, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]). Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Balach1930, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Italy [Leonar1908a, Marott1987a, LongoMaRu1989, Marott1992a, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997].
BIOLOGY: This species is usually found on grasses, but frequently the adult females move onto adjacent trees to oviposit.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967), Williams (1985) and by Cox (1987).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Although this species does not appear to cause any damage, its presence under the calyxes of apples and pears grown for export has caused concern in Australia and New Zealand (Ward, 1966).
KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [World]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; Williams 1985: 266 (female) [Australia]; De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Leonardi 1920: 377 (female) [Italy].
CITATIONS: Balach1930a [host, distribution: 180]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 320-321]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Cox1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 73, 192]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 367-368]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Leonar1908a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-162]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; LongoMaRu1989 [host, distribution: 170]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 84-85]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 202]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 717-719, 721]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 255-257]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; Ward1966 [host, distribution, economic importance: 454]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 268].
Phenacoccus grandicarpus HollingerNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus grandicarpus Hollinger, 1917a: 269. Type data: U.S.A.: Missouri. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Ferris, 1953a.
HOST: Aceraceae: Acer saccharum [Hollin1923, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Missouri [Hollin1917, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring under the outer bark of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a). Redescribed as if a new species by Hollinger (1923). Ferris (1953a) gave some general notes, based on the original description, and indicated the unavailability of type material.
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 321]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 400]; Hollin1917a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 269]; Hollin1923 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 48, 49].
Phenacoccus gregosus Williams & Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus gregosus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 362. Type data: MEXICO: Colima, Bahia Santiago, on Manihot chloristica. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Euphorbiaceae: Manihot chloristica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot michaelis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Bauhinia longifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Palmae: Chamaedorea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Neotropical: Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 321]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 362-365].
Phenacoccus gypsophilae HallNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus gypsophilae Hall, 1927d: 268. Type data: EGYPT: Khanka, on Gypsophila rokejeka. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Gypsophila rokejeka [Hall1927d, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Cichorium intybus [Rungs1934, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Hall1927d, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994]; Morocco [Rungs1934, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Hall (1927d).
CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1362]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 321]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Hall1927d [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 268-269]; Rungs1934 [host, distribution: 23].
Phenacoccus hakeae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus hakeae Williams, 1985: 270. Type data: AUSTRALIA: New South Wales, Hornsby Heights, on Proteaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Canberra: Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Australia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Proteaceae: Hakea sericea [Willia1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Australasian: Australia (New South Wales [Willia1985, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1985).
KEYS: Williams 1985: 266 (female) [Australia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 321]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 270-271].
Phenacoccus halimiphylli DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus halimiphylli Danzig, 1968b: 846. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Vakhsha, on Halimiphyllum gontscharovii. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus halimiphilli; Trjapitzin, 1989: 138. Misspelling of species name.
Euripersia halimiphylli; Tang, 1992: 452. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus halimiphylli; Ben-Dov, 1994: 322. Revived combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Epidinocarsis sogdianus Sugonjaev [Trjapi1989], Eremophasma eremobium [Trjapi1989].
HOST: Zygophyllaceae: Halimiphyllum gontscharovii [Danzig1968b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig1968b, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1968b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 56 (female) [Tajikistan].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 322]; Danzig1968b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 846-847]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 452-453]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 138, 160].
Phenacoccus halli EzzatNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus halli Ezzat, 1962c: 164. Type data: EGYPT: Pyramids, on roots of Anthemis sp. Lectotype female and first instar, by subsequent designation Mohammad, Ezzat & Aly, 1995: 501. Type depository: Giza: Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza Egypt. Described: female.
Phenacoccus halli; Ezzat, 1962c: 164. Notes: Incorrect citation of Priesner & Hosny as authors.
Phenacoccus halli; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 71. Notes: Incorrect citation of Priesner & Hosny as authors.
Phenacoccus halli; Mohammad, Ezzat & Aly, 1995: 501. Notes: Correct citation of Ezzat as author.
Phenacoccus halli; Ben-Dov, Hodgson & Miller, 1997: 203.
HOST: Compositae: Anthemis [Ezzat1962c, MohammEzAl1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Ezzat1962c, EzzatNa1987, MohammEzAl1995].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Mohammad et al. (1995). Good description of the adult female given by Ezzat (1962c).
CITATIONS: BenDovHoMi1997 [taxonomy: 203-204]; Ezzat1962c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 163-164]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; KozarWa1985 [list: 71]; MohammEzAl1995 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 501-504, 530].
Phenacoccus hargreavesi (Laing)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus hargreavesi Laing, 1925: 52. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on Bauhinia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Pseudococcus bukobensis Laing, 1929a: 471. Type data: TANZANIA: Bukoba, on coffee. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1958b: 22.
Phenacoccus hargreavesi; Williams, 1970DJ: 161. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Gramineae: Saccharum officinarum [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Bauhinia [Laing1925a, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus asperifolia [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994], Coffea canephora [DeLott1967a, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Sterculia tragacantha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [Willia1970DJ, Campbe1983, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Trema guineensis [Strick1947a, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [DeLott1967a, Almeid1973, BenDov1994]; Cameroon [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Strick1947a, Willia1970DJ, Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Sudan [Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [Laing1929a, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994]; Uganda [Laing1925a, DeLott1967a, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Campbell (1983) assessed the presence and spatial distribution on cocoa trees in Ghana.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1958b).
CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 19]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 322]; Campbe1983 [life history: 137-151]; Campbe1984 [host, distribution, life history, ecology: 163-174]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 280]; DeLott1967a [host, distribution: 119]; Donald1956 [host, distribution, biological control: 48-60]; Laing1925a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52-53]; Laing1929a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 471-472]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; MealybSt1987 [life history, economic importance, control: 24-30]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 504]; Willia1970DJ [host, distribution: 161].
Phenacoccus helianthi (Cockerell)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus helianthi Cockerell, 1893z: 352. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Dona Ana County, Las Cruces, on Helianthus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus helianthi; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: sunflower mealybug [McKenz1967].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Hyperaspis undulata [Cocker1894s]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Leucopis near bellula [Cocker1894s]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Tetrastichus [Cocker1894s]. Eulophidae: Encyrtus [Cocker1894s].
HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Celosia floribunda [Ferris1950b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Burseraceae: Bursera microphylla [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Franseria dumosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Gutierrezia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Haplopappus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Helianthus [Cocker1893z, BenDov1994], Hymenoclea salsola [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pluchea sericea [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Ptiloria [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Stephanomeria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Codiaeum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Manihot chloristica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Gramineae: Bouteloua [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Hydrophyllaceae: Phacelia [Tinsle1898a, BenDov1994]. Labiatae: Salvia carnosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Bertholletia sericea [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Cassia [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Parosela spinosa [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Prosopis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Pinaceae: Pinus ponderosa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Polemoniaceae [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus sinensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum douglasii [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Kallstroemia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Larrea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Colorado [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], New Mexico [Cocker1893z, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves of its host plants, attended by ants. Cockerell (1894s) discusses the natural enemies of this species.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris(1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 26 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 322-323]; Cocker1893z [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 352]; Cocker1894s [biological control: 285-286]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 322-323]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 148-149]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 257-260]; Tinsle1898a [host, distribution: 47-48]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 365-367].
Phenacoccus herbaceus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus herbaceus Borchsenius, 1962: 591. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, Kunming, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: Beijing: Institute of Entomology, Academy of Sciences, China. Described: female. Illust.
Caulococcus herbaceus; Tang, 1992: 428. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus herbaceus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 323. Revived combination.
HOST: Gramineae [Borchs1962, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Borchs1962, Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1962). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 323]; Borchs1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 591-592]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 428]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23].
Phenacoccus herreni Cox & WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams, 1981: 251. Type data: GUYANA: Cane Grove, on cassava. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Cleothera notata [CarrejBeGo1991]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Epidinocarsis diversicornis (Howard) [Blumbe1997].
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Bolivia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Amazonas [FoldiKo2006]); Colombia [CoxWi1981, CarrejBeGo1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Kondo2001]; French Guiana [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006]; Grenada [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [CoxWi1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Living on stems, leaves and apices of cassava. The mealybug causes distortion to the growing tips (Cox & Williams, 1981).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Cox & Williams (1981) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; Cox & Williams 1981: 251 (female) [Phenacoccus manihoti group].
CITATIONS: BellotByHe1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 417-439]; BellotHeVa1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 441-470]; BellotReGu1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 393-416]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 323]; Bento1997 [host, distribution, biological control: 24]; BentoDeBe1999 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 403-410]; BentoMoMa2000 [host, distribution, biological control: 355-359]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; CalataPoSe2002 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 163-175]; CarrejBeGo1991 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 21-27]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; CoxWi1981 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 251-253]; DornMaBe2003 [biological control: 1-10]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; HountoYaDe2002 [biological control: 61-66]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 367, 368]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 524].
Phenacoccus hordei (Lindeman)NOMENCLATURE:
Westwoodia hordei Lindeman, 1886: 367. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on barley. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Trionymus hordei; Cockerell, 1904: 40. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus graminis Reuter, 1904: 66. Type data: FINLAND: Lofsdal, Pargas and Osterbotten, on Poa pratensis and Phleum pratense. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Helsinki: University of Helsinki, Finnish Museum of Natural History, Finland. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 231. Homonym of Phenacoccus graminis (Maskell).
Pseudococcus elongatus Reuter, 1904a: 251. Replacement name for Phenacoccus graminis Reuter.
Phenacoccus cholodkovskyi Marchal, 1908: 245. Type data: RUSSIA: Southern Russia (locality not given), on Triticum vulgare. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 231.
Erium hordei; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus hordei; Borchsenius, 1949: 231. Change of combination.
Caulococcus hordei; Tang, 1992: 429. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus hordei; Ben-Dov, 1994: 323. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: barley mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: ACARI Acaridae: Tyrophagus sachsi [KosztaKo1988F]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Coccidencyrtus phenacocci Ferriere [Schmut1955b, KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Apiaceae: Eryngium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Gramineae [KotejaZa1979], Agropyron [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Agropyron repens [Schmut1952, KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994], Anthoxanthum odoratum [Gertss2000], Arrhenatherum elatius [Schmut1952, BenDov1994], Bromus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Festuca [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Hordeum [Lindem1886, BenDov1994], Phleum pratense [Reuter1904, BenDov1994], Poa bulbosa [TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Poa pratensis [Reuter1904, BenDov1994], Secale cereale [Kozar1980, BenDov1994], Triticum vulgare [Marcha1908, BenDov1994]. Labiatae: Thymus [KaydanKiKo2005]. Leguminosae: Vicia [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Zozimia absinthifolia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; Finland [Reuter1904, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1933a, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [Kozar1980, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarTrPe1984, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan (Aktyubinsk Oblast [Danzig2003], Ural'sk Oblast [Danzig2003]); Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Netherlands [Reyne1957, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996]; Russia (Lipestsk Oblast [Gavril2003a], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig2003], Tambov Oblast [Danzig2003], Volgograd Oblast [Danzig2003]); Sweden [Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005]; Ukraine [Lindem1886, Borchs1949, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of plants, especially grasses. Life cycle and natural enemies discussed by Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Schmutterer (1952), Tereznikova (1963a), Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (2003).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Rarely a minor pest of grasses (Kosztarab & Kozár , 1988F).
KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 323]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 231-232]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 329-331]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2003a [host, distribution: 111]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 524]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 149]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 234-235]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71, 74, 75]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 129]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1979 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 673]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; Kozar1980 [host, distribution: 67]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution]; KozarTrPe1984 [host, distribution: 5]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 34]; Lindem1886 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 367-373]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 245-248]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 110]; Reyne1957 [host, distribution: 41]; Schmut1952 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution: 397-399]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 516]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 429]; Terezn1963a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-46]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 222-225]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 89]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 157-159].
Phenacoccus hortonarum Brachman & Kosztarab in KosztarabNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus hortonarum Brachman & Kosztarab in Kosztarab, 1996: 159. Type data: U.S.A.: Virginia, Blacksburg, near Price Hall on VPI & SU campus, from Acer nigrum. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: Hortons mealybug [Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Aceraceae: Acer nigrum [Koszta1996], Acer saccharum [Koszta1996].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Hampshire [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Found on bark. In USA, New Hampshire, the females of this species were reported to oviposit in August (Kosztarab, 1996).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 159 (female) [Northeastern North USA].
CITATIONS: Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161].
Phenacoccus hurdi McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus hurdi McKenzie, 1964: 247. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Catron County, Red Hill, on Gutierrezia lucida. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female.
COMMON NAME: hurd phenacoccus mealybug [McKenz1964].
HOSTS: Annonaceae: Annona muricata [FoldiKo2006]. Compositae: Gutierrezia lucida [McKenz1964, BenDov1994], Gutierrezia sarothrae [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Isocoma [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Mimulus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], California [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], New Mexico [McKenz1964, BenDov1994], Texas [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Utah [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]). Neotropical: Brazil (Pernambuco [FoldiKo2006]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967), Williams (1987c) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 324]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 247-248]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 369, 370].
Phenacoccus hystrix (Baerensprung)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccus hystrix Baerensprung, 1849: 173. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin Zoological Gardens, under the bark of Scotch pine. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material depository unknown (Ben-Dov, 1994).
Phenacoccus hystrix; Lindinger, 1912b: 293. Change of combination.
Phaenacoccus histrix; Kiritchenko, 1932a: 261. Misspelling of genus and species names.
Phenacoccus (Heliococcus) hystrix; Balachowsky & Mesnil, 1935: 731. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus hyxtrix; Martin Mateo, 1985: 95. Misspelling of species name.
HOSTS: Hippocastanaceae: Aesculus hyppocastanum [Martin1985]. Pinaceae: Pinus sylvestris [Baeren1849, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Germany [Baeren1849, BenDov1994]; Spain [Martin1985].
GENERAL REMARKS: Although Barensprung (1849) gave a valid description of what appears to be a mealybug, the species is not recognizable. Fernald (1903) listed this species as unrecognizable. Kiritchenko (1931) regarded C. hystrix as the same species as Phenacoccus stachyos Ehrhorn.
CITATIONS: Baeren1849 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 174-175]; BalachMe1935 [taxonomy, economic importance: 731]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 324]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 326]; Kiritc1931 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 121]; Kiritc1932a [taxonomy: 261]; Lindin1912b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 293]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 95]; Signor1869 [taxonomy: 857].
Phenacoccus incertus (Kiritshenko)NOMENCLATURE:
Ripersia festucae Borchsenius, 1937a: 184. Nomen nudum.
Ripersia incerta Kiritshenko, 1940: 124. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on Festuca ovina, and UKRAINE: Krym, Simferopol, on Stipa sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Phenacoccus incertus; Borchsenius, 1949: 224. Change of combination.
Caulococcus incertus; Danzig, 1964: 629. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus incertus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 324. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: uncertain mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Gramineae: Ammophila arenaria [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Festuca ovina [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994], Stipa [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Moldova [KozarOs1987, BenDov1994]; Sardinia [Marott1992, BenDov1994, PellizFo1996]; Ukraine [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of grasses.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tereznikova (1975). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 324-325]; Borchs1937a [taxonomy: 184]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 224-225]; Danzig1964 [taxonomy: 629]; Kiritc1940 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 124-125]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 129-130]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1992a [host, distribution: 85]; PellizFo1996 [distribution: 120]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 430]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 219-222].
Phenacoccus incomptus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus incomptus McKenzie, 1964: 247. Type data: MEXICO: intercepted at U.S.A., San Francisco, on Escheveria sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: unadorned mealybug [McKenz1964].
HOST: Crassulaceae: Echeveria [McKenz1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1964) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 241 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 325]; McKenz1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 247-250]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distrbution: 369, 371, 372].
Phenacoccus indicus (Avasthi & Shafee)NOMENCLATURE:
Peliococcus indicus Avasthi & Shafee, 1980: 905. Type data: INDIA: Mysore, Bangalore, Hebbel, on Prosopis spicigera. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female.
Phenacoccus indicus; Avasthi & Shafee, 1987a: 32. Change of combination.
HOST: Leguminosae: Prosopis spicigera [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Karnataka [AvasthSh1980, Varshn1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Avasthi & Shafee (1980, 1987). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: AvasthSh1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 905-908]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-34]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 325]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 537-538]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 45]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 596-599].
Phenacoccus infernalis McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus infernalis McKenzie, 1962: 653. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Cochise County, Tombstone, on Fouquieria splendens. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: infernal mealybug [McKenz1962, McKenz1967].
HOST: Fouquieriaceae: Fouquieria splendens [McKenz1962, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [McKenz1962, BenDov1994], California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring between the leaves and stems of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1962, 1967).
KEYS: Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 239 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 325]; McKenz1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 652-654]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 260-261].
Phenacoccus insularis DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus insularis Danzig, 1971: 378. Type data: RUSSIA: Kurile Islands, Sernovodsk, on Majanthemum dilatatum. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus kurilensis Danzig, 1986b: 75. Unjustified replacement name; discovered by Ben-Dov, 1994: 325.
Spinococcus insularis; Tang, 1992: 559. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Compositae: Saussurea kurilensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium praestans [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Majanthemum dilatatum [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago kamtschatica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum sachalinense [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Aruncus kamtschaticus [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Filipendula kamtschatica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Fragaria iinumae [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Rubus sachalinensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on both aerial and underground parts of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b). Danzig (1986b) proposed Phenacoccus kurilensis as a replacement name for P.insularis Danzig, 1971, which she supposed to be a homonym of Phenacoccus insularis Morrison, 1924. However, the latter is in Pseudococcus.
KEYS: Tang 1992: 555 (female) [China]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 325-326]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 378-380]; Danzig1986b [taxonomy: 75].
Phenacoccus interruptus GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus interruptus Green, 1923d: 215. Type data: ENGLAND: Surrey, Camberley, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus assimilis Kiritshenko, 1940a: 188. Nomen nudum; discovered by Borchsenius, 1949: 240.
Paroudablis interruptus; Borchsenius, 1949: 240. Change of combination.
Caulococcus interruptus; Tang, 1992: 430. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus interruptus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 326. Revived combination.
Phenococcus interruptus; Danzig, 1994: 46. Misspelling of genus name.
COMMON NAME: Green's mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Equisetaceae: Equisetum [Ossian1985, BenDov1994]. Gramineae [Rungs1948, BenDov1994, MazzeoRuLo1997], Agropyron [ZakOgaKo1964, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Agrostis [TerGri1966], Arundinella hirta [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Bromus [KaydanKiKo2005], Cynodon dactylon [Kozar1985, BenDov1994], Dactylis glomerata [Kozar1985, BenDov1994], Elymus angustus [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Elymus giganteus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Festuca [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Hordeum vulgare [KaydanKiKo2005], Leymus [TerGri1966], Poa alpina [Danzig1994], Sieglingia [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1966, BenDov1994]; Crete [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1935a, BenDov1994]; Germany [Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994, KozarKoSc1999, KozarKiSa2004]; Italy [KozarPe1989, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968]; Mongolia [Danzig1980, Danzig1974]; North Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]; Poland [ZakOgaKo1964, KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, Koteja1972, Lagows1996]; Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Sicily [RussoMa1997, MazzeoRuLo1997]; Sweden [Ossian1985, BenDov1994, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [Danzig1994]; Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005]; Ukraine [Borchs1949, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); United Kingdom (England [Green1923d, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Oligophagous on grasses.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1962), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949), Kosztarab & Kozár (1988F) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [Korea]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 122 (female) [Central Europe]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 238 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 326]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 240-241]; Danzig1974 [host, distribution: 68]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 75]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 131-133]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1935a [host, distribution: 92]; Green1923d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-216]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; Kiritc1940a [taxonomy: 188]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 130]; Koteja1972 [host, distribution: 568]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 673]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarKoSc1999 [host, distribution: 111-114]; KozarPe1989 [host, distribution: 200]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 116-117]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 110-111]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 352]; MazzeoRuLo1997 [host, distribution: 20]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 145]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 430-431]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 218-219]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 89]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 35-37]; ZakOgaKo1964 [host, distribution: 423].
Phenacoccus isadenatus DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus isadenatus Danzig, 1971: 378. Type data: RUSSIA: Kurile Islands, Sernovodsk, on Picea glehnii. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Picea ajanensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, Danzig2004], Picea glehnii [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, Danzig2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Kuril Islands [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, Danzig2004], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Adult females overwinter and oviposit in July.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1971, 1980b, 2004).
KEYS: Danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species on firs]; Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 326]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 378-379]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 129-130]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 532-533]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 538].
Phenacoccus juniperi Ter-GrigorianNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus juniperi Ter-Grigorian, 1964: 186. Type data: ARMENIA: Babadazan region, on Juniperus sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Cupressaceae: Juniperus [TerGri1964, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1964, TerGri1966a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1964, 1973) and by Danzig (2003).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 326]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355-356]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 538-539]; TerGri1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution : 186-188]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 143-145].
Phenacoccus kaplini DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus kaplini Danzig, 1983: 514. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: on Aristida karelinii. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Caulococcus kaplini; Tang, 1992: 431. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus kaplini; Ben-Dov, 1994: 327. Revived combination.
HOST: Gramineae: Aristida karelinii [Danzig1983, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Turkmenistan [Danzig1983, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1983). Good description of the adult female gien by Tang (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 327]; Danzig1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 514-515]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 431].
Phenacoccus karaberdi Borchsenius & Ter-GrigorianNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus karaberdi Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 20. Type data: ARMENIA: Aginskii Region, on wheat roots. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus affinis Ter-Grigorian, 1963: 123. Type data: ARMENIA: on roots of wheat. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Densispina graminea Ter-Grigorian, 1964a: 861. Type data: ARMENIA: Ashtarakski Region, Orgov, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus sogdianicus Nurmamatov & Bazarov, 1987: 78. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Vakhshskaya Valley, near Aktau, on grass. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Spinococcus affinis; Tang, 1992: 555. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus affinis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 307. Revived combination.
Phenacoccus karaberdi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 327. Revived combination.
Phenacoccus gramineus; Danzig, 2003: 352. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Chenopodium album [KaydanKiKo2005]. Compositae [KaydanKiKo2005]. Cruciferae: Cardaria draba [KaydanKiKo2005]. Gramineae [TerGri1964a, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Agropyron [TerGri1963, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Agropyron caespitosum [TerGri1963, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Avena fatua [TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Bromus [TerGri1963, TerGri1966, BenDov1994], Bromus commutatus [TerGri1963, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Festuca [TerGri1963, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Hordeum [TerGri1963, BenDov1994], Koeleria gracilis [TerGri1963, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Poa [TerGri1966], Poa bulbosa [TerGri1963, TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Triticum [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1964a, TerGri1966, TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Kazakhstan (Turgay Oblast [Danzig2003]); Russia (Dagestan AR [Danzig2003]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [NurmamBa1987, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanKiKo2005].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1963, 1964a, 1973), Nurmamatov & Bazarov (1987), and by Danzig (2003). Description and illustration of first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Description of adult female by Tang (1992). Description and illustration of female last-instar nymph by Ter-Grigorian (1973).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 115,306,327,343]; BorchsTe1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-23]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 352-355]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 380]; NurmamBa1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-80]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 195,324,555,560-561]; TerGri1963 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 123-128]; TerGri1964a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 861-863]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 88,90]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 119-122,147-153].
Phenacoccus kareliniae BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus kareliniae Borchsenius, 1949: 215. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: near Melnikov Station, on Karelinia caspia; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 15.ix.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 339. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. 37-45. Described: female.
HOSTS: Compositae: Artemisia [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994], Karelinia caspia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 327]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 215]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 197]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-343]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 539-540].
Phenacoccus kokandicus NurmamatovNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus kokandicus Nurmamatov, 1986b: 94. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Kuraminsky Ridge, near Alti-Topkana, on Piptatherum kokanicum. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Gramineae: Piptatherum kokanicum [Nurmam1986b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Nurmam1986b, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Nurmamatov (1986b).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 327]; Nurmam1986b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-95].
Phenacoccus kozari WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus kozari Williams, 2004a: 599. Type data: INDIA: Tamil Nadu, Nigiri Hills, Coonoor, Black Bridge Forest Reserve, 2130 m, under stones; collected P. Topal, 14.iii.1980. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Tamil Nadu [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 598-599].
Phenacoccus larvalis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus larvalis Borchsenius, 1949: 236. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Gissarsk Ridge, on Prangos sp.; collected N. Borchsenius, 15.vii.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 355. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. 30-45. Described: female.
HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Silene schunganica [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994]. Guttiferae: Hypericum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Labiatae: Mentha [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Salvia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Prangos [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Danzig2003]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975: 56 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 327]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 236-237]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 355-359]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 540].
Phenacoccus latipes GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus latipes Green, 1923b: 89. Type data: MADEIRA ISLANDS: Porto Santo, on underside of rocks on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Caryophyllaceae: Silene [Rungs1934, BenDov1994]. Gramineae [Green1923b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [Green1923b, BenDov1994]; Morocco [Rungs1934, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Green (1923b). According to Borchsenius (1949), the records under this binomen by Kiritchenko (1931, 1932b, 1940, 1940a) and by Borchsenius (1937, 1937a) are misindentifications of Peliococcus perfidiosus Borchsenius.
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 328]; Green1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-90]; Rungs1934 [host, distribution: 23].
Phenacoccus loiki DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus loiki Danzig, 2001a: 109. Type data: RUSSIA: East Siberia [=Irkutsk Oblast], East Sajan Mountains, Tunkin Ridge, Arshan Rocks, on Dactylis glomeratus; collected E. Danzig, 23.vii.1970. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. N-5239. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Gramineae: Dactylis glomeratus [Danzig2001a], Hordeum murinum [KaydanKiKo2005].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig2001a]); Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2001a).
CITATIONS: Danzig2001a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 109-110]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 347]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90].
Phenacoccus longoi RussoNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus longoi Russo, 1994: 279. Type data: ITALY: Canzaro, Saint Mary Abbey (Serra San Bruno), on Abies alba. Holotype female. Type depository: Catania: Istituto di Entomologia Agraria, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Pinaceae: Abies alba [Russo1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Russo1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Russo (1994).
KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: Russo1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 279-281].
Phenacoccus lotearum McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus lotearum McKenzie, 1960: 721. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Ventura County, Santa Susana Pass, on Lotus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: lotus mealybug [McKenz1960]; Lotus mealybug [McKenz1960].
HOSTS: Compositae: Anaphalis margaritacea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Centaurea melitensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Chaenactis tenuifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Stephanomeria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Gramineae: Cynodon dactylon [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Lotus [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1960, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the crowns and roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1960, 1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 241 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 28 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 715 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 328]; McKenz1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 720, 721, 723]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 262-264].
Phenacoccus lycii (Ferris)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus lycii Ferris, 1919a: 30. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, Yavapai County, Cottonwood, on Lycium sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus lycii; Ferris, 1950b: 150. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: desert thorn mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOST: Solanaceae: Lycium [Ferris1919a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1919a, BenDov1994], California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 238 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 26 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 713 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 120 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 328]; Ferris1919a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 30-31]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 150-151]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 264-265].
Phenacoccus madeirensis GreenNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, 1923b: 90. Type data: MADEIRA: Funchal, on unidentified plant. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1987c: 347. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus grenadensis Green & Laing, 1924: 416. Type data: GRENADA: on egg-plant [= Solanum melongena]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 1987c: 347. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 1987b: 347.
Phenacoccus harbisoni Peterson, 1965: 96. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Imperial County, sand hills near Gray's Well, on Helianthus tephrodes. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams, 1987b: 347.
Phenacoccus gossypii; Tranfaglia, 1981: 11. Misidentification.
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Clitostethus neuenschwanderi Fursch [Fursch1987], Diomus austrinus Green [ChongOeOs2005], Diomus hennesseyi Fursch [Fursch1987], Nephus phenacoccophagus Fursch [Fursch1987].
HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Acanthus mollis [Sinaco1995], Crossandra [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Hemigraphis repanda [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Jacobinia coccinea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pachystachys coccinea [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992]. Agavaceae: Agave [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Iresine [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Amaryllidaceae: Narcissus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Apocynaceae: Dipladenia splendens [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Mandevilla laxa [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Araceae: Dieffenbachia maculata [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Araliaceae: Aralia [Tranfa1981, BenDov1994], Polyscias [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Schefflera actinophylla [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Schefflera arboricola [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya carnosa [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Begoniaceae: Begonia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994]. Bignoniaceae: Jacaranda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae: Symphytum officinale [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tillandsia [Granar2003]. Cactaceae: Hylocereus undatus [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Compositae: Ageratum houstonianum [Granar2003], Ambrosia artemisifolia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Artemisia californica [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Aster [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Bidens [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Calendula [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum leucanthemum [Granar2003], Chrysopsis [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Cineraria [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Erigeron philadelphicus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Eupatorium adenophorum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eupatorium capillifolium [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Eupatorium odoratum [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eupatorium serotinum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Gazania [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Gerbera jamesonii [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Gynura aurantiaca [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Haplopappus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Helianthus annuus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Helianthus tephrodes [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Helichrysum [Willia2004a], Ligularia tussilaginea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Mikania micrantha [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Parthenium hysterophorus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pluchea odorata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solidago [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Stokesia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Taraxacum officinale [MazzeoLoRu1994], Verbesina viginica [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Wedelia trilobata [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Ipomea setifera [MatileGe2004], Jacquemontia blanchetti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Milhania micrantha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Adromischus cristatus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Cupressaceae: Juniperus chinensis [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Ehretiaceae: Cordia curassavica [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Arbutus unedo [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [GermaiSt2004], Acalypha bicolor [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acalypha hispida [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Acalypha wilkesiana [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cnidoscolus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Codiaeum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Croton glandulosus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Croton punctatus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Euphorbia pulcherrima [DeLott1977, BenDov1994], Manihot aesculifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot diversifolia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot glaziovii [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994], Manihot michaelis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot rhomboidea [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ricinus communis [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Geranium [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Pelargonium [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994], Pelargonium hortorum [Granar2003]. Gesneriaceae: Chrysothemis pulchella [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Episcia decurrens [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Nematanthus wettsteinii [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Tussacia pulchella [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Labiatae: Coleus [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Epimeredi indicus [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mentha [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ocymum basilicum [MazzeoLoRu1994], Plectranthus nummularius [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Salvia coccinea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Acacia flexuosa [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Cassia imperalis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Desmodium tortuosum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Erythrina caffra [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Erythrina viarum [Sinaco1995], Mimosa pudica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sophora secundiflora [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Sophora tomentosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Loasaceae: Petalonyx thurberi [Peters1965, Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Lobeliaceae: Lobelia cardinalis [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Althaea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Gossypium [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hibiscus cannabinus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Hibiscus esculentus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Hibiscus mutabilis [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MatileGe2004], Malva [MazzeoLoRu1994], Malvaviscus arboreus [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Sida [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Urena lobata [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Artocarpus communis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus benghalensis [Willia2004a]. Oleaceae: Ligustrum japonicum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rumex [Willia2004a]. Primulaceae: Primula [MarottTr1990, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Malus domestica [MazzeoLoRu1994], Malus sylvestris [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Rosa [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Gardenia jasminoides [Granar2003]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus limonium [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Sapindaceae: Nephelium lappaceum [Willia2004a]. Scrophulariaceae: Leucophyllum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Smilacaceae: Smilax [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994], Cestrum diurnum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Cestrum nocturnum [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Datura metel [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Lycopersicon esculentum [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum lycopersici [MazzeoLoRu1994], Solanum melongena [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, Willia2004a], Solanum pseudocapsicum [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum wendlandii [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Sterculiaceae: Theobroma cacao [Donald1956]. Taccaceae: Tacca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Triumfetta subtriloba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Petroselinum hortense [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Urticaceae: Parietaria floridana [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Pilea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994], Urera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Urtica [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Citharexylum spinosum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Lantana camara [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Lantana montevidensis [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Verbena hybrida [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]. Vitidaceae: Vitis vinifera [MazzeoLoRu1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [Almeid1973, DeLott1977, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Benin [CABI2000]; Cameroon [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, Willia1987c, VanHarCoWi1990, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Congo [CABI2000]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Gabon [CABI2000]; Gambia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Ghana [CABI2000]; Liberia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Mozambique [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Nigeria [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Sao Tome and Principe [CABI2000]; Senegal [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Sierra Leone [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Togo [CABI2000]; Zimbabwe [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]. Australasian: Federated States of Micronesia [CABI2000]; Guam [CABI2000]. Nearctic: Mexico [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; United States of America (Alabama [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], California [Peters1965, Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Florida [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Illinois [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Louisiana [CABI2000], Maryland [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Minnesota [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Mississippi [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], New York [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], North Carolina [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Texas [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Virginia [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Wisconsin [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Barbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]); Argentina (Tucuman [GranarCl2003, Granar2003]); Bahamas [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Bermuda [Willia1987c, HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Bolivia [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Brazil [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000] (Bahia [CABI2000], Minas Gerais [CABI2000], Rio de Janeiro [CABI2000], Sao Paulo [CABI2000]); British Virgin Islands [CABI2000]; Cayman Islands [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000, Kondo2001]; Costa Rica [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Cuba [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Grenada [GreenLa1924, Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Guadeloupe [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Guatemala [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Guyana [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Haiti [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Jamaica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Martinique [GermaiSt2004]; Montserrat [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Panama [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Peru [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000], Saint Kitts [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994,, CABI2000], Trinidad [Willia1987c, BenDov1994, CABI2000]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [Willia1987c, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CABI2000]. Oriental: Pakistan [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: France [MatileGe2004, MatileGePi2004]; Italy [MarottTr1990, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Madeira Islands [Green1923b, BenDov1994, CABI2000]; Sicily [LongoMaRu1995, Sinaco1995, RussoMa1997, CABI2000].
BIOLOGY: Life history, under laboratory conditions, in Sicily studied by Longo et al. (1995). In Sicily it develops 5-6 generations per year (Sinacori, 1995).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (1958, 1987c), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a). The redescriptions and illustrations of the adult female given by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967), and of the adult male by Beardsley (1960) (of Hawaiian population) and Beardsley (1962) (of Californian populations) under the name of P. gossypii probably represent P. madeirensis. Likewise, the records of P. gossypii from Hawaii by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948) and by Beardsley (1960), and from Guam by Beardsley (1975) are probably misidentifications of P. madeirensis.
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph of adult female by Matile-Ferrero et al. (2004).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This mealybug is common on cassava, causing, however, little damage. It is often injurious to potatoes in Peru. It is extremely common in Africa, probably been introduced there from Neotropical region (Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia]; Marotta & Pagano 1997: 114 (female) [Italian mealybugs on Geranium sp.]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [World]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii].
CITATIONS: Almeid1973b [host, distribution: 18]; BellotReGu1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 393-416]; BellotSc1977 [host, distribution, economic importance: 188-193]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 328-330]; CABI2000 [host, distribution: 1-4]; ChongHo2006a [biological control]; ChongOe2006 [biological control: 39-50]; ChongOeOs2005 [biological control, host, distribution, life history: 39-48]; ChongOeVa2003 [host, distribution, life history: 539-543]; ChongVaOe2004 [life history, ecology: 387-397]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 280]; DeLott1977 [host, distribution: 32]; Donald1956 [host, distribution, biological control: 48-60]; Fursch1987 [biological control: 387-394]; GermaiSt2004 [host, distribution: 223-224]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 80-81]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Green1923b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 90-91]; GreenLa1924 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 416-417]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 2-22]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 144]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; LongoMaRu1995 [host, distribution, life history: 219-222]; LongoRu1990 [host, distribution: 114-115]; MarottTr1990 [host, distribution: 109]; MatileGe2004 [host, distribution: 191-192]; MatileGePi2004 [host, distribution: 35-37]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 202-203]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustation, host, distribution]; Peters1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 96-99]; RagusaTs1995 [host, distribution, biological control: 301-307]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 51]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328]; Sinaco1995 [host, distribution, life history: 179-182]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 133]; Willia1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 230-232]; Willia1987c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 347-353]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 600-603]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 372-375].
Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-FerreroNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero, 1977: 146. Type data: PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Niari valley, on Manihot esculenta. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAMES: cassava mealybug [Matile1977]; Cassava mealybug [Matile1977].
FOES: ACARI Phytoseiidae: Amblyseius aerialis [HerrenNe1991], Euseius concordis [HerrenNe1991], Galendromus annectens [HerrenNe1991], Galendromus helveolus [HerrenNe1991], Neoseiulus anonymus [HerrenNe1991], Neoseiulus californicus [HerrenNe1991], Neoseiulus idaeus [HerrenNe1991], Typlodromalus limonicus [HerrenNe1991]. COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Clitostethus neuenschwanderi Fursch [Fursch1987], Diomus [HerrenNe1991, ChakupMaNe1994], Diomus hennesseyi Fursch [NeuensAj1995, Neuens1996], Diomus hennesseyi Fursch [Fursch1987], Exochomus [GutierNeSc1988, NeuensHa1988, HerrenNe1991], Exochomus concavus Fursch [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c, FabresKiEp1981], Exochomus flaviventris Mader [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, FabresKiEp1981, Fabres1981c, LeRuMi2000], Exochomus troberti Mulsant [CudjoeNeCo1992, NeuensAj1995], Hyperaspis [GutierNeSc1988, HerrenNe1991], Hyperaspis notata Mulsant [HerrenNe1991, ChakupMaNe1994, Staubl1995, Neuens1996, StaublBaNe1997], Hyperaspis raynevali [HerrenNe1991], Hyperaspis senegalensis Mulsant [Fabres1981c, FabresKiEp1981, Fabres1981d, HerrenNe1991], Hyperaspis senegalensis hottentotta [FabresMa1980, FabresKi1985], Lestodiplosis Kieffer [Fabres1981c], Nephus derroni Fursch [Fabres1981c], Nephus phenacoccophagus Fursch [Fursch1987], Scymnus couturieri Chazeau [MinkoFo1999], Scymnus plebejus Weise [Fabres1981c], Scymnus rufifrons Fursch [Fabres1981c], Serangium giffardi Grandi [Fabres1981c], Stethorus [HerrenNe1991], Sthetorus endruedi Fursch [Fabres1981c]. Staphylinidae: Holobus [HerrenNe1991]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Arthroconodax [HerrenNe1991], Coccodiplosis citri Barnes [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c], Dicrodiplosis Kieffer [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c], Dicrodiplosis manihoti [NeuensHa1988, HerrenNe1991]. Drosophilidae: Cacoxenus (Gitonides) multidentatus Tsacas & Chassagnard [TsacasCh1999], Cacoxenus (Gitonides) perspicax Knab [TsacasCh1999], Cacoxenus (Gitonides) polyodous Tsacas & Chassagnard [TsacasCh1999]. FUNGI : Entomophthora [HerrenNe1991], Hirsutella [HerrenNe1991], Hirsutella thompsonii [HerrenNe1991], Neozygites fumosa [LeRuIz1990a, HerrenNe1991], Triplosporium [HerrenNe1991]. HOMOPTERA Anthocoridae: Cardiasthetus exiguus Poppius [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c]. HUMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Anagyrus nyombae Boussienguet [Boussi1988]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Acerophagus coccois [DornMaBe2001], Aenasius vexans [DornMaBe2001], Cheiloneurus cyanonotus Waterston [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c], Epidinocarsis diversicornis [HerrenNe1991, ChakupMaNe1994], Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) [Moore1988, HennesNeMu1990, HerrenNe1991, CudjoeNeCo1992, GoergeNe1992, ChakupMaNe1994, Neuens2001], Homalotylus flaminius Dalman [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c], Parapyrus manihoti Noyes [Noyes1984], Prochiloneurus [NeuensHa1988, HerrenNe1991], Prochiloneurus insolitus Alam [GoergeNe1992, CudjoeNeCo1993], Prochiloneurus pulchellus Silvestri [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c], Xyphigaster pseudococci Risbec [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a]. Platygasteridae: Allotropa [HerrenNe1991, ChakupMaNe1994]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus [NeuensHa1988, HerrenNe1991], Chartocerus hyalipennis Hayat [GoergeNe1992]. LEPIDOPTERA Lycaenidae: Spalgis lemolea Druce [FabresMa1980, Fabres1980a, Fabres1981c, HerrenNe1991]. NEUROPTERA Hemerobiidae: Hyperaspis jucunda Mulsant [NsiiamOdHe1984, ChakupMaNe1994, SheOd1984]. THYSANOPTERA : Scolothrips [HerrenNe1991].
HOSTS: Cyperaceae: Cyperus [Matile1977, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Manihot esculenta [Matile1977, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, FoldiKo2006]. Labiatae: Ocimum [Matile1977, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Glycine max [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Sida carpinifolia [Matile1977, BenDov1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Boerhavia diffusa [Matile1977, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Talinum triangulare [Matile1977, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Solanum [Granar2003].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Angola [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Benin [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Burundi [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Congo [Matile1977, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [NeuensHaGu1989, BenDov1994]; Gambia [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Ghana [NeuensHaGu1989, BenDov1994]; Guinea [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Guinea-Bissau [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Kenya [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Malawi [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Mozambique [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Nigeria [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Rwanda [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Senegal [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Sierra Leone [James1987, HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Sudan [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Togo [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Uganda [CABI1984, BenDov1994]; Zaire [Matile1977, BenDov1994]; Zambia [HerrenNe1991, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]. Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Granar2003]); Bolivia [WilliaCoYa1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Matile1977, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Amazonas [FoldiKo2006]); Colombia [Kondo2001]; Paraguay [WilliaCoYa1981, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Biology, life history and population dynamics in Congo were studied by Fabres (1981, 1981a, 1989) and by Fabres & Boussiengue (1981). Giordanengo & Nenon (1990a) studied the encapsulation respond to the encyrtid Epidinocarsis lopezi. Le Ru & Iziquel (1990) evaluated the effect of rains on population dynamics in Congo, under laboratory conditions. Associated with ants Camponotus, Crematogaster, Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). (Cudjoe, Neuenschwander & Copland, 1993).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero (1977) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: The ants, Camponotus, Crematogaster, Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), interfere in the biological control of the cassava mealybug in Ghana. (Cudjoe, Neuenschwander & Copland, 1993). The parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) - Encyrtidae is the most successful natural enemy that became established in 26 African countries (Neuenschwander, 2001).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: AgricoFi1991 [economic importance, biological control: 127-132]; AllardSkNe1994 [host, distribution, biological control]; AuamriSh1986 [biological control, physiology, ecology: 73-82]; Ayanru1987 [economic importance, ecology: 5-10]; BellotCaRe1983 [biological control: 82]; BellotHeVa1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 441-470]; BellotKa1980 [biological control: 312-335]; BellotReGu1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 393-416]; BellotReVa1984 [life history, economic importance, ecology, biological control: 21-26]; BellotSc1983 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-5]; BellotSc1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 341-392]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 330]; BennetYa1978 [biological control: 59-69]; Bhatna1984 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 1-78]; Bin1991 [life history, biological control]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; BogranHeCi2002 [life history, ecology: 653-668]; BorowkHeHu2005 [host, distribution, economic importance: 18-26]; Boussi1988 [host, distribution, biological control: 277-283]; CABI1984 [distribution]; Calata2000 [life history, physiology, chemistry: 81-86]; CalataAuTh2001 [life history, chemistry, biological control: 2203-2217]; CalataBoNi1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, structure: 242-245]; CalataDeGu1998 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 325-329]; CalataLe1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 391-398]; CalataLe1997 [economic importance, host, distribution, biological control, chemical control: 59-66]; CalataNaRa1996 [life history, physiology, control: 239-241]; CalataRaDe1994 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 45-57]; CalataRaTj1994 [life history, physiology, host: 219-232]; CalataRoLe1997 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 427-432]; CalataSePo2001 [life history, physiology, biological control, host: 271-278]; CalataTeLe1992 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 255-257]; CalataTeLe1994 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 453-459]; ChakupMaNe1994 [biological control: 254-262]; ChakupMaNe1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 19-25]; CudjoeNeCo1992 [biological control: 77-82]; CudjoeNeCo1993 [biological control: 15-22]; DornMaBe2001 [life history, biological control: 331-339]; DornMaBe2003 [life history, biological control: 1-10]; DreyerNeBa1997 [biological control: 249-256]; DreyerNeBo1997 [biological control: 85-92]; EmehutEg1991 [life history, biological control, economic importance: 144-145]; EtzelLe1999 [biological control: 125-197]; Fabres1980a [biological control: 81-83]; Fabres1981 [life history: 483-486]; Fabres1981a [life history: 84-87]; Fabres1981c [biological control: 145-146]; Fabres1981d [biological control: 3-8]; Fabres1989 [life history: 35-42]; FabresBo1981 [biological control: 82-89]; FabresKi1985 [biological control, economic importance: 339-348]; FabresKiEp1981 [biological control, host, distribution: 3-8]; FabresLeKi1986 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, ecology: 1-114]; FabresMa1980 [biological control: 509-515]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; Fursch1987 [biological control: 387-394]; GiordaNe1990a [biological control: 155-163]; Goerge1992 [biological control, economic importance: 1-140]; GoergeNe1992 [biological control: 182-189]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 81]; Greath1986 [biological control: 289-318]; GreathGr1992 [biological control: 61-68]; GutierNeSc1988 [biological control: 921-940]; GutierWeSc1987 [economic importance, biological control: 919-925]; GutierWeSc1988 [biological control, chemical control: 901-920]; HammonNe1990 [biological control: 515-526]; HammonNeHe1987 [biological control, economic importance: 887-891]; HaugHeNa1987 [life history, biological control: 879-881]; Hawkin1994 [biological control: 3]; HennesNeMu1990 [host, distribution, biological control: 103-107]; Herren1981 [economic importance, biological control: 79-80]; Herren1981a [host, distribution, control, economic importance: 1-4]; Herren1982 [economic importance: 1]; HerrenLa1983 [economic importance, biological control: 87]; HerrenLe1982 [host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 185]; HerrenLeNe1983 [biological control: 782]; HerrenNe1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 257-283]; IITA1982a [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 1-128]; IITA1985a [host, distribution, biological control: 35-39]; IITA1986 [host, distribution, biological control: 25]; IITA1986a [host, distribution, biological control: 105-106]; IITA1986b [host, distribution, biological control: 107-109]; James1987 [economic importance, host, distribution: 61-66]; JervisCo1996 [biological control: 63]; Kampan1992 [host, distribution, chemical control, biological control]; KoganGeMa1999 [biological control: 789-818]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 37]; KraaijVa1986 [biological control, life history: 1986]; LangenVa1987 [biological control, physiology: 429-430]; LemaHe1982 [biological control: 68-69]; LemaHe1985a [life history, ecology: 165-169]; LeRiiMi2002 [host, life history, ecology: 175-182]; LeRuCa1994 [economic importance, host, distribution: 385-390]; LeRuIz1990 [life history: 741-754]; LeRuIz1990a [biological control: 173-183]; LeRuMa2001 [life history, physiology, biological control, economic importance: 557-572]; LeRuMi2000 [biological control: 209-212]; LohrVaSa1990 [biological control: 417-425]; LozanoNo1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 595-609]; MarottTr1995a [taxonomy: 70-71]; Matile1977 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-152]; MinkoBe2005 [host, distribution: 136-140]; MinkoFo1999 [biological control: 171-174]; Moore1988 [biological control: 209-225]; Neuens1993 [biological control: 143-177]; Neuens2001 [biological control: 214-229]; NeuensBoPh1991 [biological control: 297-310]; NeuensHa1988 [biological control: 894-902]; NeuensHaAj1989 [host, distribution, biological control: 409-420]; NeuensHaGu1989 [biological control: 579-594]; NeuensHaHe1991 [biological control: 120-127]; NeuensHe1988 [biological control: 319-333]; NeuensMa2001 [biological control: 127-146]; NeuensScMa1986 [distribution, biological control: 133-138]; NicoleBoVa1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 19-28]; Noyes1984 [host, distribution, biological control: 529-533]; NsiiamOdHe1984 [host, distribution, biological control, economic importance: 87-93]; Nweke1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 407-417]; Nweke2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 118]; OdebiyBo1986 [host, distribution, biological control, life history: 251-260]; Okonkw2002 [host, life history: 29-35]; PolaniCaBe1999 [life history, physiology, host: 1-9]; RazafiDaDe1999 [life history, economic importance, chemical control, biological control: 127-136]; ReitzTr2002 [biological control, ecology: 435-465]; RenardCaPi1998 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 429-450]; RenardLeCa1996 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 59-62]; RueMa2001 [life history, biological control: 557-572]; RueMi2000 [life history, host, biological control: 209-212]; Samway1981a [biological control, host, distribution: 1]; SchultBaDe1991 [economic importance, life history: 155-165]; SchultChGo2004 [host, distribution, life history, ecology, biological control: 261-272]; SheOd1984 [life history, biological control: 87-93]; Singh1982 [host, distribution, economic importance, control: 70-72]; SinghLu1982 [host, ecology, biological control: 23-27]; SouissCaLe1996 [biological control, life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 65-67]; Staubl1995 [host, distribution, life history, economic importance, biological control: 1-95]; StaublBaNe1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 656]; StaublBaNe1997 [biological control: 21-28]; TertulCaLe1999 [life history, physiology, chemistry, host: 91-98]; TertulDoLe1993 [economic importance, biological control, life history: 657-665]; ThreshOtFa1994 [host, distribution, economic importance: 337-592]; ThreshOtFa1998 [life history, virus: 670-677]; TsacasCh1999 [biological control: 107, 112, 114]; Umeh1988 [life history, biological control: 605-611]; VanAlpJe1996 [biological control: 1]; vandenHaVa1988 [biological control: 1063-1077]; vanDijVa1991a [life history, biological control: 195-201]; vanDijVaVa1988 [biological control: 1097-1108]; vanLen2003b [host, distribution, biological control: 167-179]; WaageGr1988 [biological control: 111-128]; WilliaCoYa1981 [host, distribution, biological control: 88]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 375-377]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 147]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 524]; YanineSc1993 [economic importance, biological control: 305-324]; Yaseen1980a [host, distribution, biological control: 37-39]; Yaseen1980b [host, distribution, biological control: 41-49].
Phenacoccus maritimus DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus maritimus Danzig, 1971: 377. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Picea ajanensis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Pinaceae: Picea ajanensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994, Danzig2004].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Oviposition begins in June.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (1971, 1980b, 2004).
KEYS: Danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species on firs]; Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 528 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 330-331]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-378]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 130-131]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 535-536]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 541].
Phenacoccus matricariae SavescuNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus matricariae Savescu, 1984: 152. Type data: ROMANIA: Bihor District, Oradea, on Matricaria chamomilla. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Compositae: Matricaria camomilla [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 331]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-153].
Phenacoccus megaulus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus megaulus McKenzie, 1967: 266. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, near Big Pine, on Stephanomeria sp. prob. pauciflora. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: large-duct mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOST: Compositae: Stephanomeria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the foliage of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 214 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 331]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 266-267].
Phenacoccus memorabilis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus memorabilis Borchsenius, 1949: 235. Type data: UZBEKISTAN: Yeravshansk Ridge, on leaves of barley. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation danzig, 2003: 359. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. 31-45. Described: female.
Caulococcus memorabilis; Tang, 1992: 431. Change of combination.
HOST: Gramineae: Hordeum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig2003]; Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003).
KEYS: Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 56 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 331]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 235-236]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 358-359]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 431-432].
Phenacoccus menieri Matile-Ferrero & BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus menieri Matile-Ferrero & Balachowsky, 1972: 107. Type data: CANARY ISLANDS: Barranco de San Andre, on Euphorbia canariensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia canariensis [MatileBa1972, CarnerPe1986, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Canary Islands [MatileBa1972, BenDov1994, MatileOr2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Matile-Ferrero & Balachowsky (1972).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 331]; CarnerPe1986 [host, distribution: 54-55]; MatileBa1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-110]; MatileOr2001 [host, distribution: 195].
Phenacoccus meridionalis Gómez-Menor OrtegaNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus meridionalis Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1948: 102. Type data: SPAIN: Aguilas, Lorca and Puerto Mazarron, on the roots of Salsolaceae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: IEEM. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Halogeton sativum [GomezM1965, Martin1985], Salsola [Martin1985]. Salsolaceae [GomezM1948, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Spain [GomezM1965, Martin1985].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Gomez-Menor Ortega (1948).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 331]; GomezM1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 102]; GomezM1965 [host, distribution: 113]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 95].
Phenacoccus mexicanus (Miller & McKenzie)NOMENCLATURE:
Cataenococcus mexicanus Miller & McKenzie, 1971: 566. Type data: MEXICO: Tlaxcala, Apizaco, on Compositae. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Paraputo mexicanus; Matile-Ferrero, 1978: 52. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus mexicanus; Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 377. Change of combination.
COMMON NAME: densepored mealybug [MillerMc1971].
HOST: Compositae [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [MillerMc1971, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Miller & McKenzie (1971) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 347 (female) [Central and South America]; Miller & McKenzie 1971: 566 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 332]; Matile1978 [taxonomy: 52]; MillerMc1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 566-568]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 377-379].
Phenacoccus meymeryani BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus meymeryani Bodenheimer, 1943: 18. Type data: IRAQ: Addaye, on Teucrium orientalis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Centre, Israel. Described: female.
HOST: Labiatae: Teucrium orientalis [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 332-333]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 18-19].
Phenacoccus minimus TinsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus minimus Tinsley, 1898b: 223. Type data: U.S.A.: Colorado, Larimer County, Fort Collins, on Picea pungens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus kuwanae Coleman, 1903: 62. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Siskiyou County, Salmon Mountains, on Picea breweriana. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 152.
Phenacoccus minutus; Danzig, 1971: 376. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: minimus mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Picea breweriana [Colema1903, BenDov1994], Picea pungens [Tinsle1898b, BenDov1994], Picea rubens [Koszta1996]. Salicaceae: Populus tremuloides [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Canada (Alberta [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]); United States of America (Arizona [Koszta1996], California [Colema1903, BenDov1994], Colorado [Tinsle1898b, BenDov1994], Montana [Koszta1996], New Mexico [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], Wyoming [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the needles of spruce. Ferris (1950b) comments that the record of this species from Populus from Canada is probably based on stragglers from spruce.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 161 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Russo 1994: 281 (female) [World]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae]; McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 715 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 397 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 333]; Colema1903 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 62]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-153]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163]; KosztaRh1995 [distribution: 110]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-269]; Tinsle1898b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223].
Phenacoccus monieri BalachowskyNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus monieri Balachowsky, 1939: 264. Type data: MADEIRA ISLANDS: Canical, on Cynara cardunculus var. ferocissima. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Compositae: Cynara cardunculus ferocissima [Balach1939, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Medicago [Balach1939, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Madeira Islands [Balach1939, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on root neck and roots of host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Balachowsky (1939).
CITATIONS: Balach1939 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 264-265]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 333].
Phenacoccus montanus (Hadzibejli)NOMENCLATURE:
Paroudables montanus; Hadzibejli, 1959: 575. Misspelling of genus name.
Paroudables montanus Hadzibejli, 1959a: 575. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: on Abies nordmanniana and Picea orientalis. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, and Tbilisi: Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection, Georgia. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus montanus; Danzig, 1980: 130. Change of combination.
Paroudablis montanus; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70.
Phenacoccus montanus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 333. Revived combination.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphycus sumavicus Hoffer [Trjapi1989, Yasnos2001].
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies nordmanniana [Hadzib1959a, BenDov1994], Picea orientalis [Hadzib1959a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1959a, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1959a).
KEYS: danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species on firs]; Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 333]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 130]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 536]; Hadzib1959a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 575-582]; KozarWa1985 [taxonomy: 70]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 216]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].
Phenacoccus multisetosus McKenzieNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus multisetosus McKenzie, 1967: 268. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Inyo County, Westguard Pass, on Pteryxia petraea. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: multiple-setae mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Compositae: Chrysothamnus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Tetradymia canescens [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Pteryxia petraea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 334]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268, 270-271].
Phenacoccus neimengulicus Wu, S.A.NOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus neimengulicus Wu, S.A., 2001: xxx. Type data: CHINA:.
Phenacoccus neohordei MarottaNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus neohordei Marotta, 1992a: 89. Type data: ITALY: Campania, Centola, Capo Palinuro, on Ferula communis. Holotype female. Type depository: Portici: Dipartimento di Entomologia e Zoologia Agraria, Universitŕ di Napoli Federico II, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Compositae: Centaurea parlatoris [MazzeoLoRu1994]. Crassulaceae: Sedum acre [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Lotus maritimus [Marott1992a, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Daucus carota [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994], Ferula communis [Marott1992a, BenDov1994], Foeniculum vulgare [Marott1992a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [Marott1992a, BenDov1994, MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [RussoMa1997].
BIOLOGY: Several collections of the original descriptions were taken on roots of the host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Marotta (1992a).
KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 334]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Marott1992a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 89-92]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [host, distribution: 203].
Phenacoccus nurmamatovi BazarovNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus nurmamatovi Bazarov, 1979: 44. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Vakhshsk Valley near Gandschin, on Avena sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Caulococcus nurmamatovi; Tang, 1992: 432. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus nurmamatovi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 334. Revived combination.
HOST: Gramineae: Avena [Bazaro1979, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1979, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1979). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
CITATIONS: Bazaro1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 44-46]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 334]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 432-433].
Phenacoccus orcinus De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus orcinus De Lotto, 1964: 368. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Stellenbosch, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Gramineae [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on the roots of grass.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).
KEYS: De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 334]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 368-369].
Phenacoccus palghaticus WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus palghaticus Williams, 2004a: 603. Type data: INDIA: Kerala, Palghat District, Kollangad, near Sirvani, on grass (swept); Collected P. Topal, 27.iii.1980. Holotype female. Type depository: Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Zoological Department, Hungary. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Gramineae [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Kerala [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 602-603].
Phenacoccus parietariae (Lichtenstein)NOMENCLATURE:
Boisduvalia parietariae Lichtenstein, 1881a: cxv. Type data: FRANCE: on Parietaria diffusa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female.
Oudablis parietariae; Cockerell, 1899j: 265. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus parietariae; Fernald, 1903b: 107. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus parietariae; Goux, 1931: 333. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Tamaricaceae: Tamarix [Goux1931, BenDov1994]. Urticaceae: Parietaria [Martin1985], Parietaria diffusa [Lichte1881a, BenDov1994], Parietaria officinalis [Goux1931, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Lichte1881a, Goux1931, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Spain [Martin1985].
GENERAL REMARKS: Balachowsky (1931a) discussed with great detail account on the identity and morphology of this species.
CITATIONS: Balach1931a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 100-101]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 335]; Cocker1899j [taxonomy: 265]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 107]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Goux1931 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 333]; Lichte1881a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: cxv-cxvi]; Martin1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 96].
Phenacoccus parietaricola GouxNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus parietaricola Goux, 1938b: 144. Type data: FRANCE: Marseille, on Parietaria officinalis. Holotype female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Crassulaceae: Umbilicus pendulinus [Goux1938b]. Labiatae: Ajuga iva [Goux1938c]. Papaveraceae: Chelidonium majus [Goux1938b]. Urticaceae: Parietaria officinalis [Goux1938c].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [Foldi2003]; France [Goux1938b, Foldi2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1938b).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 335]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; Goux1938b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 144-147].
Phenacoccus parvus MorrisonNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus parvus Morrison, 1924a: 147. Type data: ECUADOR: Galapagos Islands, Tover, on bush near shore. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus surinamensis Green, 1933: 51. Type data: SURINAM: on Labiatae. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams & Cox, 1984: 139.
COMMON NAME: Lantana mealybug [SwarbrDo1991].
HOSTS: Actinidiaceae: Actinidia deliciosa [GonzalCu1994]. Amaranthaceae: Alternathera ficoidea [Granar2003], Amaranthus [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Anacardiaceae: Mangifera indica [SwarbrDo1991]. Apocynaceae: Rauwolfia serpentina [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Asclepias [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bignoniaceae: Macfadyena unguis-cati [SwarbrDo1991]. Chenopodiaceae: Beta vulgaris [SwarbrDo1991]. Compositae: Chrysanthemum [SwarbrDo1991, Willia2004a], Cichorium [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Conyza bonariensis [SwarbrDo1991], Helianthus annuus [SwarbrDo1991], Lecocarpus pinnatifidus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mikania micrantha [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994], Mikania scandens [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pluchea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sonchus oleraceus [SwarbrDo1991], Tagetes minuta [SwarbrDo1991], Vernonia amygdalis [BoussiMa1987, BenDov1994], Wedelia trilobata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, BenDovGoSa2005]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Ipomoea arborescens [BoussiMa1987, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucumis sativus [SwarbrDo1991]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia heterophylla [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Euphorbia pulcherrima [Willia2004a], Mallotus claoxyloides [SwarbrDo1991]. Gramineae: Panicum maximum trichoglume [SwarbrDo1991], Saccharum officinarum [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Glycine max [SwarbrDo1991], Macroptilium atropurpureum [WilliaBu1987, BenDov1994, SwarbrDo1991], Phaseolus atropurpureum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Allium sativum [SwarbrDo1991], Protoasparagus africanus [SwarbrDo1991]. Malvaceae: Abelmoschus esculentus [SwarbrDo1991], Gossypium [SwarbrDo1991], Sida [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Sida acuta [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Sida cordifolia [SwarbrDo1991], Sida rhombifolia [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, SwarbrDo1991], Sida subapicata [SwarbrDo1991]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae: Oncidium [Willia2004a]. Piperaceae: Piper nigrum [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Rheum rhababarum [SwarbrDo1991]. Rhamnaceae: Alphitonia excelsa [SwarbrDo1991], Scutia [Granar2003]. Rutaceae: Murraya paniculata [Willia2004a]. Solanaceae: Capsicum annuum [GranarScTe1997, SwarbrDo1991, Granar2003, Willia2004a], Capsicum frutescens [BoussiMa1987, BenDov1994], Cestrum [BenDovGoSa2005], Cestrum diurnum [WilliaHa1994], Lycium ferocissimum [SwarbrDo1991], Lycopersicon esculentum [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, SwarbrDo1991, Willia2004a], Solanum aethiopicum [Matile1986, BenDov1994], Solanum macranthum [Matile1986, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum nigrum [BoussiMa1987, BenDov1994], Solanum stelligerum stelligerum [SwarbrDo1991], Solanum torvum [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Umbelliferae: Apium graveolens [SwarbrDo1991], Daucus carota [SwarbrDo1991]. Verbenaceae: Clerodendrum philippinum [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Lantana [GranarCl2003], Lantana camara [WilliaCo1984, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Granar2003, BenDovGoSa2005], Lippia nudiflora [Willia2004a], Priva laevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Congo [Matile1986, BenDov1994]; Gabon [BoussiMa1987, BenDov1994]; Senegal [Matile1986, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Australia (Queensland [SwarbrDo1991]); New Caledonia [WilliaCo1984, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Florida [WilliaHa1994]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Barbuda [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Cordoba [Granar2003], Tucuman [GranarCl2003, Granar2003]); Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cayman Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Chile [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GonzalCu1994]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaCo1984, BenDov1994]; Dominica [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [Morris1924a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CaustoPeSi2006]; Guadeloupe [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Martinique [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Nicaragua [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Lucia [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Suriname [Green1933, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [WilliaCo1984, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [GranarScTe1997]. Oriental: India (Orissa [Willia2004a]); Indonesia (Sumatra [Willia2004a]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Singapore [Willia2004a]; Thailand [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Israel [new].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a).
STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in Gonzalez & Curkovic (1994).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: In Australia, Queenslande, this mealybug developed heavy populations on Lantana camara and caused damage to this weed, to the extent that this mealybug species was considered a biological control agent. However, Swarbrick & Donaldson (1991) demonstrated its wide range of host plants.
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 159 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 335]; BenDovGoSa2005 [host, distribution: 325-326]; BoussiMa1987 [host, distribution: 8]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; GonzalVo2004 [host, distribution, economic importance: 41-62]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 81]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution, economic importance: 97, 98]; Green1933 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 51]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 10, 16, 20]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 144]; Matile1986 [host, distribution: 212]; Morris1924a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-148]; SwarbrDo1991 [host, distribution, economic importance, life history: 68-69]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 45]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 604-605]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 92]; WilliaCo1984 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 139]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 379-381]; WilliaHa1994 [host, distribution: 16]; WilliaMi1999 [taxonomy, life history: 524]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-159].
Phenacoccus pauculus De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus pauculus De Lotto, 1964: 369. Type data: UGANDA: Kampala, on roots of grass. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Gramineae [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living of the roots of grass.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1964).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 336]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 369].
Phenacoccus pauperatus FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus pauperatus Ferris, 1950b: 154. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Riverside County, on Eriogonum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
COMMON NAME: pauper mealybug [McKenz1967].
HOSTS: Compositae: Eriophyllum confertiflorum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Eriogonum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b) and by McKenzie (1967).
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 315 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 336]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 154-155]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 271-273].
Phenacoccus pergandei CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus pergandei Cockerell, 1896i: 55. Type data: JAPAN: on 'Gumi'. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus pargandei; Kuwana, 1907: 185. Misspelling of species name.
Pseudococcus katsurae Shinji, 1935b: 773. Type data: JAPAN: Morioka, on Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Enkianthus japonicus, Taxus cuspidata and T. cuspidata var. depressa. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Kanda, 1941d: 24. Notes: Type material lost, S. Takagi, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.
Pseudococcus katsure; Tao, 1999: 23. Misspelling of species name.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus nagasakiensis (Ishii) [Tachik1956f], Anagyrus pergandei Dang & Wang [DangWa2002], Cerapterocroides japonicus Ashmead [Tachik1984].
HOSTS: Araliaceae: Fatsia japonica [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994]. Cercidiphyllaceae: Cercidiphyllum japonicus [Shinji1935b, BenDov1994]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros kaki [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994]. Ericaceae: Enkianthus japonicus [Shinji1935b, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Laurus nobilis [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994]. Moraceae: Ficus carica [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994], Ficus erecta [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Eriobotrya japonica [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994], Prunus yedoensis [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994]. Taxaceae: Taxus cuspidata [Shinji1935b, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Celtis sinensis japonica [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994], Zelkova serrata [TakahaTa1956, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994] (Shanxi (=Shansi) [Xie1998]); Japan [Cocker1896i, Shinji1935b, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tang (1992). Danzig (1980b) synonymized this species with P. aceris, however, Takahashi & Tashikawa (1956), Kawai (1980) and Tang (1992) regarded it as a distinct species.
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph given by Kawai (1980).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Kanda 1943a: 43 (female) [Japan].
CITATIONS: Cocker1896i [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 55-56]; Comper1961a [biological control: 17-71]; ComperAn1961 [host, distribution, biological control: 17]; DangWa2002 [host, distribution, biological control: 289-300]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy: 124]; HashimHiMu1971 [chemistry: 100-109]; Kanda1935a [host, distribution: 170]; Kanda1941e [taxonomy: 24]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 8]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94]; Kuwana1907 [host, distribution: 185]; Shinji1935b [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 773]; Tachik1956f [host, distribution, biological control: 146]; Tachik1984 [biological control: 41-44]; TakahaTa1956 [host, distribution: 4]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 543-544, 742]; Tang2001 [distribution: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 9]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23]; Xie1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 84-85].
Phenacoccus perillustris BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus perillustris Borchsenius, 1949: 215. Type data: TAJIKISTAN: Gissarsk Ridge, on Lonicera sp.; collected N. Borchsenius, 16.vii.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 337. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. 215. Described: female.
HOST: Caprifoliaceae: Lonicera tatarica [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Danzig2003]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [Danzig2003]; Uzbekistan (Tashkent Oblast [Danzig2003]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 336]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 214-215]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 337-338]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 544-545].
Phenacoccus perse Wu, S.A.NOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus perse Wu, S.A., 2001: xxx. Type data: CHINA:.
Phenacoccus persimplex BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus persimplex Borchsenius, 1949: 221. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: on Artemisia sp.; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 2.vi.1940. Lectotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. 59-71. Described: female.
Spinococcus persimplex; Tang, 1992: 566. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus persimplex; Ben-Dov, 1994: 336. Revived combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphycus slavai Myartseva [Trjapi1989], Mohelencyrtus phenacocci Myartseva [Trjapi1989].
HOST: Compositae: Artemisia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Danzig2003]; Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Kazakhstan (Alma Ata Oblast [Danzig2003], Dzhambul Oblast [Danzig2003], Semipaltinsk Oblast [Danzig2003]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Danzig2003]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Lives on roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Danzig (2003). Description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 555 (female) [China]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 135 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 336-337]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 221-222]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 347-349]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 566-567]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 145-147]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 158, 217].
Phenacoccus phenacoccoides gallicus (Goux)NOMENCLATURE:
Trionymus phenacoccoides gallicus Goux, 1941a: 38. Type data: FRANCE: Tamaris, Var, on Brachypodium pinnatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Gramineae: Brachypodium pinnatum [Goux1941a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Goux1941a, BenDov1994, Foldi2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Goux (1941a).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 525]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Goux1941a [taxonomy, description: 38, 41].
Phenacoccus phenacoccoides phenacoccoides (Kiritchenko)NOMENCLATURE:
Trionymus phenacoccoides Kiritchenko, 1932: 136. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, on Agropyron repens. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Erium phenacoccoides; Lindinger, 1935a: 122. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus phenacoccoides; Borchsenius, 1937: 54. Change of combination.
Caulococcus phenacoccoides; Borchsenius, 1960e: 49. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus phenacoccoides; Ben-Dov, 1994: 337. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: pink grass-mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Compositae: Olgaea leuophylla [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992]. Gramineae: Aegilops [KaydanKiKo2005], Agropyron desertorum [Mateso1968a], Agropyron repens [Kiritc1932], Agropyron romosum [Mateso1968a], Agropyron sibiricum [Mateso1968a], Cleistogenes squarrosa [Danzig1977a], Cynodon dactylon [Borchs1949], Elymus angustus [Mateso1968a], Elytrigia [Terezn1975a], Hordeum murinum [KaydanKiKo2005], Phleum phleoides [Mateso1968a], Poa nemoralis [Terezn1975a].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992]; Georgia (Georgia [Borchs1937]); Hungary [KosztaKo1988F, KozarKiSa2004]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968]; Moldova [KozarOs1987]; Mongolia [Danzig1977a]; Poland [Lagows1996]; Russia (Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a]); Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005]; Ukraine [Kiritc1932] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Borchs1949]); Uzbekistan [Borchs1949].
BIOLOGY: Adult females occur from May to October in the leaf axils of the host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Tereznikova (1975) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).
KEYS: Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 337]; Borchs1937 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 54]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 228-229]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 49]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 197]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 75]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 524]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; Kiritc1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 136-137]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 71]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 131]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; KozarOs1987 [host, distribution]; LagowsKo1996 [host, distribution: 31, 34]; Lindin1935a [taxonomy: 122]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 110]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 433, 701]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 7, 8]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 10]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147, 148].
Phenacoccus piceae (Low)NOMENCLATURE:
Boisduvalia piceae Low, 1883b: 267. Type data: AUSTRIA: on Abietis excelsae. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Vienna: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria. Described: female.
Oudablis piceae; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus (Oudablis) piceae; Cockerell, 1900f: 86. Change of combination.
Paroudablis piceae; Fernald, 1903b: 89. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus piceae; Fernald, 1903b: 92. Revived combination.
Peukinococcus piceae; ulc, 1944a: 2. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus piceae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 337. Revived combination.
Phenacoccus picaea; Gertsson, 2001: 125. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAME: spruce mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinillidae: Exochomus quadripustulatus [KosztaKo1988F]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Allotropa mecrida [KosztaKo1988F], Anagyrus schmuttereri [KosztaKo1988F], Aphycus sumavicus Hoffer [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989], Eunotus nigriclavis [KosztaKo1988F], Eusemon cornigerum (Walker) [Trjapi1989], Microterys subcupratus (Dalman) [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989], Pseudaphycus austriacus Mercet [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989], Tetracnemoidea piceae (Erdos) [KosztaKo1988F, Trjapi1989], Tetracnemus diversicornis Westwood [Schmut1955b, KosztaKo1988F]. Pteromalidae: Eunotus nigriclavis (Forster) [Schmut1955b].
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Abies [KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994], Picea abies [Ossian1985, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, Gertss2000, Kozar1999a], Picea excelsa [Low1883b, Goux1931, Goux1933a, KotejaZa1966, Tzalev1968, BenDov1994], Picea obovata [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994], Picea orientalis [KozarGuBa1994]. Taxaceae: Taxus [Tang1984b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Austria [Low1883b, BenDov1994]; Bulgaria [Tzalev1968, KosztaKo1988F, BenDov1994]; China [Tang1984b, BenDov1994]; Czech Republic [Sulc1944a, BenDov1994]; Estonia [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1931, Goux1933a, BenDov1994]; Germany [Schmut1952, Schmut1980, BenDov1994]; Hungary [KozarOrKo1977, BenDov1994, Kozar1999a]; Italy [OlmiCuSa1979, Marott1987a, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Latvia [Rasina1959, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1977a, BenDov1994]; Poland [KotejaZa1966, Koteja1974b, KotejaZa1979, KotejaZa1983, BenDov1994, Lagows1996]; Romania [Kozar1985, BenDov1994]; Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]); Sweden [Ossian1985, BenDov1994, Gertss2000, Gertss2001]; Switzerland [Marcha1908, BenDov1994, KozarGuBa1994]; Ukraine [Terezn1975, BenDov1994]; Yugoslavia [Kozar1983a, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the needles of the host plant. Natural enemies listed by Kosztarab & Kozar (1988F). Biology and ecology discussed by Kozarzhevskaya (1992).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Marchal (1908), Sulc (1944a), Tereznikova (1975) and by Danzig (2004).
KEYS: Danzig 2004: 532 (female) [Phenacoccus species on firs]; Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Russo 1994: 281 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 122 (female) [Central Europe]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Danzig 1971: 376 (female) [Group of Phenacoccus piceae]; Borchsenius 1949: 238 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 337-338]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 238-239]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 325]; Cocker1900b [taxonomy: 85-87]; Danzig1977a [host, distribution: 197]; Danzig2004 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 534-535]; Fernal1903b [taxonomy: 89, 92]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gertss2000 [host, distribution: 149-150]; Gertss2001 [distribution: 123-130]; Goux1931 [host, distribution: 4]; Goux1933a [host, distribution: 235]; Kaweck1935 [host, distribution: 75]; Kiritc1936 [host, distribution: 72]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution, biological control: 131-132]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 73]; Koteja2000a [distribution: 172]; KotejaZa1966 [host, distribution: 317]; KotejaZa1979 [distribution: 673]; KotejaZa1983 [host, distribution: 473]; Kozar1983a [host, distribution: 142]; Kozar1985 [host, distribution: 204]; Kozar1999a [host, distribution: 138]; KozarOrKo1977 [host, distribution: 71]; Lagows1996 [host, distribution: 31]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; Low1883 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 267]; Marcha1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 243-245]; Marott1987a [host, distribution: 109]; MatilePe2002 [host, distribution: 352]; OlmiCuSa1979 [host, distribution: 1-6]; Ossian1985 [host, distribution: 145]; Rasina1955 [host, distribution: 69]; Rasina1959 [host, distribution: 110]; Schmut1952 [host, distribution: 396-397]; Schmut1955b [host, distribution, biological control: 511,519]; Schmut1980 [host, distribution: 50]; Sulc1944a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 2-50]; Tang1984b [host, distribution: 125]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 545-546]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-214]; Trjapi1989 [biological control: 159, 168, 216, 220]; Tzalev1968 [host, distribution: 207].
Phenacoccus poriferus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus poriferus Borchsenius, 1949: 234. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on grass. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 1980b: 135. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Phenacoccus comitans Bazarov, 1967a: 62. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Pamir, on roots of Elymus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Danzig, 1980: 135.
Caulococcus comitans; Tang, 1992: 424. Change of combination.
Caulococcus poriferus; Tang, 1992: 433. Change of combination.
Caulococcus poreferus; Tang, 1992: 680. Misspelling of species name.
Caulococcus porferus; Tang et al., 1992: 8. Misspelling of species name.
Phenacoccus poriferus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 338. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Gramineae: Elymus chinensis [Danzig1984a, BenDov1994], Elymus dasystachys [Danzig1984a, BenDov1994], Elymus mollis [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994], Festuca supina [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Tang1992, TangHaTa1992, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1984a]; North Korea [Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]; Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Borchs1949, Danzig1980b, BenDov1994]); Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1967a, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Oligophagous on cereals. Occurring in leaf axils.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1980b) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949).
KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [Korea]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 56 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Bazaro1967a [host, distribution: 60-63]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 338]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 234-235]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 135-136]; Danzig1984a [host, distribution: 338]; KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 114,117]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 433-434, 702]; TangHaTa1992 [host, destribution: 8].
Phenacoccus pratti TakahashiNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus pratti Takahashi, 1951a: 20. Type data: MALAYSIA: West Malaya, Cameron Highlands, on Eucalyptus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 607. Type depository: Taichung: Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Entomology Collection, Taiwan. Described: female.
Caulococcus pratti; Tang, 1992: 434. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus pratti; Ben-Dov, 1994: 338. Revived combination.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Eucalyptus [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Malaysia [Takaha1951a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Takahashi (1951a) and by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590=591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 338]; Takaha1951a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 19-21]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 434-435]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 606-610].
Phenacoccus prodigialis FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus prodigialis Ferris, 1950: 9. Type data: CHINA: Yunnan Province, near Kunming, on Prunus mume. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Berberidaceae: Berberis wilsoniana [Ferris1950, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Prunus mume [Ferris1950, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China [Ferris1950, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring near the tips of the twigs.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 338-339]; Ferris1950 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 9, 24]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23].
Phenacoccus prosopidis BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus prosopidis Bodenheimer, 1943: 20. Type data: IRAQ: Basra, on Prosopis stephaniana. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Centre, Israel. Described: female.
HOST: Leguminosae: Prosopis stephaniana [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 339]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20].
Phenacoccus proximus De LottoNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus proximus De Lotto, 1974: 111. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Richtersveld, Numees Mine, on Pachypodium namaquanum. Holotype female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Apocynaceae: Pachypodium namaquanum [DeLott1974, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [DeLott1974, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1974).
KEYS: De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 339]; DeLott1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 111-113].
Phenacoccus prunispinosi SavescuNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus prunispinosi Savescu, 1984: 152. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanta District, Ostrov, on Prunus spinosa. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rosaceae: Prunus spinosa [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 339]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 152-154].
Phenacoccus pseudopumilus HadzibejliNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus pseudopumilus Hadzibejli, 1960: 62. Type data: REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Vashlovan reserve, on Artemisia meyeriana and A. eldarica. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, and Tbilisi: Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection, Georgia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Compositae: Artemisia eldarica [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994], Artemisia meyeriana [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Hadzibejli (1960).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 339]; Hadzib1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-63].
Phenacoccus psidiarum CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus gossypii psidiarum Cockerell, 1903a: 164. Type data: MEXICO: Zapotlan, Jalisco, on wild guava [= Psidium guajava]. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 381. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus psidiarum; Ferris, 1953a: 400. Change of status.
HOST: Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava [Cocker1903a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [Cocker1903a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the leaves and bark of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 348 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 339]; Cocker1903a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 164]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 400]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 381-384].
Phenacoccus pumilus KiritshenkoNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus latus Kiritshenko, 1931: 314. Nomen nudum.
Phenacoccus pumilus Kiritshenko, 1931: 314. Nomen nudum.
Phenacoccus latus Kiritshenko, 1936a: 132. Type data: UKRAINE: Odessa Oblast, Odessa, from various host plants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Synonymy by Borchsenius, 1949: 233.
Phenacoccus pumilus Kiritshenko, 1936a: 134. Type data: GEORGIA: Tbilisi, on Inula conyza; collected Koenig, 15.vii.1927. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 349. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. 230-39. Described: female.
Phenacoccus pumilus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 339. Revived combination.
COMMON NAME: dwarf mealybug [KosztaKo1988F].
HOSTS: Amaranthaceae: Amaranthus retroflexus [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Amaranthus viridis [KaydanKiKo2005]. Apiaceae: Falcaria [KaydanKiKo2005], Sium [KaydanKiKo2005], Turgenia [KaydanKiKo2005], Zosima absinthifolia [KaydanKiKo2005]. Boraginaceae: Echium [KaydanKiKo2005], Lithospermum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus capiatus [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Dianthus polymorphus [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994], Dianthus pumilis [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994], Silene [KaydanKiKo2005]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex [KaydanKiKo2005], Beta vulgaris [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Chenopodium album [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Chenopodium btrys [KaydanKiKo2005]. Compositae: Achillea [KaydanKiKo2005], Achillea herberi [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994], Achillea millefolium [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Anthemis [KaydanKiKo2005], Artemisia frigida [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Artemisia marschalliana [Mateso1968, BenDov1994], Centaurea depressa [KaydanKiKo2005], Centaurea parlatoris [MazzeoRuLo1997], Centaurea solstitialis [KaydanKiKo2005], Chondrilla juncea [KaydanKiKo2005], Cichorium intybus [KaydanKiKo2005], Circium arvense [KaydanKiKo2005], Crepis [KaydanKiKo2005], Crupina crupinastrum [KaydanKiKo2005], Eryngium campestre [KaydanKiKo2005], Inula conyza [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Inula ensifolia [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Lactuca seriole [KaydanKiKo2005], Matricaria [KaydanKiKo2005], Scorzonera pusilla [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994], Sonchus arvensis [KaydanKiKo2005], Sonchus asper [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Taraxacum [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Tragopogon [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005], Tripleurospermum [KaydanKiKo2005], Xanthium strumanianum [KaydanKiKo2005], Xeranthemum squarrosum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Convolvulus arvensis [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Convolvulus gallaticus [KaydanKiKo2005]. Cruciferae: Alyssum calycinum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Alyssum tortuosum [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Diplotaxis tenuifolia [KaydanKiKo2005], Erysimum [KaydanKiKo2005], Euclidium syriacum [KaydanKiKo2005], Hirschfeldia incana [KaydanKiKo2005], Isatis tinctoria, Lepidium draba [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Matthiola longipetala [KaydanKiKo2005], Sinapis arvensis [KaydanKiKo2005], Sisymbrium loeselii [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Sisymbrium officinalis [KaydanKiKo2005]. Dipsacaceae: Scabiosa [TerGri1973, BenDov1994, KaydanKiKo2005]. Geraniaceae: Erodium cicutarium [KaydanKiKo2005]. Labiatae: Ajuga [KaydanKiKo2005], Ajuga chia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Lallemantia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Scutellaria sevanensis [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Teucrium polium [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Thymus marschallianus [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Ziziphora [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Marrubium [KaydanKiKo2005], Sideritis [KaydanKiKo2005]. Leguminosae: Alhagi [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Lotus cornuculatus [KaydanKiKo2005], Medicago falcata [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994], Melilotus [KaydanKiKo2005], Melilotus officinalis [Kiritc1940, BenDov1994], Onobrychis [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Trifolium [KaydanKiKo2005], Trigonella [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Vicia pannonica [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Malva [KaydanKiKo2005]. Papaveraceae: Glaucium flavum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Plantaginaceae: Plantago [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum [KaydanKiKo2005]. Rubiaceae: Galium [KaydanKiKo2005], Galium verum [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994]. Salosolaceae: Salsola [KaydanKiKo2005]. Scrophulariaceae: Linaria [KaydanKiKo2005], Linaria vulgaris [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994]. Scrophullariaceae: Verbascum [KaydanKiKo2005], Veronica multifolia [KaydanKiKo2005]. Umbelliferae: Bupleurum [KaydanKiKo2005], Daucus carota [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Echinophora tenuifolia [KaydanKiKo2005], Foeniculum officinale [Goux1948b, BenDov1994]. Valerianaceae: Valerianella [KaydanKiKo2005].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [TerGri1973, BenDov1994]; France [Goux1948b, BenDov1994, Foldi2001]; Georgia (Georgia [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994]); Hungary [KozarKiSa2004]; Kazakhstan [Mateso1968, BenDov1994]; Mongolia [Danzig1980, BenDov1994]; Russia (Caucasus [Borchs1949, BenDov1994], Volgograd Oblast [Danzig2003]); Sicily [MazzeoRuLo1997, RussoMa1997]; Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1971c, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanUlTo2002, KaydanULZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005]; Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Ukraine [Borchs1949, BenDov1994] (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Kiritc1936, BenDov1994]); Uzbekistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of a variety of dicotyledonous plants. Life cycle discussed by Ter-Grigorian (1973),
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973), Tereznikova (1975), Tang (1992) and by Danzig (2003). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949).
SYSTEMATICS: Although P. latus has page priority over P. pumilus, Article 24 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, The Principle of the First Reviser, applies to this case (see Borchsenius, 1949: 234).
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Occasionally a pest on physiologically weakened ornamental spruce trees (Kosztarab & Kozár, 1988F).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 528 (female) [China]; Kosztarab & Kozar 1988F: 123 (female) [Central Europe]; Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 56 (female) [Tajikistan]; Tereznikova 1975: 211 (female) [Ukraine]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 136 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: Bazaro1971c [host, distribution: 89]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 339-340]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 233-234]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; Danzig1980 [host, distribution: 33]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 349-352]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Gavril2004 [host, distribution: 524]; Goux1948b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-184]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; KaydanULZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; Kiritc1931 [host, distribution: 314]; Kiritc1936 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 134-136]; Kiritc1940 [host, distribution: 120]; KosztaKo1988F [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 132]; KozarKiSa2004 [distribution: 57]; Mateso1968 [host, distribution: 110]; MazzeoRuLo1997 [host, distribution: 29, 21]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 48]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 546-547, 743]; Terezn1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 224-225]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-163].
Phenacoccus puncticulatus WillimsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus puncticulatus Willims, 2004a: 607. Type data: PAKISTAN: Kohala, on Arundo donax); collected 27.vii.1970. Holotype female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Gramineae: Arundo donax [Willia2004a], Saccharum officinarum [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Pakistan [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 607-610].
Phenacoccus pyramidensis EzzatNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus pyramidensis Ezzat, 1960: 26. Type data: EGYPT: Giza Pyramids, on undetermined host. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Caulococcus pyramidensis; Tang, 1992: 435. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus pyramidensis; Ben-Dov, 1994: 340. Revived combination.
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Egypt [Ezzat1960, EzzatNa1987, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ezzat (1960). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
CITATIONS: AbdRab2001d [distribution: 1362]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 340]; Ezzat1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 26-28]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 89]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 435].
Phenacoccus quadricaudata (Signoret)NOMENCLATURE:
Boisduvalia quadricaudata Signoret, 1875c: 339. Type data: FRANCE: Nice, on Agropyrum sp. Syntypes, male. Type depository: MHMW. Described: male.
Oudablis quadricaudata; Cockerell, 1896b: 325. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus quadricaudata; Fernald, 1903b: 108. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus quadricaudata; Ben-Dov, 1994: 409.
Phenacoccus quadricaudata; Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero, 1995: 250. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Gramineae [Signor1875c, BenDov1994], Agropyrum [BenDovMa1995].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: France [Signor1875c, BenDov1994, BenDovMa1995, Foldi2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description given by Signoret (1875c). Ben-Dov & Matile-Ferrero (1995) discussed several characters of the adult male as observed in the type series.
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 409]; BenDovMa1995 [taxonomy: 250]; Cocker1896b [taxonomy: 325]; Fernal1903b [catalogue, taxonomy: 108]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Signor1875c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 339].
Phenacoccus querculus (Borchsenius)NOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus quercus; Borchsenius, 1949: 219. Misidentification; discovered by Danzig, 1980: 125.
Paroudablis querculus Borchsenius, 1949: 239. Type data: AZERBAIJAN: Talish, on Quercus macranthera; collected N.S. Borchsenius, 26.vi.1947. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 339. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. 121-48. Described: female.
Phenacoccus querculus; Tang, 1992: 547. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Fagaceae: Quercus [TerGri1969], Quercus macranthera [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Borchs1949, TerGri1969, BenDov1994]; Azerbaijan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994]; Georgia [Yasnos2001].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ter-Grigorian (1973) and by Danzig (2003). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Ter-Grigorian 1973: 172 (female) [Armenia]; Borchsenius 1949: 210, 238 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 340-341]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 239-240]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339-340]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 547-548]; TerGri1969 [host, distribution: 53]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 172-173]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].
Phenacoccus radii BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus radii Bodenheimer, 1943: 20. Type data: IRAQ: Basra, on Alhagi maurorum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Centre, Israel. Described: female.
HOST: Leguminosae: Alhagi maurorum [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Iraq [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 341]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-21].
Phenacoccus rehaceki SavescuNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus rehacekii Savescu, 1984: 151. Type data: ROMANIA: Constanta District, Basarabi, on Tragopogon pratensis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Compositae: Tragopogon pratensis [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1984, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1984).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 341]; Savesc1984 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 151-153].
Phenacoccus rotundus KandaNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus rotundus Kanda, 1943a: 45. Type data: JAPAN: Honsyu, Mt. Zinmuzi, Kanagawaken, on Stephanandra incisa. Holotype female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.
HOST: Rosaceae: Stephanandra incisa [Kanda1943a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Japan [Kanda1943a, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kanda (1943a). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Kanda 1943a: 43 (female) [Japan].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 341]; Kanda1943a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 45-47]; Kawai1972 [host, distribution: 8]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 549].
Phenacoccus rubicola Kwon, Danzig & ParkNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus rubicola Kwon, Danzig & Park, 2003: 117. Type data: KOREA: Daehyeon-ri, Bukhu, Andong, Gyeongsangbuk-do, on Rubus crataegifolius; collected G.M. Kwon, 6.5.2001. Holotype. Type depository: NASK. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Rosaceae: Rubus crataegifolius [KwonDaPa2003].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: South Korea [KwonDaPa2003].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Kwon et al. (2003).
KEYS: Kwon et al. 2003: 114 (female) [Korea].
CITATIONS: KwonDaPa2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114,117-118].
Phenacoccus rubivorus CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus rubivorus Cockerell, 1901f: 215. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Beulah, on Rubus strigosus. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus ripersioides Cockerell & Cockerell, 1903: 112. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Beulah, with Lasius niger. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 401.
Phenacoccus ripersioides; Ferris, 1953a: 401. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus rubivorous; McKenzie, 1960: 714. Misspelling of species name.
Phenacoccus rubivorous; McKenzie, 1961: 27. Misspelling of species name.
COMMON NAMES: false Puto mealybug [Koszta1996]; false puto mealybug.
HOSTS: Ericaceae: Azalea [Ferris1953a, BenDov1994], Gaylussaica [Koszta1996], Rhododendron [Koszta1996], Rhododendron periclymoides [Koszta1996], Vaccinium [Ferris1953], Vaccinium vacillans [Koszta1996]. Fagaceae: Quercus [Koszta1996]. Rosaceae: Rubus strigosus [CockerCo1903].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (District of Columbia [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], New Mexico [CockerCo1903, BenDov1994], New York [Koszta1996], North Carolina [Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996], West Virginia [Koszta1996]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the roots of its host plant and in ants' nests, Lasius niger.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1953a) and by Kosztarab (1996).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 163 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 395 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 341]; Cocker1901f [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215]; CockerCo1903 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 112]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 401-402]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-164].
Phenacoccus saccharifolii (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Dactylopius saccharifolii Green, 1908a: 23. Type data: INDIA: Bengal, Pusa [now Bihar], on sugar-cane leaves. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams, 2004a: 610. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust.
Pseudococcus saccharifolii; Lindinger, 1910: 151. Change of combination.
Pseudococcus (Dactylopius) saccharifolii; Fletcher, 1917: 150. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus saccharifolii; Williams, 1970: 161. Change of combination.
Birendracoccus saccharifolii; Ali, 1975: 280. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Leptomastix [Ali1963], Xanthoencyrtus [Ali1963].
HOSTS: Gramineae: Saccharum arundinaceum [Ramakr1930, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Saccharum officinarum [Green1908a, AvasthSh1987, Tang1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sorghum halepense [Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Bihar [Green1908a, Maxwel1908, Ali1970a, Ali1975, Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [AvasthSh1987, Willia2004a]); Nepal [Ali1970a, Willia1970DJ, Willia2004a]; Pakistan [Willia2004a].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the inner surfaces of the leaves of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1970DJ), Ali (1975) and by Avasthi & Shafee (1987). Good description of the adult female given by Green (1908a), Maxwell (1908) and Ali (1970a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia]; Williams 1970: 114 (female) [World].
CITATIONS: AgarwaSi1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 149]; Ali1958 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 181]; Ali1962 [description, host, distribution: 72-74]; Ali1963 [host, distribution, biological control: 131-132]; Ali1963a [host, distribution, virus: 189-191]; Ali1967 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 213-214]; Ali1970a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 96]; Ali1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 280-282]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-9]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 62]; Box1953 [distribution: 53]; Green1908a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 23-24]; IsaacMi1933 [host, distribution: 315-324]; Lindin1910 [p. 151]; Maxwel1908 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 124-126]; Morris1925a [taxonomy: 497, 498]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1930 [host, distribution: 61]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 387]; Varshn1992 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 39]; Willia1970DJ [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 160-163]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 610-612].
Phenacoccus salsolae DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus salsolae Danzig, 1975: 54. Type data: MONGOLIA: Southern Gobi-Aimak, on Salsola gemascens passerina. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Euripersia solsolae; Tang, 1992: 447. Misspelling of species name.
Euripersia salsolae; Tang, 1992: 454. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus salsolae; Ben-Dov, 1994: 342. Revived combination.
HOST: Chenopodiaceae: Salsola gemascens passerina [Danzig1975, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig1975, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on roots of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Danzig (1975) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 447 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 342]; Danzig1975 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 52, 54]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 454-455].
Phenacoccus schmelevi BazarovNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus schmelevi Bazarov, 1980: 404. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: East Pamir, on Silene pamirensis. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Caryophyllaceae: Silene pamirensis [Bazaro1980, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Bazaro1980, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bazarov (1980). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: Bazaro1980 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 404-405]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 342]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 549-550].
Phenacoccus segnis (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus segnis Brain, 1915: 145. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Stellenbosch, on Cliffortia ruscifolia. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus segnis; De Lotto, 1974: 111. Change of combination.
HOST: Rosaceae: Cliffortia ruscifolia [Brain1915, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a).
KEYS: De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 342]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 146-147]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 107-108]; DeLott1974 [taxonomy: 111].
Phenacoccus setiger BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus setiger Borchsenius, 1949: 223. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Aktyubinsk, on Agropyrum sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Caulococcus setiger; Borchsenius, 1960E: 49. Change of combination.
HOST: Gramineae: Agropyron [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 342]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 223-224]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 49]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 435-436].
Phenacoccus shanxiensis Wu, S.A.NOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus shanxiensis Wu, S.A., 2001: xxx. Type data: CHINA:.
Phenacoccus sherbinovskyi BodenheimerNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus sherbinovskyi Bodenheimer, 1943: 32. Type data: AFGHANISTAN: Chosh, on grass. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Centre, Israel. Described: female.
Peliococcopsis skerbinovskyi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Change of combination.
Peliococcopsis skerbinovskyi; Kozár & Walter, 1985: 70. Misspelling of species name.
Phenacoccus sherbinovskyi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 342. Revived combination.
HOST: Gramineae [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Afghanistan [Bodenh1943, BenDov1994, KozarFoZa1996]; Iran [KozarFoZa1996].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Bodenheimer (1943). Kozár & Walter (1985) assigned this species to Peliococcopsis. However (Ben-Dov, 1994: 342) studied the syntypes and concluded that this species cannot be retained in Peliococcopsis.
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 342-343]; Bodenh1943 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 32-33]; Kaussa1957 [host, distribution: 2]; KozarFoZa1996 [host, distribution: 64]; KozarWa1986 [taxonomy: 70].
Phenacoccus shutovae DanzigNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus shutovae Danzig, 1971: 380. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Ledum macrophyllum. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Spinococcus shutovae; Tang, 1992: 567. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Ericaceae: Ledum macrophyllum [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Ledum palustre [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Irkutsk Oblast [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Kuril Islands [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Sakhalin Oblast [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurs on the underside of leaves. Both males and females overwinter as nymphs.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 343]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 380-382]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 133-135]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 567-568].
Phenacoccus silvanae Longo & Russo in Longo et al.NOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus silvanae Longo & Russo in Longo et al., 1989: 171. Type data: ITALY: Catania, Biancavilla, on Crataegus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Calabria: Istituto di Difesa delle Piante, Reggio, Calabria, Italy. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Rosaceae: Crataegus [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994], Rosa [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Italy [LongoMaRu1989, BenDov1994, LongoMaPe1995]; Sicily [RussoMa1997].
BIOLOGY: Associated with the ant Crematogaster scutellaris (Longo et al., 1989). Develops one annual generation in Sicily (Longo et al., 1995).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Longo et al. (1989).
KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 343]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 119]; LongoMaRu1989 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 171-173]; LongoMaRu1995 [host, distribution, life history: 219-222]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 52].
Phenacoccus similis Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus similis Granara de Willink, 1983a: 61. Type data: ARGENTINA: Province of Tucuman, Tucuman, on Acanthaceae. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Acanthaceae [Granar1983a, WilliaGr1992], Hypoestes [GranarCl2003]. Compositae: Ambrosia [WilliaGr1992]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia pulcherrima [Granar2003]. Malvaceae: Gossypium barbadense [Granar2003]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [GranarCl2003, Granar2003]. Solanaceae: Nicotiana caranillesi [WilliaGr1992], Solanum melongena [WilliaGr1992]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [WilliaGr1992].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Chaco [Granar2003], San Luis [Granar2003], Tucuman [Granar1983a, WilliaGr1992, GranarCl2003]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the aerial parts of the host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1983a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 343]; Granar1983a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 61-63]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 81]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; PerontMiSo2001 [host, distribution: 247-255]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 384-386].
Phenacoccus solani FerrisNOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus solani; Essig, 1909a: 36. Misidentification.
Phenacoccus solani Ferris, 1918d: 60. Type data: U.S.A.: California, Santa Clara County, Palo Alto, Stanford University, on Hemizonia rudis. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus herbarum Lindinger, 1942: 115. Type data: U.S.A.: California, on roots of Solanum douglasii. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Lindinger, 1942: 115. Notes: Type material depository unknown (Ben-Dov, 1994).
COMMON NAMES: solanum mealybug [McKenz1967, Bartle1978e, Koszta1996]; Solanum mealybug [McKenz1967].
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Aphelinidae: Coccophagus gurneyi (Compere) [Blumbe1997]. Encyrtidae: Leptomastix dactylopii (Howard) [Blumbe1997].
HOSTS: Aizoaceae: Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum [Miller1971, BenDov1994]. Amaryllidaceae: Amaryllis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Eucharis amazonica [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Hymenocallis littoralis [Willia2004a], Narcissus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Apiaceae: Eryngium fatidum [Willia2004a]. Boraginaceae: Messerschmidia [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Tournefortia argentea [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae [Willia2004a]. Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex semibaccata [Miller1974a, BenDov1994], Chenopodium [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Ambrosia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Artemisia heterophylla [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Aster [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994], Brassica oleracea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Centaurea diffusa [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994], Chrysanthemum morifolium [MoghadHaZi2004], Erigeron [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Franseria chamissonis [Miller1974a, BenDov1994], Haplopappus [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994], Helianthus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hemizonia rudis [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994], Heterotheca [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Parthenium hysterophorus [WilliaBlKh1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sonchus oleraceus [Zimmer1948, BenDov1994], Verbesina encelioides exauriculata [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Wedelia biflora [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Crassulaceae: Echeveria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cruciferae: Raphanus sativus [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Cycadaceae: Encephalartos [MazzeoRuSu1999], Encephalartos transvenosus [DeLott1974, BenDov1994]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus esculentus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Goodeniaceae: Scaevola [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Gramineae: Bouteloua [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Iris [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Labiatae: Sida hederacea [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Astragalus miguelensis [Miller1974a, BenDov1994], Sophia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Vigna sinensis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Zephyranthes [Willia2004a]. Malvaceae: Malva parviflora [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994], Malva rotundifolia [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Dendrobium [Willia2004a]. Orobanchaceae: Orobanche [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Polygonaceae: Polygonum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Portulaca oleracea [Suheir1937, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus aurantifolia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Scrophulariaceae: Castilleja applegateii [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Lycopersicon esculentum [Ferris1918d, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Nicotiana tabacum [WilliaBlKh1985, BenDov1994], Solanum douglasii [Essig1909a, BenDov1994], Solanum melongena [Reyne1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum tuberosum [Ferris1918d, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994]. Violaceae: Viola [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Zingiberaceae: Curcuma [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cape Verde [VanHarCoWi1990]; South Africa [DeLott1974, BenDov1994]; Zimbabwe [WilliaBlKh1985, BenDov1994]. Australasian: Hawaiian Islands (Hawaii [Suheir1937, BenDov1994]); Kiribati [Beards1966, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Beards1966, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia [KozarHuFo1989, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]); Mexico [WilliaBlKh1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (California [Essig1909a, Ferris1918d, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Colorado [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Florida [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Louisiana [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Maryland [Koszta1996], New Mexico [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Oregon [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Virginia [Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guatemala [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Netherlands Antilles (Curacao [Reyne1964, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Peru [Wille1940, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [Ferris1950b, Beards1966, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]); Trinidad and Tobago (Trinidad [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Singapore [Willia2004a]; Taiwan [ChenChWo2002]; Thailand [Willia2004a]; Vietnam [Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Iran [MoghadHaZi2004]; Israel [BenDov2005]; Sicily [MazzeoRuSu1999].
BIOLOGY: Occurring on the lower leaves and roots of its host plants. Lloyd (1952) proved that it is a parthenogenetic theliotokous species. Natural enemies discussed by Bartlett (1978).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (in Zimmerman, 1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992) and by Williams (2004a).
STRUCTURE: Colour photograph by McKenzie (1967).
SYSTEMATICS: Ferris (1953a) synonymised P. wilmattae Cockerell with P. solani, but McKenzie & Williams (1965) showed them to be separate species. Lindinger (1942) proposed the name Phenacoccus herbatum for the species misidentified by Essig (1909a) as Pseudococcus solani (Cockerell) stating at the same time that it was conspecific with Phenacoccus solani Ferris.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: Regarded a pest of stored potato tubers (Flanders, 1944; Dudley & Landis, 1952; Shands & Landis, 1964). Heavy infestations have been recorded on tobacco in Zimbabwe (Williams et al., 1985).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species southern Asia]; Kosztarab 1996: 163 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 159 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region]; De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa]; McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 169]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 432]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 343-344]; BenDov2005 [host, distribution: 15-16]; Blumbe1997 [biological control, ecology: 225-236]; CapineHa1996 [host, distribution, biological control: 517-531]; Carter1960a [host, distribution, life history, economic importance: 322-323]; ChenChWo2002 [host, distribution: 79-82]; DeLott1974 [host, distribution: 113]; DeSant1979 [host, dist. biological control]; deVill2001b [host, distribution: 227]; DudleyLaSh1952 [host, economic importance, control: 1-52]; Essig1909a [host, distribution: 36]; Ferris1918d [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-61]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 158-160]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 403]; Flande1961 [host, biological control: 611-612]; Gordh1979 [host, distribution, biological control]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Hamlen1974 [host, distribution, economic importance: 6-8]; Hamlen1975a [chemical control: 223-226]; Hamlen1977 [host, distribution, chemical control: 211-214]; HatamiMiSa2006 [biological control, distribution: 269-277]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history, biological control, economic importance: 163, 165, 166]; KozarHuFo1989 [host, distribution: 72]; Lloyd1952 [life history: 308-310]; Lloyd1958 [biological control: 450-468]; Lloyd1964 [life history, biological control, economic importance: 113-120]; MazzeoRuSu1999 [host, distribution: 31-35]; McCay1981 [biological control: 345-353]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 273-277]; Miller1971a [host, distribution: 299]; Miller1974a [host, distribution: 196]; MoghadHaZi2004 [host, distribution: 135-136]; Nur1977 [chemistry, taxonomy: 69-84]; PettyStBa2002 [host, distribution, economic importance: 157-195]; Reyne1964 [host, distribution: 99]; SabzalHaMi2004 [life history, ecology: 205-209]; ShandsLa1964 [host, economic importance: 1-10]; Suheir1937 [host, distribution: 429-430]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 133]; Willer1992 [host, distribution, economic importance: 38-39]; Willer1992a [host, distribution, economic importance: 29-30]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 613-615]; Willia2005 [taxonomy: 168]; WilliaBlKh1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 87-88]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 386-388]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 159-161]; Wu1999b [host, distribution: 231-235]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167]; Zinna1960a [biological control].
Phenacoccus solenopsis TinsleyNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, 1898a: 47. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Dona Ana County, Mesilla Park, in nests of the ant Solenopsis geminata Fabricius, on roots of Boerhavia spicata and Kallstroemia brachystylis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
Phenacoccus cevalliae Cockerell, 1902s: 315. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, near Lea Lake, east of Roswell, on Cevallia sinuata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 161.
COMMON NAME: solenopsis mealybug [McKenz1967, Koszta1996].
HOSTS: Chenopodiaceae: Atriplex canescens [Tinsle1898c, BenDov1994], Suaeda [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Achillea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ambrosia artemisifolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ambrosia tenuifolia [Granar2003], Encelia farinosa [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Enceliopsis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Eriophyllum [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Franseria [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Helianthus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Euphorbia trigonia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Lupinus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Loasaceae: Cevallia sinuata [Cocker1902s, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Althaea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Gossypium [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sida urens [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Nyctaginaceae: Boerhavia spicata [Tinsle1898c, BenDov1994]. Orobanchaceae: Orobanche [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Solanaceae: Physallis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Solanum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Solanum lycopersicum [CulikGu2005], Solanum muricatum [Larrai2002]. Verbenaceae: Lantana camara [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Kallstroaemia brachystylis.
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: Mexico [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; United States of America (Arizona [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], California [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], District of Columbia [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Illinois [Koszta1996], Maryland [Koszta1996], Michigan [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994, Koszta1996], Mississippi [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New Mexico [Tinsle1898a, Tinsle1898c, BenDov1994], New York [Koszta1996], Ohio [Koszta1996], Texas [Ferris1950b, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Argentina (Cordoba [Granar2003], Corrientes [Granar2003], Entre Rios [Granar2003]); Brazil (Espirito Santo [CulikGu2005]); Chile [Larrai2002]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Dominican Republic [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [CaustoPeSi2006]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Usually occurring above ground, but sometimes living in ants' nests (Solenopsis sp.) and on the roots of its host plants.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992).
KEYS: Kosztarab 1996: 166 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 349 (female) [Central and South America]; McKenzie 1967: 215 (female) [U.S.A., California]; McKenzie 1964: 240 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1961: 27 (female) [North America]; McKenzie 1960: 714 (female) [North America ]; Ferris 1953a: 396 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 121 (female) [North America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 344-345]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; Cocker1902s [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 315]; CulikGu2005 [host, distribution: 1-8]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-163]; Granar2003 [host, distribution: 81-82]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 166-168]; Larrai2002 [host, distribution: 15-26]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 277-280]; Tinsle1898c [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 319]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388-390].
Phenacoccus specificus MatesovaNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus specificus Matesova, 1960a: 213. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Alma-Atinsk District, Ilinsk region, on Artemisia sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Spinococcus specificus; Tang, 1992: 568. Change of combination.
HOST: Compositae: Artemisia [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matesova (1960a) and by Danzig (2003).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 554 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 345]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 349-350]; Mateso1960a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 213-215]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 568].
Phenacoccus sphaeralceae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus sphaeralceae Williams, 1987c: 355. Type data: U.S.A.: Arizona, on Sphaeralcea sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Malvaceae: Sphaeralcea [Willia1987c, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (Arizona [Willia1987c, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Williams (1987a).
KEYS: Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 345]; Willia1987c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 354-355].
Phenacoccus sphagni (Green)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus sphagni Green, 1915a: 178. Type data: ENGLAND: Hampshire, New Forest, Mately Bog, in nests of Formica picea amongst sphagnum moss. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female.
Phenacoccus sphagni; Reyne, 1958: 20. Change of combination.
HOST: Gramineae: Molinia coerulea [Reyne1958, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Netherlands [Reyne1958, BenDov1994]; United Kingdom (England [Green1915a, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Occurring in nests of ants, Formica picea.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Reyne (1958) and by Williams (1962).
KEYS: Williams 1962: 34 (female) [England].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 345]; Green1915a [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178-179]; Green1920 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 119, 120]; Jansen2001 [host, distribution: 197-206]; Reyne1958 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 20-26]; Willia1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 37-38].
Phenacoccus stelli (Brain)NOMENCLATURE:
Pseudococcus stelli Brain, 1915: 146. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Stellenbosch, on Borbonia cordata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust.
Pseudococcus stelli tylococciformis Brain, 1915: 149. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, on Borbonia cordata. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Pretoria: South African National Collection of Insects, South Africa. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by De Lotto, 1958a: 112.
Phenacoccus stelli; De Lotto, 1974: 113. Change of combination.
FOES: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Pseudococcobius stelli Prinsloo [Prinsl2003], Pseudococcobius stelli Prinsloo [Prinsl2003].
HOSTS: Leguminosae: Borbonia cordata [Brain1915, BenDov1994]. Proteaceae: Leucadendron daphnoides [DeLott1974, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: South Africa [Brain1915, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by De Lotto (1958a, 1974).
KEYS: De Lotto 1974: 111 (female) [South Africa].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 346]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 147-148]; DeLott1958a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 110-112]; DeLott1974 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 113-115]; Prinsl2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 77-89]; Prinsl2003 [host, distribution, biological control: 81].
Phenacoccus stipae NurmamatovNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus stipae Nurmamatov, 1986b: 762. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: Gissark Ridge, Iskanderkul, on Stipa sp. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Gramineae: Stipa [Nurmam1986a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Nurmam1986a, BenDov1994]; Turkmenistan [MyartsKaPo1995].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Nurmamatov (1986a).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 346]; MyartsKaPo1995 [host, distribution: 223-225]; Nurmam1986a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 762-764].
Phenacoccus strigosus BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus strigosus Borchsenius, 1949: 217. Type data: TURKMENISTAN: Repetek, on Heliotropium argusioides sp.; collected L. Arnold, 16.viii.1944. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Danzig, 2003: 343. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; type no. 44-45. Described: female.
HOST: Boraginaceae: Heliotropium argusioides [Borchs1949, BenDov1994, Danzig2003].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan (Dzhambul Oblast [Danzig2003], Ural'sk Oblast [Danzig2003]). Palaearctic: Mongolia [Danzig2003]. Palaearctic: Russia (Dagestan AR [Danzig2003]); Turkmenistan [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Danzig (2003). Description of adult female by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China]; Borchsenius 1949: 210 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 346]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 217]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 343-344]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 550].
Phenacoccus subdeserticus VayssiereNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus subdeserticus Vayssiere, 1932: 27. Type data: ALGERIA: Amri-du-Hoggar, on Artemisia herba-alba. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Compositae: Artemisia herba-alba [Balach1934d, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Algeria [Vayssi1932, Balach1934d, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Vayssiere (1932, 1934).
CITATIONS: Balach1934d [host, distribution: 150]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 346]; Vayssi1932 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 27-28]; Vayssi1934 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 161-162].
Phenacoccus takagii WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus takagii Williams, 2004a: 615. Type data: INDIA: Haryana, Budkal Lake, on Burseraceae; collected S. Takagi, 22.x.1978. Holotype female. Type depository: Sapporo: Entomological Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Japan. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Burseraceae [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: India (Haryana [Willia2004a]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 615-617].
Phenacoccus tataricus MatesovaNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus tataricus Matesova, 1960a: 215. Type data: KAZAKHSTAN: Alatay, Mount Zailisk, on four species of plants. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Caulococcus tataricus; Tang, 1992: 436. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus tataricus; Ben-Dov, 1994: 346. Revived combination.
HOSTS: Berberidaceae: Berberis heteropoda [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994]. Grossulariaceae: Ribes [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Caragana arborescens [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Mateso1960a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Kazakhstan [Mateso1960a]; Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Danzig2003].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Matesova (1960a) and by Danzig (2003). Description of adult female by Tang (1992).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 346]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 339,341]; Mateso1960a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 215-217]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 436-437].
Phenacoccus tergrigorianae Borchsenius in Borchsenius & Ter-GrigorianNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus tergrigorianae Borchsenius in Borchsenius & Ter-Grigorian, 1956: 21. Type data: ARMENIA: Aginskii Region, on Triticum vulgare var. erythrospermum and Scandix pecten veneris. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Compositae: Achilea [KaydanUlZe2004], Artemisia [KaydanUlZe2004], Cichorium [KaydanUlZe2004], Xanthium [KaydanUlZe2004]. Gramineae: Avena fatua [TerGri1966], Festuca [TerGri1973, BenDov1994], Hordeum [TerGri1966], Triticum [TerGri1966], Triticum vulgare erythrospermum [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994]. Leguminosae: Medicago rigidula [KaydanKiKo2005]. Umbelliferae: Eryngium [KaydanUlZe2004], Scandix pecten veneris [BorchsTe1956, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [BorchsTe1956, TerGri1966, TerGri1966a, BenDov1994]; Turkey [KaydanKoYa2001, KaydanUlTo2002, KaydanULZe2004, KaydanKiKo2005].
BIOLOGY: Living on roots of its host plant.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ter-Grigorian (1973). Good description and illustration of the first-instar nymph, female second-instar nymph and female third-instar nymph given by Ter-Grigorian (1973).
KEYS: Ter-Grigorian 1973: 136 (female) [Armenia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 347]; BorchsTe1956 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 21-27]; CebeciAr2006 [host, distribution: 140]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 90]; KaydanKoYa2001 [host, distribution: 380-381]; KaydanUlTo2002 [host, distribution: 253-257]; KaydanULZe2004 [host, distribution: 222]; TerGri1966 [host, distribution: 88]; TerGri1966a [host, distribution: 373]; TerGri1973 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 163-168].
Phenacoccus tibialis BorchseniusNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus tibialis Borchsenius, 1949: 227. Type data: TADZHIKISTAN: on Phragmites sp. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female.
Caulococcus tibialis; Borchsenius, 1960e: 49. Change of combination.
HOST: Gramineae: Phragmites [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) [Borchs1949, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description of the adult female given by Borchsenius (1949) and by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Bazarov & Nurmamatov 1975b: 55 (female) [Tajikistan]; Borchsenius 1949: 211 (female) [Palaearctic region].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 347]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 227-228]; Borchs1960c [taxonomy: 49]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 437-438].
Phenacoccus transcaucasicus HadzibejliNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus transcaucasicus Hadzibejli, 1960: 60. Type data: GEORGIA: Tbilisi, on Lonicera iberica. Syntypes, female. Type depositories: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, and Tbilisi: Scientific Research Institute of Plant Protection, Georgia. Described: female. Illust.
FOE: HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Aphycus hadzibeyliae Trjapitzin [Yasnos2001].
HOSTS: Capparidaceae: Lonicera iberica [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Malus communis [KaydanKiKo2005].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Armenia [Danzig2003]; Azerbaijan [Hadzib1983, BenDov1994]; Georgia (Georgia [Hadzib1960, BenDov1994, Yasnos2001]); Kazakhstan (Gur'yev Oblast [Danzig2003]); Kyrgyzstan (=Kirgizia) [Danzig2003]; Russia (Caucasus [Danzig2003], Rostov Oblast [Danzig2003]); Turkey [KaydanKiKo2005]; Turkmenistan [Danzig2003]; Ukraine (Krym (=Crimea) Oblast [Danzig2003]); Uzbekistan [Danzig2003].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Hadzibejli (1960, 1983) and by Danzig (2003).
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 347]; Danzig2003 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 333-337]; Hadzib1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 60-62]; Hadzib1983 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 79-83]; KaydanKiKo2005 [host, distribution: 91]; Yasnos2001 [host, distribution, biological control: 435-440].
Phenacoccus trichonotus (Danzig)NOMENCLATURE:
Coccura trichonota Danzig, 1971: 388. Type data: RUSSIA: Primor'ye Kray, on Aralia mandshurica. Holotype female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus trichonotus; Danzig, 1980: 127. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Araliaceae: Aralia mandshurica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Eleutherococcus senticosus [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Betulaceae: Alnus hirsuta [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Betula dahurica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Celastraceae: Euonymus [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Compositae: Artemisia [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Crataegus [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Malus mandshurica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Padus asiatica [Danzig1971, BenDov1994], Sorbaria sorbifolia [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Schisandraceae: Schisandra chinensis [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]. Ulmaceae: Ulmus propinqua [Danzig1971, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (Primor'ye Kray [Danzig1971, BenDov1994]).
BIOLOGY: Usually occurs on subterranean parts of the trunk and shoots and thick roots; above ground found only in fissures and wounds under the bark where their presence is betrayed by ants which cover the mealybugs with pieces of masticated wood.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1971, 1980b). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia]; Danzig 1980b: 124 (female) [Far East of Russia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 347-348]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 388-389]; Danzig1980b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 126-127]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 550-551].
Phenacoccus tucumanus Granara de WillinkNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus sp. Granara de Willink, 1978: 149. Unavailable name.
Phenacoccus tucumanus Granara de Willink, 1983a: 62. Type data: ARGENTINA: Province of Tucuman, San Miguel de Tucuman, on Citrus sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Tucuman: Fundacion e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidade Nactional de Tucuman, Argentina. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Anacardiaceae: Schinus terebinthifolius [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Granar1983a, BenDov1994, CulikMaGu2006], Citrus limon [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Citrus sinensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Neotropical: Argentina (Tucuman [Granar1983a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Brazil [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Espirito Santo [CulikMaGu2006]); Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Uruguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, GranarScTe1997].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Granara de Willink (1983a) and by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Granara de Willink (1979) described the adult female and larva of this species, as Phenacoccus sp.
KEYS: Williams & Granara de Willink 1992: 347 (female) [Central and South America]; Williams 1987c: 338 (female) [North and South America].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 348]; CulikMaGu2006 [host, distribution: 1-12]; Granar1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 149-154]; Granar1983a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 62-64]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; GranarScTe1997 [host, distribution: 98]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 390-392].
Phenacoccus ulmi (Savescu)NOMENCLATURE:
Paroudablis ulmi Savescu, 1985: 114. Type data: ROMANIA: Bucarest, on Ulmus foliacea. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Bucarest: Academie des Sciences Agricoles et Forestieres, Romania. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus ulmi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 348. Change of combination.
Phenacoccus ulmi; Ben-Dov, 1994: 348. Change of combination.
HOST: Ulmaceae: Ulmus foliacea [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Romania [Savesc1985, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Savescu (1985). Acceptance of the synonymy of Paroudablis with Phenacoccus (see Danzig, 1980b) necessitates the new combination of this species.
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 348]; Savesc1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 114-115].
Phenacoccus vaccinii (Danzig)NOMENCLATURE:
Paroudablis vaccinii Danzig, 1960: 174. Type data: RUSSIA: St. Peterburg [= Leningrad] Oblast, Gory at Lake Vuoksa, on Vaccinium vitis. Syntypes, female. Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Described: female. Illust.
Phenacoccus vaccinii; Danzig, 1971: 384. Change of combination.
HOSTS: Ericaceae: Ledum palustre [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994], Vaccinium [PolavaDaMi2000], Vaccinium vitis [Danzig1960, BenDov1994], Vaccinium vitis-idaea [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Russia (St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast [Danzig1960, BenDov1994], Yakutia-Sakha (=Yakut) AR [Danzig1978a, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Danzig (1960). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China]; Danzig 1988: 700 (female) [Far East of Russia].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 348]; Danzig1960 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 174-176]; Danzig1971 [taxonomy: 382]; Danzig1978a [host, distribution: 75]; PolavaDaMi2000 [host, distribution: 558]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 551-552].
Phenacoccus vetiveriae WilliamsNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus vetiveriae Williams, 2004a: 617. Type data: THAILAND: Bangkok, on leaf of Vetiveria zizanoides; collected V. Unpaprom, 25.iii.1999. Holotype female. Type depository: DACT. Described: female. Illust.
HOST: Gramineae: Vetiveria zizanoides [Willia2004a].
DISTRIBUTION: Oriental: Thailand [Willia2004a].
GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Williams (2004a).
KEYS: Williams 2004a: 590-591 (female) [Phenacoccus species of southern Asia].
CITATIONS: Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 617-619].
Phenacoccus viburnae KandaNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus viburnae Kanda, 1931: 25. Type data: JAPAN: on Viburnum dilatatum. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Yokohama: S. Kanda Collection, Asano Senior High School, Kanagawa-ku, Japan. Described: female.
Phenacoccus vibrni; Kanda, 1943a: 43. Misspelling of species name.
Phenacoccus viburni Kanda, 1943a: 45. Unjustified emendation; discovered by Kawai, 1980: 94.
Phenacoccus viburni Kawai, 1972: 8. Unjustified emendation.
HOSTS: Caprifoliaceae: Viburnum dilatatum [Kanda1931, BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Spiraea salicifolia [TangLi1988, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: China (Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) [TangLi1988, BenDov1994]); Japan [Kanda1931, BenDov1994].
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Kanda (1931, 1935), Tang & Li (1988) and by Tang (1992). Good description of the adult female given by Kawai (1980).
KEYS: Tang 1992: 529 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 348-349]; Kanda1931 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 25-28]; Kanda1935 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 276-288]; Kawai1972 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8]; Kawai1980 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 94-95]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 552, 744]; TangLi1988 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 54-56]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 23].
Phenacoccus wilmattae CockerellNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus wilmattae Cockerell, 1901g: 57. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Beulah, on Viola aff. pedatifida. Holotype female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female.
HOST: Violaceae: Viola pedatifida [Cocker1901g, BenDov1994].
DISTRIBUTION: Nearctic: United States of America (New Mexico [Cocker1901g, BenDov1994]).
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by McKenzie & Williams (1965), who also discuss Ferris's (1953a) erroneous synonymy of this species with Phenacoccus solani. Althought Cockerell (1901g) did not designate a holotype, McKenzie & Williams's (1965) reference to a 'holotype' designates this specimen as the lectotype.
KEYS: McKenzie 1967: 216 (female) [U.S.A., California].
CITATIONS: BenDov1994 [catalogue: 349]; Cocker1901g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 57]; McKenzWi1965 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 5-7].
Phenacoccus yerushalmi Ben-DovNOMENCLATURE:
Phenacoccus yerushalmi Ben-Dov, 1985a: 189. Type data: ISRAEL: Jerusalem, on Pinus halepensis. Holotype female. Type depository: Bet Dagan: Department of Entomology, The Volcani Centre, Israel. Described: female. Illust.
HOSTS: Pinaceae: Pinus halepensis [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994, BenDovMa2001D], Pinus pinaster [MazzeoLoRu1994], Pinus pinaster [BenDovMa2001D].
DISTRIBUTION: Palaearctic: Corsica [BenDovMa2001D]; France [Foldi2001]; Greece [new]; Israel [BenDov1985a, BenDov1994, BenDovMa2001D]; Sicily [MazzeoLoRu1994, LongoMaPe1995, RussoMa1997, BenDovMa2001D]; Spain [BenDovMa2001D]; Tunisia [BenDovMa2001D]; Turkey [new].
BIOLOGY: Living on trunk of the trees, concealed by the dead bark and aggressively protected by the ant Crematogaster scutellaris var. jonia Forell.
GENERAL REMARKS: Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Ben-Dov (1985a) and Mazzeo et al. (1994). Good description of the adult female given by Tang (1992).
KEYS: Marotta & Russo & Matile-Ferrero 1997: 438 (female) [Italy]; Russo 1994: 282 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 530 (female) [China].
CITATIONS: BenDov1985a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 189-191]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 349]; BenDovGoKa2006 [host, distribution: 42]; BenDovMa2001D [host, distribution: 167]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; Foldi2003 [host, distribution: 149]; LongoMaPe1995 [distribution: 120]; MazzeoLoRu1994 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 203-205]; MazzeoRuSu1999 [taxonomy, distribution: 32]; Mendel2000 [host, distribution: 221, 234]; RussoMa1997 [distribution: 49]; Tang1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 553].
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