Abdelbaki, Y.Z., W.G. Henk, J.T. Haldiman, T.F. Albert, and R.W. Henry (1984). Macroanatomy of the renicule of the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). Anatomical Record 208(4): 481-490. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Descriptors: bowhead whale, renicule, microanatomy, Balaena mysticetus.
Agarkov, G.B., B.G. Khomenko and V.G. Khadzhinskii (1974). Morfologiia Del'Finov. [Morphology of Dolphins], Naukova dumka: Kiev, 165 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432A34
Descriptors: dolphins, porpoises, morphology.
Aguilar, A., L. Jover, and E. Grau (1981). Some anomalous dispositions of the Jacobson's organ in the fin whale [Balaenoptera physalus]. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (33): 125-126. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: whales, balaenopterus, olfactory organs, genetic disorders, animal anatomy, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, body parts, Cetacea, disorders, injurious factors, ISSCAAP group b 61, ISSCAAP group b 62, ISSCAAP groups of species, meat animals, oil producing animals, sense organs, vertebrates.
Arai, K., T.K. Yamada, and Y. Takano (2004). Age estimation of male Stejneger's beaked whales (Mesoplodon stejnegeri) based on counting of growth layers in tooth cementum. Mammal Study 29(2): 125-136. ISSN: 1343-4152.
Abstract: The age of six mature and one juvenile Stejneger's beaked whales Mesoplodon stejnegeri were estimated by examining the growth layers appearing in ground thin sections of tooth cementum under the light microscope. In order to determine a reliable observation method for counting the growth layers of tooth cementum, serial thin slices of root cementum were cut out from one well-grown tooth and examined using various histological methods. Observation of ground thin sections under dark field illumination was shown to give the highest contrast of growth layers of various dimensions, and hence chosen as the method to examine whole ground sections of the tooth samples. Using this method, growth layer groups (GLGs), or growth layers of the first order, most probably representing yearly deposition of cementum, were clearly identified and shown to decrease in width toward the root surface. The number of GLGs thus counted in the tooth cementum of each whale ranged from 15 to 35.5 for the adults, and two for the juvenile. Furthermore, analysis of root elongation rate and its relation to GLG counts of the individual teeth indicated a wide variety of growth patterns in tooth development, and that the extent of characteristic wear on the mesial edge of the tooth represents the period after eruption, and may not reflect the actual age of the whales.
Descriptors: Mesoplodon stejnegeri, age determination, age estimation using counts of growth layers in tooth cementum, evaluation, meristic morphometrics, teeth, tooth cementum growth layer counts.
Arbelaez Arango, S., O. Arango Toro, and E. Franco Miranda (2000). La termorregulacion gonadal en los mamiferos acuaticos. Una garantia evolutiva para la preservacion de la especie. [Gonadal thermoregulation in aquatic mammals. An evolutionary guarantee for the preservation of the species]. Actas Urologicas Espanolas 24(6): 513. ISSN: 0210-4806.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation, dolphins physiology, testis physiology, evolution.
Language of Text: Spanish.
Aroyan, J.L. (2001). Three-dimensional modeling of hearing in Delphinus delphis. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 110(6): 3305-18. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Abstract: Physical modeling is a fertile approach to investigating sound emission and reception (hearing) in marine mammals. A method for simulation of hearing was developed combining three-dimensional acoustic propagation and extrapolation techniques with a novel approach to modeling the acoustic parameters of mammalian tissues. Models of the forehead and lower jaw tissues of the common dolphin, Delphinus delphis, were created in order to simulate the biosonar emission and hearing processes. This paper outlines the methods used in the hearing simulations and offers observations concerning the mechanisms of acoustic reception in this dolphin based on model results. These results include: (1) The left and right mandibular fat bodies were found to channel sound incident from forward directions to the left and right tympanic bulla and to create sharp maxima against the lateral surfaces of each respective bulla; (2) The soft tissues of the lower jaw improved the forward directivity of the simulated receptivity patterns; (3) A focal property of the lower-jaw pan bones appeared to contribute to the creation of distinct forward receptivity peaks for each ear; (4) The reception patterns contained features that may correspond to lateral hearing pathways. A "fast" lens mechanism is proposed to explain the focal contribution of the pan bones in this dolphin. Similar techniques may be used to study hearing in other marine mammals.
Descriptors: hearing physiology, models, biological, acoustics, adipose tissue physiology, dolphins, ear physiology, mandible physiology.
Au, W.W.L., A.N. Popper and R.R. Fay (Editors) (2000). Hearing by Whales and Dolphins, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, Springer: New York, 485 p. ISBN: 0387949062.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432 H43 2000
Descriptors: dolphins, physiology, whales, hearing.
Avila, F.J.C., T.T.J. Alves, C.L. Parente, L.D.A.L. Vaz, and C. Monteiro Neto (2002). Osteologia do bota cinza, Sotalia fluviatilis Gervais, 1853, da costa de Estado do Ceara, Brasil. [Osteology of the gray dolphin, Sotalia fluviatilis Gervais, 1853, from the coast of Ceara State, Brazil]. Arquivos De Ciencias Do Mar 35: 145-155. ISSN: 0374-5686.
Descriptors: Sotalia fluviatilis, skeleton, development, south Atlantic, Brazil, Ceara, osteology, anatomy and development.
Language of Text: Spanish.
Babushkina, E.S. (2001). Osobennosti zvukoprovedeniia u mlekopitaiushchikh v vodnoi srede. [Characteristics of the sound conduction in mammals in the aqueous medium]. Biofizika 46(1): 80-7. ISSN: 0006-3029.
Abstract: Experimental investigations of sound-conducting tracts in man, seals and dolphins are reviewed. Underwater hearing is considered in connection with anatomical, morphological, and functional features of species and ecological factors.
Descriptors: auditory perception physiology, mammals physiology, sense organs physiology, water chemistry, ear anatomy and histology, ear physiology.
Language of Text: Russian.
Baum, C., F. Simon, W. Meyer, L.G. Fleischer, D. Siebers, J. Kacza, and J. Seeger (2003). Surface properties of the skin of the pilot whale Globicephala melas. Biofouling 19(Suppl.): 181-6. ISSN: 0892-7014.
Abstract: On the skin surface of delphinids small biofoulers are challenged to high shear water flow and liquid-vapor interfaces of air-bubbles during jumping. This state of self-cleaning is supported by the even, nano-rough gel-coated epidermal surface of the skin. The present study focussed on the intercellular evolution of gel formation and the chemical composition of the gel smoothing the skin surface of the pilot whale, Globicephala melas, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in combination with cryo-scanning electron microscopy (CSM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the superficial layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, intercellular material was shown by electron optical methods to assemble from smaller into larger covalently cross-linked aggregates during the transit of the corneocytes towards the skin surface. XPS measurements showed that the surface of the skin and the intercellular gel included approximately the same amounts of polar groups (especially, free amines and amides) and non-polar groups, corresponding to the presence of lipid droplets dispersed within the jelly material. It was concluded from the results that the gel-coat of the skin surface is a chemically heterogeneous skin product. The advantages of chemically heterogeneous patches contributing to the ablation of traces of the biofouling process are discussed.
Descriptors: bodily secretions chemistry, dolphins anatomy and histology, skin chemistry, skin ultrastructure, dolphins physiology, microscopy, electron, organic chemicals isolation and purification, spectrum analysis, surface properties.
Bejder, L. and B.K. Hall (2002). Limbs in whales and limblessness in other vertebrates: mechanisms of evolutionary and developmental transformation and loss. Evolution and Development 4(6): 445-58. ISSN: 1520-541X.
Abstract: We address the developmental and evolutionary mechanisms underlying fore- and hindlimb development and progressive hindlimb reduction and skeletal loss in whales and evaluate whether the genetic, developmental, and evolutionary mechanisms thought to be responsible for limb loss in snakes "explain" loss of the hindlimbs in whales. Limb loss and concurrent morphological and physiological changes associated with the transition from land to water are discussed within the context of the current whale phylogeny. Emphasis is placed on fore- and hindlimb development, how the forelimbs transformed into flippers, and how the hindlimbs regressed, leaving either no elements or vestigial skeletal elements. Hindlimbs likely began to regress only after the ancestors of whales entered the aquatic environment: Hindlimb function was co-opted by the undulatory vertical axial locomotion made possible by the newly evolved caudal flukes. Loss of the hindlimbs was associated with elongation of the body during the transition from land to water. Limblessness in most snakes is also associated with adoption of a new (burrowing) lifestyle and was driven by developmental changes associated with elongation of the body. Parallels between adaptation to burrowing or to the aquatic environment reflect structural and functional changes associated with the switch to axial locomotion. Because they are more fully studied and to determine whether hindlimb loss in lineages that are not closely related could result from similar genetically controlled developmental pathways, we discuss developmental (cellular and genetic) processes that may have driven limb loss in snakes and leg-less lizards and compare these processes to the loss of hindlimbs in whales. In neither group does ontogenetic or phylogenetic limb reduction result from failure to initiate limb development. In both groups limb loss results from arrested development at the limb bud stage, as a result of inability to maintain necessary inductive tissue interactions and enhanced cell death over that seen in limbed tetrapods. An evolutionary change in Hox gene expression--as occurs in snakes--or in Hox gene regulation--as occurs in some limbless mutants--is unlikely to have initiated loss of the hindlimbs in cetaceans. Selective pressures acting on a wide range of developmental processes and adult traits other than the limbs are likely to have driven the loss of hindlimbs in whales.
Descriptors: evolution, extremities anatomy and histology, limb deformities, congenital genetics, whales anatomy and histology, gene expression regulation, genes, homeobox, limb bud, lizards embryology, phylogeny, snakes embryology, whales genetics.
Bjerager, P., S. Heegaard, and J. Tougaard (2003). Anatomy of the eye of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus L.). Aquatic Mammals 29(1): 31-36. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus, North Sea, Denmark, Romo, eye anatomy and ultrastructure.
Bland, K.P. and A.C. Kitchener (2001). The anatomy of the penis of a sperm whale (Physeter catodon L., 1758). Mammal Review 31(3-4): 239-244. ISSN: 0305-1838.
NAL Call Number: QL700.M24
Descriptors: Physeter catodon, diseases and disorders, penile urethra blockage and rupture, North Sea, United Kingdom, Scotland, Firth of Forth, penis anatomy and pathology.
Bodyak, N.D. and L.V. Stepanova (1994). Harderian gland ultrastructure of the black sea bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus ponticus). Journal of Morphology 220(2): 207-21. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Abstract: Examination of the Harderian gland structure of the Black Sea bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus ponticus, at macroscopic, microscopic, and electron microscopic levels shows significant sexual dimorphism. The epithelial cells of male and female glands are different cell types, capable of producing chemically different products. Secretory cells in both sexes contain secretion granules that produce a secretion consisting mainly of proteins and carbohydrates, but thought to be sex-specific in composition. The female glands also contain lipid secretion granules. It is suggested that in the bottlenose dolphin the Harderian gland functions to produce sexually distinct pheromones and may have other physiological activities, e.g., participating in local immunological or endocrine-related reactions.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, harderian gland ultrastructure, cytoplasmic granules metabolism, cytoplasmic granules ultrastructure, harderian gland cytology, harderian gland metabolism, microscopy, electron, sex characteristics.
Boily, P. (1995). Theoretical heat flux in water and habitat selection of phocid seals and beluga whales during the annual molt. Journal of Theoretical Biology 172(3): 235-244. ISSN: 0022-5193.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8223
Abstract: The heat flux of marine mammals in water during the annual molt is estimated with theoretical calculations. The model is applied to typical small (the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina) and large (the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina) phocid seal and to the only cetacean known to molt annually, the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). The results suggest that phocid seals could tolerate the heat flux associated with molting in water, but at a high energetic cost and only in relatively warm water temperatures, which are unlikely to be encountered. This agrees with the view that phocid seals must become terrestrial during the molt to satisfy the thermal requirements of their epidermis. The results also suggest that belugas would be able to molt in water, and would be thermoneutral while molting in water temperatures of 5 degree C or higher. Movement into warm water estuaries during the molt would, however, allow them either to save energy or to molt more rapidly than if they stayed in colder open waters. While there is apparently some thermal benefit associated with fresh water compared to salt water, this would occur only under conditions that are unlikely to be encountered by belugas in the wild.
Descriptors: estuarine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, integumentary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, physiology, epidermis, thermoregulation.
Bouetel, V. (2005). Phylogenetic implications of skull structure and feeding behavior in balaenopterids (Cetacea, Mysticeti). Journal of Mammalogy 86(1): 139-146. ISSN: 0022-2372.
NAL Call Number: 410 J823
Abstract: Balaenopteridae actively feed by engulfment. They swim rapidly at their prey (40-50 km/h), with their mouth open and their lower jaw pulled wide open at a 90[degree] angle. Their mouth and ventral pouch engulf up to 60 m3 of water, then the mouth closes and food is swallowed after the expulsion of water through the baleen. These highly specialized feeding mechanisms are associated with a developed ascending process of the maxilla and a hooklike and outwardly bent coronoid process of the dentary. These features participate in the strengthening of the architecture of the skull and jaw. Although all fossil baleen mysticetes bear a developed coronoid process, only 6 taxa (Piscobalaena nana. Cetotherium rathkei, Herpetocetus sendaicus, Metopocetus durinasus, Mixocetus elysius, and Nannocetus eremus) have a posteromedially expanded ascending process of the maxilla. Feeding strategies and mechanisms of each extant family of baleen whales are compared and correlated with the associated skull and dentary features. This correlation suggests a preliminary phylogeny of the mysticetes and a new definition of the Cetotheriidae sensu stricto (Piscobalaena nana, Cetotherium rathkei, Herpetocetus sendaicus, Metopocetus durinasus, Mixocetus elysius, and Nannocetus eremus).
Descriptors: balaenopteridae, skull, skull structure, feeding behavior, phylogeny, relationships among higher taxa inferred from skull structure and feeding behavior.
Braekevelt, C.R. (2002). Fine structure of the tapetum fibrosum, retinal epithelium, and photoreceptors of the beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 381-395. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, eye, tapetum fibrosum, retinal epithelium and photoreceptors ultrastructure.
Brear, K., J.D. Currey, C.M. Pond, and M.A. Ramsay (1990). The mechanical properties of the dentine and cement of the tusk of the narwhal Monodon monoceros compared with those of other mineralized tissues. Archives of Oral Biology 35(8): 615-21. ISSN: 0003-9969.
Abstract: Values for Young's modulus of elasticity, ultimate and yield stresses, ultimate and yield strains, work under the stress-strain curve and work of fracture were obtained from tensile and bending tests on specimens of narwhal tusk dentine and cement, femoral bone from young and mature cattle, and reindeer antler. Compared with the cattle bone the narwhal tissues had low Young's moduli, low yield stresses, rather low ultimate stresses and high ultimate strains. In all these properties they were similar to reindeer antler. The calcium content and hardness of the narwhal tissues were compared with those of human and cattle dental tissues. The narwhal dentine was considerably softer and less mineralized than human and cattle dentine. Human cementum was softer and less mineralized than cattle cementum, and was like narwhal cementum. In general, the mechanical properties of the narwhal tusk tissues were as would be expected from their mineral content, except that the stiffness of the cementum was low. It is likely that narwhal dentine is not very similar to human and cattle dentine in its mechanical properties.
Descriptors: dental cementum physiology, dentin physiology, whales physiology, antlers chemistry, antlers physiology, bone and bones chemistry, bone and bones physiology, calcium analysis, cattle, dental cementum chemistry, dentin chemistry, elasticity, hardness, reindeer metabolism, reindeer physiology, stress, mechanical, tensile strength, tooth chemistry, tooth physiology, whales metabolism.
Brix, O., S.G. Condo, G. Lazzarino, M.E. Clementi, R. Scatena, and B. Giardina (1989). Arctic life adaptation. III. The function of whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) hemoglobin. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Comparative Biochemistry 94(1): 139-42. ISSN: 0305-0491.
NAL Call Number: QP501.C6
Abstract: 1. The oxygen binding properties of the hemoglobin from the Lesser Rorqual, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, has been investigated with respect to the possible effects of organic phosphates on gas transport in arctic environments. 2. The intrinsic oxygen affinity of the hemoglobin is high and strongly modulated by the effects of organic phosphates. 3. In the absence of organic phosphates, the temperature sensitivity of oxygen binding expressed by the heat of oxygenation, delta H, is -16.2 kcal/mol when corrected for the heat of oxygen in solution. 4. In the presence of organic phosphates there is a marked decrease in the temperature sensitivity delta H approximately -5 kcal/mol). 5. This feature is of great importance for oxygen unloading in the flippers and the tail, where the temperature is lower than the trunk of the whale. 6. Furthermore the organic phosphates strongly increase the Bohr coefficient, delta log P50/delta pH, from less than -0.3 in stripped hemoglobin to about -1.5 when the hemoglobin is saturated with P6-inositol. 7. This feature may be of great physiological importance by reducing the CO2 tension and acidosis after a prolonged dive.
Descriptors: adaptation, physiological, Cetacea blood, hemoglobins physiology, oxygen metabolism, whales blood, blood protein electrophoresis, hemoglobins metabolism, hydrogen ion concentration, organophosphorus compounds pharmacology, temperature, thermodynamics.
Brook, F.M. (2001). Ultrasonographic imaging of the reproductive organs of the female bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus aduncas. Reproduction 121(3): 419-28. ISSN: 1470-1626.
NAL Call Number: QP251.J75
Abstract: Routine ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract was performed for periods of up to 10 years in ten female bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus aduncas) in Hong Kong. The ovaries could be reliably and repeatedly identified, lying close to the body surface, in the angle formed by the rectus abdominus and hypaxialis lumborum muscles, and were most easily located by scanning in the transverse plane from the proximal end of the genital slit towards the head. The ovaries are ovoid, with a relatively hypoechoic cortex around a central echogenic mesovarium. The echogenicity of the ovarian parenchyma appeared to increase with increasing age. This may be the result of age-related changes, such as increased fat deposition or fibrosis, or of ovarian 'scars' from multiple ovulations. Small antral follicles, developing follicles and corpora lutea can be identified within the ovarian cortex. Owing to its shape and lack of a definitive border, plus the close relationship to the intestines, the contents of which may obstruct the ultrasound beam, the non-pregnant uterus was not so easily visualized. The endometrium was poorly differentiated and difficult to see. To date, examination of the uterus using ultrasonography has provided little information about endometrial changes during the ovarian cycle in this group of dolphins. Real-time diagnostic ultrasonography provides a means to image the morphology of the reproductive organs in live female dolphins directly and provides a valuable means of assessing reproductive events in this species.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, ovary ultrasonography, reproduction, uterus ultrasonography, aging, corpus luteum ultrasonography, gestational age, ovarian follicle ultrasonography, ovulation.
Brook, F.M., R. Kinoshita, and K. Benirschke (2002). Histology of the ovaries of a bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops aduncus, of known reproductive history. Marine Mammal Science 18(2): 540-544. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Tursiops aduncus, reproductive techniques, reproductive history interpretation, reproduction, reproductive history, pregnancy, pregnancy number, ovary, ovarian histology, ovulation scarring and interpretations of reproductive history.
Brook, F.M., R. Kinoshita, B. Brown, and C. Metreweli (2000). Ultrasonographic imaging of the testis and epididymis of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus aduncas. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 119(2): 233-40. ISSN: 0022-4251.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8222
Abstract: Eight male bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus aduncas, underwent examination of the reproductive organs to investigate the use of real-time B-mode ultrasonography in assessment of reproductive status and to establish normal ultrasonographic appearances. Ultrasonography allowed repeatable examinations which were well tolerated by all animals. Ultrasonography was used to examine the testes, epididymides, vasa deferentia, penis, bulbourethral and bulbocavernosal muscles; the prostate was not convincingly distinguished from surrounding muscles. Testicular echopatterns and size differed among individuals. Three distinct testicular echopatterns were discerned and could be used to differentiate males of different reproductive status. Ultrasonographic appearance of the testes provides useful data in assessing the reproductive status of male dolphins.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, genitalia, male ultrasonography, sexual maturation physiology, dolphins physiology, epididymis ultrasonography, muscles ultrasonography, penis ultrasonography, testis ultrasonography, vas deferens ultrasonography.
Buchholtz, E.A. and S.A. Schur (2004). Vertebral osteology in Delphinidae (Cetacea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140(3): 383-401. ISSN: 0024-4082.
NAL Call Number: 410.9 L64
Abstract: Vertebral anatomy in delphinid cetaceans exhibits marked heterogeneity. Description and functional interpretation of this variability is facilitated by the recognition of structural units along the column whose boundaries transgress those of the classical mammalian series. Vertebral anatomy of the killer whale (Orcinus orca) and the Atlantic white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus) lie near the ends of an anatomical continuum. Primitive columns resemble those of living delphinapterid delphinoids in exhibiting minimal intervertebral variation, low counts and spool-shaped vertebrae. Derived columns are more regionalized, displaying traits that limit mobility in the anterior torso, enhance flexibility at the point of neural spine syncliny and increase dorsoventral displacement of prefluke vertebrae. Reconstruction of the historical sequence of anatomical innovations identifies syncliny as an early and critical step in delphinid column evolution. Trait distribution supports evolutionary isolation of Pseudorca and Orcinus from remaining delphinids, inclusion of Feresa and Peponocephala among delphinine delphinids, and subdivision of delphinines on the basis of centrum dimensions, neural spine inclination and count. Details of vertebral anatomy can also be used to place fragmentary postcranial material, particularly that of fossils, in functional and evolutionary context.
Descriptors: delphinidae, vertebral column, osteology, phylogenetic significance, phylogeny.
Budney, L. (2002). Convergent evolution of dental anatomy features of sauropterygians, ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs and toothed cetaceans. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22(3, Suppl.): 39A-40A. ISSN: 0272-4634.
Descriptors: paleobiology, aquatic adaptations, body size, carnivory, convergent evolution, dental anatomy, feeding habits, plesiomorphies, predation, prey swallowing, tooth loss, meeting abstract, cetaceans.
Notes: Meeting Information: Sixty-Second Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Norman, Oklahoma, USA, 2002.
Calzada, N. and A. Aguilar (1996). Flipper development in the Mediterranean striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Anatomical Record 245(4): 708-14. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Studies of population biology are scarce in Mediterranean striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) mostly because of the lack of samples. Until now, studies of physical maturity, growth, and development of the flipper bones were not available for this species in the Mediterranean. METHODS: The osteological features and metric characters of the pectoral limbs of Mediterranean striped dolphins were analyzed with radiological techniques. Measurements were made directly on the radiographic films. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We found five carpal bones arranged in a proximal row of three and a distal row of two, although one or two additional osseous elements were occasionally observed. The phalangeal formula (excluding metacarpals) was established as 1-2:8-9-10:6-5-7:3-2:1-2. In metacarpals, epiphyseal ossification centers matured at the same time at both ends. As a general rule, the ossification of the epiphyses in the flipper bones showed a decreasing gradient in the proximodistal direction, confirming the pattern previously described in other species. Phalangeal epiphyses were not useful as indicators of skeletal maturity, and grading epiphyseal maturation of the distal radius and ulna is proposed as the more straight-forward and precise method for assessing bone maturation. In females, maturity of the flipper was achieved between 5 and 6 years of age and 160-175 cm of body length, whereas this maturation occurred between 8 and 9 years of age and 170-181 cm in length in males. Prediction of gender through examination of flipper structure was not feasible.
Descriptors: bone development, dolphins growth and development, bone and bones radiography, carpal bones radiography, humerus radiography, metacarpus radiography, radius radiography, sex characteristics, ulna radiography.
Cartee, R.E., K. Brosemer, and S.H. Ridgway (1995). The eye of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) evaluated by B mode ultrasonography. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 26(3): 414-421. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J6
Descriptors: ultrasonography, marine mammals, eyes, anatomy, Tursiops truncatus, dolphins, Odontoceti.
Chapskii, K.K. and V.E. Sokolov (Editors) (1973). Morphology and Ecology of Marine Mammals Seals, Dolphins, Porpoises, J. Wiley: New York, 232 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432M6713
Descriptors: dolphins, seals, morphology, ecology, marine mammals, porpoises.
Notes: Translation of Morfologiia i Ekologiia Morskikh Mlekopitaiushchikh and Prisposoblenie Tiulenei k Obitaniiu v Arktike.
Clark, L.S., D.C. Pfeiffer, and D.F. Cowan (2005). Morphology and histology of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) adrenal gland with emphasis on the medulla. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 34(2): 132-40. ISSN: 0340-2096.
NAL Call Number: SF761,Z4
Abstract: This study provides the first detailed description of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) adrenal gland with emphasis on the medulla. Thirty-one dolphins of varying age and sex were used in this study. No statistical differences were found between the right and left gland mass, however, the left was typically greater. Mean mass for the right and left adrenal glands were 4.99 +/- 0.513 and 5.36 +/- 0.558 g, respectively. No statistical differences were found between average gland mass and sexual maturity or sex. The average cortex/medulla ratio was 1.22 +/- 0.060 meaning approximately 48% is cortex, 41% is medulla, and 11% was categorized as other (i.e. blood vessels, connective tissue, etc.). The cortex contained pseudolobules and the typical zonation. A medullary band, consisting of highly basophilic staining cells was found at the periphery of the medulla. Projections of the medulla to the gland capsule were noted. Immunolabelling with polyclonal antibodies against the enzymes dopamine beta hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase indicated that noradrenaline producing cells are found throughout the medulla including the medullary band while adrenaline producing cells are only found within the medullary band. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of two distinct cell populations within the medullary band and a single cell population throughout the medulla.
Descriptors: adrenal glands anatomy and histology, dolphins anatomy and histology, adrenal glands ultrastructure, adrenal medulla anatomy and histology, adrenal medulla ultrastructure, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, transmission, species specificity.
Clark, L.S., J.P. Turner, and D.F. Cowan (2005). Involution of lymphoid organs in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the western Gulf of Mexico: implications for life in an aquatic environment. Anatomical Record 282A(1): 67-73. ISSN: 0003-276X.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, intestine, colon mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, lymph node, pharyngeal and anal tonsils, thymus gland, senescence, Gulf of Mexico, USA, Louisiana and Texas, involution of lymphoid organs, implications for life in aquatic environment.
Clarke, M.R. (2003). Production and control of sound by the small sperm whales, Kogia breviceps and K. sima and their implications for other Cetacea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83(2): 241-263. ISSN: 0025-3154.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 M331
Descriptors: communication, respiratory system, respiration, buoyancy, sound control, sound production, thermal properties, Kogia, Cetacea.
Clarke, R. and O. Paliza (1994). Sperm whales of the southeast Pacific. Part V. The dorsal fin callus. Investigations on Cetacea 25(0): 9-91. ISSN: 1010-3635.
Abstract: This paper discusses the incidence of the dorsal fin callus on 1473 male and 1204 female sperm whales examined at four whaling stations in the Southeast Pacific between 1959 and 1962. In the aggregate the callus was present in 7.60% of males and 32.64% of females, but the incidence decreased with increasing latitude, in females from Paita to Pisco to Iquique to Talcahuano, and in immature males from Paita to Iquique. The callus does not occur in foetal whales nor in calves, but first appears shortly before sexual maturity in females and probably shortly before puberty in males. Incidence of the callus decreases from immature through puberal to sexually mature males; the callus is disappearing around social maturity and has disappeared in males by time they reach 24 years. On the other hand females up to 39 years bear the callus. We agree with KASUYA and OHSUMI (1966) that the callus is associated with the sexual cycle in females. We propose that oestrogens present in immature and mature animals of both sexes are primarily responsible for development of the callus. In both sexes there is a correlation between the season of lowest incidence of the callus (June to August) and the season of least activity in pairing and calving combined. From this and other evidence it is argued that the callus is a cyclic phenomenon, governed mainly by hormone levels, and is a relic of a skin moulting cycle in the sperm whale. On these lines we attempt to interpret the macroscopic appearance of the callus, externally and in transverse section. We propose that moulting of the callus in the sperm whale is an annual event, of protracted duration, but is greatest between June and August in the Southeast Pacific. We argue that the callus lasts longer in females than in males, which partially explains the lower incidence of the callus in males. Moulting in cetaceans has only previously been recorded in beluga whales (ST. AUBIN, SMITH and GERACI, 1990). Some of those engaged in 'benign' research have assumed that sperm whales bearing a callus observed at sea are all or mostly all females and so can be distinguished from small males. This assumption is now invalid, but we suggest that a mathematician might use the data presented here to work out correction factors, which would depend on season and on latitude, to make reasonable estimates which distinguish the numbers of females from the numbers of small males observed. A note is added to show that the sperm whale, alone among the Cetacea, bears no external hair at any time throughout its life history.
Descriptors: biosynchronization, chemical coordination and homeostasis, reproduction, systematics and taxonomy, female, gender differences, male, molting, sexual cycle, sexual maturity.
Clarke, R., O. Paliza, and L.A. Aguayo (1994). Sperm whales of the southeast Pacific. Part VI. Growth and breeding in the male. Investigations on Cetacea 25(0): 93-224. ISSN: 1010-3635.
Abstract: The carcases of 1473 male sperm whales, biologically examined in Chile and Peru between 1959 and 1962, provide the material for this report. After discussing copulation and the sperm whale penis, five parameters of the testes are investigated with regard to whale length and age and to seasonal variation. It is suggested that the left and right testes may function alternately in the sperm whale. In the Southeast Pacific male sperm whales achieve to puberty, sexual maturity, social maturity and physical maturity at about the same age but at greater body lengths than males in other oceans. This is ascribed to the vast abundance of the squid Dosidicus gigas, virtually the only food of sperm whales in the Humboldt Current. A peak in Leydig cell diameters just before the main pairing season is the only evidence for a sexual cycle in male sperm whales; Leydig cells are considered to be the motor which starts and maintains sexual fighting between males. From catch statistics and whales examined between 1959 and 1980 at Paita, we argue that in a stock where large males have not been depleted by selective overfishing, these are the bulls which serve the females, but, when large males have been depleted and the pregnancy rate falls, there comes a time when medium-sized males can break into the female schools with subsequent recovery of the pregnancy rate. A comparative study of relative penis size and testes weight and of the structure of the female vagina, in the sperm whale and in other mammals (including other cetacea), concludes that the sperm whale does not exhibit sperm competition. There is evidence that in the Southeast Pacific between 1959 and 1962 the male sperm whale underwent a climacteric at about 16.5 m, around the length (15.5-16.4) and the age (43 years) at physical maturity, after which fertility declined.
Descriptors: biosynchronization, climatology, development, marine ecology, environmental sciences, mathematical biology, computational biology, reproduction, systematics and taxonomy, copulation, genital morphology, seasonality, sexual cycle, statistics.
Colbert, A., M. Stoskopf, C. Brownie, G.I. Scott, and J. Levine (1998). Anatomic site and interanimal variability in morphologic characteristics of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) skin likely to affect dermal absorption studies. American Journal of Veterinary Research 59(11): 1398-1403. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, skin, thickness, depth, variation, sex differences, age differences.
Collet, A.S. (1982). Utilisation de la morphologie des os pelviens pour l' etude de la reproduction chez Delphinus delphis L. [dimorphisme sexuel]. [Pelvic bones morphology and its use in the study of Delphinus delphis L. reproduction [sexual dimorphism]]. Mammalia 46(4): 531-539. ISSN: 0025-1461.
NAL Call Number: 410 M31
Descriptors: pelvic bones, morphology, study, Delphinus, reproduction, sexual dimorphism.
Language of Text: French and English summaries.
Cotton, D.C.F. and J. O'Shea (1994). Euphrosyne dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen). Irish Naturalists' Journal 24(12): 511. ISSN: 0021-1311.
NAL Call Number: 410 IR42
Descriptors: morphology, systematics and taxonomy, body length, morphology, stranding.
Cowan, D.F. (1994). Involution and cystic transformation of the thymus in the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Veterinary Pathology 31(6): 648-653. ISSN: 0300-9858.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P27
Descriptors: anatomy, involution, pathology, thymus gland, Tursiops truncatus, dolphins.
Cowan, D.F. and T.L. Smith (1999). Morphology of the lymphoid organs of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Anatomy 194(4): 505-17. ISSN: 0021-8782.
Abstract: The anatomy of the lymphoid organs was studied during the course of detailed dissections of 50 beach-stranded bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Constant lymph nodes occur in 4 groups, based on their location and structure. These groups are somatic, including nodes of the cervical region and pelvic recess; lung-associated, included marginal, diaphragmatic and hilar nodes; visceral, including the mesenteric, pancreatic, pericolic and porta hepatis nodes; and aortic arch nodes. Lymphatic drainage of the lung is primarily to the marginal and diaphragmatic nodes. The mesenteric node mass is well-endowed with capsular and trabecular smooth muscle, and a network of muscle fascicles within the organ implies an important contractile function in the circulation of lymph. In addition to constant nodes, occasionally nodes are found in relation to the thoracic aorta, the kidney, and under the scapula. Gut-associated structures include dorsal and ventral oropharyngeal tonsils, mucosal aggregates in the straight segment of the intestine (colon) and anal tonsils; this gut-associated lymphoid tissue tends to involute with age, being greatly reduced by puberty. Formed lymphoid organs include the thymus and the spleen, the latter being relatively small in relation to body size. None of these structures is unique among cetaceans, but the anal tonsils are particularly well developed in T. truncatus. The lymphoid aggregates in the colon resemble the arrangement in the vermiform appendix, which is lacking in most cetaceans, and may have functions analogous to that organ.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, lymph nodes anatomy and histology, lymphoid tissue anatomy and histology, organ size.
Cowan, D.F. and T.L. Smith (1995). Morphology of complex lymphoepithelial organs of the anal canal ("anal tonsil") in the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Morphology 223(3): 263-8. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Abstract: A complex of lymphoepithelial organs, the "anal tonsils," is a consistent structure in the anal canal of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. This complex occurs as a circumferential cluster of discrete tonsil-like aggregations of lymphoid tissues, together with epithelial ducts ("crypts") and occasional mucus secretory units in the extreme lower portion of the intestinal tract. These structures are concentrated in the segment lined by stratified squamous epithelium and extend for a variable distance cephalad from the anal aperture. The tonsils appear to be most active, judged by the amount of lymphoid tissue present, in young animals. Depletion of lymphocytes and cystic enlargement of the crypts, probably representing functional as well as morphological involution, is a consistent feature of older animals.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, lymphoid tissue anatomy and histology, age factors, autopsy, tonsil anatomy and histology.
Cowan, D.F. and Z. Gatalica (2002). Immunohistochemistry in cetaceans. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 280-288. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Cetacea, biochemical techniques, histological techniques, diagnostic techniques, immune response, antibodies, immunohistochemistry review.
Cozzi, B., P. Bagnoli, F. Acocella, and M.L. Costantino (2005). Structure and biomechanical properties of the trachea of the striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba: evidence for evolutionary adaptations to diving. Anatomical Record 284A(1): 500-510. ISSN: 0003-276X.
Descriptors: Stenella coeruleoalba, biomechanics, biomechanical properties, trachea, structure and biomechanical properties, evidence for evolutionary adaptations to diving, evolutionary adaptation, aquatic diving.
Croll, D.A., A. Acevedo Gutierrez, B.R. Tershy, and J. Urban Ramirez (2001). The diving behavior of blue and fin whales: is dive duration shorter than expected based on oxygen stores? Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 129(4): 797-809. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Abstract: Many diving seabirds and marine mammals have been found to regularly exceed their theoretical aerobic dive limit (TADL). No animals have been found to dive for durations that are consistently shorter than their TADL. We attached time-depth recorders to 7 blue whales and 15 fin whales (family Balaenopteridae). The diving behavior of both species was similar, and we distinguished between foraging and traveling dives. Foraging dives in both species were deeper, longer in duration and distinguished by a series of vertical excursions where lunge feeding presumably occurred. Foraging blue whales lunged 2.4 (+/-1.13) times per dive, with a maximum of six times and average vertical excursion of 30.2 (+/-10.04) m. Foraging fin whales lunged 1.7 (+/-0.88) times per dive, with a maximum of eight times and average vertical excursion of 21.2 (+/-4.35) m. The maximum rate of ascent of lunges was higher than the maximum rate of descent in both species, indicating that feeding lunges occurred on ascent. Foraging dives were deeper and longer than non-feeding dives in both species. On average, blue whales dived to 140.0 (+/-46.01) m and 7.8 (+/-1.89) min when foraging, and 67.6 (+/-51.46) m and 4.9 (+/-2.53) min when not foraging. Fin whales dived to 97.9 (+/-32.59) m and 6.3 (+/-1.53) min when foraging and to 59.3 (+/-29.67) m and 4.2 (+/-1.67) min when not foraging. The longest dives recorded for both species, 14.7 min for blue whales and 16.9 min for fin whales, were considerably shorter than the TADL of 31.2 and 28.6 min, respectively. An allometric comparison of seven families diving to an average depth of 80-150 m showed a significant relationship between body mass and dive duration once Balaenopteridae whales, with a mean dive duration of 6.8 min, were excluded from the analysis. Thus, the short dive durations of blue whales and fin whales cannot be explained by the shallow distribution of their prey. We propose instead that short duration diving in large whales results from either: (1) dispersal behavior of prey; or (2) a high energetic cost of foraging.
Descriptors: diving physiology, feeding behavior physiology, oxygen metabolism, whales physiology, body mass index, statistics, time factors.
Daigo, M., H. Amasaki, S. Yamano, S. Kamiya, H. Ishikawa, H. Uno, M. Kondo, and Y. Sanbayashi (1983). Comparative anatomical and histological study on the Cetacea. 1. Anatomical notes on the visceral organs of the Pacific whitesided dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obliquidens. Bulletin of the Nippon Veterinary and Zootechnical College (32): 21-37. ISSN: 0373-8361.
Descriptors: dolphins, body parts, animal anatomy, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English and Japanese summaries.
Dancis, J., H. Schneider, and J.C. Challier (1985). Nutrition of the placenta and the fetus. Current Concepts in Nutrition 14: 59-72. ISSN: 0090-0443.
NAL Call Number: QP141.A1C8
Descriptors: fetus metabolism, nutrition, placenta metabolism, newborn growth and development, newborn metabolism, birth weight, blood circulation, cats, dogs, fetus physiology, guinea pigs, mammals physiology, maternal fetal exchange, mice, oxygen consumption, rabbits, rats, reptiles embryology, sheep, species specificity, whales growth and development.
Danilewicz, D. (2003). Reproduction of female franciscana (Pontoporia blainvillei) in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 2(2): 67-78. ISSN: 1676-7497.
Abstract: In this paper, the reproductive biology of female franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei) is described based on a sample of 97 individuals collected in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Data were collected from dolphins incidentally by-caught by the commercial fleet of Rio Grande and Tramandaf or stranded in the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul. Age was estimated by counting the growth layer groups present in the dentin and cementum of the teeth. The female reproductive status was determined through the analysis of the ovaries, mammary glands and uterus. The large majority of the recorded ovulations occurred in the left ovary (88%). There was no evidence that the corpus luteum (CL) increases its size as gestation progresses, and there is a considerable individual variation in CL size in females of different stages of pregnancy. The reproduction of the franciscana is markedly seasonal and the species present a typical birth-pulse pattern in Rio Grande do Sul. Births begin abruptly in October and decrease gradually until February. Length and weight at birth was estimated at 73.4cm and 6.lkg, respectively, and the gestation period lasts 11.2 months. Mating and conception should occur between November and March. Sexual maturity in females is attained between 2 and 5 years. Estimation of mean age at sexual maturity was calculated as 3.7 years (CI 95%=3.0-4.4 years) by the DeMaster method and 3.5 years by the logistic equation. Length and weight at sexual maturity were 138.9cm (Cl 95%=132.8-145.1) and 32.8kg (CI 95%=29.9-35.7), respectively. Annual pregnancy rate in Rio Grande do Sul was estimated to be 0.66, with a calving interval of 1.5 years. Due to its low age at sexual maturity, short calving interval and brief lifespan, the franciscana is one of the cetacean species with the fastest life history traits. There is no evidence of reproductive senescence and franciscanas seem to remain reproductively active throughout life.
Descriptors: Pontoporia blainvillei, age, size, fetal length, length at birth and corpora lutea diameter, weight, ovary weight, reproduction, pregnancy, annual pregnancy rate and gestation rate, sexual maturation, ovary, ovary weight and corpora lutea diameter, reproductive productivity, south Atlantic, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, female reproductive biology.
Danilewicz, D., J.A. Claver, A.L. Perez Carrera, E.R. Secchi, and N.F. Fontoura (2004). Reproductive biology of male franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei) (Mammalia: Cetacea) from Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Fishery Bulletin (Seattle) 102(4): 581-592. ISSN: 0090-0656.
Abstract: The reproductive biology of male franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei), based on 121 individuals collected in Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil, was studied. Estimates on age, length, and weight at attainment of sexual maturity are presented. Data on the reproductive seasonality and on the relationship between some testicular characteristics and age, size, and maturity status are provided. Sexual maturity was assessed by histological examination of the testes. Seasonality was determined by changes in relative and total testis weight, and in seminiferous tubule diameters. Testis weight, testicular index of maturity, and seminiferous tubule diameters were reliable indicators of sexual maturity, whereas testis length, age, length, and weight of the dolphin were not. Sexual maturity was estimated to be attained at 3.6 years (CI 95%=2.7-4.5) with the DeMaster method and 3.0 years with the logistic equation. Length and weight at attainment of sexual maturity were 128.2 cm (CI 95%=125.3-131.1 cm) and 26.4 kg (CI 95%=24.7-28.1 kg), respectively. It could not be verified that there was any seasonal change in the testis weight and in the seminiferous tubule diameters in mature males. It is suggested that at least some mature males may remain reproductively active throughout the year. The extremely low relative testis weight indicates that sperm competition does not occur in the species. On the other hand, the absence of secondary sexual characteristics, the reversed sexual size dimorphism, and the small number of scars from intrassexual combats in males reinforce the hypothesis that male combats for female reproductive access may be rare for franciscana. It is hypothesized that P. blainvillei form temporary pairs (one male copulating with only one female) during the reproductive period.
Descriptors: Pontoporia blainvillei, reproduction, male biology, south Atlantic, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, male reproductive biology.
Dawson, S.D. (2003). Patterns of ossification in the manus of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): hyperphalangy and delta-shaped bones. Journal of Morphology 258(2): 200-6. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: foot growth and development, osteogenesis, porpoises growth and development, age factors, bone and bones anatomy and histology, carpus, animal anatomy and histology, foot anatomy and histology, forelimb anatomy and histology, forelimb growth and development, porpoises anatomy and histology, terminology.
Dawson, S.D. (1994). Allometry of cetacean forelimb bones. Journal of Morphology 222(2): 215-21. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Abstract: This study examines the allometric scaling relationships of the cetacean humerus, radius, and ulna. Bone lengths and diameters were measured for 20 species of odontocete and three species of mysticete cetaceans, representing eight of the nine extant cetacean families. The scaling of individual bone proportions (bone length vs. cranio-caudal diameter, bone length vs. dorso-ventral diameter), and of individual bone dimensions against estimated body mass, are compared to models of geometric and elastic similarity. The geometric similarity model describes the scaling relationship of bone length vs. cranio-caudal diameter and body mass vs. cranio-caudal diameter for the humerus only; geometric similarity also describes the scaling relationship of body mass vs. bone length for all three bones. None of the scaling relationships fits the elastic similarity model. The scaling relationships of bone length vs. dorso-ventral diameter for all three bones, and bone length vs. cranio-caudal diameter for the radius and ulna, exhibit negative allometry, indicating that large bones are less robust than small bones. Negative allometry of structural support elements has not been previously described for terrestrial mammals or plants. The high relative swimming speeds of small delphinids may generate sufficient stresses to require more robust bones relative to those of larger whales.
Descriptors: Cetacea anatomy and histology, humerus anatomy and histology, radius anatomy and histology, ulna anatomy and histology, body constitution, forelimb, species specificity.
Dawson, S.D. (2003). Patterns of ossification in the manus of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena): hyperphalangy and delta-shaped bones. Journal of Morphology 258(2): 200-206. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, morphology, skeletal system, movement, support, radiography, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, bone morphology, developmental anomaly, forelimb modification, hyperphalangy, ossification patterns, phalangeal ossification, soft tissue distribution, terrestrial aquatic transition, manus, harbour porpoise.
Dawson, S.D. (1994). Allometry of cetacean forelimb bones. Journal of Morphology 222(2): 215-221. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Abstract: This study examines the allometric scaling relationships of the cetacean humerus, radius, and ulna. Bone lengths and diameters were measured for 20 species of odontocete and three species of mysticete cetaceans, representing eight of the nine extant cetacean families. The scaling of individual bone proportions (bone length vs. cranio-caudal diameter, bone length vs. dorso-ventral diameter), and of individual bone dimensions against estimated body mass, are compared to models of geometric and elastic similarity. The geometric similarity model describes the scaling relationship of bone length vs. cranio-caudal diameter and body mass vs. cranio-caudal diameter for the humerus only; geometric similarity also describes the scaling relationship of body mass vs. bone length for all three bones. None of the scaling relationships fits the elastic similarity model. The scaling relationships of bone length vs. dorso-ventral diameter for all three bones, and bone length vs. cranio-caudal diameter for the radius and ulna, exhibit negative allometry, indicating that large bones are less robust than small bones. Negative allometry of structural support elements has not been previously described for terrestrial mammals or plants. The high relative swimming speeds of small delphinids may generate sufficient stresses to require more robust bones relative to those of larger whales.
Descriptors: physiology, skeletal system, movement and support, bone size, humerus, radius, scaling relationships, swimming speeds, ulna.
De, B.V., W. Dabin, and L. Zylberberg (2004). Histology and growth of the cetacean petro-tympanic bone complex. Journal of Zoology (London) 262(4): 371-381. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: development, sense organs, reception, skeletal system, zoology, animal age, bone compactness, density, growth, mineral content, collagen fibrils, n matrix, fibro lamellar tissue, hearing capacities, histology, nursing period, petro tympanic bone complex, spongiosa, trabeculae, ultrastructure, weaning.
de Castro Fettuccia, D. and P.C. Simoes Lopes (2004). Morfologia da coluna vertebral do botocinza, Sotalia guianensis (Cetacea, Delphinidae). [The vertebral morphology of the estuarine dolphin, Sotalia guianensis (Cetacea, Delphinidae)]. Biotemas 17(2): 125-148. ISSN: 0103-1643.
Abstract: We present a description of the backbone of the marine tucuxi (Sotalia guianensis) vertebrae (n=34), including the variations in the vertebral formula (n=32) (UFSC-Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina): Ce7, T12, L10-12, Ca23-25 = 52-56. Species diagnostic characters and intraspecific variations are presented. Cervical ribs occur in 22.5% of the samples. The metapophyses start from the fourth thoracic vertebra, and the zigapophyses start at the cervical level, being observed up to T11. The inclination of the transverse processes and neurapophyses is most reduced around L5 or L6. Transverse processes on caudal vertebrae disappear between Ca9 and Ca13. The neurapophyses, neural arches and metapophyses are observed up to Ca13 or Ca15. Caudal foramina appear between Ca3 and Ca6. The height of the vertebral body increases up to Ca13, then starts to decrease. The maximum width is found around Ca6, where the vertebral body becomes laterally compressed. The length of the vertebral body increases from the last cervical to T7andthen remains constant up to Ca13, decreasing from then on. This is the first study to take into account intraspecifc shape and count variations, representing an improvement over the traditional typologic approach.
Descriptors: Sotalia guianensis, vertebral column, vertebral morphology, description including variations in vertebral formula, morphological variation, variations in vertebral formula.
De Guise, S., A. Bisaillon, B. Seguin, and A. Lagace (1994). The anatomy of the male genital system of the beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas, with special reference to the penis. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 23(3): 207-16. ISSN: 0340-2096.
NAL Call Number: SF761,Z4
Abstract: The genital organs of four male adult beluga whales and one newborn animal were dissected and the main characteristics are described. As in other species of cetaceans, the testes and the greatest part of the penis are located inside the abdominal cavity. The penis has a sigmoid flexure and belongs to the fibroelastic type with a thick tunica albuginea and a small amount of vascular spaces in the erectile tissue. The prostate gland, found in other cetaceans, was not seen macroscopically, but only small prostate rudiments could be identified histologically. The os penis and the other accessory glands are absent as in other whales.
Descriptors: genitalia, male anatomy and histology, penis anatomy and histology, whales anatomy and histology, urinary tract anatomy and histology.
de Guise, S. (2002). Cellular immunology of cetaceans. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 235-244. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Cetacea, immunology and repair mechanisms, cellular immunology, review.
de Muizon, C. (2001). Walking with whales. Nature (London) 413(6853): 259-60. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: evolution, fossils, whales anatomy and histology, bone and bones anatomy and histology, Pakistan, tarsal bones anatomy and histology, walking.
Notes: Comment On: Nature. 2001 Sep 20;413(6853):277-81.
de Muizon, C. and D.P. Domning (2002). The anatomy of Odobenocetops (Delphinoidea, Mammalia), the walrus-like dolphin from the Pliocene of Peru and its palaeobiological implications. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 134(4): 423-452. ISSN: 0024-4082.
NAL Call Number: 410.9 L64
Descriptors: Odobenocetops leptodon, mouth, tusks, skull, jaws, eye, vision, ear, ear bones, echolocation, feeding behavior, nasal passages, orientation, Peru, south, skull and postcranial anatomy, functional and systematic significance, Pliocene.
Dearolf, J.L. (2003). Diaphragm muscle development in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Morphology 256(1): 79-88. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, diaphragm, neonatal developmental state, embryo development.
Dearolf, J.L., W.A. McLellan, R.M. Dillaman, D. Frierson Jr., and D.A. Pabst (2000). Precocial development of axial locomotor muscle in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Morphology 244(3): 203-15. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: dolphins growth and development, muscle development, muscle, skeletal growth and development, newborn animals, body weight, dolphins anatomy and histology, immunohistochemistry, locomotion physiology, muscle, skeletal anatomy and histology.
Degollada, E., H.M. Garcia, and P.C. Lopez (1995). Anatomy of the evolutioned nasal sac system of a delphinid species: the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Acta Anatomica 152(4): 275-276. ISSN: 0001-5180.
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, morphology, respiratory system, respiration, air sac, comparative anatomy, diving, echolocation, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Tenth European Anatomical Congress, Florence, Italy, 1995.
Demski, L.S., S.H. Ridgway, and M. Schwanzel Fukuda (1990). The terminal nerve of dolphins: gross structure, histology and luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone immunocytochemistry. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 36(5): 249-61. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Abstract: The terminal nerve (TN) of several dolphins was examined using gross dissection aided by osmium staining, routine light and electron microscopy, and immunocytochemistry with antibodies to mammalian luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). The TN consists of numerous pial strands which emanate from large paired ganglia located in the dura near the frontal lobe of the hemisphere. The strands are largely composed of myelinated axons which extend to basal forebrain areas including the anterior perforated substance. Peripheral branches of the ganglia run through foramina in the ethmoid bone into the region of the nasal sacs and blowhole. Round to oval ganglion cells are scattered along the nerve and thousands of similar cells are found in the dural ganglia where they are encapsulated by satellite cells. A second, less prevalent cell type is also found in the ganglia. These neurons are fusiform, lack a well-defined capsule and are LHRH-immunoreactive. The results are compared to observations of the anatomy and functions of the TN in other mammals, which unlike toothed whales have retained an olfactory system. Involvement in reproduction and control of secretions and/or circulation of the nasal sac vocalization system are suggested functions of the TN in dolphins.
Descriptors: brain anatomy and histology, dolphins anatomy and histology, gonadorelin physiology, olfactory nerve anatomy and histology, olfactory pathways anatomy and histology, species specificity, axons ultrastructure, brain mapping, immunoenzyme techniques, microscopy, electron, nasal mucosa innervation, nerve fibers, myelinated ultrastructure, neurons ultrastructure.
Desportes, G., M. Saboureau, and A. Lacroix (1994). Growth-related changes in testicular mass and plasma testosterone concentrations in long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melas. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 102(1): 237-44. ISSN: 0022-4251.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8222
Abstract: Blood samples and testes were collected from long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) off the Faroe Islands at irregular intervals over a period of 3 years (July 1986-December 1989). Changes in testis mass (n = 674) and plasma testosterone concentrations (n = 214), measured by radioimmunoassay, were examined with respect to age, bodylength and bodymass of the animals. Corresponding to a rapid testicular growth (from 0.25 kg up to 1.9 kg), puberty occurred in male pilot whales of 4.6-5.7 m in bodylength, 1.2-1.9 tonnes in bodymass and 11-22 years of age. Changes in plasma testosterone concentrations confirmed this result, with very low values (< 2 ng ml-1) in immature animals (testis mass < 0.2 kg), followed by a sharp increase (from 2 to 29 ng ml-1) during the pubertal period, and the maintenance of high concentrations with large variability (> 1.5 ng ml-1 to 14 ng ml-1) in mature males. Testosterone concentrations were significantly correlated with testis mass (P < 0.001), but not with bodylength or age, and very large individual variations were observed in mature males. The average age, length and mass at the attainment of sexual maturity were estimated at 16.99 +/- 0.30 years, 5.162 +/- 0.013 m and 1.403 +/- 0.005 tonnes, respectively.
Descriptors: sexual maturation physiology, testis growth and development, testosterone blood, whales growth and development, body constitution physiology, body weight physiology, testis anatomy and histology, whales blood.
Di Beneditto, A.P.M. and R.M.A. Ramos (2004). Biology of the marine tucuxi dolphin (Sotalia fluviatilis) in south-eastern Brazil. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84(6): 1245-1250. ISSN: 0025-3154.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 M331
Abstract: Age, growth and reproductive parameters related to the marine tucuxi are presented, as well as feeding habits and parasitism. The specimens' age ranged from zero (newborn) to 21 years for males and 0.5 to 30 years for females. In relation to the body dimension, length distributions were bell-shaped for both sexes with male marine tucuxi ranging from 86.0 to 200.0 cm in length and females from 117.5 to 198.0 cm. The body length of new-born and calves varied between 86.0 to 117.5 cm and the postnatal growth curve an asymptotic reached length of 191.0 cm. According to the relationship between age, body length and reproductive characteristics, male and female specimens were considered sexually mature when >=6 years and body length >= 180.0 cm and >= 6 years and body length >= 160.0 cm, respectively. Males and females up to six years old represented around 80% of the captures, indicating a bias towards Juveniles and individuals that have yet to reach sexual maturity. The youngest specimen with solid contents in the stomach was 119.0 cm in length and seven months old. The marine tucuxi feeds on neritic prey, preferentially on the teleost fishes Trichiurus lepturus and Porichthys porossisimus, and on the cephalopods Loligo sanpaulensis and L. plei. Back calculation of prey lengths indicated that fish ranged from 1.2 to 106.9 cm and cephalopods from 3.4 to 22.2 cm. The barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis was recorded attaching to the caudal fin and the helminths Braunina cordiformis, Anisakis typica, Halocercus brasiliensis and Nasitrema sp. were found in the internal organs.
Descriptors: Sotalia fluviatilis, south Atlantic, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, biology.
Donovan, G.P., C. Lockyer and A.R. Martin (1993). Biology of Northern Hemisphere Pilot Whales: a Collection of Papers, Reports of the International Whaling Commission, Cambridge [England], Vol. Special Issue 14, 479 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432 B564 1993
Descriptors: Northern Hemisphere, Globicephala melaena, Faroe Islands, whales.
Downing Meisner, A., A.V. Klaus, and M.A. O'Leary (2005). Sperm head morphology in 36 species of artiodactylans, perissodactylans, and cetaceans (Mammalia). Journal of Morphology 263(2): 179-202. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: mammals anatomy and histology, sperm head ultrastructure, sperm midpiece ultrastructure, microscopy, electron, scanning.
Drobyshevskii, A.I., K.K. Gorbacheva, N.L. Kondrat'eva, V.I. Korolev, and K.A. Zaitseva (1997). Osobennosti serdechnogo ritma del'finov afalin Tursiops truncatus. [The heart rate characteristics of the bottle-nosed dolphin Tursiops truncatus]. Zhurnal Evoliutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii 33(2): 185-92. ISSN: 0044-4529.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, heart rate physiology, atropine pharmacology, diving physiology, electrocardiography statistics and numerical data, signal processing, computer assisted, swimming physiology, vagus nerve drug effects, vagus nerve physiology.
Language of Text: Russian.
Dunkin, R.C., W.A. McLellan, J.E. Blum, and D.A. Pabst (2005). The ontogenetic changes in the thermal properties of blubber from Atlantic bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Experimental Biology 208(8): 1469-80. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: In Atlantic bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus, both the thickness and lipid content of blubber vary across ontogeny and across individuals of differing reproductive and nutritional status. This study investigates how these changes in blubber morphology and composition influence its thermal properties. Thermal conductivity (W m(-1) deg.(-1), where deg. is degrees C) and thermal insulation (m(2) deg. W(-1)) of dolphin blubber were measured in individuals across an ontogenetic series (fetus through adult, N=36), pregnant females (N=4) and emaciated animals (N=5). These thermal properties were determined by the simultaneous use of two common experimental approaches, the heat flux disc method and the standard material method. Thickness, lipid and water content were measured for each blubber sample. Thermal conductivity and insulation varied significantly across ontogeny. Blubber from fetuses through sub-adults was less conductive (range=0.11-0.13+/-0.02 W m(-1) deg.(-1)) than that of adults (mean=0.18 W m(-1) deg.(-1)). The conductivity of blubber from pregnant females was similar to non-adult categories, while that of emaciated animals was significantly higher (0.24 +/- 0.04 W m deg.(-1)) than all other categories. Blubber from sub-adults and pregnant females had the highest insulation values while fetuses and emaciated animals had the lowest. In nutritionally dependent life history categories, changes in blubber's thermal insulation were characterized by stable blubber quality (i.e. conductivity) and increased blubber quantity (i.e. thickness). In nutritionally independent animals, blubber quantity remained stable while blubber quality varied. A final, unexpected observation was that heat flux measurements at the deep blubber surface were significantly higher than that at the superficial surface, a pattern not observed in control materials. This apparent ability to absorb heat, coupled with blubber's fatty acid composition, suggest that dolphin integument may function as a phase change material.
Descriptors: adipose tissue anatomy and histology, adipose tissue physiology, body temperature regulation physiology, dolphins physiology, adipose tissue embryology, adipose tissue growth and development, analysis of variance, Atlantic Ocean, body composition, body weights and measures, dolphins anatomy and histology, dolphins embryology, dolphins growth and development, thermal conductivity.
Elsner, R., J.C. George, and T. O'Hara (2004). Vasomotor responses of isolated peripheral blood vessels from bowhead whales: thermoregulatory implications. Marine Mammal Science 20(3): 546-553. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: Temperature regulation in bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, is supported by the characteristic cetacean peripheral circulation, especially notable in the tail flukes. Blood vessels serving this function consist of countercurrent heat exchangers (network of veins surrounding a central artery) favoring heat conservation and an alternate routing via arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs) providing for heat dissipation. We tested the vasomotor responses of isolated segments of countercurrent arteries and AVAs from the bowhead tail flukes to norepinepbrine (NOR), the sympathetic adrenergic neurotransmitter. Isometric tension developed during exposure to a micromolar concentration of NOR was consistently higher in AVAs than in arteries. Accordingly, the AVAs are subject to sympathetic vasoconstriction, and this activation directs blood flow to countercurrent heat exchangers and results in heat conservation. In contrast, AVA relaxation by reduced sympathetic activation favors increased blood flow through AVAs and consequent peripheral heat loss.
Descriptors: biosynchronization, blood and lymphatics, transport and circulation, chemical coordination and homeostasis, blood flow, countercurrent heat exchange, heat conservation, heat dissipation, isometric tension, sympathetic vasoconstriction, thermoregulation, vasomotor responses.
Etnier, S.A., J.L. Dearolf, W.A. McLellan, and D.A. Pabst (2004). Postural role of lateral axial muscles in developing bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 271(1542): 909-18. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: Foetal dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are bent ventrolaterally, such that the tailflukes and lower jaw are juxtaposed. The lateral flexibility required en utero may compromise the efficiency of the dorsoventral oscillations required of the swimming neonate. The m. intertransversarius caudae dorsalis (IT) is the most laterally placed epaxial muscle. Bilateral contractions of the IT could limit lateral deformations of the flexible tailstock of the early neonate. We test the hypothesis that the IT is functioning as a postural muscle in neonates by examining its morphological, histological and biochemical properties. The neonatal IT has a relatively large cross-sectional area and bending moment, as well as a large proportion of slow-twitch fibres and elevated myoglobin concentrations. Our results demonstrate that the IT is functionally capable of performing this specific postural function in neonatal dolphins. In later life-history stages, when postural control is no longer needed, the IT serves to fine-tune the position of the tailstock during locomotion. The changing function of the adult IT is concomitant with changes in morphology and biochemistry, and most notably, with an increase in the proportion of fast-twitch fibres. We suggest that these changes reflect strong selective pressure to improve locomotor abilities by limiting lateral deformations during this critical life-history stage.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, muscle contraction physiology, muscle fibers, muscle, skeletal physiology, posture physiology, biomechanics, body weights and measures, dolphins embryology, dolphins physiology, fetus anatomy and histology, histological techniques, muscle, skeletal anatomy and histology, myoglobin metabolism.
Evans, K., M.A. Hindell, and D. Thiele (2003). Body fat and condition in sperm whales, Physeter macrocephalus, from southern Australian waters. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 134(4): 847-62. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Abstract: Blubber thickness (n=102) and lipid content (n=37) were measured in sperm whales from three mass stranding events on the west and north-west coasts of Tasmania, Australia in February 1998. Blubber thickness was highly variable, ranging from 43.0 to 168.0 mm (mean 98.4+/-18.4 mm) while lipid fat content, also highly variable, ranged from 16.19 to 89.34% (mean 49.2+/-17.9%). Blubber thickness was significantly and positively related to total length, but a blubber thickness index based on the residuals of this relationship was not related to age, sex or reproductive condition. No relationship was found between blubber thickness index and blubber lipid content, indicating that blubber thickness may not provide a comprehensive indication of body fat condition in sperm whales when only measured at a single site. Blubber lipid content was not related to total length, age or sex. Blubber lipid content was stratified vertically throughout the blubber layer, suggesting that the inner blubber layer may be a more active site for lipid deposition and mobilisation, while the outer blubber layer may serve in a structural or thermoregulatory role. The social structure and foraging ecology of this species may serve to minimise the need to rely on stored energy reserves to meet reproductive energy requirements. In addition, the broader role of blubber for structural, buoyancy and insulative functions coupled with high individual variability may cause a lack of obvious relationships between these variables and body size, age, sex and reproductive state in this species.
Descriptors: adipose tissue, whales anatomy and histology, Australia.
Fasick, J.I., T.W. Cronin, D.M. Hunt, and P.R. Robinson (1998). The visual pigments of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Visual Neuroscience 15(4): 643-51. ISSN: 0952-5238.
Abstract: To assess the dolphin's capacity for color vision and determine the absorption maxima of the dolphin visual pigments, we have cloned and expressed the dolphin opsin genes. On the basis of sequence homology with other mammalian opsins, a dolphin rod and long-wavelength sensitive (LWS) cone opsin cDNAs were identified. Both dolphin opsin cDNAs were expressed in mammalian COS-7 cells. The resulting proteins were reconstituted with the chromophore 11-cis-retinal resulting in functional pigments with absorption maxima (lambdamax) of 488 and 524 nm for the rod and cone pigments respectively. These lambdamax values are considerably blue shifted compared to those of many terrestrial mammals. Although the dolphin possesses a gene homologous to other mammalian short-wavelength sensitive (SWS) opsins, it is not expressed in vivo and has accumulated a number of deletions, including a frame-shift mutation at nucleotide position 31. The dolphin therefore lacks the common dichromatic form of color vision typical of most terrestrial mammals.
Descriptors: color perception physiology, DNA analysis, dolphins physiology, opsin genetics, amino acid sequence, COS cells metabolism, cattle, cloning, molecular, cones retina physiology, DNA primers chemistry, gene expression, molecular sequence data, opsin metabolism, sequence analysis, DNA, sequence homology, amino acid.
Fasick, J.I. and P.R. Robinson (2000). Spectral-tuning mechanisms of marine mammal rhodopsins and correlations with foraging depth. Visual Neuroscience 17(5): 781-8. ISSN: 0952-5238.
Abstract: It has been observed that deep-foraging marine mammals have visual pigments that are blue shifted in terms of their wavelength of maximal absorbance (lambda(max)) when compared to analogous pigments from terrestrial mammals. The mechanisms underlying the spectral tuning of two of these blue-shifted pigments have recently been elucidated and depend on three amino acid substitutions (83Asn, 292Ser, and 299Ser) in dolphin rhodopsin, but only one amino acid substitution (308Ser ) in the dolphin long-wavelength-sensitive pigment. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular basis for changes in the spectral sensitivity of rod visual pigments from seven distantly related marine mammals. The results show a relationship between blue-shifted rhodopsins (lambda(max) < or = 490 nm), deep-diving foraging behavior, and the substitutions 83Asn and 292Ser. Species that forage primarily near the surface in coastal habitats have a rhodopsin with a lambda(max) similar to that of terrestrial mammals (500 nm) and possess the substitutions 83Asp and 292Ala, identical to rhodopsins from terrestrial mammals.
Descriptors: Cetacea metabolism, diving physiology, feeding behavior physiology, rhodopsin genetics, rhodopsin metabolism, rods retina metabolism, seals, earless metabolism, Trichechus manatus metabolism, Cetacea anatomy and histology, DNA mutational analysis methods, complementary DNA chemistry, complementary DNA genetics, molecular sequence data, mutation physiology, phototransduction physiology, rods retina cytology, seals, earless anatomy and histology, sequence homology, amino acid, Trichechus manatus anatomy and histology, vision physiology.
Fasick, J.I. and P.R. Robsinson (1998). Mechanism of spectral tuning in the dolphin visual pigments. Biochemistry 37(2): 433-8. ISSN: 0006-2960.
NAL Call Number: 381 B523
Abstract: The absorption maxima of both rod and cone visual pigments of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) are blue-shifted relative to those of terrestrial mammals. A comparison of the sequence of the dolphin rod photopigment gene with that of the bovine rod suggests that, fo the 28 nonidentical amino acids, three amino acid substitutions at positions 83, 292, and 299 in the dolphin rod pigment are responsible for the 10 nm blue shift in absorption maxima. A similar comparison of the dolphin long-wavelength sensitive (LWS) cone photopigment gene with those of the human LWS cones suggests that a single substitution at position 292 (using the convention of rhodopsin numbering) in the dolphin LWS cone pigment results in a blue shift in absorption maxima. A mutagenesis study reveals that the combination of the three dolphin specific substitutions in the bovine rod pigment (83D to 83N, 292A to 292S, and 299A to 299S) causes a blue shift from the wild-type lambdamax of 499 nm to 389 nm. The single substitution in the dolphin LWS cone pigment (292S to 292A) causes a red shift from the wild-type lambdamax of 524 nm to 552 nm. The interactions of the three amino acids identified in the rod pigment with the chromophore may be a general mechanism for blue shifting in rod visual pigments. Furthermore, the single substitution in the dolphin LWS opsin gene is a novel mechanism of wavelength modulation in mammalian LWS pigments.
Descriptors: color perception physiology, dolphins physiology, opsin chemistry, rods retina physiology, cattle, color, complementary DNA genetics, fishes, mutation, opsin genetics, recombinant proteins chemistry, ruminants, sequence homology, amino acid, species specificity, spectrophotometry.
Finneran, J.J. (2003). Whole-lung resonance in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 114(1): 529-35. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Abstract: An acoustic backscatter technique was used to estimate in vivo whole-lung resonant frequencies in a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and white whale (Delphinapterus leucas). Subjects were trained to submerge and position themselves near an underwater sound projector and a receiving hydrophone. Acoustic pressure measurements were made near the thorax while the subject was insonified with pure tones at frequencies from 16 to 100 Hz. Whole-lung resonant frequencies were estimated by comparing pressures measured near the subject's thorax to those measured from the same location without the subject present. Experimentally measured resonant frequencies for the white whale and dolphin lungs were 30 and 36 Hz, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those predicted using a free-spherical air bubble model. Experimentally measured damping ratios and quality factors at resonance were 0.20 and 2.5, respectively, for the white whale, and 0.16 and 3.1, respectively, for the dolphin.
Descriptors: acoustic stimulation, dolphins physiology, lung physiology, whales physiology, lung injuries, lung radiography, noise adverse effects, risk assessment, scattering, radiation, sound spectrography, tomography, x ray computed.
Fish, F.E. (2000). Biomechanics and energetics in aquatic and semiaquatic mammals: platypus to whale. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73(6): 683-98. ISSN: 1522-2152.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P52
Abstract: A variety of mammalian lineages have secondarily invaded the water. To locomote and thermoregulate in the aqueous medium, mammals developed a range of morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations. A distinct difference in the suite of adaptations, which affects energetics, is apparent between semiaquatic and fully aquatic mammals. Semiaquatic mammals swim by paddling, which is inefficient compared to the use of oscillating hydrofoils of aquatic mammals. Semiaquatic mammals swim at the water surface and experience a greater resistive force augmented by wave drag than submerged aquatic mammals. A dense, nonwettable fur insulates semiaquatic mammals, whereas aquatic mammals use a layer of blubber. The fur, while providing insulation and positive buoyancy, incurs a high energy demand for maintenance and limits diving depth. Blubber contours the body to reduce drag, is an energy reserve, and suffers no loss in buoyancy with depth. Despite the high energetic costs of a semiaquatic existence, these animals represent modern analogs of evolutionary intermediates between ancestral terrestrial mammals and their fully aquatic descendants. It is these intermediate animals that indicate which potential selection factors and mechanical constraints may have directed the evolution of more derived aquatic forms.
Descriptors: energy metabolism physiology, locomotion physiology, mammals physiology, biomechanics, body temperature regulation physiology, platypus physiology, swimming physiology, whales physiology.
Fish, F.E. (1998). Comparative kinematics and hydrodynamics of odontocete cetaceans: morphological and ecological correlates with swimming performance. Journal of Experimental Biology 201(20): 2867-77. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Propulsive morphology and swimming performance were compared for the odontocete cetaceans Delphinapterus leucas, Orcinus orca, Pseudorca crassidens and Tursiops truncatus. Morphological differences were apparent among the whales. The general body contour and low-aspect-ratio caudal flukes of D. leucas indicated that this species was a low-performance swimmer compared with the other species. Propulsive motions were video-taped as animals swam steadily in large pools. Video tapes were analyzed digitally using a computerized motion-analysis system. Animals swam at relative velocities ranging from 0.4 to 2.4 body lengths s-1. The stroke amplitude of the flukes decreased linearly with velocity for D. leucas, but amplitude remained constant for the other species. Tail-beat frequencies were directly related to relative swimming velocity, whereas the pitch angle of the flukes was inversely related to relative swimming velocity. Unsteady lifting-wing theory was used with regression equations based on kinematics to calculate thrust power output, drag coefficients and propulsive efficiency. Compared with other species, O. orca generated the largest thrust power (36.3 kW) and had the lowest drag coefficient (0.0026), whereas T. truncatus displayed the largest mass-specific thrust power (23.7 W kg-1) and P. crassidens had the highest efficiency (0.9). D. leucas did not swim as rapidly as the other species and had a comparatively higher minimum drag coefficient (0.01), lower mass-specific thrust power (5.2 W kg-1) and lower maximum efficiency (0.84). Minimum drag coefficients were associated with high swimming speeds, and maximum efficiencies corresponded with velocities in the range of typical cruising speeds. The results indicate that the kinematics of the propulsive flukes and hydrodynamics are associated with the swimming behaviors and morphological designs exhibited by the whales in this study, although additional factors will influence morphology.
Descriptors: Cetacea physiology, swimming physiology, biomechanics.
Fish, F.E. and J.M. Battle (1995). Hydrodynamic design of the humpback whale flipper. Journal of Morphology 225(1): 51-60. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Abstract: The humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) is reported to use its elongate pectoral flippers during swimming maneuvers. The morphology of the flipper from a 9.02-m whale was evaluated with regard to this hydrodynamic function. The flipper had a wing-like, high aspect ratio planform. Rounded tubercles were regularly interspersed along the flipper's leading edge. The flipper was cut into 71 2.5-cm cross-sections and photographed. Except for sections near the distal tip, flipper sections were symmetrical with no camber. Flipper sections had a blunt, rounded leading edge and a highly tapered trailing edge. Placement of the maximum thickness placement for each cross-section varied from 49% of chord at the tip to 19% at mid-span. Section thickness ratio averaged 0.23 with a range of 0.20-0.28. The humpback whale flipper had a cross-sectional design typical of manufactured aerodynamic foils for lift generation. The morphology and placement of leading edge tubercles suggest that they function as enhanced lift devices to control flow over the flipper and maintain lift at high angles of attack. The morphology of the humpback whale flipper suggests that it is adapted for high maneuverability associated with the whale's unique feeding behavior.
Descriptors: extremities anatomy and histology, locomotion, whales anatomy and histology, adaptation, anatomic biological, models.
Fish, F.E. and D.R. Ketten. (2003). Examination of three-dimensional geometry of cetacean flukes using CT-scans. Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the SICB (Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology), Final Program and Abstracts, January 4, 2003-January 4, 2003, Toronto, ON, Canada, Vol. 2003, 171 p.
Descriptors: morphology, movement and support, zoology, x ray computer assisted tomography, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques, maneuverability, stability, swimming performance, three dimensional geometry, thrust, Cetacean, flukes, CT scans.
Folkow, L.P. and A.S. Blix (1992). Metabolic rates of minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in cold water. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 146(1): 141-50. ISSN: 0001-6772.
NAL Call Number: QP1.A2
Abstract: Body temperature, blubber thickness and lung capacity (Vc) were recorded in newly killed minke whales, while respiratory frequency (f) was determined in free-swimming animals. Mean deep (thoracic) body temperature was 34.7 +/- 0.8 (SD) degrees C (n = 14). Weighted mean core/blubber interface temperature in animals caught in 2.5-5.5 degrees C water was 28.8 +/- 1.7 degrees C (n = 8). The minimum average rate of sensible heat loss (HLs) was 3.81 +/- 0.53 (SD) W kgw-0.75 (n = 8) in animals with body masses (w) in the range of 1840 to 5740 kg, HLs being inversely proportional to w (HLs = -2.98 10(-4) w +4.89 W kgw-0.75 (n = 8, r2 = 0.73, P less than 0.01)). The average rate of respiratory heat loss (HLr) was 0.26 +/- 0.04 (SD) W kgw-0.75, regardless of w, in the same 8 animals. Total rates of heat loss (HL = HLr+HLs) in 2.5-5.5 degrees C water ranged between 3.40 and 4.87 W kgw-0.75, with an average of 4.06 +/- 0.52 (SD) W kgw-0.75 (n = 8). Estimates of oxygen consumption based on records of f and Ve, and data on oxygen extraction from other cetaceans, yielded a range of metabolic rates which compared nicely with the calculated HL values.
Descriptors: cold, whales metabolism, adipose tissue anatomy and histology, adipose tissue physiology, body surface area, body temperature regulation physiology, body weight, electric conductivity, energy metabolism, lung volume measurements, temperature, tidal volume.
Fortom Gouin, P. (1981). Some aspects of cetacean neuroanatomy. In: J. Gordon-Clark (Editor), Mammals in the Seas. General Papers and Large Cetaceans. FAO Advisory Committee on Marine Resources Research, Working Party on Marine Mammals, FAO Fisheries Series, Vol. 3, FAO: Rome (Italy), p. 117-121. ISBN: 92-5-100513-3.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.F66
Descriptors: Cetacea, nervous system, neuroanatomy, cetaceans.
Language of Text: English, Spanish and French summaries.
Galantsev, V.P., D.A. Kuz'min, A.G. Kupin, and V.I. Shereshkov (1994). Sravnitel'naia kharakteristika serdechnogo ritma u kitoobraznykh. [The comparative characteristics of the heart rhythm in cetaceans].
. Zhurnal Evoliutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii 30(3): 358-65. ISSN: 0044-4529.
Abstract: In Amazon River dolphins, bottle-nosed dolphins and white whales, comparative studies have been made on cardiac electrical activity using electrocardiographic and telemetric techniques. In all the species investigated, certain dependence of cardiac cycle duration on the phase of respiratory pause was observed. A pronounced bradycardia was noted in diving animals which reflects the level of their adaptation to hypoxia and hypoxemia. Autocorrelation functions of the dynamic sequences of cardiac intervals were calculated. The presence of "slow" waves in cardiac cycle was shown which were considerably increased during diving.
Descriptors: Cetacea physiology, heart rate physiology, adaptation, physiological, dolphins, electrocardiography instrumentation, electrocardiography methods, respiration physiology, signal processing, computer assisted, telemetry instrumentation, telemetry methods, time factors, ultrasonics, whales.
Language of Text: Russian.
Galatius, A. (2005). Sexually dimorphic proportions of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) skeleton. Journal of Anatomy 206(2): 141-54. ISSN: 0021-8782.
Abstract: Sexual differences in growth, allometric growth patterns and skeletal proportions were investigated by linear measurements of skeletal parts on 225 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the inner Danish and adjacent waters. Females show larger asymptotic sizes and extended period of growth compared with males. Measurements of the skull and flipper bones show negative allometry, whereas those of the bones of the body generally show positive allometry. There are no statistically significant intersexual differences in allometry except for the pelvic bones, where the males show stronger positive allometry. Throughout the range of individual sizes, females have significantly larger skulls and shorter vertebral columns than males for similarly sized individuals. In fully grown specimens, the condylobasal length of females makes up a smaller proportion of total length, and the vertebrae make up a larger proportion as compared with males. As these characters show negative and positive allometry, respectively, it is suggested that males finish their development at an earlier stage than females, retaining more paedomorphic proportions of the skeleton. Paedomorphosis in fully grown males relative to females is also found in the vertebral epiphyses that mature later in males than females, although the males finish growth at a younger age.
Descriptors: porpoises anatomy and histology, sex characteristics, skeleton, epiphyses, sexual maturation physiology, skull anatomy and histology, spine anatomy and histology.
Gao, A., K. Zhou, and Y. Wang (1995). Geographical variation in morphology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) In chinese waters. Aquatic Mammals 21(2): 121-135. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: Sixty three bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) from Chinese waters were examined in the study and 34 were aged. The adults of the northern form were much larger than that of the southern form in body size. After the effect of body length was removed in the covariance analysis, the beak, flipper and dorsal fin were relatively larger in the southern form than those in the northern form. In the cranial measurements. covariance analysis with condylobasal length as covariate demonstrated that 8 length measurements were smaller, while 9 width/height measurements were larger in the northern form than those in the southern. It may greatly result from the elongation of the beak or rostrum of the skull. The southern form had more teeth than the northern, and the northern form had more vertebra than the southern. Because of the large overlap in the external and skeletal characters, we could not find a criterion to separate the two forms clearly except the adult body size. The two forms could be correctly distinguished by stepwise discriminant analysis with a group of external or skull measurements. But we could not separate the two forms by using a few external or skull characters. Although the variation between the two forms could be demonstrated by factor analysis, it was not great enough to separate the two forms completely. The northern/southern variation in bottlenose dolphin in Chinese waters seemed no larger than that among the three populations of finless porpoise. The differences between the larger northern and smaller southern forms in Chinese waters was similar to the differences between the larger offshore and smaller inshore forms in South African waters and in the Northwest Atlantic. So far, no data are available regarding the relationship among the Chinese smaller and larger forms and those from other waters. We do not have sufficient evidence to assign the two forms in Chinese waters to two different species.
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, development, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, adult, body length, teeth, vertebra.
Garey, L.J. and A.V. Revishchin (1988). Posloinoe raspredelenie aktivnosti tsitokhromoksidazy v novoi kore morskoi svin'i. [Laminar distribution of cytochrome oxidase activity in the porpoise neocortex]. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 302(6): 1486-9. ISSN: 0002-3264.
NAL Call Number: 511 P444A
Descriptors: cerebral cortex anatomy and histology, dolphins anatomy and histology, electron transport complex iv analysis, cerebral cortex enzymology, species specificity.
Language of Text: Russian.
Gauckler, A. (1982). Der Wasserhaushalt der marinen Delphine. [Water balance of marine dolphins]. Arbeitstagung Der Zootieraerzte Im Deutschsprachigen Raum 1: 36-39. ISSN: 0722-8112.
Descriptors: water balance, dolphins.
Geisler, J.H. and M.D. Uhen (2003). Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(4): 991-996. ISSN: 0272-4634.
Descriptors: Hippotamidae, skeleton, phylogeny, cladistic analysis, morphological support for close relationship with Cetacea.
Gilevich, S. and O. Nechaeva (2004). Development of primary kidney of minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, and walrus, Odobenus rosmarus. Vestnik Zoologii 38(2): 45-52, 96. ISSN: 0084-5604.
NAL Call Number: QL1.V4
Abstract: There was described the morphogenesis of primary kidney of Minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacepede, 1804, and separate stages of development of Walrus Odobenus rosmarus Linnaeus, 1758, primary kidney. The made comparison discovered that pace of mesonephroses morphogenesis of investigated animals are different. The presence of archaic signs in structure of Minke whales primary kidney is shown. The results obtained make use to determine periodisation of embryonic development of Mysticeti.
Descriptors: Odobenus rosmarus, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, kidney, primary, morphogenesis process during embryo development, evolutionary significance, embryo development, growth rate, evolution.
Gillett, M.A., C.L. Efremoff, and E.B. Giffin (1994). Vertebral variation and locomotor pattern in odontocete cetaceans. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14(3 Suppl.): 27A. ISSN: 0272-4634.
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, morphology, paleobiology, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, evolution, forelimbs, fossils, meeting abstract, swimming, fossil.
Notes: Meeting Information: Fifty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Seattle, Washington, USA, 1994.
Glezer, I.L., P. Hof, P.J. Morgane, A. Fridman, T. Isakova, D. Joseph, A. Nair, P. Parhar, A. Thengampallil, S. Thomas, R. Venugopal and G.H. Jung (2003). Chemical neuroanatomy of the inferior colliculus in brains of echolocating and nonecholocating mammals: immunocytochemical study. In: J.A. Thomas, C.F. Moss and M. Vater (Editors), Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins, University of Chicago Press: Chicago & London, p. 161-172. ISBN: 0226795993.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C5E28 2004
Descriptors: mammalia, proteins, calbindin, calretinin and parvalbumin, inferior colliculus chemical neuroanatomy in echolocating and non echolocating taxa, brain, inferior colliculus, chemical neuroanatomy in echolocating and non echolocating taxa, echolocation, inferior colliculus chemical neuroanatomy relationship.
Gosline, J.M. and R.E. Shadwick (1996). The mechanical properties of fin whale arteries are explained by novel connective tissue designs. Journal of Experimental Biology 199(4): 985-97. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: The aortic arch and the descending aorta in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) are structurally and mechanically very different from comparable vessels in other mammals. Although the external diameter of the whale's descending thoracic aorta (approximately 12 cm) is similar to that predicted by scaling relationships for terrestrial mammals, the wall thickness:diameter ratio in the whale (0.015) is much smaller than the characteristic value for other mammals (0.05). In addition, the elastic modulus of the thoracic aorta (12 MPa at 13 kPa blood pressure) is about 30 times higher than in other mammals. In contrast, the whale's aortic arch has a wall thickness/diameter ratio (0.055) and an elastic modulus (0.4 MPa) that are essentially identical to those for other mammals. However, the aortic arch is unusual in that it can be deformed biaxially to very large strains without entering a region of high stiffness caused by the recruitment of fully extended collagen fibres. Chemical composition studies indicate that the elastin:collagen ratio is high in the aortic arch (approximately 2:1) and that this ratio falls in the thoracic (approximately 1:2) and abdominal (approximately 1:3) aortas, but the magnitude of the change in composition does not account for the dramatic difference in mechanical properties. This suggests that there are differences in the elastin and collagen fibre architecture of these vessels. The descending aorta contains dense bands of tendon-like, wavy collagen fibres that run in the plane of the arterial wall, forming a fibre-lattice that runs in parallel to the elastin lamellae and reinforces the wall, making it very stiff. The aortic arch contains a very different collagen fibre-lattice in which fibres appear to have a component of orientation that runs through the thickness of the artery wall. This suggests that the collagen fibres may be arranged in series with elastin-containing elements, a difference in tissue architecture that could account for both the lower stiffness and the extreme extensibility of the whale's aortic arch. Thus, both the structure and the mechanical behaviour of the lamellar units in the aortic arch and aorta of the whale have presumably been modified to produce the unusual mechanical and haemodynamic properties of the whale circulation.
Descriptors: aorta anatomy and histology, aorta physiology, connective tissue anatomy and histology, connective tissue physiology, whales anatomy and histology, aorta, thoracic anatomy and histology, thoracic physiology, biomechanics, collagen analysis, connective tissue chemistry, elasticity, elastin analysis, Iceland, stress, mechanical, tensile strength.
Gray, J. and F.E. Fish (2005). A porpoise for power. 1936. Journal of Experimental Biology 208(6): 977-8. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, models, biological, swimming physiology, biomechanics, 20th century history, skin physiology.
Griebel, U. and A. Schmid (2002). Spectral sensitivity and color vision in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 35(3): 129-137. ISSN: 1023-6244.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, photoreception, spectral sensitivity and color vision.
Haldiman, J.T., W.G. Henk, R.W. Henry, T.F. Albert, Y.Z. Abdelbaki, and D.W. Duffield (1984). Microanatomy of the major airway mucosa of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Anatomical Record 209(2): 219-230. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Descriptors: bowhead whale, airway, mucosa, microanatomy.
Hamilton, J.L., R.M. Dillaman, W.A. McLellan, and D.A. Pabst (2004). Structural fiber reinforcement of keel blubber in harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Journal of Morphology 261(1): 105-17. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: animal structures anatomy and histology, porpoises anatomy and histology.
Hammoda, A.K. and R. El Bakary (1989). Morphological studies on the penis of the whale (L. order cetaces), a recorded case of whale [Egypt]. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology (Egypt) 17(1): 66-75.
Abstract: The penis was collected from a whale found near Rashed beach, Behira Governorate to stydy its external and internal morphologic structure. The penis of the whale is cylindrical S-shaped with pointed end and slightly compressed laterally. It has sigmoid flexure and it consists of 3 parts (root, body, and apex). By serial sections the penis is surrounded by thick tunic albuginea, it has single cavernous body. Three muscle were observed, ischiocavernous, retractor penis and bulbospongiosum muscles.
Descriptors: whales, animal anatomy, penis, Egypt, Africa, animal anatomy, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, body parts, Cetacea, ISSCAAP group b 61, ISSCAAP group b 62, ISSCAAP groups of species, male genital system, meat animals, Middle East, North Africa, oil producing animals, urogenital system, vertebrates.
Language of Text: Arabic and English summaries.
Han, J.B., Z.Q. Ma, P.L. Wang, and Y. Dong (2003). The by-catching Chinese white dolphins in North of Yellow Sea. I. Measurement of morphology and organs. Fisheries Science (Liaoning) 22(6): 18-20. ISSN: 1003-1111.
Descriptors: Sousa chinensis, biometrics, accidental entrapment, north Pacific, Yellow Sea, fishery by catch specimen, new record and measurements.
Harrison, R.J., R.C. Boice, and R.L. Brownell (1969). Reproduction and gonadal changes in some wild and captive odontocetes. Journal of Anatomy 104(1): 197-8. ISSN: 0021-8782.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 J826
Descriptors: Cetacea anatomy and histology, gonads anatomy and histology, reproduction, dolphins, ovary anatomy and histology, ovulation, testis anatomy and histology.
Hatfield, J.R., D.A. Samuelson, P.A. Lewis, and M. Chisholm (2003). Structure and presumptive function of the iridocorneal angle of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), and African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Veterinary Ophthalmology 6(1): 35-43. ISSN: 1463-5216.
Abstract: The iridocorneal angles of prepared eyes from the West Indian manatee, short-finned pilot whale, hippopotamus and African elephant were examined and compared using light microscopy. The manatee and pilot whale demonstrated capacity for a large amount of aqueous outflow, probably as part of a system compensating for lack of ciliary musculature, and possibly also related to environmental changes associated with life at varying depths. The elephant angle displayed many characteristics of large herbivores, but was found to have relatively low capacity for aqueous outflow via both primary and secondary routes. The hippopotamus shared characteristics with both land- and water-dwelling mammals; uveoscleral aqueous outflow may be substantial as in the marine mammals, but the angular aqueous plexus was less extensive and a robust pectinate ligament was present. The angles varied greatly in size and composition among the four species, and most structures were found to be uniquely suited to the habitat of each animal.
Descriptors: cornea anatomy and histology, cornea physiology, mammals anatomy and histology, mammals physiology, aqueous humor physiology, Artiodactyla anatomy and histology, Artiodactyla physiology, elephants anatomy and histology, elephants physiology, species specificity, Trichechus manatus anatomy and histology, Trichechus manatus physiology, whales anatomy and histology, whales physiology.
Hawue, A.K.M.A., M. Nishiwaki, T. Kasuya, and T. Tobayama (1977). Observations on the behaviour and other biological aspects of the Ganges susu, Platanista gangetica. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (29): 87-94.
Descriptors: Ganges susu, behavior, observations, biological aspects.
Language of Text: English summary.
Hayakawa, D., H. Chen, S. Emura, A. Tamada, T. Yamahira, K. Terasawa, H. Isono, and S. Shoumura (1998). The parathyroid glands of two species of dolphin--Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus, and bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. General and Comparative Endocrinology 110(1): 58-66. ISSN: 0016-6480.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 G28
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, mammals anatomy and histology, parathyroid glands anatomy and histology, microscopy, electron, species specificity.
Hayakawa, D., S. Emura, Y. Ozawa, and K. Kohyama (2004). The thyroid and parathyroid glands of two marine mammal species, false killer whale and sea otter. Anatomical Science International 79: 419. ISSN: 1447-6959.
Descriptors: endocrine system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, morphological difference.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Congress of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) and the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, Kyoto, Japan, August 22-27, 2004.
Heath, M.E. (1998). Gray whales in cold water. Science 280(5364): 658-9. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, tongue blood supply, whales physiology, heat, regional blood flow, skin temperature, tongue physiology, whales anatomy and histology.
Notes: Comment On: Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1138-9.
Heath, M.E. and S.H. Ridgway (1999). How dolphins use their blubber to avoid heat stress during encounters with warm water. American Journal of Physiology 276(4, Pt. 2): R1188-94. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Abstract: Dolphins have been observed swimming in inshore tropical waters as warm as 36-38 degrees C. A simple protocol that mimicked the thermal conditions encountered by a dolphin moving from cool pelagic to warm inshore water was used to determine how dolphins avoid hyperthermia in water temperatures (Tw) at and above their normal core temperature (Tc). Tw (2 sites), rectal temperature (Tre; 3 depths), and skin temperature (Tsk; 7 sites) and rate of heat flow (4-5 sites) between the skin and the environment were measured while the dolphin rested in a chamber during a 30-min baseline and 40-60 min while water was warmed at approximately 0.43 degrees C/min until temperatures of 34-36 degrees C were attained. Instead of the expected increase, Tre consistently showed declines during the warming ramp, sometimes by amounts that were remarkable both in their magnitude (1.35 degrees C) and rapidity (8-15 min). The reduction in Tre occurred even while heat loss to the environment was prevented by continued controlled warming of the water that kept Tw slightly above Tsk and while metabolic heat production alone should have added 1.6-2 degrees C/h to the Tc. This reduction in Tc could only be due to a massive redistribution of heat from the core to the blubber layer.
Descriptors: adipose tissue physiology, dolphins physiology, heat, stress prevention and control, body temperature physiology, body temperature regulation physiology, fever prevention and control, rectum physiology, skin temperature physiology, time factors, water.
Hedges, N.A., D.E. Gaskin, and G.J.D. Smith (1979). Rencular morphology and renal vascular system of the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena (L.). Canadian Journal of Zoology 57(4): 868-875.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: morphology, rencular, renal vascular system, harbour porpoise, Phocoena.
Language of Text: French summary.
Helweg, D.A., P.W. Moore, L.A. Dankiewicz, J.M. Zafran, and R.L. Brill (2003). Discrimination of complex synthetic echoes by an echolocating bottlenose dolphin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113(2): 1138-44. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Abstract: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) detect and discriminate underwater objects by interrogating the environment with their native echolocation capabilities. Study of dolphins' ability to detect complex (multihighlight) signals in noise suggest echolocation object detection using an approximate 265-micros energy integration time window sensitive to the echo region of highest energy or containing the highlight with highest energy. Backscatter from many real objects contains multiple highlights, distributed over multiple integration windows and with varying amplitude relationships. This study used synthetic echoes with complex highlight structures to test whether high-amplitude initial highlights would interfere with discrimination of low-amplitude trailing highlights. A dolphin was trained to discriminate two-highlight synthetic echoes using differences in the center frequencies of the second highlights. The energy ratio (delta dB) and the timing relationship (delta T) between the first and second highlights were manipulated. An iso-sensitivity function was derived using a factorial design testing delta dB at -10, -15, -20, and -25 dB and delta T at 10, 20, 40, and 80 micros. The results suggest that the animal processed multiple echo highlights as separable analyzable features in the discrimination task, perhaps perceived through differences in spectral rippling across the duration of the echoes.
Descriptors: attention physiology, dolphins physiology, echolocation physiology, pitch discrimination physiology, acoustic stimulation, auditory threshold physiology, psychoacoustics, sound spectrography.
Hemila, S., S. Nummela, and T. Reuter (2001). Modeling whale audiograms: effects of bone mass on high-frequency hearing. Hearing Research 151(1-2): 221-226. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Abstract: In a previous paper (Hemila et al., Hear. Res. 133 (1999) 82-97) we have presented a mechanical model, based on species-specific anatomical data, for the toothed whale middle ear. For five odontocete species of six we found that the model quite well predicted published behavioral audiograms. Here we report that new published data indicate that the audiogram of the sixth and deviating species, the killer whale Orcinus orca, was from a specimen with deficient high-frequency hearing. A new published killer whale audiogram is similar to other odontocete audiograms and does fit our four-bone model. With certain general conditions, a model with isometric (middle) ears results in uniform audiograms for different species, when presented in a log-log plot; with larger ears the audiogram curves are just moved towards lower frequencies. The audiograms coincide in case all frequencies are scaled by a factor 1/m3, where m is the mass of the ear ossicles. Odontocete ears are isometric enough to show that the corresponding audiograms are indeed similar after such mass scaling. Specifically, this scaling factor can be used to predict the high-frequency hearing limits of all odontocete species. Our anatomical data and models support the notion that ossicular mass is a crucial factor limiting high-frequency hearing in both terrestrial mammals and toothed whales.
Descriptors: hearing physiology, models, biological, whales anatomy and histology, whales physiology, bone and bones anatomy and histology, middle ear anatomy and histology, middle ear physiology, organ size, species specificity.
Henry, R.W., J.T. Haldiman, T.F. Albert, W.G. Henk, and Y.Z. Abdelbaki (1983). Gross anatomy of the respiratory system of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Anatomical Record 207(3): 435-449. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Descriptors: bowhead whale, repiratory system, gross anatomy.
Heyning, J.E. and J.G. Mead (1997). Thermoregulation in the mouths of feeding gray whales. Science 278(5340): 1138-9. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Abstract: Vascular structures for heat conservation in the tongue of the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) are reported here. Numerous individual countercurrent heat exchangers are found throughout the massive tongue. These converge at the base of the tongue to form a bilateral pair of retia. Temperature measurements from the oral cavity of a live gray whale indicate that more heat may be lost through the blubber layer over the body than through the tongue, despite the fact that the tongue is far more vascularized and has much less insulation. These heat exchangers substantially reduce heat loss when these whales feed in cold waters.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, tongue blood supply, tongue physiology, whales physiology, adipose tissue physiology, body temperature, regional blood flow, temperature, whales anatomy and histology.
Notes: Comment In: Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):658-9.
Heyning, J.E. (2001). Thermoregulation in feeding baleen whales: morphological and physiological evidence. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 284-288. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: chemical coordination and homeostasis, counter current mechanism, evolutionary implications, feeding behavior, heat conservation, heat exchange, insulation, morphology, physiology, thermal regulation, vascularization, baleen whales.
Heyning, J.E. (1998). Cold tongues, warm hearts. Temperature regulation in baleen whales. Terra (Los Angeles) 35(1): 8-9. ISSN: 0040-3733.
Descriptors: Eschrichtius robustus, thermoregulation, lingual retia efficiency, tongue, blood vessels.
Hilton, J.W. and D.E. Gaskin (1978). Comparative volumes and vascular microanatomy of the intrahepatic venous system of the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena (L.). Canadian Journal of Zoology 56(11): 2292-2298.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: harbour porpoise, intrahepatic, venous system, vascular microanatomy, volumes.
Language of Text: French summary.
Hof, P.R., I.I. Glezer, A.V. Revishchin, C. Bouras, Y. Charnay, and P.J. Morgane (1995). Distribution of dopaminergic fibers and neurons in visual and auditory cortices of the harbor porpoise and pilot whale. Brain Research Bulletin 36(3): 275-84. ISSN: 0361-9230.
Abstract: The distribution of putative dopaminergic fibers in two sensory cortical areas in the brain of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) was analyzed at the light and electron microscopic levels using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry. The quantitative analysis of the distribution of labeled fibers demonstrates that the primary visual cortex located in the lateral gyrus and entolateral sulcus contains a denser dopaminergic innervation than the auditory cortex within the posterior portion of the presylvian gyrus. In both areas, TH-immunoreactive fibers are densest in layer I, while layers IIIab and VI have intermediate densities and layers II and IIIc-V have the lowest fiber counts. Layer I is characterized by the presence of very thick TH-immunoreactive fiber populations, in addition to the thin and varicose fiber plexus observed throughout the cortical layers. Electron microscopic analyses demonstrated that some of these thick fibers represent the dendrites of TH-immunoreactive neurons located in the deep portion of layer I. The patterns observed in the present study suggest that the dopaminergic projections to the neocortex in whales have a different organization than in terrestrial mammals, particularly rodents and primates. These differences may reflect the fact that during evolution, the cetacean neocortex has retained many of the cytoarchitectonic features that are usually observed only in proisocortical regions in progressive terrestrial mammals.
Descriptors: auditory cortex chemistry, dolphins anatomy and histology, dopamine analysis, visual cortex chemistry, whales anatomy and histology, auditory cortex cytology, immunohistochemistry, microscopy, electron, nerve fibers chemistry, neurons chemistry, tyrosine 3 monooxygenase analysis, visual cortex cytology.
Hohn, A.A. (1980). Age determination and age related factors in the teeth of western North Atlantic bottlenose dolphins [Tursiops truncatus]. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (32): 39-66. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: Tursiops, teeth, age, growth, northwest Atlantic, bottlenose dolphins, Atlantic.
Language of Text: English summary.
Hokkanen, J.E. (1990). Temperature regulation of marine mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology 145(4): 465-85. ISSN: 0022-5193.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8223
Abstract: A mathematical model of heat loss from an aquatic animal to the surrounding water is presented. Heat is generated in metabolically active tissues and distributed by circulating blood and by conduction. The time dependent radial temperature profile of the animal is numerically solved from heat transfer equations by a computer. The model is applied to large whales, porpoises, and seals. For the whales, blood circulation to the dermal layer below appendage and body skin surfaces proved to be essential for sufficient heat dissipation. When decreasing the blood flow below a certain value (dependent on sea temperature and whale activity) the large whales would overheat. Blubber thickness was found to be of minor importance in whale thermoregulation, because the blubber coat can be bypassed by blood circulation. On the other hand, it is in general not possible for small porpoises and seals to stay warm in the coldest waters using normal mammalian resting metabolic rates, even if the peripheral circulation is shut off (or artery-vein heat exchangers used). Heat loss can be reduced if the outermost tissue layers are allowed to cool. This is achieved by minimizing convective radial heat flow via the circulation. (For large whales even minute radial blood flow raises the muscle temperatures to the core temperature level.) Seasonal acclimatization of harbour seals is explained by changes in their effective insulation thickness. Differences in whale activity induce changes in the temperature profile mainly within the first few centimeters from the skin surface. These superficial temperatures, if known, could be used to estimate whale metabolic rates. Since they drop close to the sea water temperature within minutes after whale death, the measurements should be done of live whales.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, computer simulation, mammals physiology, models, biological, dolphins physiology, mathematics, seals, earless physiology, whales physiology.
Holmes, R.W., S. Nagasawa, and H. Takano (1993). The morphology and geographic distribution of epidermal diatoms of the Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli True) in the Northern Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of the National Science Museum. Series B. Botany 19(1): 1-18. ISSN: 0385-2431.
NAL Call Number: QK1.K6
Descriptors: Bacillariophyta, epidermis, flora, geographical distribution, new combination, new genus, new species, plant morphology, taxonomy, ultrastructure, northwest pacific, California, Japan, Bering Sea, Epiphalaina aleutica, Tursiocola olympica, Tripterion kalamensis.
Hong, J., J.A. Hipp, R.V. Mulkern, D. Jaramillo, and B.D. Snyder (2000). Magnetic resonance imaging measurements of bone density and cross-sectional geometry. Calcified Tissue International 66(1): 74-8. ISSN: 0171-967X.
NAL Call Number: QP88.C3
Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used in the assessment of the musculoskeletal system and associated pathology. The ability of MRI to measure the signals from water and lipid protons enables quantitative measurements of bone porosity. The goal of this investigation was to demonstrate that the density and cross-sectional geometry of whole bones can be noninvasively measured using MRI. Ten trabecular specimens cored from whale vertebrae were used to compare apparent bone density measured directly, and using a quantitative MRI algorithm. Bone density and several cross-sectional geometric properties were also measured using MRI in the distal tibia of 14 volunteers. The MRI measurements were compared with measurements made using quantitative-computed tomography (QCT). A proton density sequence was used for all MRI studies. A porosity phantom was included in the MRI examinations and used to convert the MRI signal intensity to bone volume fraction. Bone density and cross-sectional bone geometry were calculated from the bone volume fractions by assuming constant tissue properties. The apparent density of trabecular bone cores measured directly and using quantitative MRI were linearly related (r(2) = 0.959; P < 0. 01). A strong linear relation also existed between MRI and QCT measurements of ash density (r(2) = 0.923; P < 0.01) and cross-sectional geometric properties (r(2) = 0.976-0.992; P < 0.01). MRI data can be used to measure bone density and cross-sectional geometry of whole bones if a proton density sequence is used to homogenize differences in marrow composition and a porosity phantom is used for slice-specific volume fraction calibration.
Descriptors: bone density, magnetic resonance imaging methods, spine anatomy and histology, adult, aged, image processing, computer assisted, middle aged, phantoms, imaging, whales anatomy and histology.
Honma, Y., T. Ushiki, H. Hashizume, M. Takeda, T. Matsushi, and Y. Honno (2004). Histological observations on the reproductive organs of harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena incidentally caught in a set net installed off Usujiri, southern Hokkaido. Fisheries Science (Tokyo) 70(1): 94-99. ISSN: 0919-9268.
NAL Call Number: SH1.F8195
Descriptors: population studies, marine ecology, reproductive system, reproduction, histology, cytology techniques, laboratory techniques, marine mammal stranding, histological observations, harbour porpoises.
Horwood, J. (1990). Biology and Exploitation of the Minke Whale, CRC Press: Boca Raton, Fla., 238 p. ISBN: 0849360692.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C424H66
Descriptors: Balaenoptera acutorostrata, whaling, biology, minke whale.
Horwood, J. (1987). The Sei Whale: Population Biology, Ecology & Management, Croom Helm: London; New York, 375 p. ISBN: 0709947860.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C424H67 1987
Descriptors: Sei whale, population biology, ecology, management.
Houser, D.S., J. Finneran, D. Carder, W. Van Bonn, C. Smith, C. Hoh, R. Mattrey, and S. Ridgway (2004). Structural and functional imaging of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) cranial anatomy. Journal of Experimental Biology 207(21): 3657-3665. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Bottlenose dolphins were submitted to structural (CT) and functional (SPECT/PET) scans to investigate their in vivo anatomy and physiology with respect to structures important to hearing and echolocation. The spatial arrangement of the nasal passage and sinus air spaces to the auditory bullae and phonic lips was studied in two dolphins via CT. Air volume of the sinuses and nasal passages ranged from 267.4 to 380.9 ml. Relationships of air spaces to the auditory bullae and phonic lips support previous hypotheses that air protects the ears from echolocation clicks generated by the dolphin and contributes to dolphin hearing capabilities (e.g. minimum angular resolution, inter-aural intensity differences). Lung air may replenish reductions in sinus and nasal passage air volume via the palatopharyngeal sphincter, thus permitting the echolocation mechanism to operate at depth. To determine the relative extent of regional blood flow within the head of the dolphin, two dolphins were scanned with SPECT after an intravenous dose of 1850 MBq 99mTc-bicisate. A single dolphin received 740 MBq of 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) to identify the relative metabolic activity of head tissues. Substantial blood flow was noted across the dorsoanterior curvature of the melon and within the posterior region of the lower jaw fats. Metabolism of these tissues relative to others within the head was nominal. It is suggested that blood flow in these fat bodies serves to thermoregulate lipid density of the melon and jaw canal. Sound velocity is inversely related to the temperature of acoustic lipids (decreasing lipid density), and changes in lipid temperature are likely to impact the wave guide properties of the sound projection and reception pathways. Thermoregulation of lipid density may maintain sound velocity gradients of the acoustic lipid complexes, particularly in the outer shell of the melon, which otherwise might vary in response to changing environmental temperatures.
Descriptors: bottlenose dolphins, CT, SPECT, PT, scans, anatomy, physiology, hearing, echolocation, melon, sinuse air spaces, auditory bullae.
Huggenberger, S., M. Rauschmann, U. Siebert, and H. Oelschlaeger (2000). Functional morphology of the facial musculature of the harbour porpoise. European Research on Cetaceans 14: 300-303. ISSN: 1028-3412.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, face, musculature, facial musculature, functional morphology.
Ianov, V.G. (1998). Kinoregistratsii kinematiki plavaniia del'finov. [Film recording of the kinematics of dolphin swimming]. Biofizika 43(6): 1087-96. ISSN: 0006-3029.
Abstract: An ingenious method for recording the forward motion of dolphins and decoding the pictures was elaborated. The method makes it possible to reproduce the trajectories of body points of a swimming dolphin from their positions on pictures.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, swimming physiology, videotape recording methods, biomechanics, reproducibility of results.
Language of Text: Russian.
Ishikawa, H. and H. Amasaki (1995). Development and physiological degradation of tooth buds and development of rudiment of baleen plate in southern minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 57(4): 665-670. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Descriptors: Balaenoptera, fetus, teeth, biological development, degradation, animal developmental stages, body parts, Cetacea, developmental stages, digestive system, mammals, mouth, whales.
Language of Text: English summary.
Ishikawa, H. and H. Amasaki (1995). Development and physiological degradation of tooth buds and development of rudiment of baleen plate in southern minke whale Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 57(4): 665-670. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: The development and degradation of temporary tooth buds and the development of rudiment of baleen plate were observed by gross-anatomical and histological examinations in twenty-four fetuses of the southern minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. The primary patterns of development of tooth buds were similar to those of deciduous tooth buds in the terrestrial species. Degradation of tooth buds was observed in the fetuses more than 615 mm body length (BL) and might proceed throughout the dental surface of the tooth buds. That degradation pattern was a little different from that of deciduous tooth buds in terrestrial species, which has a limited degradation area at the root of the tooth buds. In the fetuses with 135 and 153 mm BL, the upper jaw had a larger number of tooth buds than the lower jaw, although the number of buds varied in different individuals. Formation of rudiment of baleen plate was observed with degraded tooth buds in the fetus of 903 mm BL and it may be induced by the degradation of tooth buds.
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, development, fetus.
Izu, Y., S. Soeta, H. Ishikawa, R. Mori, S. Kamiya, T.R. Saito, K. Taniguchi, T. Kodaka, and S. Yamano (2004). Histological examinations on the long bones of antarctic minke whales, Balaenoptera bonaerensis. Anatomical Science International 79: 353. ISSN: 1447-6959.
Descriptors: development, skeletal system, movement and support, Japanese whale research program under special permit in the Antarctic, applied and field techniques, aquatic habitat, hypercalcified line, intramembranous ossification.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Congress of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) and the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, Kyoto, Japan, August 22-27, 2004.
Jacobs, M.S., A.M. Galaburda, W.L. McFarland, and P.J. Morgane (1984). The insular formations of the dolphin brain: quantitative cytoarchitectonic studies of the insular component of the limbic lobe [Tursiops truncatus]. Journal of Comparative Neurology 225(3): 396-432. ISSN: 0021-9967.
NAL Call Number: QP351.J68
Descriptors: dolphin, brain, limbic lobe, insular formations, cytoarchitectonic, studies.
James, P.S.B.R. and R. Soundararajan (1982). An osteological study on the sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus from Indian Ocean. Indian Journal of Fisheries 28(1-2): 217-232.
NAL Call Number: SH299.I5
Descriptors: Indian Ocean, sperm whale, osteological study, Physeter macrocephalus.
James, T.N., K. Kawamura, F.L. Meijler, S. Yamamoto, F. Terasaki, and T. Hayashi (1995). Anatomy of the sinus node, AV node, and His bundle of the heart of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus), with a note on the absence of an os cordis. Anatomical Record 242(3): 355-73. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Atrioventricular (AV) conduction time in large whales is only slightly greater than in smaller mammals even though their hearts are enormously larger. Little is known of the detailed histology or cytology of the conduction system of large whales. Such knowledge could be useful in defining the nature of cardiac rhythm and conduction of the whale as well as smaller mammals including humans. METHODS: We studied hearts from seven sperm whales. After fixation in formaldehyde and later dissection, specimens were prepared for histological examination. RESULTS: Cell size, histological organization, and innervation of the sperm whale's sinus node, AV node, and His bundle are similar to most mammalian hearts, except the sinus node is substantially larger. There is no central fibrous body between the atrial and ventricular septa, and the whale has no os cordis. Only the upper quarter of the interventricular septum is fully formed; below that there is only a thin layer of fatty connective tissue between the two ventricles. CONCLUSIONS: Given our morphological findings, we believe that the whale's comparatively short AV conduction time may be best explained by the sinus node and AV node functioning as coupled relaxation oscillators. Absence of an os cordis or central fibrous body or strong attachment between the two ventricles may pose both electrophysiological and hemodynamic hazards when the whale is no longer in its normally buoyant aquatic environment.
Descriptors: atrioventricular node anatomy and histology, bundle of his anatomy and histology, sinoatrial node anatomy and histology, whales anatomy and histology, purkinje fibers cytology, sinoatrial node cytology.
Jefferson, T.A., D.K. Odell, and K.T. Prunier (1995). Notes on the biology of the clymene dolphin (Stenella clymene) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Marine Mammal Science 11(4): 564-573. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, systematics and taxonomy, natural history, necropsy, stranding.
Jefferson, T.A. and K. Van Waerebeek (2004). Geographic variation in skull morphology of humpback dolphins (Sousa spp.). Aquatic Mammals 30(1): 3-17. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: The taxonomy and systematic relationships of humpback dolphins (genus Sousa) are highly confused. This is largely due to a lack of data and samples from large portions of the range of the genus, and confusing and seemingly contradictory patterns of variation in available external morphometric, skeletal morphometric, and molecular datasets. To help clarify the situation, we measured 222 skulls of humpback dolphins originating from throughout most regions of the range of Sousa. While patterns of cranial variation appeared to be relatively conservative, there was evidence for three groups: (1) Atlantic Ocean/West Africa, (2) Western Indian Ocean, and (3) Eastern Indian Ocean/Pacific Ocean. These would appear to correspond to the teuszii, plumbea, and chinensis forms, respectively. No taxonomic revisions are recommended at this time, and the conservative view of two species (S. teuszii in West Africa and S. chinensis in the Indo-Pacific) can be defended for the time being as a pragmatic approach. The distinctness of S. teuszii is clearcut, but other taxonomic decisions should await further studies of molecular genetics and morphometrics, currently underway.
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, systematics and taxonomy, geographic variation, molecular genetics, morphometrics, external, skeletal, pragmatic approach.
Johnson, J.I., I.R.C. Switzer, K.D. Sudheimer, F.M. Ferreira, A.J. Fobbs Jr., and L. Marino (2002). Extensive chromophilic cell group in the ventral tegmental region, and the distinctive spatial configuration of components of the ventral midbrain in dolphins and whales. Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner : Abstract No. 877.12.
Online: http://sfn.scholarone.com
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, ventral midbrain, whales, dolphins, spatial configuration.
Notes: Meeting Information: 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Orlando, Florida, USA, November 02-07, 2002.
Johnson, J.I., R.C. Switzer III, K.D. Sudheimer, F.M. Ferreira, L. Marino, and A.J. Fobbs Jr. (2003). Globus pallidus and substantia nigra form a contiguous extended pallidum"" in brains of whales and dolphins ( cetacea ). Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner : Abstract No. 94.9.
Online: http://sfn.scholarone.com
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, mri, magnetic resonance imaging, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques.
Notes: Meeting Information: 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA, USA, November 08-12, 2003.
Johnson, J.I., R.C.S.K.D. Switzer III, F.M. Ferreira, A.J. Fobbs Jr., and L. Marino (2003). Lateralized cerebral peduncles, extensive midbrain pallidum, and other distinctive features of the midbrains of whales and dolphins. SICB Annual Meeting and Exhibition Final Program and Abstracts : 206.
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, magnetic resonance imaging, mri, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques, cerebral peduncles, midbrain, pallidum, whales, dolphins.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the SICB (Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology), Toronto, ON, Canada, January 04-08, 2003.
Johnson, J.I., R.C. Switzer III, F.M. Ferreira, K.D. Sudheimer, J.A. Morris, L. Marino, and A.J. Fobbs (2004). Broca's desert lobe and the corpus striatum in the cerebral hemispheres of six species of whales and dolphins. FASEB Journal 18(4-5): Abstract 311.5. ISSN: 0892-6638.
Online: http://www.fasebj.org/
NAL Call Number: QH301.F3
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, brain, Cetacean, copus striatum, cerebral hemispheres, desert lobe.
Notes: Meeting Information: FASEB Meeting on Experimental Biology: Translating the Genome, Washington, District of Columbia, USA, 2004.
Kamiya, T. and P. Pirlot (1980). Brain organization in Platanista gangetica [Ganges dolphin]. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (32): 105-126. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: dolphins, brain, animal anatomy, rivers, Pakistan, Ganges.
Language of Text: English summary.
Kamiya, T., F. Yamasaki, and S. Komatsu (1978). A note on the parathyroid glands of Ganges susu [whales]. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (30): 281-284. ISSN: 0549-5717.
Descriptors: note, parathyroid glands, whales, Ganges susu.
Karas, R.H. and A. Karas (1993). PR interval and heart size in the humpback whale. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 21(6): 1536-7. ISSN: 0735-1097.
Descriptors: electrocardiography, heart anatomy and histology, whales physiology, body weight, whales anatomy and histology.
Notes: Comment On: Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1992 Aug;20(2):475-9.
Kastelein, R.A., J. Mosterd, N.M. Schooneman, and P.R. Wiepkema (2000). Food consumption, growth, body dimensions, and respiration rates of captive false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens). Aquatic Mammals 26(1): 33-44. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Pseudorca crassidens, size, body dimensions, growth relationships, weight, feeding rate, ventilation rate, captive population, growth rate.
Kennedy, S., G.D. Guardo, S. McConnell, D. Moffett, and U. Agrimi (1993). Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural features of hyaline inclusions in hepatocytes of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). Journal of Comparative Pathology 109(2): 179-185.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J82
Descriptors: dolphins, liver, cells, cytoplasm, ultrastructure, liver diseases, body parts, cell structure, Cetacea, digestive system, mammals, organic diseases, protoplasm, cytoplasmic inclusions, cell ultrastructure.
Ketten, D.R. (2000). Cetacean ears. In: W.W.L. Au, A.N. Popper and R.R. Fay (Editors), Hearing by Whales and Dolphins, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, p. 43-108. ISBN: 0387949062.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432H43 2000
Descriptors: Cetacea, ear, functional morphology, overview.
Kida, M.Y. (1998). Morphology of the tracheobronchial tree and the route of the pulmonary artery in the fetal minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 75(5): 251-8. ISSN: 0030-154X.
Abstract: Molecular and statistical studies support the close phylogenetic relation between Cetacea and Artiodactyla. The presence of the tracheal bronchus has been pointed out as one of the common traits between only these groups. Nakakuki (1980) has investigated the mammalian tracheobronchial trees in 50 species based on his new nomenclature, and his study has consequently demonstrated the above-mentioned indication. Therefore, comparative anatomy of the tracheobronchial tree based on the nomenclature seems to be useful for investigations of the cetacean phylogeny. Three pairs of fetal lungs of the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) were supplied from the Institute of Cetacean Research, Tokyo (1991) to observe their tracheobronchial trees and the ramification of the pulmonary artery. The fetal tracheobronchial tree consisted of one tracheal, four lateral, four dorsal and one medial secondary bronchi in the right lung, and five or six lateral and four or five dorsal secondary bronchi in the left, using the new nomenclature. The right pulmonary artery crossed the right axial bronchus from the ventral side to the dorsal over the third lateral bronchus. The tracheal bronchus in the fetal minke whale seems to belong to the type II of Nakakuki's nomenclature, and this type is seen in one species of the river dolphins. The other conspicuous traits of the fetal lungs are the defect of the second lateral broncus and the route of the pulmonary artery in the right side. This route is very different from that of many other mammals.
Descriptors: bronchi embryology, fetus anatomy and histology, pulmonary artery embryology, trachea embryology, whales embryology, bronchi anatomy and histology, pulmonary artery anatomy and histology, terminology, trachea anatomy and histology.
Kimura, A., H. Naruse, T. Gomi, M. Takayanagi, S. Kakuta, Y. Ishikawa, K. Kondoh, and K. Kishi (2004). Ontogenetic study of the ramification pattern of sperm whale fetus lungs. Anatomical Science International 79: 369. ISSN: 1447-6959.
Descriptors: reproductive system, reproduction, respiratory system, respiration, bronchi branching, ramification pattern, whale fetus, lungs.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Congress of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) and the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, Kyoto, Japan, August 22-27, 2004.
Kinkel, M.D., J.G. Thewissen, and H.A. Oelschlager (2001). Rotation of middle ear ossicles during cetacean development. Journal of Morphology 249(2): 126-31. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: body patterning physiology, dolphins embryology, dolphins growth and development, ear ossicles embryology, ear ossicles growth and development, hearing physiology, rotation, dolphins physiology, ear ossicles physiology.
Kita, S., M. Yoshioka, M. Kashiwagi, S. Ogawa, and T. Tobayama (2001). Comparative external morphology of cetacean spermatozoa. Fisheries Science (Tokyo) 67(3): 482-492. ISSN: 0919-9268.
NAL Call Number: SH1.F8195
Descriptors: Cetacea, spermatozoa, animal morphology, microscopy, cells, gametes, mammals.
Language of Text: English summary.
Kjeld, M. (2003). Salt and water balance of modern baleen whales: rate of urine production and food intake. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81(4): 606-616. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: chemical coordination and homeostasis, evolution and adaptation, marine ecology, allometry, food intake, osmoregulatory control mechanisms, prey ingestion, salt balance, water balance, baleen whales.
Klima, M. (1999). Development of the cetacean nasal skull. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology 149: 1-143. ISSN: 0301-5556.
Abstract: The adaptation of cetaceans to aquatic life habits is reflected, in their nasal region, in three marked changes from the original relations found in land mammals. These changes include (1) the loss of the sense of smell, (2) translocation of the nostrils from the tip of the rostrum to the vertex of the head, and (3) elongation of the anterior head to form a rostrum protruding far towards anterior. The morphogenetic processes taking place during embryogenesis of the nasal skull play a decisive part in the development of all these changes. The lateral parts of the embryonic nasal capsule, encompassing the nasal passages, change their position from horizontal to vertical. At the same time, the structures of the original nasal floor (the solum nasi) are shifted in front of the nasal passages towards the rostrum. The structures of the original nasal roof (the tectum nasi) and of the nasal side wall (the paries nasi) are translocated behind the nasal passages towards the neurocranium. The medial nasal septum (the septum nasi) mostly loses its connection to the nasal passages and is produced into a point protruding far towards anterior. The transformed embryonic nasal skull of the Cetacea can be divided into three sections: 1. The median structures. These include the cartilaginous structures, viz., the rostrum nasi, the septum interorbitale and the spina mesethmoidalis, which are accompanied by the dermal bones, the vomer and the praemaxillare. In adult cetaceans the rostrum nasi is mostly preserved as a robust cartilage of the skull, which may possibly serve as a sound transmitting structure of the sonar system, or it may be responsible for the sensing of water streams and vibrations. 2. The posterior side wall structures. These include the following cartilaginous structures that are mostly heavily reduced or mutually fused: the cupula nasi anterior, the tectum nasi, the lamina cribrosa, the paries nasi, the commissura orbitonasalis, the cupula nasi posterior, the processus paraseptalis posterior, the crista semicircularis, the frontoturbinale, the ethmoturbinale I and the maxilloturbinale. The cartilaginous structures are largely accompanied by the dermal bone, the maxillare. Of these embryonic elements, very little is preserved in adult cetaceans. The cartilages of the cupula nasi anterior form the variable skeleton around the nostrils. In Physeter the tectum nasi forms a very long cartilaginous bar that passes through the whole giant anterior head of the sperm whale as a structure accompanying the left nasal passage. 3. The anterior side wall structures. These include the cartilaginous structures, viz., the cartilago ductus nasopalatini, the cartilago paraseptalis, the processus lateralis ventralis and the lamina transversalis anterior, accompanied by the dermal bones, the praemaxillare and the vomer. These structures participate in the formation of the robust rostrum of the cetacean skull, and they are partly preserved even in adults in the form of the isolated ossa pararostralia (the Meckelian ossicles). The comparison of morphogeny of the nasal skull has also made it possible to draw certain conclusions on the phylogeny and systematics of Cetacea. Already the earliest embryonic stages permit us to discern weighty transformations of the original nasal skull of land mammals. These transformations are common to all embryos examined. This fact indicates a common origin of all Cetacea, which thus form a single monophyletic order. However, later embryonic stages show some different modifications of the nasal capsule according to which at least three major groups can be distinguished within the order Cetacea, probably ranking as superfamilies: Balaenopteroidea, Physeteroidea and Delphinoidea. Our observations, being in full accordance with other morphological, and embryological, as well as molecular biological results, suggest that the division of the order Cetacea into two suborders, Mysticeti and Odontoceti, is no longer tenable.
Descriptors: Cetacea embryology, nose embryology, skull embryology, Cetacea growth and development, embryonic and fetal development physiology, nose growth and development, skull growth and development.
Klima, M. (1992). Schwimmbewegungen und Auftauchmodus bei Walen und Ichthyosaurieren. 1. Anatomische Grundlagen der Schwimmbewegungen. [Motions of swimming and emerge of whales and ichthyosaurians. 1. Anatomic demands of swimming movements]. Natur Und Museum 122(1): 1-17. ISSN: 0028-1301.
NAL Call Number: 509 F856
Descriptors: whales, dolphins, lizards, animal morphology, locomotion, movement, fins, spine, muscles, abdomen, animal morphology, body regions, bones, Cetacea, mammals, movement, musculoskeletal system, physiological functions, reptiles.
Language of Text: German summary.
Klima, M. (1992). Schwimmbewegungen und Auftauchmodus bei Walen und Ichtyosaurieren. 2. Vergleich das Auftauchmodus. [Motions of swimming and emerge of whales and ichthyosaurians. 2. Comparison of the emergence modus]. Natur Und Museum 122(3): 73-89. ISSN: 0028-1301.
NAL Call Number: 509 F856
Descriptors: whales, dolphins, lizards, animal morphology, locomotion, movement, respiratory system, nose, animal morphology, Cetacea, mammals, movement, physiological functions, reptiles, respiratory system.
Language of Text: German summary.
Klima, M. (1978). Comparison of early development of sternum and clavicle in striped dolphin and in humpback whale. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (30): 253-269. ISSN: 0549-5717.
Descriptors: sternum, clavicle, striped dolphin, humpback whale, comparison, development.
Language of Text: English summary.
Klima, M. (1995). Cetacean phylogeny and systematics based on the morphogenesis of the nasal skull. Aquatic Mammals 21(2): 79-89. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: The morphogenesis of the nasal skull of the cetaceans indicates that the traditional division of the order Cetacea into two suborders, the toothed whales (Odontoceti) and the baleen whales (Mysticeti), is phylogenetically not substantiated. The following conclusions can be drawn on the basis of the presented study. The whales are of a monophyletic origin, with all the extant forms being closely related. The sperm whales are, however, distinct from other odontocetes, with which they are traditionally associated, and seem to be more closely related to the baleen whales. The embryological findings presented here are remarkably consistent with a recent molecular phylogenetic analysis. According the morphogenesis of the nasal skull the following almost equivalent groupings, which may be considered superfamilies, can be distinguished within the order Cetacea: Balaenopteroidea, Physeteroidea, and Delphinoidea. However, no representatives of the families Ziphiidae and Platanistidae were available for the present study.
Descriptors: development, evolution and adaptation, general life studies, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, Balaenopteroidea, Delphinoidea, embryology, Odontoceti, Physeteroidea.
Klishin, V.O. and V.V. Popov (2000). Hearing characteristics of the harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena. Doklady Biological Sciences Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 370: 7-9. ISSN: 0012-4966.
NAL Call Number: 511 P444AEB
Descriptors: hearing physiology, porpoises physiology, acoustic stimulation.
Notes: Biological sciences sections translated from Russian.
Knieriem, A. and M. Garcia Hartmann (2001). Comparative histopathology of lungs from by-caught Atlantic white-sided dolphins (Leucopleurus acutus). Aquatic Mammals 27(2): 73-81. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, Leucopleurus acutus, Phocoena phocoena, fishing and fisheries, lungs, comparative histopathology, by-caught specimens, mortality, accidental entrapment.
Knospe, C. (1989). Zur Wasseranpassung der Walhaut. Histologische und histochemische Untersuchung bei Delphin (Delphinus delphis) und Schweinswal (Phocaena phocaena). [On the adaptation of whale skin to water. Histological and histochemical studies of the dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and the porpoise (Phocaena phocaena)]. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series C, Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 18(3): 193-198. ISSN: 0340-2096.
NAL Call Number: SF761.Z4
Descriptors: Delphinus, Phocoena, whales, skin, histology, chemistry, dolphins, microscopy, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, integument, ISSCAAP group b 61, ISSCAAP group b 62, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, meat animals, methods, oil producing animals, tissues, vertebrates.
Language of Text: German and English summaries.
Knudsen, S.K., S. Mork, and E.O. Oen (2002). A novel method for in situ fixation of whale brains. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 120(1): 35-44. ISSN: 0165-0270.
Abstract: A new method of in situ formalin fixation was used on 38 brains from minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). The method was developed because traditional ways of fixing brains are poorly suited to the collection of whale brains. The whole brain was preserved uncut in its meninges and then excised undamaged from the skull at a later opportunity. There was no handling of the brain in the fresh state. Fixation was started within a couple of hours post mortem. All brains were subjected to gross and light microscopy examination. The results showed that both the gross and microscopic architecture of the brains were adequately preserved, with no massive gross or histological changes due to insufficient fixation apparent. The occurrence of fixation artifacts was low. Microscopic examination showed well-preserved cells and myelin in all parts of the brain. We report the mean fixed weight of the minke whale brain as 2741 g, which is the lowest among the baleen whales. The cerebellum constituted 22% of the total brain weight, which conforms to findings in other baleen whales. This in situ method can probably be used without any particular modifications in other whale species and also in large terrestrial mammals.
Descriptors: brain cytology, formaldehyde diagnostic use, whales anatomy and histology, brain anatomy and histology, histological techniques methods.
Koopman, H.N., S.J. Iverson, and D.E. Gaskin (1996). Stratification and age-related differences in blubber fatty acids of the male harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 165(8): 628-39. ISSN: 0174-1578.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J681
Abstract: Fatty acid composition of blubber was determined at four body sites of 19 male harbour porpoises. A total of 65 fatty acids were quantified in each sample. The array of fatty acids contained in harbour porpoise blubber was similar to those found in other marine mammals. While chemical composition of total blubber was uniform over the body, with the exception of the caudal peduncle, vertical stratification was evident between the deep (inner) and superficial (outer) blubber layers. Fatty acids with chain lengths shorter than 18 carbons were present in significantly greater amounts in the outer blubber layer, while the longer-chain unsaturated fatty acids were more prevalent in the inner layer. This distribution suggests that the inner blubber layer is more active metabolically than the outer layer in terms of lipid deposition and mobilization. The degree of stratification between the two layers appears to increase with age, indicating a predictable turnover in the blubber layer of male porpoises. Harbour porpoise blubber contained high levels (2-27%) of isovaleric acid in the outer blubber layer, and these levels were positively correlated with age.
Descriptors: adipose tissue metabolism, aging metabolism, dolphins metabolism, fatty acids metabolism, adipose tissue anatomy and histology, adipose tissue chemistry, dolphins anatomy and histology, fatty acids analysis, fatty acids chemistry, omega 3 analysis, omega 3 metabolism, unsaturated analysis, unsaturated metabolism, pentanoic acids analysis, pentanoic acids metabolism, tissue distribution.
Koopman, H.N., S.J. Iverson, and A.J. Read (2003). High concentrations of isovaleric acid in the fats of odontocetes: variation and patterns of accumulation in blubber vs. stability in the melon. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 173(3): 247-61. ISSN: 0174-1578.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J681
Abstract: Isovaleric acid (iso5:0) is an unusual fatty acid that is important for echolocation and hearing in acoustic tissues of some odontocetes, but its functional significance in blubber is unknown. We examined patterns of accumulation of this compound in blubber in 30 species of odontocetes ( n=299). Iso5:0 concentrations in blubber varied with phylogeny, ontogeny and body topography. Iso5:0 accumulated in greater quantities in superficial/outer blubber than in deep/inner blubber. In the outer blubber of northern right whale and Hector's dolphins, iso5:0 accounted for one-third to one-half of all fatty acids. Total blubber burden of iso5:0 in harbour porpoises represented up to 15 times the amount deposited in the melon. The composition of the melon does not change during starvation in harbour porpoises, supporting the hypothesis that lipids in melon are conserved for a specific function. Some odontocetes continually deposit iso5:0 in blubber after levels in melon have reached asymptotic levels, suggesting independent control of iso5:0 synthesis and storage in these compartments. Dolphins and porpoises inhabiting cold waters possess higher concentrations of iso5:0 in their outer blubber layers than species from warmer regions. We propose that this relationship represents an adaptive secondary role for iso5:0 in maintaining blubber flexibility in cold environments.
Descriptors: adipose tissue metabolism, dolphins metabolism, pentanoic acids metabolism, porpoises metabolism, whales metabolism, acclimatization, aging metabolism, body constitution, environment, osmolar concentration, thorax.
Kooyman, G.L. (1972). Deep diving behaviour and effects of pressure in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 26: 295-311. ISSN: 0081-1386.
Descriptors: birds physiology, diving, mammals physiology, pressure, reptiles physiology, body weight, Cetacea, dolphins, hydrostatic pressure, nitrogen blood, Pinnipedia, turtles, water.
Kopelman, A.H. and S.S. Sadove (1995). Ventilatory rate differences between surface-feeding and non-surface-feeding fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the waters off eastern Long Island, New York, USA 1981-1987. Marine Mammal Science 11(2): 200-208. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: Observations of feeding and ventilatory behavior of individual fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) were made from various vessels during the months of May-September, 1981-1987, in the waters off eastern Long Island, N.Y., U.S.A. Intervals between blows were measured and recorded to the nearest second. Information about behavior was recorded, as were location, depth, and surface temperature at sounding dives. Animals observed feeding at the surface were noted as such, all others were considered non-surface-feeding animals. Data were compiled by individual, month, year, and analyzed for mean interblow interval during surface activity bouts; mean dive duration; and overall mean blow interval. Overall mean blow intervals (+- SE) of 47.89 +- 0.81 sec for surface-feeding (n = 10,411), and 57.92 +- 0.97 sec for non-surface-feeding animals (n = 11,024), differed significantly (Mann-Whitney U, P lt 0.001). Interblow intervals for surface activity bouts (+-SE) of 12.29 +- 0.05 sec for surface-feeding (n = 7,894), and 13.58 +- 0.06 sec, for non-surface-feeding animals (n = 8,187), also differed significantly (Mann-Whitney U, P lt 0.001), as did mean dive duration (159.53 +- 2.16 sec, n = 2,517, for surface-feeding animals; 185.86 +- 2.53 sec, n = 2,837, for non-surface-feeding animals). Yearly comparisons of blow intervals between surface-feeding and non-surface-feeding animals during surface activity bouts yielded significant differences for each year except 1981, while comparisons of dive durations yielded significant differences for all years except 1981, 1982, and 1985.
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, environmental sciences, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, nutrition, respiratory system, respiration, behavior, dive duration.
Kroeger, R.H.H. and K. Kirschfeld (1994). Refractive index in the cornea of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) measured by two-wavelengths laser-interferometry. Aquatic Mammals 20(2): 99-107. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: The refractive index of the cornea of a harbor porpoise eye was measured by two-wavelengths laser-interferometry. In the thickest part of the cornea a refractive index of about 1.53 was found From this value, the refractive index gradually decreases to about 1.37 at the surfaces of the cornea. Due to its peculiar shape, the cornea contributes significant, negative refractive power to the overall optics of the eye. The combination of a diverging corneal lens with the powerful, converging crystalline lens results in near emmetropia for the harbor porpoise eye in underwater viewing conditions.
Descriptors: ecology, environmental sciences, marine ecology, sense organs, sensory reception, systematics and taxonomy, eye morphology, underwater viewing.
Kroger, R.H. and K. Kirschfeld (1993). Optics of the harbor porpoise eye in water. Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and Image Science 10(7): 1481-9. ISSN: 0740-3232.
Abstract: A two-dimensional ray-tracing model for the harbor porpoise eye is constructed from new measurements, mainly on two enucleated eyes, and from data found in the literature. Model calculations show that the crystalline lens has too much refractive power to focus light on the retina. The cornea has a high refractive index and acts as a diverging lens of considerable refractive power. The cornea corrects the eye to near emmetropia for axial and temporal (caudal) directions of view. The eye is approximately 5-D myopic for nasal (frontal) directions of view. The iris serves a dual role as a stop: the iris determines the shapes of bundles of light that enter the lens and the iris blocks light that leaves the lens anterior to its equator.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, ocular physiology, Cetacea, cornea physiology, eye anatomy and histology, lens, crystalline physiology, pupil physiology, refraction, ocular, refractometry, retina physiology, vision physiology, water.
Kruger, L. (2003). Edward Tyson's 1680 account of the 'porpess' brain and its place in the history of comparative neurology. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 12(4): 339-49. ISSN: 0964-704X.
Abstract: Edward Tyson (1650-1708), a prominent London physician and an early fellow of the Royal Society is best known for his several anatomical contributions in the creation of primatology, including the preputial and coronal mucilaginous glands (Tyson's glands), later described by Alexis Littre. He also published the first comprehensive account of a single animal (the 'porpess') and placed it in the context of a systematic and experimental methodology. This rare monograph accounts for the contention that Tyson was the founder of comparative anatomy in England, by using this 'fish' to better understand the human condition. His description of the highly convoluted cetacean brain as well as his recognition of the many homologies with "land-quadrupeds", rather than the fishes it resembled, constitutes a major landmark contribution to the history of biology. The prevailing theological thrust of training in 'physick' ultimately led Tyson to evade the conundrum of how the human brain differs from that of animals, by attributing the intellectual uniqueness of man to endowments derived from God rather than the physical substance of the brain.
Descriptors: anatomy, comparative history, brain anatomy and histology, neurology history, porpoises anatomy and histology, 17th century history, manuscripts, medical history, portraits.
Kuo, T., M. Chang, and L. Chou (2002). The bronchial tree and lobular division of the Fraser's dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei) lung. Taiwan Veterinary Journal 28(3): 161-167. ISSN: 1682-6485.
NAL Call Number: SF604.C54
Descriptors: animal anatomy, bronchi, lungs, morphology, Delphinidae, dolphins.
Language of Text: Chinese.
Kupriianov, V.V. (1983). Mikrososudistaia set' khvostovogo otdela tulovishcha i khvostovykh plavnikov u del'finov. [Microvascular network of the caudal part of the trunk and caudal fins in dolphins]. Arkhiv Anatomii, Gistologii i Embriologii 85(12): 42-50. ISSN: 0004-1947.
NAL Call Number: QL801.A7
Abstract: The medial caudal artery, being a continuation of the aorta, ensures blood transport to all tissues of the caudal part of the dolphin body and its caudal fins. The branches of this artery are accompanied with some veins (complex vessels). In the microcirculatory bed there are many arteriolo-venulous anastomoses. The greatest attention of the author has been paid to the capillaries of the dermal pappilae which deeply penetrate into epidermis. It is possible to think that in this way: a) thermoregulation is improved; b) a greater hydroelastic effect is reached; c) epidermis blood supply is facilitated; d) certain conditions are created for synthesis of the dermal excretion.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, tail blood supply, microcirculation anatomy and histology.
Language of Text: Russian.
Lafortuna, C.L., M. Jahoda, A. Azzellino, F. Saibene, and A. Colombini (2003). Locomotor behaviours and respiratory pattern of the Mediterranean fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). European Journal of Applied Physiology 90(3-4): 387-95. ISSN: 1439-6319.
Abstract: Twenty-four Mediterranean fin whales were tracked in open sea with a method based on the assessment of the animal differential position in respect of the observer's absolute position aboard a vessel, with the concomitant recording of the respiratory activity. Short distance video recording was also performed in two whales, permitting the simultaneous determination of single breath expiratory (TE) and inspiratory (TI) durations. In the 24 whales swimming at an average velocity of 1.39 (0.47) m.s(-1) [mean (SD), range: 0.62-2.44 m.s(-1)], 2068 breaths organized in 477 respiratory cycles were observed. Each cycle entailed a prolonged apnoea dive phase [225 (91) s, Tdive) followed by a period near the surface [62 (28) s, surfacing], during which a series of breaths [4.6 (1.8)] was performed at short intervals. On the basis of track length and swimming velocity, two groups of animals were devised differing for convolution of the course (p<0.001), extension of ranging territory (p<0.01) and horizontal swimming velocity (p<0.05), which may represent two distinct behaviours. A possibly general mechanism of control of breathing in cetaceans was found, consistent with a model of constant tidal volume and variable respiratory frequency. Coherently with this model, TE was independent of TI or Tdive, in line with a passive expiration, while TI appeared to be negatively correlated with Tdive (p<0.05), otherwise suggesting, similarly with terrestrial mammals, a significant role of hypercapnic stimulation. The estimated O2 consumption of about 150 l.min(-1) is in line with the general allometric regression for mammals and corresponds to an energetic expenditure of 85-95 kJ.kg(-1).day(-1).
Descriptors: locomotion physiology, respiratory mechanics physiology, whales physiology, behavior, animal physiology, diving physiology, energy metabolism physiology, exhalation physiology, inhalation physiology, kinetics, Mediterranean Sea, oxygen consumption physiology, pulmonary ventilation physiology, radar, swimming physiology, tidal volume physiology.
Lambertsen, R.H. and R.J. Hintz (2005). Maxillomandibular cam articulation discovered in north Atlantic minke whale (vol 85, pg 446, 2004). Journal of Mammalogy 86(2): 447. ISSN: 0022-2372.
NAL Call Number: 410 J823
Descriptors: skeletal system, movement, support, dental and oral system, ingestion, ecology, minke whale, maxomandibular, cam, articulation.
Lambertsen, R.H. and R.J. Hintz (2004). Maxillomandibular cam articulation discovered in north Atlantic minke whale. Journal of Mammalogy 85(3): 446-452. ISSN: 0022-2372.
NAL Call Number: 410 J823
Descriptors: dental, oral system, ingestion, evolution, adaptation, computational biology, skeletal system, photogrammetry, imaging, microscopy, techniques, three dimensional computer model, computer techniques, biomechanics, cranial anatomy, feeding mechanisms, maxillomandibular cam articulation, minke whale, morphology.
Lambertsen, R.H., K.J. Rasmussen, W.C. Lancaster, and R.J. Hintz (2005). Functional morphology of the mouth of the bowhead whale and its implications for conservation. Journal of Mammalogy 86(2): 342-352. ISSN: 0022-2372.
NAL Call Number: 410 J823
Abstract: Bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) hauled out on shore-fast ice by Inupiat whale hunters off Barrow, Alaska were examined. Anatomical observations confirmed the occurrence of a large, well-muscled tongue. Temporomandibular articulations were synovial. The mandibular symphysis was unfused. Standard measurement of baleen plates and close-range photogrammetry of a baleen rack confirmed that the anterior portion of the baleen rack is strongly convex, in contrast to its shape in balaenopterids. Moderate force applied to the lower lip in a lateral direction caused a pronounced abduction of the lower jaw. These observations support a conclusion that during feeding, the tongue may deflect the incoming flow of prey-laden water from side to side in the mouth, to convey prey slurries into the postlingual recess. Abduction of the lower lip likely would establish a channel for acceleration of flow around the outside of the baleen racks, reducing external pressures and drawing water out through the baleen. Thus, the shape of the baleen rack in the bowhead appears to be an adaptation to reduce the amplitude of the bow wave projected during feeding, the simultaneous advantage being concentration of prey slurries inside the mouth. It may also impart a configuration to the bow wave that stimulates countereffective evasive effort by actively mobile prey. Final compaction of a concentrated prey slurry in the postlingual recess probably involves retraction of the tongue against the oropharyngeal wall. These insights notably enable consideration of certain threats to bowheads and right whales (Balaenidae) associated with oil spills and oral entanglement. Previous research on the "physiologic" effects of fouling of baleen with oil is judged to be inadequate with respect to this taxonomic family. Oral entanglement with nonbiodegradable marine debris is predicted to be lethal because of interference with a critical hydrostatic oral seal.
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, pollution assessment control and management, dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, wildlife management, conservation, close range photogrammetry, imaging and microscopy techniques, applied and field techniques, oil spill, functional morphology, prey slurry, postlingual recess, oral entanglement.
Langer, P. (2004). The post-oral digestive tract of cetaceans and other ungulates an phylogenetic implications. Anatomical Science International 79: 403. ISSN: 1447-6959.
Descriptors: digestive system, ingestion, feeding, cetaceans, digestive tract, post oral, phylogenic implications.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Congress of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) and the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, Kyoto, Japan, August 22-27, 2004.
Langer, P. (2004). Morphology of the digestive tract of cetaceans and ungulates: maternal investment and phylogenetic implications. Journal of Morphology 260(3): 306. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: digestive system, ingestion, evolution, food quality, gestation, lactation, maternal investment, phylogenetic implications, morphology.
Notes: Meeting Information: Seventh International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2004.
Lavigne, D.M., S. Innes, G.A. Worthy, and K.M. Kovacs (1986). Metabolic rate--body size relations in marine mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology 122(1): 123-4. ISSN: 0022-5193.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8223
Descriptors: body weight, Cetacea metabolism, Pinnipedia metabolism, seals, earless metabolism, whales metabolism.
Lees, S., D.B. Hanson, and E.A. Page (1996). Some acoustical properties of the otic bones of a fin whale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99(4, Pt. 1): 2421-7. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Abstract: The otic bones in this report are the tympanic bulla, the periotic, and the three ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) of an adult fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). The purpose was to determine if the periotic was denser than the other otic bones. It was found in one male adult fin whale that the density of all the otic bones is approximately the same, 2.50 kg/m3 with a maximum of 2.58. The lowest density was observed in the stapes (2.36). The sonic velocity seems to vary as the density but there also seems to be a structural effect. The maximum sonic velocity was 4.89 km/s in the malleus. The specific acoustic impedance was as high as 12.5 megarayles in the periotic. These values compare with those for human femur of 1.95 for the density, 3.73 for the sonic velocity, and 7.33 for the specific acoustic impedance. The ossicles weigh as much as 200 times as much as human ossicles. The density of whale ossicles are about ten percent greater than human ossicles. The mechanical natural frequency of the whale ossicles must be very low. The approximate uniformity of the properties of this whale's otic bones may be characteristic of the middle ear. The density of the otic bones of land mammals is less than for whales. The density of the horse petrosal (2.29 g/cc) is essentially the same as the density of adult human ossicles (2.23-2.27 g/cc). The high density of the otic bones for all mammals suggests it may be related to hearing acuity perhaps by increasing the specific acoustic impedance, which increases the acoustic contrast with the other body tissues.
Descriptors: acoustics, ear ossicles physiology, whales physiology.
Levenson, D.H. and A. Dizon (2003). Genetic evidence for the ancestral loss of short-wavelength-sensitive cone pigments in mysticete and odontocete cetaceans. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 270(1516): 673-679. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, genetics, molecular genetics, biochemistry and molecular biophysics, sense organs, sensory reception, color vision, evolutionary divergence, missense mutations, visual capacity.
Litwiler, T.L. and T.W. Cronin (2001). No evidence of accommodation in the eyes of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Marine Mammal Science 17(3): 508-525. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, eye, accomodation mechanism, evidence.
Lockyer, C. (2003). Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the North Atlantic: biological parameters. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 5: 71-90. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Abstract: Biological parameters for harbour porpoises are reviewed throughout their range in the North Atlantic. Most information is based on studies of a combination of directed catches, by-catches and strandings. All these sources are valuable for providing biological information, but each carries some bias when it comes to interpretation of parameters, especially those involving age structure. Information on age-related parameters, reproduction and growth is presented and assessed by region and/or population, of which there may be 14 throughout the North Atlantic. Among age-related parameters, maximum longevity recorded is 24 years; maximal rate of population growth is probably 9.4% but in the range 5-10%; mortality is highest in year 1, and <5% of the population live beyond 12 years; an estimate of 0.867 with a maximum age of 23 years has been given for survival. Among reproductive parameters, age at sexual maturation falls between 3-4 years for both sexes; age at first parturition is probably 4-5 years; age at first ovulation is >3 years; ovulation rates fall in the range 0.64 û0.988 corpus per year, and reproductive interval is 1.01 - 1.57 years; pregnancy rates are generally in the range 0.74 û 0.986 per year, meaning that not all females produce a calf every year; there is seasonal breeding/mating in the period June û August; gestation lasts 10-11 months; parturition generally occurs between mid-May to mid-July; duration of lactation is uncertain, but is probably at least 8 months; size at birth is usually in the range 65 - 75 cm with a maximum size of about 80 cm. Sex ratio is biased to males throughout life: 1.1 - 1.2 males: 1.0 females in the foetal stage, and 1.1 - 1.7 males: 1.0 females post-natal. Growth parameters indicate an asymptotic length and weight that varies with population, but usually falls in the range 153 û 163 cm and 55 û 65 kg for females and 141 û 149 cm and 46 û 51 kg for males. Growth models used for length and weight are typically based on von Bertalanffy and Gompertz models. Length at sexual maturity also varies with population, but is usually in the range 138 û 147 cm for females and 127 û 135 cm for males. There is no information based on vertebral epiphyseal fusion to indicate age at physical maturity. Foetal growth appears normal, but there is uncertainty about the existence of embryonic diapause. Size/age at weaning are uncertain, but size may be <115 cm and at an age >8 months; however, entirely independent feeding may not occur until about 10 months.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, age, size, length, weight, reproduction, annual cycle, sexual maturation, breeding season, parental care, weaning timing, growth, length, weight relationships, longevity, population dynamics, population growth rate, population sex ratio, north Atlantic, population biology, reproduction and growth, review.
Lockyer, C., M.P. Heide Jorgensen, J. Jensen, and M.J. Walton (2003). Life history and ecology of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from west Greenland. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 5: 177-194. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Abstract: During 1988, 1989 and 1995, 187 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) were sampled from the catches off West Greenland. The samples were taken in 3 areas between 62[degree]N and 70 [degree]N: northerly (n=134, Maniitsoq and locations Kangaamiut, Qeqertarsuaq and Qasigiannguit further north), southerly (n=30, Nuuk) and southernmost (n=23, Paamiut). A suite of biological measurements and data were collected from these samples. Comparison of age and length distributions between years and areas indicated that while there were no statistical differences between the Maniitsoq and northerly samples in different years, the southerly Nuuk and Paamiut samples were biased to younger age classes. Application of the Gompertz growth model to length and weight at age data indicated an asymptotic length of 154 cm in females and 143 cm in males with weights of 64 kg and 52 kg respectively. A number of correlations were observed between length, mid-girth (G3), body and blubber weights and blubber thickness. Indicators of body condition showed that overall pregnant females were fattest but that blubber thickness was greatest in juveniles. The blubber lipid content was generally 92-95% wet weight of tissue. Stomach content analysis for 92 animals indicated regional differences, although capelin (Mallotus villosus) was predominant in all samples. The presence of fish, squid and crustaceans indicated opportunistic feeding. Females ovulated from age 3-4 years at a length of about 140 cm; combined testis weights >200 g indicated maturation in males from age 2 years upwards at a length >125 cm. Several small embryos were found, consistent with a mating season in late summer. Testis hypertrophy in August also supported a late summer breeding. Analysis of ovarian corpora indicated annual ovulation. Certain biological parameters, including body condition indicators, indicate differences between West Greenland and eastern North Atlantic populations that agree with published genetic findings.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, size, length, weight, physiological condition, body condition, prey, sexual maturation, breeding season, growth, age class distribution, age and length distributions, Arctic Ocean, north Atlantic, Greenland, life history and ecology.
Lockyer, C. and C. Kinze (2003). Status, ecology and life history of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Danish waters. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 5: 143-176. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Abstract: A review of historical harbour porpoise catches in Danish waters, together with current distribution, are provided. Most information on distribution is derived from historical catch data with a total of about 100,000 animals taken in Little Belt alone and 40,000 from Isefjord area during the 19th century. Recent sightings surveys and tagging indicate extensive movements of animals within and between Inner Danish Waters and the Skagerrak / North Sea. Biological information is reviewed for the region, drawing on directed catches, bycatches and strandings from a database comprising nearly 1,900 records from 1834 through 1998. Diet, parasites, pollutants, biological parameters (age and reproduction) and body condition are reported, focusing mainly on the period 1996-98 when comprehensive data were collected. In 1980s samples, gadoids were the most important prey items (found in 62% of stomachs) followed by clupeoids (35%), gobiids (30%), and ammodytids (30%). Some dietary differences were observed between North Sea and Inner Danish waters. Pollutant analyses indicated a decline in sumDDT concentrations yet an increase in sumPCB and HCH levels in Danish porpoises, with comparatively higher levels here than in Baltic and Norwegian waters. Heavy metal concentrations appear higher than in Baltic porpoises. Biological parameters indicate a longevity of up to 23 years in both sexes but with fewer than 5% living beyond 12 years. Sexual maturity occurred at slightly over age 3 in both females and males, with corresponding lengths of about 135 cm in males and 143 cm in females. The data indicate a size range at birth of 65 - 75 cm (weight 4.5 û 6.7 kg), with a minimum of 60 cm. and 3.4 kg, and a likely gestation time of 10 months. Conception most likely occurs during August, with peak births in June. Directed catches comprised adult animals whereas bycaught and stranded porpoises comprised predominantly juveniles. In data from all sources, males outnumbered females. Directed catches occurred in winter months, strandings year-round with a peak in late summer, and bycatches year-round with most in September and the later part of the year.
Descriptors: Phocoena phocoena, age, size, length, physiological condition, body condition, pollutants, organochlorines and heavy metals, prey, sexual maturation, longevity, parasites, population density, chemical pollution, metal pollution, chemical factors, organochlorines, metals, heavy metals, Baltic Sea, North Sea, Denmark, historical and current status, ecology and life history, review.
Long Jr., J.H., D.A. Pabst, W.R. Shepherd, and W.A. McLellan (1997). Locomotor design of dolphin vertebral columns: bending mechanics and morphology of Delphinus delphis. Journal of Experimental Biology 200(1): 65-81. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: The primary skeletal structure used by dolphins to generate the dorsoventral bending characteristic of cetacean swimming is the vertebral column. In the vertebral column of the saddleback dolphin Delphinus delphis, we characterize the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the intervertebral joints, describe regional variation and dorsoventral asymmetries in mechanical performance, and investigate how the mechanical properties are correlated with vertebral morphologies. Using a bending machine that applies an external load (N m) to a single intervertebral segment, we measured the resulting angular deformation (rad) of the segment in both dorsal extension and ventral flexion. Intervertebral segments from the thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions of the vertebral column were tested from five individuals. Using quasi-static bending tests, we measured the initial (low-strain) bending stiffness (N m rad-1) as a function of segment position, direction of bending (extension and flexion) and sequential cutting of intervertebral ligaments. We found that initial bending stiffness was significantly greater in the lumbar region than in adjacent thoracic and caudal regions, and all joints were stiffer in extension than is predicted (r2 = 0.554) by the length and width of the intervertebral disc and the length of the cranial vertebral body in the segment. Stiffness in flexion is predicted (r2 = 0.400) by the width of the nucleus pulposus, the length of the caudal vertebral body in the segment and the height of the transverse processes from the ventral surface of the vertebral body. We also performed dynamic bending tests on intervertebral segments from the lumbo-caudal joint and the joint between caudal vertebrae 7 and 8. Dynamic bending stiffness (N m rad-1) increases with increasing bending amplitude and is independent of bending frequency. Damping coefficient (kg m2 rad-2 s-1) decreases with increasing bending amplitude and frequency. Resilience (% energy return) increases from approximately 20% at low bending amplitudes (+/-0.6 degree) to approximately 50% at high bending amplitudes (+/-2.9 degrees). Based on these findings, the dolphin's vertebral column has the mechanical capacity to help control the body's locomotor reconfigurations, to store elastic energy and to dampen oscillations.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, locomotion, spine physiology, biomechanics, joints physiology, ligaments physiology, muscles physiology.
Lyamin, O.I., P.R. Manger, L.M. Mukhametov, J.M. Siegel, and O.V. Shpak (2000). Rest and activity states in a gray whale. Journal of Sleep Research 9(3): 261-7. ISSN: 0962-1105.
Abstract: The behaviour of a female gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus) that had been rescued 14 months previously was recorded continuously on a video-recorder for 9 days at 'Sea World' in San Diego. On average, during the first six recording days, active wakefulness accounted for 37.9 +/- 1.7% of each 24 h; transitional stage for 17.4 +/- 1.4% and rest for 41.2 +/- 1.7%. In the rest stage the whale was lying on the bottom of the pool (13.2 +/- 1.7%) or hanging on the surface (28. 0 +/- 1.7%). During the rest stage, it was immobile most of the time and moved only for respiration. In the rest stage both eyes could be open, one eye could be open while the other was closed or, more rarely, both eyes could be closed. Characteristic jerks of the head, neck and sometimes of the whole body were observed in the whale during the rest stage. Most jerks were single and only 10% of all jerks were serial (occurring within 10 s of a prior jerk). Eyelid movements accompanied 40% of jerks. In two episodes, intense jerks followed each other continuously for 3 and 4 s and were accompanied by eyelid movements. These jerks resembled the twitches characteristic of paradoxical sleep in terrestrial mammals. During these episodes the whale was falling slowly onto its side and subsequently started to swim in the pool.
Descriptors: behavior, animal physiology, rest, swimming physiology, whales physiology, sleep, REM physiology, videotape recording, wakefulness physiology.
Lyamin, O.I., L.M. Mukhametov, and J.M. Siegel (2004). Relationship between sleep and eye state in Cetaceans and Pinnipeds. Archives Italiennes De Biologie 142(4): 557-68. ISSN: 0003-9829.
Abstract: We recorded EEG from both hemispheres and documented the state of the two eyes in two species of Cetaceans (one beluga and one bottlenose dolphin) and one species of Pinnipeds (two northern fur seals). In the dolphin and beluga we found that episodes of unihemispheric slow wave sleep (USWS) were associated with asymmetry in eye state. During USWS and asymmetrical SWS the eye contralateral to the sleeping hemisphere was mostly closed or in an intermediate state while the eye contralateral to the waking hemisphere was more often open or in an intermediate state. Bilateral eye opening indicated waking in about 80% cases and unilateral eye closure indicated USWS with an accuracy of about 75%. Bilateral eye closure was rare (< 2% of the observation time) and was not necessarily associated with high amplitude SWS. In fur seals, episodes of one eye briefly opening usually occurred in the beginning of sleep episodes and lasted several minutes. Those episodes were frequently associated with lower amplitude EEG slow waves in the contralateral brain hemisphere. During most of their sleep on land, fur seals had both eyes tightly closed. No EEG asymmetry was recorded at this time. Although eye state and EEG stage are correlated in the bottlenose dolphin, beluga and fur seals, short episodes of EEG synchrony (less then 1 min) occur contralateral to an open eye and waking (a more activated EEG) activity can be present contralateral to a closed eye. The available data suggest that two functions of USWS/EEG asymmetry during SWS in Cetaceans and fur seals are multisensory control of the environment and maintenance of motion and postures of sleep. The adaptive advantages of USWS throughout the evolution of Cetaceans and Pinnipeds from terrestrial mammals to present forms could include 1) the avoidance of predators and maintenance of contact with other animals of the same species; 2) continuance of regular breathing; 3) and effective thermoregulation in the water environment.
Descriptors: cerebral cortex physiology, Cetacea physiology, ocular physiology, Pinnipedia physiology, sleep physiology, wakefulness physiology, adaptation, physiological physiology, behavior, animal physiology, electroencephalography, eyelids physiology, laterality physiology, photic stimulation, time factors, vision physiology, visual pathways physiology, visual perception physiology.
MacLeod, C.D. (2000). Species recognition as a possible function for variations in position and shape of the sexually dimorphic tusks of Mesoplodon whales. Evolution International Journal of Organic Evolution 54(6): 2171-3. ISSN: 0014-3820.
NAL Call Number: 443.8 EV62
Abstract: Beaked whales of the genus Mesoplodon are characterized by the presence of a single pair of sexually dimorphic tusks. Variation in the position and shape of these tusks was examined in four sympatric species and was found to be consistent with the hypothesis that these differences may have evolved to aid species recognition between sympatric and otherwise morphologically similar species of this genus.
Descriptors: pattern recognition, visual physiology, sex characteristics, tooth anatomy and histology, whales anatomy and histology, mandible anatomy and histology, mandible physiology, species specificity, tooth physiology, whales physiology.
MacLeod, C.D. (2002). Possible functions of the ultradense bone in the rostrum of blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). Canadian Journal of Zoology 80(1): 178-184. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: skeletal system, movement and support, aggressive interactions, ballast, bone density, function, sound transmission.
MacLeod, C.D. and J.S. Herman (2004). Development of tusks and associated structures in Mesoplodon bidens (Cetaceae [Cetacea], Mammalia). Mammalia 68(2-3): 175-184. ISSN: 0025-1461.
NAL Call Number: 410 M31
Abstract: This study examined the development of the tusks and associated skeletal structures in a series of 18 specimens of Sowerby's beaked whale (Mesoplodon bidens) from Scotland. The relative position of the tusks along the length of the mandible was found to move from 23% of mandible length from the anterior extremity in the smallest animal to around 37% in adults, due to a lengthening of the symphyseal region. A previously undescribed sexual dimorphism was noted, a bony abutment, or ossicular dental support, situated directly posterior to the erupted tusks of adult males. Ontogenetic changes associated with male maturity include an increase in tusk length, an increase in the length of the alveolus, a high level of wear on tusks, an increase in the depth of the mandible posterior to the alveolus, an increased level of mesorostral ossification and an overall thickening of the rostrum and the symphyseal region of the mandible. The tusks are presumed to be used in intraspecific aggressive interactions and the ossicular dental support may counteract backward and outward forces on them as they cut through an opponents flesh, while the thickening of the rostrum and mandible may reduce the risk of damage when the two animals make contact.
Descriptors: Mesoplodon bidens, tusks, tusks and associated skeletal structures, jaws, development.
Madar, S. and J.G.M. Thewissen (2003). The locomotor repertoire of pakicetid cetaceans: combined evidence of gross morphology and skeletal ultrastructure. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23(3, Suppl.): 74A. ISSN: 0272-4634.
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, paleobiology, skeletal system, movement and support, amphibious behavior, buoyancy control, cursorial behavior, evolutionary changes, gross morphology, locomotor repertoires, aquatic, postcranial remains, skeletal ultrastructure.
Notes: Meeting Information: Sixty-Third Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, St. Paul, MN, USA, 2003.
Madsen, P.T., D.A. Carder, W.W. Au, P.E. Nachtigall, B. Mohl, and S.H. Ridgway (2003). Sound production in neonate sperm whales. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 113(6): 2988-91. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Descriptors: animal communication, animals, newborn physiology, echolocation physiology, vocalization, animal physiology, whales physiology, larynx physiology, nasal cavity physiology, sound spectrography.
Maluf, N.S.R. (1995). Renal lobes of sperm whale fetus and of killerwhale cub. FASEB Journal 9(3): A551. ISSN: 0892-6638.
NAL Call Number: QH301.F3
Descriptors: development, urinary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Experimental Biology 95, Part I, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 1995.
Malvin, R.L., J.P. Bonjour, and S.H. Ridgway (1971). Antidiuretic hormone levels in some cetaceans. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 136(4): 1203-5. ISSN: 0037-9727.
Descriptors: Cetacea physiology, dolphins physiology, vasopressins blood, diuresis, fasting, osmolar concentration, pituitary gland analysis, urine, vasopressins analysis, vasopressins urine.
Malvin, R.L. and M. Rayner (1968). Renal function and blood chemistry in Cetacea. American Journal of Physiology 214(1): 187-91. ISSN: 0002-9513.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, kidney physiology, aminohippuric acids, blood glucose, blood pressure, chlorides blood, diet, glomerular filtration rate, hematocrit, potassium blood, sodium blood, urea blood, urine, vasopressins physiology.
Manger, P.R., K. Fuxe, S.H. Ridgway, and J.M. Siegel (2004). The distribution and morphological characteristics of catecholaminergic cells in the diencephalon and midbrain of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Brain, Behavior and Evolution 64(1): 42-60. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Descriptors: catecholamines metabolism, diencephalon cytology, dolphins anatomy and histology, dolphins metabolism, mesencephalon cytology, neurons metabolism, diencephalon metabolism, mesencephalon metabolism, neurons cytology, tissue distribution.
Mankovska, I.N. and YE.V. Petelina (1975). Research on Dolphin Anatomy, Joint Publications Research Service: Arlington, Va., 36 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432M36 1975
Descriptors: dolphins, anatomy.
Notes: JPRS (Series); 63790.
Marino, L. (2004). Dolphin cognition. Current Biology 14(21): R910-1. ISSN: 0960-9822.
Descriptors: behavior, animal physiology, brain anatomy and histology, cognition, dolphins psychology, perception physiology, language.
Marino, L., D.W. McShea, and M.D. Uhen (2004). Origin and evolution of large brains in toothed whales. Anatomical Record 281(2): 1247-55. ISSN: 1552-4884.
Descriptors: brain anatomy and histology, Cetacea anatomy and histology, evolution, molecular, tomography, spiral computed, body size physiology, Cetacea physiology, fossils, tooth.
Marino, L., T.L. Murphy, A.L. Deweerd, J.A. Morris, A.J. Fobbs, N. Humblot, S.H. Ridgway, and J.I. Johnson (2001). Anatomy and three-dimensional reconstructions of the brain of the white whale (Delphinapterus leucas) from magnetic resonance images. Anatomical Record 262(4): 429-39. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Descriptors: brain anatomy and histology, computer simulation, whales, evolution, magnetic resonance imaging, models, anatomic.
Marino, L., J.K. Rilling, S.K. Lin, and S.H. Ridgway (2000). Relative volume of the cerebellum in dolphins and comparison with anthropoid primates. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 56(4): 204-11. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Abstract: According to the 'developmental constraint hypothesis' of comparative mammalian neuroanatomy, brain growth follows predictable allometric trends. Therefore, brain structures should scale to the entire brain in the same way across mammals. Evidence for a departure from this pattern for cerebellum volume has recently been reported among the anthropoid primates. One of the mammalian groups that has been neglected in tests of the 'developmental constraint hypothesis' is the cetaceans (dolphins, whales, and porpoises). Because many cetaceans possess relative brain sizes in the range of primates comparative tests of the 'developmental constraint hypothesis' across these two groups could help to delineate the parameters of this hypothesis. In this paper, we compare relative cerebellum volumes in two cetacean species, the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), with published data from anthropoid primates. We found that relative cerebellum size is significantly greater in the two dolphin species than in any of the primates, including humans. These results suggest that there is possibly expansion of brain structures independent of strictly allometric processes.
Descriptors: cerebellum anatomy and histology, dolphins anatomy and histology, magnetic resonance imaging, primates anatomy and histology, brain anatomy and histology, cerebellum embryology, cerebellum growth and development, Cetacea anatomy and histology, models, biological, species specificity.
Marino, L., C.C. Sherwood, C.Y. Tang, B.N. Delman, T.P. Naidich, J.I. Johnson, and P.R. Hof (2003). Comparative neuroanatomy of the killer whale (Orcinus orca) and amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) from magnetic resonance images. Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner : Abstract No. 94.10.
Online: http://sfn.scholarone.com
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, 3D MRI, 3 dimensional magnetic resonance imaging, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques, MRI, magnetic resonance imaging, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques, images.
Notes: Meeting Information: 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA, USA, November 08-12, 2003.
Marino, L., K. Sudheimer, W.A. McLellan, and J.I. Johnson (2004). Neuroanatomical structure of the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris orientalis) brain from magnetic resonance images. Anatomical Record 279a(1): 601-10. ISSN: 0003-276X.
Descriptors: brain anatomy and histology, dolphins anatomy and histology, magnetic resonance imaging, diencephalon anatomy and histology, medulla oblongata anatomy and histology, mesencephalon anatomy and histology, metencephalon anatomy and histology, telencephalon anatomy and histology.
Marino, L., K. Sudheimer, D.A. Pabst, W.A. McLellan, and J.I. Johnson (2003). Magnetic resonance images of the brain of a dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus). Journal of Anatomy 203(1): 57-76. ISSN: 0021-8782.
Abstract: Cetacean (dolphin, whale and porpoise) brains are among the least studied mammalian brains because of the difficulty of collecting and histologically preparing such relatively rare and large specimens. Among cetaceans, there exist relatively few studies of the brain of the dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers a means of observing the internal structure of the brain when traditional histological procedures are not practical. Therefore, MRI has become a critical tool in the study of the brain of cetaceans and other large species. This paper represents the first MRI-based anatomically labelled three-dimensional description of the dwarf sperm whale brain. Coronal plane sections of the brain of a sub-adult dwarf sperm whale were originally acquired and used to produce virtual digital scans in the other two orthogonal spatial planes. A sequential set of images in all three planes has been anatomically labelled and displays the proportions and positions of major neuroanatomical features.
Descriptors: brain anatomy and histology, imaging, three dimensional, magnetic resonance imaging, whales anatomy and histology, image processing, computer assisted, mesencephalon anatomy and histology, organ size, prosencephalon anatomy and histology, rhombencephalon anatomy and histology.
Marino, L., K. Sudheimer, D. Sarko, G. Sirpenski, and J.I. Johnson (2003). Neuroanatomy of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) from magnetic resonance images. Journal of Morphology 257(3): 308-47. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: brain anatomy and histology, porpoises anatomy and histology, anatomy, cross sectional, magnetic resonance imaging.
Marino, L., K.D. Sudheimer, D.A. Pabst, W.A. McLellan, D. Filsoof, and J.I. Johnson (2002). Neuroanatomy of the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anatomical Record 268(4): 411-29. ISSN: 0003-276X.
Descriptors: brain anatomy and histology, dolphins anatomy and histology, imaging, three dimensional, magnetic resonance imaging methods, anatomy, cross sectional, organ size.
Marino, L., M.D. Uhen, N. Pyenson, S. Rotenberg, B. Shamsai, and B. Frohlich (2002). Brain morphometry during cetacean (dolphin, porpoise, and whale evolution revealed by computed tomography. Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner : Abstract No. 877.13.
Online: http://sfn.scholarone.com
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, computed tomography, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques, body size, encephalization, obligate aquatic existence.
Notes: Meeting Information: 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Orlando, Florida, USA, November 02-07, 2002.
Marino, L., T.L. Murphy, L. Gozal, and J.I. Johnson (2001). Magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional reconstructions of the brain of a fetal common dolphin, Delphinus delphis. Anatomy and Embryology 203(5): 393-402. ISSN: 0340-2061.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, anatomical techniques, magnetic resonance imaging, brain, fetal brain structure, magnetic resonance imaging use in 3D reconstructions in preserved museum specimens.
Marino, L., C.C. Sherwood, B.N. Delman, C.Y. Tang, T.P. Naidich, and P.R. Hof (2004). Neuroanatomy of the killer whale (Orcinus orca) from magnetic resonance images. Anatomical Record 281A(2): 1256-1263. ISSN: 0003-276X.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, anatomical techniques, magnetic resonance imaging, brain, neuroanatomy based on magnetic resonance images, functional and evolutionary implications, evolution.
Marino, L., K. Sudheimer, D.A. Pabst, W.A. McLellan, S. Arshad, G. Naini, and J.I. Johnson (2004). Anatomical description of an infant bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) brain from magnetic resonance images. Aquatic Mammals 30(2): 315-326. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: Cetacean brains are among the least studied mammalian brains because of the formidable histological preparations of such relatively rare and large specimens. Although the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops trauncatus, has been the most extensively studied cetacean species, there have been relatively few studies of the brain of the infant bottlenose dolphin. In this study, we present the first magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based study of the brain of an infant bottlenose dolphin. Magnetic resonance images in the coronal plane were originally acquired and used to digitally generate a set of resectioned virtual images in orthogonal planes. A sequential set of images in all three planes was anatomically labeled and reveals major neuroanatomical features. Some of the distinctive features of cetacean brains are already evident in the infant bottlenose dolphin brain, while other features may represent differences that deserve further study.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, brain, neuroanatomy, infant.
Marino, L., K.D. Sudheimer, T.L. Murphy, K.K. Davis, D.A. Pabst, W.A. McLellan, J.K. Rilling, and J.I. Johnson (2001). Anatomy and three-dimensional reconstructions of the brain of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from magnetic resonance images. Anatomical Record 264(4): 397-414. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, brain, anatomy and 3d reconstruction, north west Atlantic, USA, North Carolina, Long Beach, brain anatomy and 3d reconstruction.
Marino, L., M.D. Uhen, N.D. Pyenson, and B. Frohlich (2003). Reconstructing cetacean brain evolution using computed tomography. Anatomical Record 272B(1): 107-117. ISSN: 0003-276X.
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, methods and techniques, nervous system, neural coordination, computed tomography, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques, endocranial morphology.
Masaki, Y. (1976). Biological studies on the north Pacific sea whale. Bulletin Far Seas Fisheries Research Laboratory (14): 1-104.
Descriptors: studies, biological, sea whale, Pacific.
Language of Text: English summary.
Mass, A.M. (2001). Visual field organization and retinal resolution in the beluga whale Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas). Doklady Biological Sciences Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 381: 555-8. ISSN: 0012-4966.
Descriptors: retina anatomy and histology, retina physiology, vision, eye anatomy and histology, whales.
Notes: Biological sciences sections translated from Russian.
Mass, A.M. (1998). Topografiia i razreshaiushchaia sposobnost' setchatki del'fina Sotalia fluviatilus. [Topography and resolution of the retina in the dolphin Sotalia fluviatilus]. Doklady Akademii Nauk 359(5): 710-2. ISSN: 0869-5652.
NAL Call Number: Q60.D64
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, retina physiology, dolphins anatomy and histology, retina anatomy and histology, visual acuity.
Language of Text: Russian.
Mass, A.M. and Supin A YA (1995). Ganglion cell topography of the retina in the bottlenosed dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 45(5): 257-65. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Abstract: The distribution and size of ganglion cells in the retina of the bottlenosed dolphin are described. Ganglion cells concentrate at two spots of the highest density in the nasal and temporal quadrants, 15 to 16 mm (50 to 55 degrees) from the optic disk. The mean peak cell density in both spots is about 670 cells/mm2. With a posterior nodal distance of 14.5 mm (under water), this corresponds to 43 cells/deg2, which provides a retinal resolution of about 9' in water and 12' in air. Mean cell size was from 26 to 31 microns in various parts of the retina.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, retina anatomy and histology, retinal ganglion cells ultrastructure, cell count, optic disk anatomy and histology, reference values, visual acuity physiology, visual fields physiology, visual perception physiology.
Mass, A.M. and A.Y. Supin (2002). Visual field organization and retinal resolution of the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas). Aquatic Mammals 28(3): 241-250. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, sense organs, sensory reception, visual acuity, visual field organization.
Matkin, C.O. and S. Leatherwood (1986). General biology of the killer whale, Orcinus orca: a synopsis of knowledge. Zoo Biology Monographs 1: 35-68.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, general morphology, color, diet, predation, reproduction, longevity, geographical variation, coloration and vocalizations, color variation, vocalizations, social behavior, migration, mortality, marine zones, biology and distribution, review.
Matsuo, S. (2001). Old anatomical figures of humans, horses and whales in Japan. Japanese Journal of Veterinary History (38): 3-9. ISSN: 0385-5813.
Descriptors: anatomy, horses, man, whales.
Mauck, B., U. Eysel, and G. Dehnhardt (2000). Selective heating of vibrissal follicles in seals (Phoca vitulina) and dolphins (Sotalia fluviatilis guianensis). Journal of Experimental Biology 203(14): 2125-31. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: The thermal characteristics of the mystacial vibrissae of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and of the follicle crypts on the rostrum of the dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis guianensis were measured using an infrared imaging system. Thermograms demonstrate that, in both species, single vibrissal follicles are clearly defined units of high thermal radiation, indicating a separate blood supply to these cutaneous structures. It is suggested that the high surface temperatures measured in the area of the mouth of the follicles is a function of the sinus system. In seals and dolphins, surface temperature gradually decreased with increasing distance from the centre of a follicle, indicating heat conduction from the sinus system via the follicle capsule to adjacent tissues. It is suggested that the follicular sinus system is a thermoregulatory structure responsible for the maintenance of high tactile sensitivity at the extremely low ambient temperatures demonstrated for the vibrissal system of seals. The vibrissal follicles of odontocetes have been described as vestigial structures, but the thermograms obtained in the present study provide the first evidence that, in Sotalia fluviatilis, the follicles possess a well-developed sinus system, suggesting that they are part of a functional mechanosensory system.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, dolphins physiology, hair follicle physiology, seals, earless physiology, skin temperature physiology, vibrissae physiology, cavernous sinus metabolism, cavernous sinus physiology, diagnostic imaging, hair follicle blood supply, hair follicle metabolism, infrared rays, mechanoreceptors metabolism, thermography, thermoreceptors metabolism, vibrissae metabolism.
Mazzatenta, A., M. Caleo, N.E. Baldaccini, and L. Maffei (2001). A comparative morphometric analysis of the optic nerve in two cetacean species, the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) and fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). Visual Neuroscience 18(2): 319-25. ISSN: 0952-5238.
Abstract: A comparative study was made on one Mysticete (the fin whale, Balaenoptera physalus) and one Odontocete species (the striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba) by measuring several morphological characteristics seen in cross sections of the optic nerve. We found that the two cetacean nerves share a number of specializations that distinguish them from the optic nerve of terrestrial mammals. Fiber density is approximately two-fold lower than in land mammals. A corresponding increase in the cross-sectional area occupied by astrocytes is observed. A population of "giant" (up to 15 microm in diameter) optic axons is present in both the B. physalus and the S. coeruleoalba nerve. It is argued that these features probably reflect common adaptations to the constraints imposed by the aquatic environment. "Giant" optic axons might ensure short-latency detection of preys and other targets during navigation while the increased astroglial content might be related to the maintenance of neuronal function during periods of anaerobic metabolism under water.
Descriptors: axons, dolphins anatomy and histology, optic nerve cytology, whales anatomy and histology, cell count, nerve fibers.
McLellan, W.A., H.N. Koopman, S.A. Rommel, A.J. Read, C.W. Potter, J.R. Nicolas, A.J. Westgate, and D.A. Pabst (2002). Ontogenetic allometry and body composition of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena L.) From the western north atlantic. Journal of Zoology (London) 257(4): 457-471. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: development, reproduction, body composition, body mass, cold water habitat, commercial fishing operations, ontogenetic allometry, postnatal growth, sexual maturity.
Meagher, E.M., W.A. McLellan, A.J. Westgate, R.S. Wells, D. Frierson Jr., and D.A. Pabst (2002). The relationship between heat flow and vasculature in the dorsal fin of wild bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Experimental Biology 205(22): 3475-86. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: The dorsal fin of the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus contains blood vessels that function either to conserve or to dissipate body heat. Prior studies have demonstrated that heat flux, measured from a single position on the dorsal fin, decreases during body cooling and diving bradycardia and increases after exercise and at the termination of the dive response. While prior studies attributed changes in heat flux to changes in the pattern of blood flow, none directly investigated the influence of vascular structures on heat flux across the dorsal fin. In this study we examined whether heat flux is higher directly over a superficial vein, compared to a position away from a vein, and investigated the temporal relationship between heart rate, respiration and heat flux. Simultaneous records of heat flux and skin temperature at three positions on the dorsal fins of 19 wild bottlenose dolphins (with the fin in air and submerged) were collected, together with heart rate and respiration. When the fin was submerged, heat flux values were highest over superficial veins, usually at the distal tip, suggesting convective delivery of heat, via blood, to the skin's surface. Conversely, in air there was no relationship between heat flux and superficial vasculature. The mean difference in heat flux (48 W m(-2)) measured between the three fin positions was often equal to or greater than the heat flux that had been recorded from a single position after exercising and diving in prior studies. Tachycardia at a respiratory event was not temporally related to an increase in heat flux across the dorsal fin. This study suggests that the dorsal fin is a spatially heterogeneous thermal surface and that patterns of heat flux are strongly influenced by underlying vasculature.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation, dolphins physiology, extremities blood supply, body temperature, diving, exertion, heart rate, respiration, skin temperature, veins.
Meijler, F.L., J. Billette, J. Jalife, M.J. Kik, J.H. Reiber, A.A. Stokhof, J.J. Westenberg, C. Wassenaar, and J. Strackee (2005). Atrioventricular conduction in mammalian species: hemodynamic and electrical scaling. Heart Rhythm 2(2): 188-96. ISSN: 1547-5271.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate scaling of the duration of late diastolic left ventricular (LV) filling in relation to AV conduction time (delay) (PR interval on the ECG) in mammals. BACKGROUND: From mouse to whale, AV delay increases 10-fold, whereas body mass increases one million-fold. The apparent "mismatch" results from scaling of AV delay versus body and heart mass. METHODS: We measured (1) mitral orifice diameter in 138 postmortem hearts of 48 mammalian species weighing between 17 g and 250 kg and (2) transmitral diastolic flow using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) recordings of 10 healthy human individuals. (3) We visually inspected early and late diastolic LV filling. (4) We developed two physical models to explain scaling of late diastolic LV filling time. RESULTS: (1) Diameter of the mitral orifice proportionally relates to heart length (third root of heart mass). (2) Atrial contraction starts at a fixed instant (+/- 80%) of the (normalized) cardiac cycle and contributes 31% +/- 5% to LV filling. (3) MRI shows that during diastole, the left atrium (LA) and LV form a single space. (4) The physical models relate the duration of late diastolic LV filling directly to heart length, the third root of heart mass. CONCLUSIONS: (1) Late diastolic (LV) filling time scales with heart length (third root of heart mass). (2) No "mismatch" exists between AV delay and heart size. (3) Knowledge of the actual starting time of atrial contraction may contribute to better treatment of patients with heart failure. (4) The findings suggest that in evolution of mammalian species, hemodynamics commands electrical behavior of the heart.
Descriptors: heart anatomy and histology, heart conduction system physiology, heart ventricles physiology, mammals anatomy and histology, mammals physiology, body weights and measures, evolution, mice, mitral valve anatomy and histology, models, anatomic, time factors, whales.
Notes: Comment In: Heart Rhythm. 2005 Feb;2(2):197-200.
Melnikov, V.V. (1997). The arterial system of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). Journal of Morphology 234(1): 37-50. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Abstract: The angioarchitecture of the sperm whale is basically similar to that of other mammals, but it has specific attributes associated with the aquatic environment of this animal and its tolerance for deep and long diving. Specialized features include an expansive aortic arch, unusually far anterior localization of the arch, symmetrical branching of common carotid and subclavian arteries from the aorta, the absence of direct connection between internal carotid arteries and brain arteries, the absence of a costocervical artery, and the presence of a well-developed occipital artery. The sperm whale has extraordinarily well-developed retia mirabilia, distributed in the cranial cavity, vertebral canal, neck and thoracic cavity, around the optic nerve, and in the walls of the uterus. These retia are more extensively developed in the sperm whale than in any other cetacean previously studied.
Descriptors: brain blood supply, neck blood supply, uterus blood supply, whales anatomy and histology, animal structures anatomy and histology, aorta, thoracic anatomy and histology, carotid artery, internal anatomy and histology, corrosion casting, optic nerve blood supply, subclavian artery anatomy and histology, thorax blood supply.
Menon, G.K. and C.J. Pfeiffer (2002). Cetacean oral and lingual epithelium: cell and subcellar structure. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 412-423. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Delphinus delphis, tongue, lingual epithelium ultrastructure.
Messenger, S.L. and J.A. McGuire (1998). Morphology, molecules, and the phylogenetics of cetaceans. Systematic Biology 47(1): 90-124. ISSN: 1063-5157.
NAL Call Number: QH83.S9
Abstract: Recent phylogenetic analyses of cetacean relationships based on DNA sequence data have challenged the traditional view that baleen whales (Mysticeti) and toothed whales (Odontoceti) are each monophyletic, arguing instead that baleen whales are the sister group of the odontocete family Physeteridae (sperm whales). We reexamined this issue in light of a morphological data set composed of 207 characters and molecular data sets of published 12S, 16S, and cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA sequences. We reach four primary conclusions: (1) Our morphological data set strongly supports the traditional view of odontocete monophyly; (2) the unrooted molecular and morphological trees are very similar, and most of the conflict results from alternative rooting positions; (3) the rooting position of the molecular tree is sensitive to choice of artiodactyls outgroup taxa and the treatment of two small but ambiguously aligned regions of the 12S and 16S sequences, whereas the morphological root is strongly supported; and (4) combined analyses of the morphological and molecular data provide a well-supported phylogenetic estimate consistent with that based on the morphological data alone (and the traditional view of toothed-whale monophyly) but with increased bootstrap support at nearly every node of the tree.
Descriptors: Cetacea anatomy and histology, Cetacea genetics, phylogeny, base sequence, body constitution, Cetacea classification, classification methods, DNA chemistry, DNA genetics, sequence alignment, sequence homology, nucleic acid.
Mikhalev, Y.U.A., M.V. Ivashin, V.P. Savusin, and F.E. Zelenaya (1981). The distribution and biology of killer whales in the Southern Hemisphere. International Whaling Commission Report of the Commission 31: 551-565. ISSN: 0074-9591.
Descriptors: Orcinus orca, size, length, gonad weight relations, relative measurements, body proportions comparisons, general morphology, morphology and body proportions, feeding, biology, ovary, weight and corpora number relations with body length, testis, weight relations with body length, heterotypic associations, mixed grouping with other marine mammals, frequency, social organization, migration, seasonal movements, associations, Cetacea, mixed social grouping, occurrence frequency, distribution patterns, seasonal changes, marine zones, southern hemisphere, distribution and biology.
Mikkelsen, A.M.H. and A. Lund (1994). Intraspecific variation in the dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris and L. acutus (Mammalia: Cetacea) in metrical and non-metrical skull characters, with remarks on occurrence. Journal of Zoology (London) 234(2): 289-299. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Abstract: Intraspecific multivariate data analyses of 27 metrical and 20 non-metrical characters were performed on skulls of L. albirostris (Gray, 1846), and L. acutus (Gray, 1826) to distinguish between possible populations from the eastern and the western North Atlantic. The results from principal component (PC) analysis and partial least square (PLS) analysis suggest that the skulls of L. albirostris were taken from separate populations, whereas those of L. acutus were not. A difference in the occurrence-patterns of the two species was found, indicating that the degree of intraspecific variation may be linked to the water-depth related distribution.
Descriptors: ecology, environmental sciences, marine ecology, mathematical biology, computational biology, morphology, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, comparative morphology, North Atlantic Ocean, partial least square analysis, principal component analysis, water depth.
Miles, S.A., P.A. Lewis, L. Archbald, and D.A. Samuelson (2003). Ciliary body angioarchitecture of four cetacean species: Tursiops truncatus, Globicephela macroryhncus, Kogia breviceps and K. simus. ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract Search and Program Planner : Abstract No. 654.
Descriptors: transport and circulation, histological examination, histology and cytology techniques, light microscopy, imaging and microscopy techniques, manual measurement, laboratory techniques, stereomicroscopy.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA, May 04-08, 2003.
Miller, D.L., E.L. Styer, S.J. Decker, and T. Robeck (2002). Ultrastructure of the spermatozoa from three odontocetes: a killer whale (Orcinus orca), a Pacific white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) and a beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 31(3): 158-168. ISSN: 0340-2096.
NAL Call Number: SF761,Z4
Descriptors: Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, Orcinus orca, Delphinapterus leucas, sperm, ultrastructure, comparative study, seminal fluid, characteristics.
Millinkovitch, M.C. and J.G. Thewissen (1997). Evolutionary biology. Even-toed fingerprints on whale ancestry. Nature (London) 388(6643): 622-4. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: Artiodactyla classification, Cetacea classification, evolution, Artiodactyla anatomy and histology, Artiodactyla genetics, Cetacea anatomy and histology, Cetacea genetics, evolution, molecular, phylogeny, whales classification.
Notes: Comment On: Nature. 1997 Aug 14;388(6643):666-70.
Miyazaki, N., Y. Fujise, and T. Fujiyama (1981). Body and organ weight of striped and spotted dolphins [Stenella coeruleoalba and S. attenuata] off the Pacific coast of Japan. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (33): 27-67. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: dolphins, body measurements, body parts, weight, northwest Pacific, Japan, anatomy, animal anatomy, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, Asia, biometry, Cetacea, chemicophysical properties, dimensions, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, marine areas, measurement, methods, Pacific Ocean, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Miyazaki, N. (1994). Skull morphology of small cetacea: a consideration of taxonomic problems in the short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus, in Japanese waters. Honyurui Kagaku 34(1): 31-42. ISSN: 0385-437X.
Abstract: Populations of the short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus, off the Pacific coast of Japan have been known to comprise two morphotypes referred to as the northern form and the southern form. The difference in skull morphology between these two forms is discussed with regard to their ecology, life history and population genetics. Because of obvious morphological differences, discontinuous distribution and mating separation, I conclude that these two geographical forms should be treated as separate species. Invasion of the short-finned pilot whale into northern colder waters off northern Japan is thought to have progressed in association with the extinction of long-finned pilot whale, Globicephala melas, in the North Pacific.
Descriptors: general life studies, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, ecology, life history, population genetics.
Miyazawa, K. and K. Usui (1983). Relationship between sexual maturity and adrenal weight, ratio of adrenal cortex and medulla of Sei Whales in the Antarctic Ocean. Japanese Journal of Animal Reproduction 29(3): 146-149. ISSN: 0385-9932.
NAL Call Number: SF1.K3
Descriptors: sexual maturity, adrenal gland, weight, relationship, cortex, medulla, Sie whales.
Mogoe, T., Y. Fukui, H. Ishikawa, and S. Ohsumi (1998). Morphological observations of frozen-thawed spermatozoa of southern minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Journal of Reproduction and Development 44(1): 95-100. ISSN: 0916-8818.
NAL Call Number: SF1.K3
Descriptors: whales, spermatozoa, biological preservation, freezing, animal morphology, cells, Cetacea, gametes, mammals, processing.
Language of Text: English summary.
Mohl, B. (2001). Sound transmission in the nose of the sperm whale Physeter catodon. A post mortem study. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 187(5): 335-40. ISSN: 0340-7594.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J68
Abstract: During a sperm whale stranding at Romo, the Wadden Sea, Denmark, on 4 December 1997, we were notified in time to start acoustic transmission measurements in the spermaceti complex 1 h after the specimen was seen alive. Frequency-modulated sound pulses, sweeping from 30 kHz to 10 kHz in 25 ms, were injected at the frontal surface at two positions: at the distal sac, and at the center of the junk (a compartmentalized structure below the spermaceti organ). A hydrophone next to the projector served as receiver. The analyses of the recordings show a repetitive, decaying reflection pattern at both projection sites, reminiscent of the multi-pulse click peculiar to sperm whales, although with minor differences in the duration of the intra-click intervals. This experimental evidence supports the Norris and Harvey (1972) theory of click generation in the spermaceti organ. Accordingly, the click is composed of a primary event, followed by a train of reflected pulses, spaced by the time required for the event to travel back and forth between air sacs (reflectors) at each end of the organ. The results also show that the junk readily transmits sound and probably is in acoustic contact with the spermaceti organ.
Descriptors: echolocation physiology, whales physiology, fatty acids physiology, fatty alcohols, nose anatomy and histology, nose physiology.
Mohl, B., W.W. Au, J. Pawloski, and P.E. Nachtigall (1999). Dolphin hearing: relative sensitivity as a function of point of application of a contact sound source in the jaw and head region. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105(6): 3421-4. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Abstract: The auditory input area of the dolphin head was investigated in an unrestrained animal trained to beach itself and to accept noninvasive electroencephalograph (EEG) electrodes for the recording of the auditory brain-stem response (ABR). The stimulus was a synthetic dolphin click, transmitted from a piezo-electric transducer and coupled to the skin via a small volume of water. The results conform with earlier experiments on acute preparations that show best auditory sensitivity at the middle of the lower jaw. Minimum latency was found at the rear of the lower jaw. A shaded receiver configuration for the dolphin ear is proposed.
Descriptors: echolocation physiology, head physiology, hearing physiology, jaw physiology, porpoises physiology, sound, electroencephalography, evoked potentials, auditory, brain stem physiology.
Moore, M.J., A.R. Knowlton, S.D. Kraus, W.A. McLellan, and R.K. Bonde (2004). Morphometry, gross morphology and available histopathology in north Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) mortalities (1970-2002). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 6(3): 199-214. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Abstract: Fifty-four right whale mortalities have been reported from between Florida, USA and the Canadian Maritimes from 1970 to 2002. Thirty of those animals were examined: 18 adults and juveniles, and 12 calves. Morphometric data are presented such that prediction of body weight is possible if the age, or one or more measurements are known. Calves grew approximately linearly in their first year. Total length and fluke width increased asymptotically to a plateau with age, weight increased linearly with age, weight and snout to blowhole distance increased exponentially with total length, whereas total length was linearly related to fluke width and flipper length. Among the adults and juveniles examined in this study, human interaction appeared to be a major cause of mortality, where in 14/18 necropsies, trauma was a significant finding. In 10/14 of these, the cause of the trauma was presumed to be vessel collision. Entanglement in fishing gear accounted for the remaining four cases. Trauma was also present in 4/12 calves. In the majority of calf mortalities (8/12) the cause of death was not determined. Sharp ship trauma included propeller lacerations inducing multiple, deep lacerations that often incised vital organs including the brain, spinal cord, major airways, vessels and musculature. Blunt ship trauma resulted in major internal bruising and fractures often without any obvious external damage. In at least two cases fatal gear entanglements were extremely protracted: where the entanglements took at least 100 and 163 days respectively to be finally lethal. The sum of these findings show two major needs: (1) that extinction avoidance management strategies focused on reducing trauma to right whales from ship collisions and fishing gear entanglement are highly appropriate and need to be continued and; (2) that as mitigation measures continue to be introduced into shipping and fishing industry practices, there is a strong effort to maximise the diagnostic quality of post-mortem examination of right whale mortalities, to ensure an optimal understanding of resultant trends.
Descriptors: morphology, marine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, blunt ship trauma, injury, mortality.
Morejohn, G.V. and D.M. Baltz (1972). On the reproductive tract of the female Dall porpoise. Journal of Mammalogy 53(3): 606-8. ISSN: 0022-2372.
Descriptors: Cetacea anatomy and histology, genitalia, female anatomy and histology.
Morgan, J.D., S.K. Balfry, M.M. Vijayan, and G.K. Iwama (1996). Physiological responses to hyposaline exposure and handling and confinement stress in juvenile dolphin (mahimahi: Coryphaena hippurus). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 53(8): 1736-1740. ISSN: 0706-652X.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 C16J
Descriptors: sea water, stress, zoo animals, delphinidae, dolphins, physiology, confinment, handling.
Language of Text: French.
Morgane, P.J., I.I. Glezer, and M.S. Jacobs (1988). Visual cortex of the dolphin: an image analysis study. Journal of Comparative Neurology 273(1): 3-25. ISSN: 0021-9967.
NAL Call Number: QP351.J68
Abstract: On cytoarchitectonic grounds we have identified two distinct types of cortical formations composing the lateral gyrus (visual cortex) of the dolphin and have termed these heterolaminar cortex and homolaminar cortex. The heterolaminar cortex occupies the medial and lateral banks of the entolateral sulcus whereas the homolaminar cortex occupies the remainder of the lateral gyrus both lateral and medial to the entolateral sulcus. Each of these cortices exhibits special cytoarchitectonic features, a major difference being that heterolaminar cortex contains an incipient layer IV whereas layer IV is clearly absent in homolaminar cortex. Quantitative imaging procedures reveal that there is greater laminar differentiation in heterolaminar than in homolaminar cortex. Golgi analysis of neuronal forms and dendritic architecture confirms this distinction between the two types of cortex composing the lateral gyrus. Computer-assisted morphometric methods have been applied to both types of cortex and indicate by a variety of parameters several quantitative differences in the cellular numbers, types, and organization in each type of cortex. Both types of cortex, homolaminar and heterolaminar, exhibit a markedly higher cellular density in the posterior sector of the lateral gyrus than in the anterior sector. We have also for the first time been able to identify a columnar type of organization of the cetacean visual cortex and have described two types of cytoarchitectonic columns, major and minor, in each of these types of cortex. Comparisons in organization of these basic columnar units between the bat, representing a prototypic brain, and the dolphin reveal many similarities but also major quantitative differences in type of organization between the visual cortices in these species. Marked differences are also seen between the cytoarchitectonic columnar organization of the visual cortices in the dolphin and columnar organization of striate cortex in the human brain, the number of columns per unit of cortex in the human being almost twice that seen in the dolphin brain. Some phylogenetic implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the so-called "initial" type of cortical organization reconstructed largely by retrospective inference.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, visual cortex anatomy and histology, aging, animals, newborn, neurons cytology, species specificity, visual cortex cytology, visual cortex growth and development.
Murayama, T. and H. Somiya (1998). Distribution of ganglion cells and object localizing ability in the retina of three cetaceans [Pseudorca crassidens and Lagenorhynchus obliquidens and Delphinapterus leucus]. Fisheries Science (Tokyo) 64(1): 27-30. ISSN: 0919-9268.
Descriptors: Cetacea, eyes, ganglia, vision, biological differences, body parts, mammals, nervous system, physiological functions, sense organs, senses.
Language of Text: English summary.
Murayama, T., H. Somiya, I. Aoki, and T. Ishii (1992). The distribution of ganglion cells in the retina and visual acuity of minke whale [Balaenoptera acutorostrata]. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 58(6): 1057-1061. ISSN: 0021-5392.
Descriptors: Balaenoptera, ganglia, eyes, visibility, cells, body parts, Cetacea, mammals, nervous system, sense organs, whales.
Language of Text: English and Japanese summaries.
Murayama, T., H. Somiya, I. Aoki, and T. Ishii (1995). Retinal ganglion cell size and distribution predict visual capabilities of dall's porpoise. Marine Mammal Science 11(2): 136-149. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Abstract: The structure of the retina, the distribution of ganglion cells, and the extent of the tapetum lucidum were studied in Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) with the aim of understanding the role vision plays in this species of cetacean. The basic organization of the retina was similar to that of other vertebrates. Average ganglion cell size was 21.5 mu-m. The distribution of the ganglion cells in the retina was not even and there were two high-density areas, one in the temporal and one in the rostral part of the retina. Retinal resolving power was estimated using a terrestrial animal model incorporating the density of ganglion cells and other morphological data. The resolving power in the right eyes of two individuals was 2.60 and 2.64 cycles per degree. These values were close to those of other oceanic cetaceans, but inferior to those of terrestrial mammals. On the basis of amino acid analyses, it was shown that the choroid tapetum lucidum in Dall's porpoise contained collagen. The tapetum lucidum was thick at the fundal but thin at the peripheral part of the choroid.
Descriptors: cell biology, ecology, environmental sciences, nervous system, neural coordination, sense organs, sensory reception, collagen, resolving power, tapetum lucidum.
Nachtigall, W. (1981). Hydromechanics and biology. Biophysics of Structure and Mechanism 8(1-2): 1-22. ISSN: 0340-1057.
Abstract: To exemplify relations between biology and hydrodynamics the Reynolds number range and the effects of viscosity and inertia in swimming and flying organisms is discussed. Comparing water beetles and penguins it is shown, that the technical drag coefficient is an adequate means to describe flow adaptation in animals. Compared to technical systems, especially the penguins'drag coefficient is astonishingly low. Furthermore, the question, why comparatively thick bodies in penguins and dolphins show rather low drag is discussed. Distributed boundary layer damping in dolphins and secretion of special high molecular slimes in fishes help to keep flow characteristics laminar. As an example of one easily understood thrust mechanism, the drag inducing pair of rowing legs in water, beetles is morphologically and hydrodynamically analysed. Fish swimming is discussed as a locomotion principle using lift components. Thrust generation by the moving tail fin of a fish is analysed in detail. Coming back to the influence if Reynolds number, it is finally shown, how very small, bristle bearing swimming legs and wings of insects make use of viscosity effects for locomotion.
Descriptors: biomechanics, birds physiology, dolphins physiology, water, beetles, locomotion, models, biological, swimming, viscosity.
Nakajima, M., K. Kohyama, K. Maejima, A. Furuta, H. Masuda, and D. Ohtsu (2001). A morphological study on the false killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens. Journal of Japanese Association of Zoological Gardens and Aquariums 42(3): 86-98. ISSN: 0386-7498.
Descriptors: brain, genitalia, morphology, ovaries, sex differences, false killer whale.
Nakakuki, S. (1994). The bronchial tree and lobular division of the lung in the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleo-albus). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 56(6): 1209-11. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: According to the fundamental structure of the bronchial ramification of the mammalian lung proposed by the present author [5, 6], the lung of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleo-albus) consists of the cranial and caudal lobes on either side. Both lobes are united to form a single one. The middle and accessory lobe bronchioles are lacking on either side.
Descriptors: bronchi anatomy and histology, dolphins anatomy and histology, lung anatomy and histology.
Neimanis, A.S., A.J. Read, R.A. Foster, and D.E. Gaskin (2000). Seasonal regression in testicular size and histology in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena, L.) from the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine. Journal of Zoology (London) 250(2): 221-229. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: testes, breeding season, fertilization, gonads, seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells, spermatids, spermatocytes, spermatogenesis, spermatogonia, spermatozoa, winter, seasonal variation, histology, anatomy, Phocoenidae, Phocoena.
Ninomiya, H., T. Inomata, and H. Shirouzu (2004). Microvasculature in the terminal air spaces of the lungs of the Baird's beaked whale (Berardius bairdii). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 66(12): 1491-5. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: Lungs were obtained from five adult Baird's beaked whales (Berardius bairdii) and examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. The alveolar septa of these whales are thick with a connective tissue core and a bi-layer capillary bed. A double capillary network is regularly found in the alveolar duct and alveolar septa. Occasionally, septa adjacent to alveoli and alveoli themselves show only a single capillary layer. The distance between the two capillary layers has a tendency to decrease toward the end of airspaces, suggesting an end result of capillary fusion. Vascular replicas of venous vessels have annular furrows at regular intervals of 50 to 100 microm, which are caused by focal aggregations of collagen fibers circularly oriented and located immediately underneath the endothelium. The first valves appear in the collecting venules gathering alveolar capillaries. These valves are quite characteristic of flap-, funnel-and/or chimney like structures.
Descriptors: capillaries ultrastructure, lung anatomy and histology, whales anatomy and histology, collagen ultrastructure, endothelium ultrastructure, histological techniques, lung blood supply, methacrylates, microscopy, electron, scanning, venules ultrastructure.
Ninomiya, H., T. Inomata, H. Shirouzu, and E. Katsumata (2005). Microanatomy of the terminal air spaces of Baird's beaked whale (Berardius bairdii) lungs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 67(5): 473-9. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: The terminal airways and microvasculature of five adult Baird's beaked whales (Berardius bairdii) lungs have been examined by means of light and scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts. The respiratory system of the Baird's beaked whale has various anatomical features which allow them to attain great depths and remain submerged for long periods. The whale lung has components including hyaline cartilage and smooth muscle throughout, reaching as far as the peripheral bronchi, sphincters surrounding the terminal bronchioles, the thick alveolar septa with a connective tissue core and a bi-layer capillary bed, and a distinctive venous plexus of the pulmonary veins. The well-developed venous plexuses of the pulmonary vein are found in the interlobular connective tissue, and around the airways and pulmonary arteries with close apposition. The hyaline cartilage throughout the airways may increase the effective dead air space that accommodates most of the air forced from the collapsed alveoli during a dive. The sphincter might serve as a cock for regulating buoyancy and for trapping air in the alveoli to prevent their complete collapse and a sucking in of alveolar tissue as the dive becomes deeper. The venous plexuses might be for pooling the large volume of blood in the lung to conserve oxygen for deep and prolonged diving.
Descriptors: lung anatomy and histology, whales anatomy and histology.
Noren, D.P., T.M. Williams, P. Berry, and E. Butler (1999). Thermoregulation during swimming and diving in bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 169(2): 93-9. ISSN: 0174-1578.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J681
Abstract: Heat transfer from the periphery is in important thermoregulatory response in exercising mammals. However, when marine mammals submerge, peripheral vasoconstriction associated with the dive response may preclude heat dissipation at depth. To determine the effects of exercise and diving on thermoregulation in cetaceans, we measured heat flow and skin temperatures of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) trained to follow a boat and to dive to 15 m. The results demonstrated that skin temperatures usually remained within 1 degree C of the water after all exercise levels. Heat flow from peripheral sites (dorsal fin and flukes) increased over resting values immediately after exercise at the water surface and remained elevated for up to 20 min. However, post-exercise values for heat flow from the flukes and dorsal fin decreased by 30-67% when dolphins stationed at 15 m below the surface. The pattern in heat flow was reversed during ascent. For example, mean heat flow from the flukes measured at 5 m depth, 40.10 +/- 2.47 W.m-2, increased by 103.2% upon ascent. There is some flexibility in the balance between thermal and diving responses of dolphins. During high heat loads, heat transfer may momentarily increase during submergence. However, the majority of excess heat in dolphins appears to be dissipated upon resurfacing, thereby preserving the oxygen-conserving benefits of the dive response.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, diving physiology, dolphins physiology, swimming physiology, exertion physiology, skin temperature physiology, water.
Noren, S.R., V. Cuccurullo, and T.M. Williams (2004). The development of diving bradycardia in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 174(2): 139-47. ISSN: 0174-1578.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J681
Abstract: Bradycardia is an important component of the dive response, yet little is known about this response in immature marine mammals. To determine if diving bradycardia improves with age, cardiac patterns from trained immature and mature bottlenose dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus) were recorded during three conditions (stationary respiration, voluntary breath-hold, and shallow diving). Maximum (mean: 117+/-1 beats.min(-1)) and resting (mean: 101+/-5 beats.min(-1)) heart rate (HR) at the water surface were similar regardless of age. All dolphins lowered HR in response to apnea; mean steady state breath-hold HR was not correlated with age. However, the ability to reduce HR while diving improved with age. Minimum and mean steady state HR during diving were highest for calves. For example, 1.5-3.5-year-old calves had significantly higher mean steady state diving HR (51+/-1 beats.min(-1)) than 3.5-5.5-year-old juveniles (44+/-1 beats.min(-1)). As a result, older dolphins demonstrated greater overall reductions in HR during diving. Longitudinal studies concur; the ability to reduce HR improved as individual calves matured. Thus, although newly weaned calves as young as 1.7 years exhibit elements of cardiac control, the capacity to reduce HR while diving improves with maturation up to 3.5 years postpartum. Limited ability for bradycardia may partially explain the short dive durations observed for immature marine mammals.
Descriptors: diving physiology, dolphins physiology, age factors, bradycardia etiology, bradycardia physiopathology, dolphins growth and development, heart rate physiology, respiratory physiology.
Noren, S.R. and T.M. Williams (2000). Body size and skeletal muscle myoglobin of cetaceans: adaptations for maximizing dive duration. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 126(2): 181-91. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Abstract: Cetaceans exhibit an exceptionally wide range of body mass that influence both the capacities for oxygen storage and utilization; the balance of these factors is important for defining dive limits. Furthermore, myoglobin content is a key oxygen store in the muscle as it is many times higher in marine mammals than terrestrial mammals. Yet little consideration has been given to the effects of myoglobin content or body mass on cetacean dive capacity. To determine the importance of myoglobin content and body mass on cetacean diving performance, we measured myoglobin content of the longissimus dorsi for ten odontocete (toothed whales) and one mysticete (baleen whales) species ranging in body mass from 70 to 80000 kg. The results showed that myoglobin content in cetaceans ranged from 1.81 to 5.78 g (100 g wet muscle)(-1). Myoglobin content and body mass were both positively and significantly correlated to maximum dive duration in odontocetes; this differed from the relationship for mysticetes. Overall, the combined effects of body mass and myoglobin content accounts for 50% of the variation in cetacean diving performance. While independent analysis of the odontocetes showed that body mass and myoglobin content accounts for 83% of the variation in odontocete dive capacity.
Descriptors: adaptation, physiological physiology, body constitution, Cetacea physiology, diving physiology, muscle, skeletal physiology, myoglobin physiology, species specificity.
Noren, S.R., T.M. Williams, D.A. Pabst, W.A. McLellan, and J.L. Dearolf (2001). The development of diving in marine endotherms: preparing the skeletal muscles of dolphins, penguins, and seals for activity during submergence. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 171(2): 127-34. ISSN: 0174-1578.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J681
Abstract: Myoglobin is an important oxygen store for supporting aerobic diving in endotherms, yet little is known about its role during postnatal development. Therefore, we compared the postnatal development of myoglobin in marine endotherms that develop at sea (cetaceans) to those that develop on land (penguins and pinnipeds). We measured myoglobin concentrations in the major locomotor muscles of mature and immature bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) and compared the data to previously reported values for northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris). Neonatal dolphins, penguins, and seals lack the myoglobin concentrations required for prolonged dive durations, having 10%, 9%, and 31% of adult values, respectively. Myoglobin contents increased significantly during subsequent development. The increases in myoglobin content with age may correspond to increases in activity levels, thermal demands, and time spent in apnea during swimming and diving. Across these phylogenetically diverse taxa (cetaceans, penguins, and pinnipeds), the final stage of postnatal development of myoglobin occurs during the initiation of independent foraging, regardless of whether development takes place at sea or on land.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, diving physiology, muscle development, muscle, skeletal growth and development, muscle, skeletal physiology, myoglobin physiology, age factors, apnea, birds, dolphins, oxygen physiology, seals, earless, species specificity.
Noren, S.R., G. Lacave, R.S. Wells, and T.M. Williams (2002). The development of blood oxygen stores in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): implications for diving capacity. Journal of Zoology (London) 258(1): 105-113. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, age, foraging, blood, hematological characters, respiratory gas transport, blood oxygen reserves, postnatal development and implications for diving capacity and foraging behavior, young development, diving, areobic dive limits.
Nummela, S., T. Reuter, S. Hemila, P. Holmberg, and P. Paukku (1999). The anatomy of the killer whale middle ear (Orcinus orca). Hearing Research 133(1-2): 61-70. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Abstract: The paper first reviews our present understanding of the functional morphology of the odontocete (toothed whale) ear. The tympano-periotic complex forming the ear region consists of a ventral bowl-shaped tympanic bone in direct contact with the surrounding soft tissues and the incident sound, and a dorsal periotic bone containing the inner ear. Apparently sound brings the tympanic bone, and especially its thin tympanic plate, into vibration. The ossicles in the air-filled middle ear cavity form a bridge from the tympanic plate to the periotic bone connecting the vibrating plate to the oval window and the inner ear. Our computer tomography (CT) sections and camera lucida drawings reveal two hitherto unknown features of the odontocete ear, both of them of potential relevance to sound reception and impedance matching. (1) It is well known that, in addition to the ossicular chain, two other bone structures connect the tympanic to the periotic bone. We show that the most delicate parts of these extra-ossicular connections consist of thin and folded bony sheets which apparently allow compliance in the tympano-periotic bone contacts and enable plate vibration in relation to the periotic bone. (2) The round head of the malleus, in combination with a fitting round depression on the periotic side, seems to form a joint. We propose that this (hypothetical) joint, together with the adjacent structures, forms a lever producing an amplification of the vibration velocity at the level of the oval window.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, ear, middle anatomy and histology, dolphins physiology, ear ossicles anatomy and histology, ear ossicles physiology, ear ossicles radiography, ear, middle physiology, ear, middle radiography, hearing physiology, models, anatomic, tomography, x ray computed, vibration.
Nummela, S., J.G. Thewissen, S. Bajpai, S.T. Hussain, and K. Kumar (2004). Eocene evolution of whale hearing. Nature (London) 430(7001): 776-8. ISSN: 1476-4687.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: The origin of whales (order Cetacea) is one of the best-documented examples of macroevolutionary change in vertebrates. As the earliest whales became obligately marine, all of their organ systems adapted to the new environment. The fossil record indicates that this evolutionary transition took less than 15 million years, and that different organ systems followed different evolutionary trajectories. Here we document the evolutionary changes that took place in the sound transmission mechanism of the outer and middle ear in early whales. Sound transmission mechanisms change early on in whale evolution and pass through a stage (in pakicetids) in which hearing in both air and water is unsophisticated. This intermediate stage is soon abandoned and is replaced (in remingtonocetids and protocetids) by a sound transmission mechanism similar to that in modern toothed whales. The mechanism of these fossil whales lacks sophistication, and still retains some of the key elements that land mammals use to hear airborne sound.
Descriptors: ear anatomy and histology, ear physiology, evolution, fossils, hearing physiology, whales anatomy and histology, whales physiology, air, mammals anatomy and histology, mammals physiology, phylogeny, water.
Nummela, S., T. Wagar, S. Hemila, and T. Reuter (1999). Scaling of the cetacean middle ear. Hearing Research 133(1-2): 71-81. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Abstract: Functionally interesting dimensions of the tympano-periotic complex were measured and compared in 18 odontocete and six mysticete species, ranging from small porpoises to the blue whale. We determined (i) the masses of the tympanic and periotic bones (T and P) and of the ossicles malleus, incus, and stapes (M, I and S), (ii) the volume occupied bythe tympanic bone (V), (iii) the areas of the tympanic plate and oval window (A1 and A2), (iv) the thickness of the tympanic plate (D), and (v) the densities of the ossicles (dM, dI, and dS). In most cases, roughly isometric scaling was found in both toothed and baleen whales. P is isometric to T, and the tympanic bone is structurally isometric in all species studied, although not within mysticetes as a group, shown by the isometric relations of V to T, of T(2/3) to A1, and of D to square root(A1). The essentially isometric scaling of the tympanic bone provides a basis for the functional models described by Hemila et al. (1999). The relation of S to M+I is also isometric, but the relation of M+I+S to T is negatively allometric, as is the relation of A2 to A1, both with slopes close to 2/3. The possible functional implication of this allometry is unknown. The mean ossicular density is 2.64 g/cm3 for odontocetes, and 2.35 g/cm3 for mysticetes. The highly mineralized and convex tympanic plate provides cetaceans with a uniquely large and stiff sound collecting area.
Descriptors: Cetacea anatomy and histology, ear, middle anatomy and histology, bone density, Cetacea physiology, ear ossicles anatomy and histology, ear ossicles physiology, ear, middle physiology, evolution, hearing physiology, mammals anatomy and histology, mammals physiology, models, anatomic, organ size, species specificity.
O'Leary, M.A., J. Gatesy, and M.J. Novacek (2003). Are the dental data really at odds with the molecular data? Morphological evidence for whale phylogeny (re)reexamined. Systematic Biology 52(6): 853-64; Discussion 864-5. ISSN: 1063-5157.
NAL Call Number: QH83.S9
Descriptors: artiodactyla anatomy and histology, Cetacea anatomy and histology, classification methods, phylogeny, research design, artiodactyla genetics, Cetacea genetics, fossils, models, genetic, tooth anatomy and histology.
Notes: Comment On: Systematic Biology 2001 Jun;50(3):444-53.
Oelschlager, H.H. and B. Kemp (1998). Ontogenesis of the sperm whale brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 399(2): 210-28. ISSN: 0021-9967.
Abstract: The development of the sperm whale brain (Physeter macrocephalus) was investigated in 12 embryos and early fetuses to obtain a better understanding of the morphological and physiological adaptations in this most exotic cetacean concerning locomotion, deep diving, and orientation. In male adult sperm whales, the average absolute brain mass and the relative size of the telencephalic hemisphere are the largest within the mammalia, whereas the ratio of the brain mass to the total body mass is one of the smallest. In the early sperm whale fetus, the rostral part of the olfactory system (olfactory nerves and bulbs) is lost, whereas the nervus terminalis seems to persist. Several components of the limbic system show signs of regression (hippocampus, fornix, mamillary body). In contrast, some components of the auditory system (trapezoid body, inferior colliculus) show marked enlargement in the early fetal period, thereby reflecting their dominant position in the adult. The cerebellum and pons grow slower than in most smaller toothed whales. The pyramidal tract develops poorly (reduction of the limbs), whereas marked growth of the striatum and inferior olive may be related to the animal's locomotion via trunk and tail. In the early fetal period, the trigeminal, vestibulocochlear, and facial nerves are the dominant cranial nerves (besides the vagus nerve). Whereas the number of axons in the vestibulocochlear nerve is high in adult, toothed whales and their diameters are considerable, the trigeminal nerve of the sperm whale may be the thickest of all cranial nerves and has the largest number of axons (innervation of the huge forehead region). A similar situation seems to exist for the facial nerve: It innervates the blowhole musculature that surrounds the very large spermaceti organ and melon (generation and emission of sonar clicks).
Descriptors: brain embryology, cranial nerves embryology, whales embryology, auditory pathways embryology, pyramidal tracts embryology, smell, visual pathways embryology.
Olsen, M.A., E.S. Nordoy, A.S. Blix, and S.D. Mathiesen (1994). Functional anatomy of the gastrointestinal system of Northeastern Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata). Journal of Zoology (London) 234(1): 55-74. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: aquatic mammals, digestive system, wild animals, whales, animal morphology, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic organisms, Cetacea, mammals, wildlife, marine mammals, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, digestive tract.
Olson, J.D. and P.J. Adam (2004). Skull asymmetry in toothed whales: methods of measurement, interspecfic comparisons, and evolutionary trends. Journal of Morphology 260(3): 318. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, methods and techniques, morphology, skeletal system, movement and support, skull measurement, applied and field techniques.
Notes: Meeting Information: Seventh International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2006.
Omura, H. (1980). Morphological study of pelvic bones of the minke whale [Balaenoptera acuto rostrata] from the Antarctic. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (32): 25-37. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: whales, pelvis, Antarctic Ocean, bones, minke, morphology.
Language of Text: English summary.
Omura, H. (1978). Preliminary report on morphological study of pelvic bones of the minke whale from the Antarctic. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (30): 271-279. ISSN: 0549-5717.
Descriptors: minke whale, pelvic bones, morphological study, report, Antarctic.
Language of Text: English summary.
Omura, H., H. Kato, T. Kasuya, and S. Wada (1981). Osteological study of the Bryde's whale [Balaenoptera edeni] from the central south Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (33): 1-26. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: balaenopterus, bones, nose, animal anatomy, Pacific Ocean, eastern Indian Ocean, anatomy, animal anatomy, body parts, Cetacea, Indian Ocean, mammals, marine areas, musculoskeletal system, respiratory system, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Ortiz, R.M. (2001). Osmoregulation in marine mammals. Journal of Experimental Biology 204(11): 1831-44. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Osmoregulation in marine mammals has been investigated for over a century; however, a review of recent advances in our understanding of water and electrolyte balance and of renal function in marine mammals is warranted. The following topics are discussed: (i) kidney structure and urine concentrating ability, (ii) sources of water, (iii) the effects of feeding, fasting and diving, (iv) the renal responses to infusions of varying salinity and (v) hormonal regulation. The kidneys of pinnipeds and cetaceans are reniculate in structure, unlike those of terrestrial mammals (except bears), but this difference does not confer any greater concentrating ability. Pinnipeds, cetaceans, manatees and sea otters can concentrate their urine above the concentration of sea water, but only pinnipeds and otters have been shown to produce urine concentrations of Na+ and Cl- that are similar to those in sea water. This could afford them the capacity to drink sea water and not lose fresh water. However, with few exceptions, drinking is not a common behavior in pinnipeds and cetaceans. Water balance is maintained in these animals via metabolic and dietary water, while incidental ingestion and dietary salt may help maintain electrolyte homeostasis. Unlike most other aquatic mammals, sea otters commonly drink sea water and manatees frequently drink fresh water. Among the various taxonomic groups of marine mammals, the sensitivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system appears to be influenced by the availability of Na+. The antidiuretic role of vasopressin remains inconclusive in marine mammals, while the natriuretic function of atrial natriuretic peptide has yet to be examined. Ideas on the direction of future studies are presented.
Descriptors: mammals physiology, water electrolyte balance physiology, dolphins physiology, drinking physiology, kidney physiology, kidney concentrating ability, marine biology, otters physiology, renin angiotensin system physiology, seals, earless physiology, whales physiology.
Pabst, D.A., S.A. Rommel, W.A. McLellan, T.M. Williams, and T.K. Rowles (1995). Thermoregulation of the intra-abdominal testes of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) during exercise. Journal of Experimental Biology 198(1): 221-6. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Dolphins possess a vascular countercurrent heat exchanger (CCHE) that functions to cool their intra-abdominal testes. Spermatic arteries in the posterior abdomen are juxtaposed to veins returning cooled blood from the surfaces of the dorsal fin and tail flukes. In this study, we investigated the effect of exercise on CCHE function in the bottlenose dolphin. The CCHE flanks a region of the bowel in the posterior abdomen and influences colonic temperatures. A rectal probe housing a linear array of seven copper-constantan thermocouples was designed to measure colonic temperatures simultaneously at positions anterior to, within and posterior to the region of the colon flanked by the CCHE. Immediately after vigorous swimming, temperatures at the CCHE decreased relative to resting and pre-swim values: post-swim temperatures at the CCHE were maximally 0.5 degrees C cooler than pre-swim temperatures. These data suggest that the CCHE has an increased ability to cool the arterial blood supply to the testes when the dolphin is swimming. This ability could offset the increased thermal load on the testes is an exercising dolphin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of deep body cooling in an exercising mammal that is not undertaking a dive.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation, dolphins physiology, exertion physiology, testis physiology, body temperature, colon, sexual maturation.
Pabst, D.A. (1996). Morphology of the subdermal connective tissue sheath of dolphins: a new fibre-wound, thin-walled, pressurized cylinder model for swimming vertebrates. Journal of Zoology (London) 238(1): 35-52. ISSN: 0952-8369.
NAL Call Number: QL1.J68
Abstract: The subdermal connective tissue sheath (SDS) of dolphins is a fibre-reinforced membrane connected to other locomotor tissues, including blubber, axial muscles and tendons, and vertebral column. The complicated connections between the SDS and other locomotor tissues suggest that the SDS acts as a peripheral skeletal element for the axial locomotor muscles and as an anchor for a de novo dermal appendage, the dorsal fin. The morphology of the SDS suggests that the dolphin can be modelled as a fibre-wound, thin-walled, pressurized cylinder. Existing cylinder models predict that the SDS functions to resist torsional forces, prevent aneurysms, and limit wrinkling when the dolphin bends in locomotion. I present a new functional model that more accurately represents the morphology of the dolphin cylinder wrapped by the SDS. The new model predicts that the SDS: (1) acts as a retinaculum for the terminal tendons of the axial locomotor muscles; and (2) plays a role in maintaining the laterally flattened cross-sectional shape of the caudal peduncle. The model is based on external morphological features of dolphins shared by other steady swimming aquatic vertebrates, such as carangiform and thunniform fishes. These features, which include a streamlined body shape and narrow necking of the caudal peduncle have been identified as adaptions to reduce drag. The new model offers insight into some of the structural features of the body wall required to maintain the hydrodynamically-tuned, external morphology of steady-swimming vertebrates.
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics, integumentary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, models and simulations, computational biology, morphology, muscular system, movement and support, physiology, axial locomotor muscles, body wall, carangiform fish, caudal peduncle, drag reduction, retinaculum, terminal tendons, thunniform fish.
Palacios, D.M., P. Rodriguez, B. Brennan, and K. Marshall (1994). Notes on the cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), with observations of a dead specimen. Noticias De Galapagos (54): 29-31.
NAL Call Number: S964.G15N6
Descriptors: development, ecology, environmental sciences, integumentary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, morphology, systematics and taxonomy, coloration, description, Galapagos Islands, growth, life history.
Pastor, J.F., J.A.G. Verona, S. Callejo, M. Lopez, C. Talavera, and T. Makita (1995). Dorsal surface morphology of the tongue of the newborn dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) by scanning electron microscopy. Yamaguchi Journal of Veterinary Medicine (22): 15-21. ISSN: 0388-9335.
Descriptors: dolphins, Tursiops, newborn animals, tongue, animal morphology, microscopy, suckling, taste sensation, body parts, Cetacea, digestive system, dolphins, feeding, mammals, mouth, physiological functions, senses, young animals.
Language of Text: English and Japanese summaries.
Pavlov, V.V. (2003). Wing design and morphology of the harbor porpoise dorsal fin. Journal of Morphology 258(3): 284-95. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: extremities anatomy and histology, porpoises anatomy and histology, adaptation, biological, anatomy, cross sectional, body weights and measures, models, anatomic, skin anatomy and histology.
Peichl, L., G. Behrmann, and R.H. Kroger (2001). For whales and seals the ocean is not blue: a visual pigment loss in marine mammals. European Journal of Neuroscience 13(8): 1520-8. ISSN: 0953-816X.
Abstract: Most terrestrial mammals have colour vision based on two spectrally different visual pigments located in two types of retinal cone photoreceptors, i.e. they are cone dichromats with long-to-middle-wave-sensitive (commonly green) L-cones and short-wave-sensitive (commonly blue) S-cones. With visual pigment-specific antibodies, we here demonstrate an absence of S-cones in the retinae of all whales and seals studied. The sample includes seven species of toothed whales (Odontoceti) and five species of marine carnivores (eared and earless seals). These marine mammals have only L-cones (cone monochromacy) and hence are essentially colour-blind. For comparison, the study also includes the wolf, ferret and European river otter (Carnivora) as well as the mouflon and pygmy hippopotamus (Artiodactyla), close terrestrial relatives of the seals and whales, respectively. These have a normal complement of S-cones and L-cones. The S-cone loss in marine species from two distant mammalian orders strongly argues for convergent evolution and an adaptive advantage of that trait in the marine visual environment. To us this suggests that the S-cones may have been lost in all whales and seals. However, as the spectral composition of light in clear ocean waters is increasingly blue-shifted with depth, an S-cone loss would seem particularly disadvantageous. We discuss some hypotheses to explain this paradox.
Descriptors: color vision defects physiopathology, retinal pigments deficiency, seals, earless physiology, whales physiology, cones retina physiopathology, immunohistochemistry, models, biological, oceans and seas, rods retina physiopathology.
Peichl, L., K. Kovacs, and C. Lydersen. (2002). Absence of s-cones in the retinae of further marine mammals (whales and seals). Annual Meeting of the Association For Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 5, 2002-May 5, 2002, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA, ARVO Annual Meeting Abstract Search and Program Planner, Vol. 2002, p. Abstract No. 3762.
Descriptors: sense organs, sensory reception, eyes, S cones, lomg wave sensitive, under water lighting conditions, Odontocetes.
Perrin, W.F., R.N.P. Goodall, and M.A. Cozzuol (2000). Osteological variation in the spectacled porpoise (Phocoena dioptrica). Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 2(3): 211-215. ISSN: 1561-0713.
Descriptors: Phocoena dioptrica, biometrics, skeleton, morphological variation, skeletal biometrics, marine zones, southern hemisphere, osteological variation.
Pfeiffer, C.J. (1993). Fonctions de controle nerveux et musculaire du tube digestif chez les odontocetes: mise en evidence morphologiquement chez les baleines a bec [Ziphius cavirostris] et des baleines belugas [Delphinapterus leucas; plexus myenterique]. [Neural and muscular control functions of the gut in odontocetes: morphologic evidence in beaked whales [Ziphius cavirostris] and beluga whales [Delphinapterus leucas; myenteric plexus]. Journal of Physiology (Paris) 87(6): 349-354. ISSN: 0928-4257.
Descriptors: whales, stomach, intestines, plexus, physiological regulation, digestion, animal morphology, Cetacea, digestive system, mammals, nervous system, physiological functions.
Language of Text: English summary.
Notes: Meeting Information: Brain Gut Society Congress, Florence, Italy, 1992.
Pfeiffer, C.J. and F.M. Jones (1993). Epidermal lipid in several cetacean species: ultrastructural observations. Anatomy and Embryology 188(3): 209-18. ISSN: 0340-2061.
Abstract: The ultrastructure of the skin of four cetacean species, bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melaena), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), and fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) was investigated with particular reference to epidermal lipid. It has already been established that massive lipid reservoirs exist in whales, that the biochemical structures of cetacean lipids are unique, and that unusual intracellular lipid droplets appear in the epidermis. We report here some novel findings on scanning electron microscopic morphology of epidermal lipid, and on its ultrastructural morphology in general and specialized integumentary sites, including species not previously investigated. The intracellular epidermal lipid droplets were more extensive than lamellar body-derived intercellular lipid which is within the interstices of stratum externum cells. The intracellular droplets were spherical, highly variable in size ranging from 0.24 micron to 3.0 microns in diameter, appeared singly or were aggregated in cytoplasmic cavitations, and often were closely associated with epidermal cell nuclei. Evidence for exocytosis of the intracellular droplets was not observed. Significant numbers of intracellular lipid droplets are not observed in the epidermis of terrestrial mammals, so their presence is one of several aquatic specializations of the cetacean integument. Its full significance remains obscure, but it is more probably associated with epidermal cell metabolism than with secretion of lipid.
Descriptors: epidermis metabolism, lipids metabolism, whales metabolism, epidermis ultrastructure, microscopy, electron, microscopy, electron, scanning.
Pfeiffer, C.J. and V.J. Rowntree (1996). Epidermal ultrastructure of the southern right whale calf (Eubalaena australis). Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology and Pathology 28(2): 277-86. ISSN: 1122-9497.
Abstract: An ultrastructural analysis by transmission and scanning electron microscopy was carried out on normal epidermis of six southern right whale (Eubalaena australis) calves which stranded over a period of several months at Peninsula Valdes, Argentina. This was undertaken to 1) provide the first normal skin ultrastructural data on this highly endangered species which is known to display skin pathology in some instances, and 2) to elucidate further the integumentary specializations which have developed in diving marine mammals. Southern right whale lipokeratinocytes demonstrated parakeratosis and numerous intracellular lipid bodies, keratin and melanosomes, as reported for other cetacean species, but showed several unique ultrastructural features as well. These included a high prevalence of intranuclear inclusion bodies resembling small fragments of cytoplasmic keratin, and close structural relationship between cytoplasmic lipid droplets and the nucleus. The subcellular morphology supported the concept of possible nuclear import of cytoplasmic keratin and lipid metabolites through enlargements of the nuclear pore complex or other disruptions of the nuclear envelope. The light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy also revealed an irregular contour of the lipokeratinocytes which comprised the thick stratum externum, and surface flaking of the outermost cells which were covered by stubby microvillous-like remnants of intercellular junctions. These results thus suggest that the long-tem aquatic evolution of this cetacean species has resulted in a number of integumentary specializations and that investigation of their submicroscopic cytology may help elucidate the general cell biology of nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions.
Descriptors: epidermis ultrastructure, whales anatomy and histology, keratinocytes ultrastructure.
Pfeiffer, D.C., A. Wang, J. Nicolas, and C.J. Pfeiffer (2001). Lingual ultrastructure of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 30(6): 359-65. ISSN: 0340-2096.
NAL Call Number: SF761,Z4
Abstract: Microscopic studies on the cetacean tongue are limited and, to date, only a few ultrastructural reports on dolphins have been published. This report presents the initial description of the lingual ultrastructure of the long-finned pilot whale. The lingual integumental surface was smooth, lacking papillae, although flaking of outer stratum corneum cells could be observed at high resolution. The keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis resembled those of cetacean skin on other regions of the body. The similarities included the presence of cytoplasmic lipid droplets around the nuclei of stratutm spinosum cells, a lingual feature not seen in terrestrial mammals. Keratin intermediate filaments were numerous and occasionally formed aggregates of circular whorls. At cell surfaces, bundles of keratin intermediate filaments were frequently observed inserting into desmosomal plaques. Pigment granules were not evident and organelles were sparse. Stratum corneal cells contained nuclear remnants (parakeratosis) and small multivesicular bodies, and the corneal layer was approximately 18 cells thick. The nuclei of the stratum basale keratinocytes possessed exceptionally numerous and deep clefts. The dermis was nondistinctive. The skeletal muscle of the tongue was arranged in widely separated fasiculi containing small numbers of muscle fibres. Typical fine structure of skeletal muscle bands and tubular elements was observed by transmission electron microscopy.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, tongue ultrastructure, microscopy, electron, microscopy, electron, scanning, tongue anatomy and histology.
Pillay, P. and P.R. Manger (2004). Testing thermogenesis as the basis for the evolution of cetacean sleep phenomenology. Journal of Sleep Research 13(4): 353-8. ISSN: 0962-1105.
Abstract: Cetacean sleep phenomenology consists of a combination of unihemispheric slow wave sleep and a massive reduction in the amount of rapid eye movement sleep. Despite various proposals, the selection pressure driving the evolution of this combined sleep phenomenology is unknown. It was recently suggested that the need to produce heat in the thermally challenging aquatic environment might have been the selection pressure. Mechanisms of heat loss and heat production can be measured directly or indirectly. The present study was designed to test the thermogenetic proposal by recording indirect measurements of heat loss (surface area to volume ratio) and heat production (tail-beats per minute). A strong correlation was found between these two parameters, such that increases in potential heat loss were matched by increases in potential heat production. This result suggests that the need to compensate for heat loss can provide an evolutionary rationale for the appearance of extant cetacean sleep physiology.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, sleep physiology, sleep, rem physiology, body weight, brain physiopathology, dolphins, electroencephalography.
Polasek, L.K. and R.W. Davis (2001). Heterogeneity of myoglobin distribution in the locomotory muscles of five cetacean species. Journal of Experimental Biology 204(2): 209-15. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Myoglobin is an important storage site for oxygen in the swimming muscles of diving marine mammals. However, little is known about its distribution within muscles since previous studies have relied on single samples. The goal of this study was to determine the distribution of myoglobin within the swimming muscles of five species of cetacean: dusky dolphin, false killer whale, striped dolphin, humpbacked dolphin and bottlenose dolphin. The entire dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) swimming muscles were removed from each animal and weighed. Transverse sections were taken from the cranial, middle and caudal regions of each muscle and sampled along a circular grid with a minimum of 30 sites per section. Spectrophotometric analysis was used to measure the myoglobin concentration of each sample. Contour maps of myoglobin concentration were made for each transverse section. Myoglobin concentration was found to be non-uniformly distributed within the muscle. The interior of the muscle lying closest to the vertebrae showed a significantly higher (11 %) mean myoglobin concentration than the exterior of the muscle for all five species. In the epaxial muscles, the mean myoglobin concentration was significantly higher in the caudal region closest to the flukes. The two deep-water species (false killer whale and striped dolphin) had significantly higher myoglobin concentrations than the three species (dusky, humpbacked and bottlenose dolphins) that occur in shallow, coastal waters. These results show that myoglobin is not homogeneously distributed in the locomotory muscle of cetaceans and that levels may be highest in those areas that produce greater force and consume more oxygen during aerobic swimming. Enhancing oxygen stores in those areas of the muscle that work the hardest would theoretically lengthen the aerobic dive limit of the animal during submerged swimming.
Descriptors: Cetacea metabolism, muscle, skeletal metabolism, myoglobin metabolism, aerobiosis, Cetacea anatomy and histology, diving, dolphins anatomy and histology, dolphins metabolism, muscle, skeletal anatomy and histology, species specificity, swimming, tissue distribution, whales anatomy and histology, whales metabolism.
Popov, V.V. and A.Y. Supin (2001). Contribution of various frequency bands to ABR in dolphins. Hearing Research 151(1-2): 250-260. ISSN: 0378-5955.
Abstract: Auditory brainstem responses (ABR) to clicks and noise bursts of various frequency bands and intensities were recorded in two bottlenosed dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. The purpose was to assess contributions of various parts of the cochlear partition to ABR and travelling wave velocity in the cochlea. At band-pass filtered stimuli (1-0.25 oct wide), ABR amplitude increased with increasing stimulus frequency, thus indicating higher contribution of basal cochlear parts. At high-pass and low-pass filtered stimuli, ABR amplitude increased with passband widening. However, the sum of all narrow-band contributions was a waveform of higher amplitude than the real ABR evoked by the wide-band stimulus. Applying a correction based on an assumption that the 'internal spectrum' is about 0.4 oct wider than the nominal stimulus spectrum resulted in the sum of narrow-band contributions equal to the wide-band ABR. The travelling wave velocity was computed based on ABR latencies and assigned a frequency of 128 kHz to the basal end of the cochlea. The computation gave values from 38.2 oct/ms at the proximal end of the basilar membrane to 4.0 oct/ms at a distance of 3.25 oct (13.5 kHz).
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, evoked potentials, auditory, brain stem physiology, acoustic stimulation, cochlea physiology, noise.
Popov, V.V., A.Y. Supin, V.O. Klishin, and T.M. Bulgakova (2003). Sensitivity of dolphin's hearing as a function of the sound-source position. Doklady Biological Sciences. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 392: 393-6. ISSN: 0012-4966.
NAL Call Number: 511 P444AEB
Descriptors: auditory perception physiology, dolphins physiology, echolocation physiology, acoustic stimulation, audiometry, evoked response, audiometry, pure tone, auditory threshold, evoked potentials, auditory physiology.
Notes: Biological sciences sections translated from Russian.
Popov, V.V., Supin A Ya, and V.O. Klishin (2001). Auditory brainstem response recovery in the dolphin as revealed by double sound pulses of different frequencies. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 110(4): 2227-33. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Abstract: Recovery of auditory brainstem responses (ABR) in a bottlenose dolphin was studied in conditions of double-pip stimulation when two stimuli in a pair differed in frequency and intensity. When the conditioning and test stimuli were of equal frequencies, the test response was markedly suppressed at short interstimulus intervals; complete recovery appeared at intervals from about 2 ms (when two stimuli were of equal intensity) to 10-20 ms (when the conditioning stimulus exceeded the test by up to 40 dB). When the two stimuli were of different frequencies, the suppression diminished and was almost absent at a half-octave difference even if the conditioning stimulus exceeded the test one by 40 dB. Frequency-dependence curves (ABR amplitude dependence on frequency difference between the two stimuli) had equivalent rectangular bandwidth from +/-0.2 oct at test stimuli of 20 dB above threshold to +/-0.5 oct at test stimuli of 50 dB above threshold.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, evoked potentials, auditory, brain stem physiology, pitch discrimination physiology, acoustic stimulation, auditory threshold physiology, loudness perception physiology.
Pritz Hohmeier, S., W. Hartig, G. Behrmann, and A. Reichenbach (1994). Immunocytochemical demonstration of astrocytes and microglia in the whale brain. Neuroscience Letters 167(1-2): 59-62. ISSN: 0304-3940.
NAL Call Number: QP351.N3
Abstract: Whale brains have attracted the attention of neuroscientists but there are only sparse studies on whale glial cells. Here we report on immunolabeling of astrocytes by antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or protein S-100 beta (both by the streptavidin/biotin technique), and labeling of microglial cells by Griffonia simplicifolia agglutinin (GSA I-B4, coupled to horseradish peroxidase), in the neocortex of a harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena L. Many subpial and perivascular astrocytes were stained; they differed greatly in thickness and length of their processes. Subpial astrocytes were coarse with a few stout stem processes, whereas perivascular astrocytes deeper in the brain had many long and slender processes. Additionally, some long radial astrocytes were observed. Microglia were labeled throughout the brain, and showed similar features as 'resting' (ramified) microglia in the brain of other mammals.
Descriptors: astrocytes cytology, brain cytology, dolphins anatomy and histology, microglia cytology, astrocytes metabolism, brain metabolism, glial fibrillary acidic protein metabolism, immunohistochemistry, microglia metabolism, s100 proteins metabolism.
QL713.2.M372Kipps, E.K., W.A. Mclellan, S.A. Rommel, and D.A. Pabst (2002). Skin density and its influence on buoyancy in the manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Marine Mammal Science 18(3): 765-778. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: integumentary system, chemical coordination, homeostasis, buoyancy, skin density, water column, manatee, harbour porpoise.
Reeb, D. and P.B. Best (1999). Anatomy of the laryngeal apparatus of the pygmy right whale, Caperea marginata (Gray 1846). Journal of Morphology 242(1): 67-81. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: larynx anatomy and histology, whales anatomy and histology.
Reeb, D., M. Duffield, and P.B. Best (2005). Evidence of postnatal ecdysis in southern right whales, Eubalaena australis. Journal of Mammalogy 86(1): 131-138. ISSN: 0022-2372.
NAL Call Number: 410 J823
Abstract: This paper presents evidence of the presence and subsequent loss of postnatal skin in an ecdysis-like process in southern right whales, Eubalaena australis. Individuals whose skin was noticeably uneven, spongy, broken, and often light gray in color formed >=20% of right whale neonates seen on the South African coast on any day up to and including the 1st week of September. Thereafter >=85% of calves were of the normal, smooth-skinned appearance. The 50% transition point between the 2 forms occurred on 31 August (95% CI 1.1 days), or about a week after birth. Histological analysis of skin from stranded neonates showed a definite cleavage plane in the midepidermis, the mechanical integrity of which was further compromised by low concentrations of desmosomes and intracellular filaments. We propose that focal edema develops between the cells and forms the cleavage plane, which eventually leads to separation of the outer epidermal cell layer (cf. spongiosis in humans). The movement from the intrauterine to the oceanic milieu, and the osmoregulatory consequences thereof, may be a catalytic factor for this process to occur. This ecdysis may have important consequences for the cyamid fauna of neonatal fight whales.
Descriptors: Eubalaena australis, skin, development, south Atlantic, South Africa, postnatal ecdysis.
Reed, J.Z., C. Chambers, C.J. Hunter, C. Lockyer, R. Kastelein, M.A. Fedak, and R.G. Boutilier (2000). Gas exchange and heart rate in the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 170(1): 1-10. ISSN: 0174-1578.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J681
Abstract: The respiratory physiology, heart rates and metabolic rates of two captive juvenile male harbour porpoises (both 28 kg) were measured using a rapid-response respiratory gas analysis system in the laboratory. Breath-hold durations in the laboratory (12 +/- 0.3 s, mean +/- SEM) were shorter than field observations, although a few breath-holds of over 40 s were recorded. The mean percentage time spent submerged was 89 +/- 0.4%. Relative to similarly-sized terrestrial mammals, the respiratory frequency was low (4.9 +/- 0.19 breaths.min-1) but with high tidal volumes (1.1 +/- 0.011), enabling a comparatively high minute rate of gas exchange. Oxygen consumption under these experimental conditions (247 +/- 13.8 ml O2.min-1) was 1.9-fold higher than predicted by standard scaling relations. These data together with an estimate of the total oxygen stores predicted an aerobic dive limit of 5.4 min. The peak end-tidal O2 values were related to the length of the previous breath-hold, demonstrating the increased oxygen uptake from the lung for the longer dives. Blood oxygen capacity was 23.5 +/- 1.0 ml.100 ml-1, and the oxygen affinity was high, enabling rapid oxygen loading during ventilation.
Descriptors: porpoises physiology, diving, heart rate physiology, oxygen blood, oxygen consumption physiology, porpoises blood, pulmonary gas exchange, respiration, respiratory function tests.
Reidenberg, J.S. and J.T. Laitman (1994). Anatomy of the hyoid apparatus in Odontoceti (toothed whales): specializations of their skeleton and musculature compared with those of terrestrial mammals. Anatomical Record 240(4): 598-624. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The hyoid apparatus of odontocetes (toothed whales) serves as a major attachment point for many of the muscles and ligaments subserving breathing, swallowing, and sound production. METHODS: This study examines the hyoid apparatus in 48 specimens of ten odontocete genera (Phocoena, Lagenorhynchus, Stenella, Delphinus, Tursiops, Grampus, Globicephala, Mesoplodon, Physeter, and Kogia) collected post mortem from beach strandings. RESULTS: The odontocete hyoid apparatus, as that of their closest terrestrial relatives, the artiodactyls, is divisible into a basal portion (basihyal, paired thyrohyals) and a suspensory portion (paired ceratohyals, epihyals, stylohyals, and tympanohyals) connecting the basal portion to the skull base. Unlike other terrestrial mammals, the basal portion lies inferior to the laryngeal aditus, is flattened dorso-ventrally, and is relatively large, thus providing a broad surface area for muscle attachments. The suspensory elements are not as flattened and are joined by synovial joints (except for epihyal-stylohyal fusion). Muscular specializations include enlargement of those which retract the hyoid apparatus (e.g., sternohyoid) or control the tongue (e.g., styloglossus, hyoglossus). These muscles may be particularly important in a specialized prey capture behavior called suction feeding. In addition, the hyoid apparatus has a tilted placement, which allows asymmetrical enlargement of the piriform sinuses. Asymmetry is also seen in the muscular attachments between the larynx and the hyoid apparatus. The most pronounced differences from the basic pattern are observed in two families: Physeteridae and Ziphiidae. CONCLUSIONS: The derived position and shape of the odontocete hyoid apparatus may have evolved to subserve several specialized upper respiratory/digestive tract functions, such as simultaneous feeding (suction and swallowing) and sound production.
Descriptors: hyoid bone anatomy and histology, larynx anatomy and histology, whales anatomy and histology, anatomy, comparative, deglutition physiology, feeding behavior, muscle, skeletal anatomy and histology, whales physiology.
Renaud, D.L. and A.N. Popper (1975). Sound localization by the bottlenose porpoise Tursiops truncatus. Journal of Experimental Biology 63(3): 569-85. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: 1. Sound localization was measured behaviourally for the Atlantic bottlenose porpoise (Tursiops truncatus) using a wide range of pure tone pulses as well as clicks simulating the species echolocation click. 2. Measurements of the minimum audible angle (MAA) on the horizontal plane give localization discrimination thresholds of between 2 and 3 degrees for sounds from 20 to 90 kHz and thresholds from 2-8 to 4 degrees at 6, 10 and 100 kHz. With the azimuth of the animal changed relative to the speakers the MAAs were 1-3-1-5 degrees at an azimuth of 15 degrees and about 5 degrees for an azimuth of 30 degrees. 3. MAAs to clicks were 0-7-0-8 degrees. 4. The animal was able to do almost as well in determining the position of vertical sound sources as it could for horizontal localization. 5. The data indicate that at low frequencies the animal may have been localizing by using the region around the external auditory meatus as a detector, but at frequencies about 20 kHz it is likely that the animal was detecting sounds through the lateral sides of the lower jaw. 6. Above 20 kHz, it is likely that the animal was localizing using binaural intensity cues. 7. Our data support evidence that the lower jaw is an important channel for sound detection in Tursiops.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, echolocation physiology, orientation physiology, auditory perception physiology.
Revishchin, A.V. and L.J. Garey (1993). Neuronal morphology in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Journal Fur Hirnforschung 34(1): 25-34. ISSN: 0021-8359.
Abstract: The Golgi and Nissl methods and cytochrome oxidase (CO) histochemistry were used to study the overall structure and neuronal morphology of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the Black Sea porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). Differences were observed between dorsal and ventral portions of the nucleus in terms of cell size and CO staining. In addition to prominent fibre bundles crossing the LGN horizontally, vertically oriented variations of CO staining were apparent. Neuronal types in the LGN corresponded broadly to those observed in land mammals. The commonest were variants of multipolar cells, and may represent thalamocortical relay cells. Various other types were probably interneuronal.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, geniculate bodies cytology, neurons ultrastructure, axons ultrastructure, dendrites ultrastructure, electron transport complex iv analysis, electron transport complex iv metabolism, histocytochemistry.
Reynolds, J.E., R.S. Wells and S.D. Eide (2000). The Bottlenose Dolphin: Biology and Conservation, University Press of Florida: Gainesville, FL, 288 p. ISBN: 0813017750.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432 R49 2000
Descriptors: bottlenose dolphin, wildlife conservation, biology.
Richardson, M.K., J.E. Jeffery, and C.J. Tabin (2004). Proximodistal patterning of the limb: insights from evolutionary morphology. Evolution and Development 6(1): 1-5. ISSN: 1520-541X.
Abstract: There is an active debate about how skeletal elements are encoded along the proximodistal (PD) axis of the developing limb. Our aim here is to see whether consideration of the evolutionary morphology of the limb can contribute to our understanding of patterning mechanisms. Of special interest in this context are animals showing reiterated skeletal elements along the PD axis (e.g., dolphins and plesiosaurs with hyperphalangy). We build on previous hypotheses to propose a two-step model of PD patterning in which specification of broad domains in the early limb bud is distinct from subsequent processes that divides an initial anlage into a segmental pattern to yield individual skeletal elements. This model overcomes a major evolutionary problem with the progress zone model, which has not previously been noted: pleiotropy. Parallels with other developmental systems are briefly discussed.
Descriptors: body patterning, evolution, extremities anatomy and histology, models, biological, vertebrates anatomy and histology.
Richardson, M.K. and H.H. Oelschlager (2002). Time, pattern, and heterochrony: a study of hyperphalangy in the dolphin embryo flipper. Evolution and Development 4(6): 435-44. ISSN: 1520-541X.
Abstract: The forelimb of whales and dolphins is a flipper that shows hyperphalangy (numerous finger bones). Hyperphalangy is also present in marine reptiles, including ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. The developmental basis of hyper-phalangy is unclear. Kukenthal suggested that phalanx anlagen split into three pieces during cetacean development, thereby multiplying the ancestral number. Alternatively, Holder suggested that apical ectodermal ridge (AER)-directed limb outgrowth might be prolonged by a timing shift (heterochrony), leading to terminal addition of extra phalanges. We prepared a series of whole mounted and serially sectioned embryonic flipper buds of the spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata. This cetacean shows marked hyperphalangy on digits II and III. We confirm previous reports that the proximodistal laying down of phalanges is prolonged in digits II and III. Histology showed that the apical ectoderm was thickened into a cap. There was a weak ridge-like structure in some embryos. The cap or ridge formed part of a bud-like mass that persisted on digits II and III at stages when it had disappeared from other digits. Thus the dolphin differs from other mammals in showing a second period of limb outgrowth during which localized hyperphalangy develops. New phalanges only formed at the tip of the digits. These findings are consistent with a model in which heterochrony leads to the terminal addition of new phalanges. Our results are more easily reconciled with the progress zone model than one in which the AER is involved in the expansion of a prepattern. We suggest that patterning mechanisms with a temporal component (i.e., the "progress zone" mechanism) are potential targets for heterochrony during limb evolution.
Descriptors: dolphins embryology, upper extremity deformities, congenital embryology, ectoderm, limb bud, models, biological.
Ridgway, S.H., T.H. Bullock, D.A. Carder, R.L. Seeley, D. Woods, and R. Galambos (1981). Auditory brainstem response in dolphins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 78(3): 1943-7. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: We recorded the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in four dolphins (Tursiops truncatus and Delphinus delphis). The ABR evoked by clicks consists of seven waves within 10 msec; two waves often contain dual peaks. The main waves can be identified with those of humans and laboratory mammals; in spite of a much longer path, the latencies of the peaks are almost identical to those of the rat. The dolphin ABR waves increase in latency as the intensity of a sound decreases by only 4 microseconds/decibel(dB) (for clicks with peak power at 66 kHz) compared to 40 microseconds/dB in humans (for clicks in the sonic range). Low-frequency clicks (6-kHz peak power) show a latency increase about 3 times (12 microseconds/dB) as great. Although the dolphin brainstem tracks individual clicks to at least 600 per sec, the latency increases and amplitude decreases with increasing click rates. This effect varies among different waves of the ABR; it is around one-fifth the effect seen in man. The dolphin brain is specialized for handling brief, frequent clicks. A small latency difference is seen between clicks 180 degrees different in phase--i.e., with initial compression vs. initial rarefaction. The ABR can be used to test theories of dolphin sonar signal processing. Hearing thresholds can be evaluated rapidly. Cetaceans that have not been investigated can now be examined, including the great whales, a group for which data are now completely lacking.
Descriptors: brain stem physiology, dolphins physiology, hearing, acoustic stimulation, oscillometry, species specificity.
Ridgway, S.H., D.A. Carder, T. Kamolnick, R.R. Smith, C.E. Schlundt, and W.R. Elsberry (2001). Hearing and whistling in the deep sea: depth influences whistle spectra but does not attenuate hearing by white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) (Odontoceti, Cetacea). Journal of Experimental Biology 204(22): 3829-41. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Hearing is attenuated in the aerial ear of humans and other land mammals tested in pressure chambers as a result of middle ear impedance changes that result from increased air density. We tested the hypothesis, based on recent middle ear models, that increasing the density of middle ear air at depth might attenuate whale hearing. Two white whales Delphinapterus leucas made dives to a platform at a depth of 5, 100, 200 or 300 m in the Pacific Ocean. During dives to station on the platform for up to 12 min, the whales whistled in response to 500 ms tones projected at random intervals to assess their hearing threshold at each depth. Analysis of response whistle spectra, whistle latency in response to tones and hearing thresholds showed that the increased hydrostatic pressure at depth changed each whale's whistle response at depth, but did not attenuate hearing overall. The finding that whale hearing is not attenuated at depth suggests that sound is conducted through the head tissues of the whale to the ear without requiring the usual ear drum/ossicular chain amplification of the aerial middle ear. These first ever hearing tests in the open ocean demonstrate that zones of audibility for human-made sounds are just as great throughout the depths to which these whales dive, or at least down to 300 m.
Descriptors: hearing, immersion, vocalization, animal, whales physiology, diving, ear anatomy and histology, ear physiology, hydrostatic pressure, Pacific Ocean, reaction time, whales anatomy and histology.
Ridgway, S.H. (2000). The auditory central nervous system of dolphins. In: W.W.L. Au, A.N. Popper and R.R. Fay Hearing by Whales and Dolphins, Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, p. 273-293. ISBN: 0387949062.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432H43 2000
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, literature review, nervous system, functional morphology, review, brain, auditory, central nervous system, sound reception, echolocation.
Ridgway, S.H. and S. Kohin (1995). The relationship between heart mass and body mass for three cetacean genera: narrow allometry demonstrates interspecific differences. Marine Mammal Science 11(1): 72-80. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, transport and circulation, development, ecology, environmental sciences, morphology, physiology, systematics and taxonomy, adult, comparative physiology.
Robeck, T.R., K.J. Steinman, S. Gearhart, T.R. Reidarson, J.F. McBain, and S.L. Monfort (2004). Reproductive physiology and development of artificial insemination technology in killer whales (Orcinus orca). Biology of Reproduction 71(2): 650-60. ISSN: 0006-3363.
NAL Call Number: QL876.B5
Abstract: Research was conducted to define the basic reproductive physiology of killer whales (Orcinus orca) and to use this knowledge to facilitate the development of artificial insemination procedures. The specific objectives were 1) to determine the excretory dynamics of urinary LH and ovarian steroid metabolites during the estrous cycle; 2) to evaluate the effect of an exogenously administered, synthetic progesterone analog on reproductive hormone excretion; 3) to validate the use of transabdominal ultrasound for ovarian evaluation and timing of ovulation; 4) to examine the quality of semen after liquid storage and cryopreservation; and 5) to develop an intrauterine insemination technique. Based on urinary endocrine monitoring of 41 follicular phases and 26 complete cycles from five females, estrous cycles were 41 days long and comprised a 17-day follicular phase and a 21-day luteal phase. A consistent temporal relationship was observed between peak estrogen conjugates and the LH surge, the latter of which occurred approximately 0.5 days later. Two animals placed on oral altrenogest (three separate occasions for 30, 17, and 31 days, respectively) excreted peak urinary estrogen concentrations 25 days after withdrawal that were followed by sustained elevations in urinary pregnanediol-3alpha-glucuronide excretion. Mean preovulatory follicle diameter was 3.9 cm (n = 6), and ovulation occurred 38 h (n = 5) after the peak of the LH surge. Based on visual estimates of motility, liquid-stored semen maintained 92% of its raw ejaculate sperm motility index (total progressive motility x kinetic rating [0-5 scale, where 0 = no movement and 5 = rapid progressive movement]) when held at 4 degrees C for 3 days postcollection. Semen cryopreserved using a medium freezing rate demonstrated good postthaw total motility (50%), progressive motility (94%), and kinetic rating (3.5). Insemination during eight estrous cycles resulted in three pregnancies (38%), two from liquid-stored and one from cryopreserved semen. Two calves were delivered after gestation lengths of 552 and 554 days, respectively. These data demonstrate the potential of noninvasive endocrine monitoring combined with serial ultrasonography to improve our understanding of the reproductive biology of cetaceans. This fundamental knowledge was essential for ensuring the first successful conceptions, resulting in live offspring, using artificial insemination in any cetacean species.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, ovarian follicle physiology, ovulation physiology, pregnanediol analogs and derivatives, reproductive techniques, assisted, acrosome, breeding, cryopreservation, estrous cycle physiology, luteinizing hormone urine, ovarian follicle ultrasonography, pregnanediol urine, semen, semen preservation.
Rodionov, V.A. (2001). Anatomy of the supracranial air cavities in the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Cetacea) as related to problems of mathematical modeling. Doklady Biological Sciences Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 381: 547-50. ISSN: 0012-4966.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, dolphins physiology, echolocation, models, anatomic, models, theoretical, nose anatomy and histology.
Notes: Biological sciences sections translated from Russian.
Rodionov, V. (2001). The anatomy of supracranial air sacs of bottlenase [bottlenose] dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) [Cetacea]) in connection with the modeling problems. Doklady Akademii Nauk 381(4): 566-569. ISSN: 0869-5652.
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, skull, nasal passages, supracranial air sacs anatomy, role in acoustic signals, acoustic signals.
Romanenko, E.V. (1995). Assessment of traction and resistance coefficient in dolphins. Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 115(1): 50-57. ISSN: 0042-1324.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 ER3
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics, mathematical biology, computational biology, physiology, systematics and taxonomy, biophysics, mathematical analysis, movement.
Romano, T.A., S.Y. Felten, J.A. Olschowka, and D.L. Felten (1994). Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid organs in the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas: an anatomical link between the nervous and immune systems. Journal of Morphology 221(3): 243-59. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Abstract: The presence of peptidergic and noradrenergic sympathetic nerve fibers in specific compartments of both primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the rodent is well established. These nerve fibers directly contact lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as vascular and trabecular smooth muscle. We investigated the noradrenergic and neuropeptide-Y innervation of lymphoid organs in the cetacean, Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale). The spleen, thymus, tonsil, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and assorted lymph nodes were collected from five belugas, obtained during sanctioned hunts, and processed for catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry and for tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y immunocytochemistry. Innervation studies revealed fluorescent nerve fibers, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neuropeptide-Y positive nerve fibers in parenchymal lymphoid compartments, where they were closely associated with cells of the immune system, and in vascular and trabecular compartments. In lymphoid zones, tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y positive nerve fibers were observed in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath and marginal zone of the spleen; in the outermost portion of the cortex, the corticomedullary zone, and medulla of the lymph nodes; in the parafollicular zones, and diffuse lymphocyte layer below the epithelium of the tonsil; in the outermost portion of some thymic lobules; and in the lamina propria of the gut. These findings are similar to those described for other mammals and substantiate an anatomical link between the nervous and immune systems in the beluga, whereby central nervous system activity may influence autonomic outflow to lymphoid organs and effect immunologic reactivity.
Descriptors: Cetacea anatomy and histology, lymphoid tissue innervation, nervous system anatomy and histology, neuropeptide y analysis, norepinephrine analysis, immunohistochemistry, lymphoid tissue metabolism, lymphoid tissue ultrastructure, microscopy, electron, nerve endings metabolism, nerve fibers metabolism, nervous system metabolism, neuropeptide y immunology, norepinephrine immunology.
Romano, T.A., S.Y. Felten, J.A. Olschowka, and D.L. Felten (1993). A microscopic investigation of the lymphoid organs of the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas. Journal of Morphology 215(3): 261-87. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Abstract: Lymphoid organs from belugas, Delphinapterus leucas, ranging in age from less than one to 16 years, were harvested during a sanctioned hunt to investigate morphology. The spleen is divisible into red and white pulp and a stroma consisting of a reticular network, a collagenous capsule, and trabeculae containing smooth muscle bundles. White pulp areas appear to be devoid of follicles and consist mainly of periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS), that are larger in younger than in older belugas. Definitive marginal zones between red and white pulp are difficult to discern in older belugas. Lymph nodes are similar to those of other mammals; they possess a follicular cortex surrounding a vascular medulla composed of lymphatic cords and sinuses. Smooth muscle is abundant in the medullary region, usually in close proximity to sinuses. The expansive nodular mass at the root of the mesentery, often referred to as the "pseudopancreas," is similar to lymph nodes in microscopic architecture. Pharyngeal tonsils and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) are found along the digestive tract and display an "active" morphology. Tonsils are comprised of lobules of follicles separated by vascular connective tissue. Epithelial-lined crypts communicate with the pharyngeal lumen. GALT consists of diffuse and follicular lymphocytes within the intestinal mucosa and submucosa. The thymus is well developed in the younger belugas, with lobules divisible into densely packed cortical zones of thymocytes and more loosely arranged medullary lymphocytes. Hassall's corpuscles are occasionally visible within the medulla. Cetaceans diverged evolutionarily from other mammals over 55 million years ago. This study investigates changes in lymphoid organ morphology in a species that now inhabits a unique ecological niche. This study also lays the groundwork for functional investigation of the beluga immune system, particularly as it relates to differences between healthy and stranded animals.
Descriptors: lymphoid tissue ultrastructure, whales anatomy and histology, aging, intestines ultrastructure, lymph nodes ultrastructure, microscopy, electron, spleen ultrastructure, stromal cells ultrastructure, thymus gland ultrastructure, tonsil ultrastructure.
Romano, T.A., D.L. Felten, S.Y. Stevens, J.A. Olschowka, V. Quaranta and S.H. Ridgway (2002). Immune response, stress, and environment: implications for cetaceans. In: C.J. Pfeiffer (Editor), Molecular and Cell Biology of Marine Mammals, Kreiger Publishing Company: Malabar, p. 253-279. ISBN: 1575240629.
Descriptors: Delphinapterus leucas, nerves, innervation, digestive system, digestive tract, lymphatic system, lymph node, spleen, immunology and repair mechanisms, immune system, lymphoid organs morphology, innervation and function.
Rommel, S.A., D.A. Pabst, and W.A. McLellan (1993). Functional morphology of the vascular plexuses associated with the cetacean uterus. Anatomical Record 237(4): 538-46. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Abstract: The cetacean reproductive system is surrounded by thermogenic locomotory muscle and insulating blubber. This arrangement suggests elevated temperatures at the uterus that could induce detrimental effects on fetal development. We present anatomical evidence for a complex countercurrent heat exchange system that could function to regulate the thermal environment of the uterus and a developing fetus. Cooled venous blood from the surfaces of the dorsal fin and flukes enters the abdominal cavity via the lumbo-caudal venous plexus. This plexus is juxtaposed to the arterial and venous plexuses associated with the uterus. The morphology of the lumbo-caudal venous plexus suggests that it acts as a "heat sink" for the adjacent tissues. Heat may be transferred to the cool, lumbo-caudal venous plexus from the warm blood in the arterial and venous plexuses supplying the uterus. Heat may also be transferred from adjacent locomotory muscles to the cool lumbo-caudal venous plexus. The countercurrent heat exchanger created by the juxtaposition of the lumbo-caudal venous plexus with the uterovarian arterial plexus is similar in design to that of the countercurrent heat exchanger described for male cetaceans. The functional implications of introducing cool superficial blood into the abdominal cavity of a diving, and locomoting female cetacean are discussed.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, dolphins anatomy and histology, dolphins physiology, uterus anatomy and histology, uterus physiology, whales anatomy and histology, whales physiology, diving physiology, exertion physiology, fetus physiology, muscles physiology, regional blood flow physiology, uterus blood supply.
Rommel, S.A., D.A. Pabst, W.A. McLellan, T.M. Williams, and W.A. Friedl (1994). Temperature regulation of the testes of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): evidence from colonic temperatures. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 164(2): 130-4. ISSN: 0174-1578.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J681
Abstract: Dolphins possess a countercurrent heat exchanger that functions to cool their intra-abdominal testes. Spermatic arteries in the posterior abdomen are juxtaposed to veins returning cooled blood from the surfaces of the dorsal fin and flukes. A rectal probe housing a linear array of five copper-constantan thermocouples was designed to measure colonic temperatures simultaneously at positions anterior to, within, and posterior to the region of the colon flanked by the countercurrent heat exchanger. Colonic temperatures adjacent to the countercurrent heat exchanger were maximally 1.3 degrees C cooler than temperatures measured outside this region. Temporary heating and cooling of the dorsal fin and flukes affected temperatures at the countercurrent heat exchanger, but had little or no effect on temperatures posterior to its position. These measurements support the hypothesis that cooled blood is introduced into the deep abdominal cavity and functions specifically to regulate the temperature of arterial blood flow to the dolphin testes.
Descriptors: body temperature, body temperature regulation, colon physiology, testis physiology, arteries, blood circulation, blood physiology, veins.
Rose, K.D. (2001). Evolution. The ancestry of whales. Science 293(5538): 2216-7. ISSN: 0036-8075.
NAL Call Number: 470 Sci2
Descriptors: evolution, fossils, whales anatomy and histology, whales classification, artiodactyla anatomy and histology, artiodactyla classification, clavicle anatomy and histology, femur anatomy and histology, foot bones anatomy and histology, forelimb anatomy and histology, Pakistan, tarsal bones anatomy and histology, tarsus, animal anatomy and histology.
Notes: Comment On: Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2239-42.
Rowlatt, U. and D.E. Gaskin (1975). Functional anatomy of the heart of the harbor porpoise, Phocaena phocaena. Journal of Morphology 146(4): 479-93. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Abstract: Thirty-six harbor porpoises, Phocaena phocaena, were caught off the coast of Southern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as part of a study of the biology and ecology of these animals. The formalin-preserved heart was examined first in situ, then measured and studied in detail. If the weight of the thick layer of blubber is discounted, the heart is heavy relative to the total body weight as may be expected in an animal capable of fast swimming, great agility and frequent emergence from the water to breathe. The shape of the heart, the relative size of atria and atrial appendages, the morphology of the ventricular septum, the thickness of the walls of the sinus and conus of the right ventricle and the anatomy of the pulmonary veins were found to be constant for this animal and unlike that of non-cetaceans. It is suggested that the absence of respiratory movements during diving may lead to these modifications of cardiac structure in an animal that is particularly well adapted to a totally aquatic existence.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, heart anatomy and histology, aorta anatomy and histology, coronary vessels anatomy and histology, ecology, heart physiology, heart atria anatomy and histology, heart septum anatomy and histology, heart valves anatomy and histology, heart ventricles anatomy and histology, organ size, pericardium anatomy and histology, pulmonary veins anatomy and histology, swimming, venae cavae anatomy and histology.
Sanvicente Anorve, L., J.L. Lopez Sanchez, A. Aguayo Lobo, and L. Medrano Gonzlez (2004). Morphometry and sexual dimorphism of the coastal spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata graffmani, from Bahia de Banderas, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Copenhagen 85(4): 223-232. ISSN: 0001-7272.
NAL Call Number: 410 AC8
Abstract: External measurements and size differences between the sexes were examined in the coastal spotted dolphin, Stenella attenuata graffmani, in Bahia de Banderas, on the Mexican Pacific coast. The dolphins were collected by local fishermen and 29 external characteristics were measured by members of the Marine Mammals Laboratory, University of Mexico. The length of each characteristic with respect to total length was analysed through adjustment of the data to a power equation. A stepwise discriminant analysis was applied to the absolute values and to those expressed as proportions to analyse the differences between the sexes. Results indicate that growth in these dolphins is generally negatively allometric, and most of the characteristics measured were, in both absolute and proportional terms, greater in male dolphins than in female dolphins. As found in many species of odontocetes, the discriminant analysis showed that the main differences between the sexes for this coastal subspecies include the relative positions of the umbilicus, the genital aperture and the anus. The morphometric data provided by this study, corresponding to 29 specimens of S. a. graffmani collected in a restricted locality of the Mexican Pacific coast, are particularly interesting to studies documenting latitudinal morphological differences in the coastal spotted dolphin.
Descriptors: Stenella attenuata graffmani, size, morphometrics, morphological sex differences, north Pacific, Mexico, Bahia de Banderas, morphometrics and morphological sex differences.
Saprykin, V.A., S.V. Kovtunenko, V.P. Korolev, E.S. Dmitrieva, V.I. Ol'shanskii, and I.V. Bekker (1977). Invariability of auditory perception with respect to frequency--time signal transformations in the dolphin Tursiops truncatus. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 8(4): 330-3. ISSN: 0097-0549.
NAL Call Number: QP351.N4
Abstract: The characteristic of hearing in the dolphin Tursiops truncatus were investigated by the method of motor-feeding conditioned reflexes under conditions of frequency--time signal indeterminancy with background noise. It was shown that the effectiveness of auditory detection of tone--pulse signals is invariant with respect to Doppler and shift signal transformations, while the number of waves is a characteristic parameter of the auditory system.
Descriptors: auditory perception physiology, dolphins physiology, discrimination psychology physiology.
Sarko, D.K., L. Marino, K.D. Sudheimer, J.I. Johnson, D.A. Pabst, and W.A. McLellan. (2002). Neuroanatomy of the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging. 32nd Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, November 2, 2002-November 2, 2002, Orlando, Florida, USA, Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner, p. Abstract No. 877.11.
Online: http://sfn.scholarone.com
Descriptors: computer applications, computational biology, nervous system, neural coordination, voxelmath program, computer software, voxelview program, computer based program scion image, magnetic resonance imaging, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques, harbour porpoise, brain, neuroanatomy.
Scano, P., C. Maxia, F. Maggiani, R. Crnjar, A. Lai, and P. Sirigu (2005). A histological and NMR study of the melon of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 134(1): 21-28. ISSN: 0009-3084.
NAL Call Number: QP751.C4
Abstract: The melon, the echolocation organ of the striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), was investigated by morphological and high-resolution (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods, in order to characterize structure and composition gradient at the histological and molecular level. Morphological analysis showed that the lipidic components are organized in an adipose tissue; moreover, a clear muscular component was observed. Age-related structural differences also were noted. Furthermore, NMR yielded detailed information at a qualitative-quantitative level on the lipid components.
Descriptors: striped dolphin, melon, NMR, histological, echolocation organ, structure, lipid components.
Schildger, B. (1986). Die externe Morphologie und Wachstumsprozesse der drei Delphinarten: Stenella attuenta, Stenella longirostris, Delphinus Delphis in der pranatalen Entwicklungsphase. [The external morphology and growth processes of three dolphins: Stenella attenuata, Stenella longirostris and Delphinus delphis in the pre-natal development phase]. Giessen . 126 p.
NAL Call Number: 41.2 G3642 1986 [no. 69]
Descriptors: morphology, growth, prenatal develpoment,three dolphins, S. attenuata, S. longirostris, D. delphis.
Language of Text: English summary.
Notes: Thesis (Doctoral). Justus Liebig Universitat Geissen, 1986.
Schoenfuss, H.L. (1997). A.F.J.K. Mayer: Anatomy of the Eye of the Cetaceans: an Annotated Translation. Anatomy of the Eye of the Cetaceans, Occasional papers of the Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University: Baton Rouge, La., 38 p.
NAL Call Number: QL3.L37 no.75
Descriptors: cetaceans, anatomy, eye.
Secchi, E.R., L. Barcellos, A.N. Zerbini, and L. Dalla Rosa (2003). Biological observations on a dwarf minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, caught in southern Brazilian waters, with a new record of prey for the species. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 2(2): 109-115. ISSN: 1676-7497.
Abstract: In the late austral spring, a 3.43m long immature male dwarf minke whale (Balaenoptera accutorostrata) was accidentally caught in a gillnet set in waters 143m deep, close to the continental slope off southern Brazil. A brief description of the specimen, including external measurements, colour patterns, reproductive status and skull measurements, is presented. The stomach was full of the euphausiid, Euphausia similis, and was heavily infested by anisakid nematode parasites. Euphausia similis is reported for the first time as a prey species for dwarf minke whales.
Descriptors: anisakis, pseudoterranova, mammalian hosts, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, south Atlantic, Brazil, recorded and prevalence, mammalian host.
Sedmera, D., I. Misek, and M. Klima (1997). On the development of Cetacean extremities. I. Hind limb rudimentation in the Spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata). European Journal of Morphology 35(1): 25-30. ISSN: 0924-3860.
Abstract: The Cetacea are group of animals which have completely lost their hind limbs during the course of evolution as a result of their entirely aquatic mode of life. It is known, however, that during their embryonal period, the hind limb buds are temporarily present. The control mechanisms of this regression are not yet understood, and vestigial limbs can sometimes be found in adults. The aim of the present study is to describe the course of hind limb rudimentation during prenatal development of Stenella attenuata (Spotted dolphin) at tissue and cell levels and compare the results with other natural or experimentally induced amelias. Hind limb buds of dolphin embryos, CRL 10-30 mm, were examined histologically. Before total disappearance, they show histodifferentiation comparable with other mammals. Initially, they form the apical ectodermal ridge, which soon regresses. The mesenchyme undergoes the process of condensation to form anlagens of prospective skeletal elements. These condensations are surrounded by vascular plexuses. During the course of rudimentation, some mesenchymal cells die, while the others are incorporated into the body wall. Nerve ingrowth into rudimentary limb buds was also detected. The temporary presence of hind limb rudiments in cetacean embryos can be regarded as a good example of recapitulation of phylogenesis in ontogenesis.
Descriptors: dolphins embryology, extremities embryology, embryonic and fetal development.
Sedmera, D., I. Misek, and M. Klima (1997). On the development of Cetacean extremities. II. Morphogenesis and histogenesis of the flippers in the spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata). European Journal of Morphology 35(2): 117-23. ISSN: 0924-3860.
Abstract: Externally, the flippers of Cetacea resemble fish fins, but their internal structure is entirely mammalian. They show, however, some adaptative deviations from the typical pattern of the mammalian extremities, the most striking of which is an increased number of phalanges. The aim of this study is to describe the course of the development of flippers in the spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) and compare its features with other similar species from an evolutionary perspective. Early stages of flipper development were studied histologically. Differentiation of cartilaginous anlagens of the skeleton progresses proximodistally, condensation in digital rays being evident sooner than chondrogenesis in the carpal region. In one specimen, the temporary presence of cartilaginous rudiments of two carpal elements, which are not found in adults, was observed. At all examined stages, phalangeal number progressively increases up to (radial to ulnar) 3, 7, 7, 5, 3 in the most advanced stage. The reason for this condition is the specialised function of these limb-like structures. It is a classical example of convergence, in which mammalian extremities change their form to emulate the fin function. A similar condition is found in another group of originally terrestrial animals secondarily fully adapted to the aquatic mode of life-Ichyosauria (Reptilia).
Descriptors: dolphins embryology, extremities embryology, adaptation, physiological physiology, evolution, extremities anatomy and histology, limb bud, morphogenesis physiology, species specificity.
Sedmera, D., I. Misek, M. Klima, and R.P. Thompson (2003). Heart development in the spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata). Anatomical Record 273a(2): 687-99. ISSN: 0003-276X.
Descriptors: body patterning physiology, dolphins embryology, heart embryology, chick embryo, coronary vessels embryology, coronary vessels physiology, dolphins physiology, heart physiology, heart septum embryology, heart ventricles embryology, heart ventricles physiology, mice, myocardium cytology, rats.
Sekiguchi, Y. and S. Kohshima (2003). Resting behaviors of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Physiology and Behavior 79(4-5): 643-53. ISSN: 0031-9384.
Abstract: In order to specify the resting behaviors in captive bottlenose dolphin, we quantitatively analyzed behavior of 16 dolphins in three aquariums in Japan. We observed their behaviors in the low-activity time (0 a.m.-3 a.m.), assuming that the resting behaviors would be most prominent and abundant at this time. We analyzed these behaviors based on the data of their diurnal activity rhythm that we have clarified by measuring swimming speed and breath frequency. The behavior patterns characteristic to the low-activity time could be categorized into the following three types: "bottom-rest" characterized by long immobile stay on the tank bottom, "surface-rest" characterized by long immobile stay at the water surface, and "swim-rest" characterized by slow circle-swim near the bottom along a fixed trajectory. During these behaviors, breath frequency was significantly lower than the daily mean and at least one eye tended to be closed. These three behaviors accounted for 86.6% of the total observation time in the low-activity time. The resting behaviors were often observed even in the high-activity time (0 p.m.-4 p.m.); these three behaviors accounted for 38.5% of the total observation time in the high-activity time. In swim-rest, frequency of sound emission was significantly lower than that of other behaviors with high-speed swimming, and both eyes or one eye, especially the eye facing the inner side of the swimming circle tended to be closed. The eye condition and the periodical change of circle-swim direction or position-exchange observed during swim-rest suggest a relation between this behavior and unihemispheric sleep. The change in the resting behavior observed in the dolphins under nervous situations suggests that the dolphins flexibly change the type and the quantity of the resting behaviors according to the situation.
Descriptors: activity cycles physiology, dolphins physiology, dominance, cerebral physiology, rest physiology, sleep physiology, behavior, animal physiology, eye movements physiology.
SF604.J342Ishikawa, H., H. Amasaki, H. Dohguchi, A. Furuya, and K. Suzuki (1999). Immunohistological distributions of fibronectin, tenascin, type I, III and IV collagens, and laminin during tooth development and degeneration in fetuses of minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 61(3): 227-232. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: The immunohistological distributions of fibronectin, tenascin, type I, III and IV collagens, and laminin were observed in the tooth buds of fetuses of minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata.Distributions of extracellular matrices (ECMs) examined in this study except for tenascin were generally similar to those of terrestrial mammalian species during development of the tooth bud.Tenascin in the fetuses of minke whale showed characteristic distributions in the dental lamina and the enamel organ in the early tooth developmental stage.In the physiological degeneration stage of tooth bud development, immunoreactivity of the ECMs were very weakly and limitedly detected in the dental papilla and the surrounding mesenchyme.Immunoreactivity of tenascin and type I and III collagens were positively detected in the developing baleen plate germ which was associated with the degenerating tooth bud.These findings suggested that expressions of the ECMs were related to the formation of the tooth bud and baleen plate germ, and that the lack of the ECMs was related to the degeneration of the tooth bud in the fetal minke whale.
Descriptors: whales, fetus, collagen, glycoproteins, scleroproteins, teeth, developmental stages, immunological techniques, histocytological analysis, animal developmental stages, biological analysis, body parts, Cetacea, developmental stages, digestive system, mammals, mouth, proteins, scleroproteins.
Language of Text: English summary.
Shadwick, R.E. (1999). Mechanical design in arteries. Journal of Experimental Biology 202(23): 3305-13. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: The most important mechanical property of the artery wall is its non-linear elasticity. Over the last century, this has been well-documented in vessels in many animals, from humans to lobsters. Arteries must be distensible to provide capacitance and pulse-smoothing in the circulation, but they must also be stable to inflation over a range of pressure. These mechanical requirements are met by strain-dependent increases in the elastic modulus of the vascular wall, manifest by a J-shaped stress-strain curve, as typically exhibited by other soft biological tissues. All vertebrates and invertebrates with closed circulatory systems have arteries with this non-linear behaviour, but specific tissue properties vary to give correct function for the physiological pressure range of each species. In all cases, the non-linear elasticity is a product of the parallel arrangement of rubbery and stiff connective tissue elements in the artery wall, and differences in composition and tissue architecture can account for the observed variations in mechanical properties. This phenomenon is most pronounced in large whales, in which very high compliance in the aortic arch and exceptionally low compliance in the descending aorta occur, and is correlated with specific modifications in the arterial structure.
Descriptors: arteries chemistry, aorta chemistry, biomechanics, blood pressure, collagen chemistry, elasticity, elastin chemistry, muscle, smooth, vascular chemistry.
Shadwick, R.E. and J.M. Gosline (1995). Arterial Windkessels in marine mammals. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 49: 243-52. ISSN: 0081-1386.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 SO15
Abstract: In marine mammals, the aortic arch is enlarged relative to the descending aorta to varying degrees in different species. The ratio of maximal diameter of the arch to that of the thoracic aorta is about 2.3 in the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), 3.6 in the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) and 3.2 in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), compared with only 1.4 in the dog. This anatomical specialisation probably provides increased volume capacitance in the arterial circulation as an adaptation to diving bradycardia. Data on the morphometric and mechanical properties of aortic tissues from seals and fin whale are compared. In the harbour seal, more than 80% of the volume change in the entire thoracic aorta that results from a pressure pulse occurs in the bulbous arch, and this is more than 90% in the Weddell seal and fin whale. The enhanced capacitance of the arch in the harbour seal is primarily due to its larger diameter, as the relative wall thickness and elasticity of the arch and thoracic aorta are the same. A similar situation appears to exist in the larger Weddell seal, although extrapolation of the pressure-volume curves suggests that the arch might be somewhat less stiff than the thoracic aorta. In addition to being greatly expanded, the aortic arch of the fin whale is also much more distensible than the relatively thin-walled and much stiffer descending aorta. At the estimated mean blood pressure, the elastic modulus of this vessel is 12 MPa, or 30 times that of the aortic arch. The major haemodynamic consequence of this type of arterial modification is that the aortic arch acts as a Windkessel, i.e. the capacitance of the aorta is increased significantly close to the heart, leading to a reduced characteristic impedance and probably reduced pulsatility in the descending aorta. In the extreme case of the whale, the arterial capacitance is shifted entirely to the arch, and the impedance change at the entrance to the thoracic aorta is so high that this probably represents the major reflection site in the arterial tree.
Descriptors: adaptation, physiological, aorta physiology, seals, earless physiology, whales physiology, aorta anatomy and histology, hemodynamic processes, models, cardiovascular, rheology.
Shadwick, R.E. and J.M. Gosline (1994). Arterial mechanics in the fin whale suggest a unique hemodynamic design. American Journal of Physiology 267(3, Pt. 2): R805-18. ISSN: 0002-9513.
Abstract: An analysis of the dimensions of the aortic tree and the mechanical properties of arterial wall tissues in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) is presented. The aortic arch is greatly expanded, having an internal radius at an estimated mean blood pressure (13 kPa) that is 2.5 times greater than that of the descending thoracic aorta. At this pressure, the elastic modulus of the arch wall (0.4 MPa) is 30 times less than that of the descending aorta (12 MPa). Consequently, even though some capacitance is provided anteriorly by the relatively compliant innominate and carotid arteries, > 90% of the arterial capacitance resides in the arch. The characteristic pressure wave velocity (C0) and impedance (Z0) were calculated from vessel dimensions and elasticity. A predicted 20-fold increase in Z0 between the arch and thoracic aorta should provide a major reflecting site, effectively uncoupling the arch from the remainder of the arterial tree. The dimensions of the arch relative to the likely pressure wavelengths within it suggest that it acts like a compliant windkessel that greatly reduces the pulsatility of the inflow to the descending aorta, which itself likely acts as a rigid, tapered manifold. It is suggested that the presence of both a highly compliant arch and a relatively rigid descending aorta is an adaptation for diving.
Descriptors: arteries, anatomy, histology, arteries physiology, whales anatomy, whales physiology, aorta, abdominal physiology, thoracic anatomy, histology, thoracic physiology, blood pressure, elasticity, hemodynamic processes, models, cardiovascular, stress.
Shaffer, S.A., D.P. Costa, T.M. Williams, and S.H. Ridgway (1997). Diving and swimming performance of white whales, Delphinapterus leucas: an assessment of plasma lactate and blood gas levels and respiratory rates. Journal of Experimental Biology 200(24): 3091-9. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: The white whale Delphinapterus leucas is an exceptional diver, yet we know little about the physiology that enables this species to make prolonged dives. We studied trained white whales with the specific goal of assessing their diving and swimming performance. Two adult whales performed dives to a test platform suspended at depths of 5-300 m. Behavior was monitored for 457 dives with durations of 2.2-13.3 min. Descent rates were generally less than 2 m s-1 and ascent rates averaged 2.2-3 m s-1. Post-dive plasma lactate concentration increased to as much as 3.4 mmol l-1 (4-5 times the resting level) after dives of 11 min. Mixed venous PO2 measured during voluntary breath-holds decreased from 79 to 20 mmHg within 10 min; however, maximum breath-hold duration was 17 min. Swimming performance was examined by training the whales to follow a boat at speeds of 1.4-4.2 m s-1. Respiratory rates ranged from 1.6 breaths min-1 at rest to 5.5 breaths min-1 during exercise and decreased with increasing swim speed. Post-exercise plasma lactate level increased to 1.8 mmol l-1 (2-3 times the resting level) following 10 min exercise sessions at swimming speeds of 2.5-2.8 m s-1. The results of this study are consistent with the calculated aerobic dive limit (O2 store/metabolic rate) of 9-10 min. In addition, white whales are not well adapted for high-speed swimming compared with other small cetaceans.
Descriptors: diving physiology, gases blood, lactic acid blood, respiratory physiology, swimming physiology, whales physiology.
Shimokawa, T., I. Nakanishi, E. Hondo, T. Iwasaki, Y. Kiso, and T. Makita (2002). A morphological study of the thyroid gland in Risso's Dolphin, Grampus griseus. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 64(6): 509-12. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: To accumulate histological information of cetaceans and basic information about metabolic systems of marine mammals, the thyroid gland of Risso's dolphins was examined by gross anatomical and light and electron microscopic observations. Gross anatomically, right and left lobes of the thyroid were not clearly discriminated, and no isthmus was observed. By light microscopy, irregular or oval follicular lumens were seen, and surrounded by follicular epithelial cells. By electron microscopy, the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) was seen adjacently to mitochondria at the basal and lateral regions of the follicular epithelial cells. RERs at the basal side of the cells sometimes contained flocculent material with the same electron density as the follicular lumen component. Microvilli were poorly developed at the apical surface of the cells. In the apical regions of the cells, there were typical Golgi complexes, multivesicular bodies, and granules with various size and electron density. The parafollicular cells were recognized among the follicular epithelial cells and in the interstitial regions but never protruded into the follicular lumen. These cells were present singly and/or formed clusters among the follicular epithelial cells, and often located adjacent to capillaries. They were obviously discriminated from follicular epithelial cells by higher electron density of their granules. In their cytoplasm, well-developed rERs, primary lysosomes, secondary lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, and phagosomes were recognized.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, thyroid gland anatomy and histology, microscopy, electron, thyroid gland ultrastructure.
Shimokawa, T., D. Yamagiwa, E. Hondo, S. Nishiwaki, Y. Kiso, and T. Makita (2003). Histological observation of the proper gastric gland in Minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 65(3): 423-6. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: To accumulate histological information of cetaceans, the proper gastric gland of Minke whales was examined by light and electron microscopic observation. A small number of mucous neck cells and a large number of chief and parietal cells were observed in the gland. At the body to basal portions of the gland, the ratio of chief cells to other cells seemed to be large compared to the neck portion. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the chief cell had secretory granules with middle level of electron density, and that the parietal cell contained abundant mitochondria and intracellular canaliculi. The proper gastric gland of the Minke whales may appear to secrete large amounts of digestive enzymes and have high digestive activity.
Descriptors: gastric mucosa cytology, gastric mucosa ultrastructure, whales anatomy and histology, parietal cells, gastric cytology, parietal cells, gastric ultrastructure.
Shimokawa, T., D. Yamagiwa, E. Hondo, S. Nishiwaki, Y. Kiso, T. Makita, S. Saito, T. Terashita, N. Kobayashi, and S. Matsuda (2004). Gross anatomical and histological observations of the salivary gland, stomach and liver in the minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis. Anatomical Science International 79: 403. ISSN: 1447-6959.
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, digestive system, ingestion and assimilation, anatomical observations, histological observations.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Congress of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) and the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, Kyoto, Japan, August 22-27, 2004.
Sinclair, J.G. (1969). Embryogenesis of dolphin gonads. Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine 27(2): 489-96. ISSN: 0040-4675.
Descriptors: dolphins embryology, sex characteristics, dolphins classification, gonads embryology.
Sinclair, J.G. (1967). Cerebral vascular system and ocular nerves of dolphin (Stenella) embryos. Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine 25(4): 559-71. ISSN: 0040-4675.
Descriptors: brain blood supply, dolphins embryology, eye innervation, carotid arteries embryology, cerebrovascular circulation, cranial nerves embryology, ganglia embryology, optic nerve embryology, skull innervation, spinal cord blood supply, spinal cord embryology, vertebral artery embryology.
Sinclair, J.G. (1966). The olfactory complex of dolphin embryos. Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine 24(3): 426-31. ISSN: 0040-4675.
Descriptors: brain embryology, Cetacea embryology, limbic system embryology, basal ganglia embryology, olfactory nerve embryology, thalamus embryology.
Sinclair, J.G. and P. Emeritus (1969). Early development of the cetacean pituitary gland. Texas Reports on Biology and Medicine 27(4): 1065-76. ISSN: 0040-4675.
Descriptors: dolphins embryology, pituitary gland embryology, chick embryo, pituitary gland, posterior embryology.
Skrovan, R.C., T.M. Williams, P.S. Berry, P.W. Moore, and R.W. Davis (1999). The diving physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). II. Biomechanics and changes in buoyancy at depth. Journal of Experimental Biology 202(20): 2749-61. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: During diving, marine mammals must balance the conservation of limited oxygen reserves with the metabolic costs of swimming exercise. As a result, energetically efficient modes of locomotion provide an advantage during periods of submergence and will presumably increase in importance as the animals perform progressively longer dives. To determine the effect of a limited oxygen supply on locomotor performance, we compared the kinematics and behavior of swimming and diving bottlenose dolphins. Adult bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were trained to swim horizontally near the water surface or submerged at 5 m and to dive to depths ranging from 12 to 112 m. Swimming kinematics (preferred swimming mode, stroke frequency and duration of glides) were monitored using submersible video cameras (Sony Hi-8) held by SCUBA divers or attached to a pack on the dorsal fin of the animal. Drag and buoyant forces were calculated from patterns of deceleration for horizontally swimming and vertically diving animals. The results showed that dolphins used a variety of swimming gaits that correlated with acceleration. The percentage of time spent gliding during the descent phase of dives increased with depth. Glide distances ranged from 7.1+/-1.9 m for 16 m dives to 43.6+/-7.0 m (means +/- s.e.m.) for 100 m dives. These gliding patterns were attributed to changes in buoyancy associated with lung compression at depth. By incorporating prolonged glide periods, the bottlenose dolphin realized a theoretical 10-21 % energetic savings in the cost of a 100 m dive in comparison with dives based on neutral buoyancy models. Thus, modifying locomotor patterns to account for physical changes with depth appears to be one mechanism that enables diving mammals with limited oxygen stores to extend the duration of a dive.
Descriptors: diving physiology, dolphins physiology, energy metabolism, gait physiology, swimming physiology, artifacts, biomechanics, dolphins anatomy and histology, dolphins metabolism, friction, hydrostatic pressure, oxygen metabolism, respiration, time factors, video recording.
Slijper, E.J. (1962). Riesen Des Meeres Eine Biologie Der Wale Und Delphine. [Giants of the Sea; Biology of Whales and Dolphins], Verstandliche Wissenschaft, Springer: Berlin, 119 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4S52
Descriptors: Cetacea, whales, dolphins, biology.
Smith, T.L., B.S. Turnbull, and D.F. Cowan (1999). Morphology of the complex laryngeal gland in the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Anatomical Record 254(1): 98-106. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Abstract: A complex lymphoepithelial gland is a constant feature in the larynx of Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, based on study of 56 animals. Larynges were removed from fresh, non-decomposed beach-stranded animals for gross examination and histological sampling. A large lymphoepithelial gland occurs in the rostro-ventral mucosa of the larynx, overlying the cricoid cartilage. It presents as a well-defined, elevated, and heavily trabeculated area. Histological examination reveals a pseudostratified columnar epithelium which branches into the underlying submucosa. The epithelial-lined folds and crypts thus formed are surrounded by aggregations of lymphocytes, which infiltrate this epithelium. Mucous glands are often associated with these lymphoid aggregations. The histological appearance of the laryngeal gland is remarkably similar to the palatine, or dorsal oropharyngeal tonsils, of T. truncatus. It may be analogous to the nasopharyngeal adenoid of terrestrial animals. Age-related involution of the laryngeal gland is not as obvious with increasing animal age (or length) as it is in other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. The distribution of this gland among cetaceans is not yet known. We have observed it in individuals of every species we have studied, including Lagenodelphis hosei, Stenella coeruleoalba, Stenella attenuata, Globicephala macrorhynchus, Steno bredanensis, Physeter catodon, Pseudorca crassidens, Mesoplodon europaeus, and Kogia breviceps.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, larynx anatomy and histology, Cetacea anatomy and histology, epithelium anatomy and histology, lymphoid tissue anatomy and histology, species specificity.
Sokolov, V.E., I.G. Meshcherskii, N. Feoktistova, and V.O. Klishin (1994). Vodnyi obmen chernomorskoi afaliny. [Water balance in Black Sea dolphins]. Doklady Akademii Nauk 335(3): 396-8. ISSN: 0869-5652.
NAL Call Number: Q60.D64
Descriptors: body water metabolism, dolphins physiology, energy metabolism, feces chemistry, osmosis, urinalysis.
Language of Text: Russian.
Sokolov, V.E., I.G. Meshcherskii, V.O. Klishin, and N.Y. Feoktistova (1995). Evaporative water loss in a small cetacean. Doklady Akademii Nauk 342(1): 136-137.
NAL Call Number: Q60.D64
Descriptors: mathematical biology, computational biology, physiology, respiratory system, respiration, ambient temperature, exhaled air, regression analysis, relative humidity.
Sokolov, V.E., I.G. Meshcherskii, V.O. Klishin, and N. Feoktistova (1995). Legochnaia vodootdacha u melkogo kitoobraznogo. [Evaporative water loss by small cetaceans]. Doklady Akademii Nauk 342(1): 136-7. ISSN: 0869-5652.
NAL Call Number: Q60.D64
Descriptors: body water, dolphins physiology, lung physiology, respiration, temperature.
Language of Text: Russian.
Sokolov, V.E. and L.V. Stepanova (1995). Dolphin perianal glands. Doklady Akademii Nauk 342(6): 823-826.
NAL Call Number: Q60.D64
Descriptors: cell biology, digestive system, ingestion and assimilation, immune system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, morphology, electron microscopy, glycosaminoglycans, histology, immune protection, lipids, proteins.
Sokolov, V.E. and L.V. Stepanova (1995). Prianal'nye zhelezy del'finov. [Dolphin anal glands]. Doklady Akademii Nauk 342(6): 823-6. ISSN: 0869-5652.
NAL Call Number: Q60.D64
Descriptors: anus ultrastructure, dolphins anatomy and histology, anus anatomy and histology, anus metabolism, epithelium metabolism, glycosaminoglycans biosynthesis, lipids biosynthesis, lymphoid tissue ultrastructure, microscopy, electron, protein biosynthesis.
Language of Text: Russian.
Soldevilla, M.S., M.F. McKenna, S.M. Wiggins, R.E. Shadwick, T.W. Cranford, and J.A. Hildebrand (2005). Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) head tissues: physical properties and CT imaging. Journal of Experimental Biology 208(12): 2319-2332. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Tissue physical properties from a Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) neonate head are reported and compared with computed tomography (CT) X-ray imaging. Physical properties measured include longitudinal sound velocity, density, elastic modulus and hysteresis. Tissues were classified by type as follows: mandibular acoustic fat, mandibular blubber, forehead acoustic fat (melon), forehead blubber, muscle and connective tissue. Results show that each class of tissues has unique, co-varying physical properties. The mandibular acoustic fats had minimal values for sound speed (1350+/-10.6 m s(-1)) and mass density (890+/-23 kg m(-3)). These values increased through mandibular blubber (1376+/-13 m s(-1), 919+/-13 kg m(-3)), melon (1382+/-23 m s(-1), 937+/-17 kg m(-3)), forehead blubber (1401+/-7.8 m s(-1), 935+/-25 kg m(-3)) and muscle (1517+/-46.8 m s(-1), 993+/-58 kg m(-3)). Connective tissue had the greatest mean sound speed and density (1628+/-48.7 m s(-1), 1087+/-41 kg m(-3)). The melon formed a low-density, low-sound-speed core, supporting its function as a sound focusing organ. Hounsfield unit (HU) values from CT X-ray imaging are correlated with density and sound speed values, allowing HU values to be used to predict these physical properties. Blubber and connective tissues have a higher elastic modulus than acoustic fats and melon, suggesting more collagen structure in blubber and connective tissues. Blubber tissue elastic modulus is nonlinear with varying stress, becoming more incompressible as stress is increased. These data provide important physical properties required to construct models of the sound generation and reception mechanisms in Ziphius cavirostris heads, as well as models of their interaction with anthropogenic sound.
Descriptors: beaked whale, head tissues, CT imaging, physical properties, blubber, acoustic fat, sound generation.
Solntseva, G.N. (2001). Structures, functions, and parameters of bulla tympanica in the dolphin Tursiops truncatus in a three-dimensional presentation. Doklady Biological Sciences Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 381: 551-4. ISSN: 0012-4966.
Descriptors: ear anatomy and histology, ear physiology, dolphins, hearing, models, anatomic, models, theoretical.
Notes: Biological sciences sections translated from Russian.
Spoor, F., S. Bajpai, S.T. Hussain, K. Kumar, and J.G. Thewissen (2002). Vestibular evidence for the evolution of aquatic behaviour in early cetaceans. Nature (London) 417(6885): 163-6. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: Early cetaceans evolved from terrestrial quadrupeds to obligate swimmers, a change that is traditionally studied by functional analysis of the postcranial skeleton. Here we assess the evolution of cetacean locomotor behaviour from an independent perspective by looking at the semicircular canal system, one of the main sense organs involved in neural control of locomotion. Extant cetaceans are found to be unique in that their canal arc size, corrected for body mass, is approximately three times smaller than in other mammals. This reduces the sensitivity of the canal system, most plausibly to match the fast body rotations that characterize cetacean behaviour. Eocene fossils show that the new sensory regime, incompatible with terrestrial competence, developed quickly and early in cetacean evolution, as soon as the taxa are associated with marine environments. Dedicated agile swimming of cetaceans thus appeared to have originated as a rapid and fundamental shift in locomotion rather than as the gradual transition suggested by postcranial evidence. We hypothesize that the unparalleled modification of the semicircular canal system represented a key 'point of no return' event in early cetacean evolution, leading to full independence from life on land.
Descriptors: Cetacea anatomy and histology, Cetacea physiology, evolution, labyrinth anatomy and histology, labyrinth physiology, swimming physiology, body weight, Cetacea classification, cochlea anatomy and histology, cochlea physiology, marine biology, phylogeny, rotation.
Stromberg, M.W. (1989). Dermal-epidermal relationships in the skin of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Series C, Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 18(1): 1-13. ISSN: 0340-2096.
NAL Call Number: SF761.Z4
Descriptors: Tursiops, skin, animal anatomy, anatomy, Cetacea, integument, mammals, tissues, vertebrates.
Language of Text: German, English, Spanish and French summaries.
Struntz, D.J., W.A. McLellan, R.M. Dillaman, J.E. Blum, J.R. Kucklick, and D.A. Pabst (2004). Blubber development in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Morphology 259(1): 7-20. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: adipocytes cytology, adipose tissue embryology, adipose tissue growth and development, dolphins growth and development, adipocytes physiology, adipose tissue cytology, aging physiology, animals, newborn, body temperature regulation physiology, body weight physiology, cell differentiation physiology, cell size physiology, connective tissue embryology, connective tissue growth and development, dolphins anatomy and histology, dolphins physiology, fetus, lipids metabolism, motor activity physiology, swimming physiology.
Sumich, J.L. (2001). Direct and indirect measures of oxygen extraction, tidal lung volumes and respiratory rates in a rehabilitating gray whale calf. Aquatic Mammals 27(3): 279-283. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: respiratory system, respiration, acoustic monitoring, monitoring method, measurement method, expiratory flow rates, metabolic rates, nursery lagoons, oxygen extraction, respiratory rates, tidal lung volume, ventilation wildlife rehabilitation, Seaworld, gray whale, oxygen extraction, tidal lung volumes.
Supin, A.Y. (1994). Auditory mechanisms in dolphins. Sensornye Sistemy 8(3-4): 204-212. ISSN: 0235-0092.
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, sense organs, sensory reception, sound conductance, sound source direction sensitivity, temporal hearing resolution.
Symoens, J.J. (1992). Whales: biology, threats, conservation: symposium. June 5, 1991-June 7, 1991, Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences: Brussels, 260 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C4W43 1992
Descriptors: cetaceans congresses, whales congresses, porpoises congresses, dolphins congresses.
Language of Text: English and French.
Szymanski, M.D., D.E. Bain, K. Kiehl, S. Pennington, S. Wong, and K.R. Henry (1999). Killer whale (Orcinus orca) hearing: auditory brainstem response and behavioral audiograms. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 106(2): 1134-41. ISSN: 0001-4966.
Abstract: Killer whale (Orcinus orca) audiograms were measured using behavioral responses and auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) from two trained adult females. The mean auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiogram to tones between 1 and 100 kHz was 12 dB (re 1 mu Pa) less sensitive than behavioral audiograms from the same individuals (+/- 8 dB). The ABR and behavioral audiogram curves had shapes that were generally consistent and had the best threshold agreement (5 dB) in the most sensitive range 18-42 kHz, and the least (22 dB) at higher frequencies 60-100 kHz. The most sensitive frequency in the mean Orcinus audiogram was 20 kHz (36 dB), a frequency lower than many other odontocetes, but one that matches peak spectral energy reported for wild killer whale echolocation clicks. A previously reported audiogram of a male Orcinus had greatest sensitivity in this range (15 kHz, approximately 35 dB). Both whales reliably responded to 100-kHz tones (95 dB), and one whale to a 120-kHz tone, a variation from an earlier reported high-frequency limit of 32 kHz for a male Orcinus. Despite smaller amplitude ABRs than smaller delphinids, the results demonstrated that ABR audiometry can provide a useful suprathreshold estimate of hearing range in toothed whales.
Descriptors: audiometry methods, behavior, animal physiology, dolphins physiology, evoked potentials, auditory, brain stem physiology, hearing physiology, auditory threshold physiology.
Tajima, Y., Y. Hayashi, and T.K. Yamada (2004). Comparative anatomical study on the relationships between the vestigial pelvic bones and the surrounding structures of finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 66(7): 761-6. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: Morphology of the modern cetaceans represents the results of adaptation of the ancestral terrestrial mammals to aquatic life through their evolutional processes. Some of the primitive fossil cetaceans are known to have both fore and hind limbs, whereas the pelvic bones of modern cetaceans are, in general, a pair of slender rod-like structures within the abdominal wall muscles just anterior to the anus with no articulations to the axial skeleton in both sexes. It is interesting and important to consider the causes and processes of how the hind limbs were lost and how the pelvis was reduced during the process of adaptation. In the present study, we tried to evaluate the topography and function of rudimentary pelvic bones of the finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides), one of the members of the odontocete cetaceans, with special references to the structures around the pelvic bones. Some soft tissues such as M. ischiocavernosus relating to the pelvic bone are transformed following the drastic reduction of the pelvis. This transformation tells us that the cetaceans adapted to the aquatic life during evolutional processes chose the tail flukes driven by the powerful trunk muscles for locomotion, instead of modifying the hind limbs into hind flippers as seen in pinnipeds. On the other hand, it is evident that a function of the pelvic bones of the male finless porpoise was supporting the penis as those of terrestrial mammals. It is noteworthy that the morphological features of the ancestral terrestrial mammals can be traced when they are carefully compared with those of the finless porpoise.
Descriptors: abdominal muscles anatomy and histology, pelvic bones anatomy and histology, porpoises anatomy and histology, adaptation, biological, anatomy, comparative.
Tajima, Y., R. Imai, H. Fukuoka, Y. Hayashi, and T.K. Yamada (2003). Comparative anatomical study on the structure around the pelvis in the finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides). Honyurui Kagaku 3(Suppl.): 71-74. ISSN: 0385-437X.
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, morphology, aquatic adaptation, comparative anatomy, evolutionary processes, pelvis, finless popoise, bones, locomotion.
Tarpley, R.J., J.B. Gelderd, S. Bauserman, and S.H. Ridgway (1994). Dolphin peripheral visual pathway in chronic unilateral ocular atrophy: complete decussation apparent. Journal of Morphology 222(1): 91-102. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Abstract: Components of the peripheral visual pathway were examined in two bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, each with unilateral ocular degeneration and scarring of 3 or more years' duration. In both animals, the optic nerve associated with the blind eye (right eye in Tg419 and left eye in Tt038) had a translucent, gel-like appearance upon gross examination. This translucency was also evident in the optic tract contralateral to the affected eye. In Tg419, myelinated axons of varying diameters were apparent in the left optic nerve, whereas the right optic nerve, serving the blind eye, appeared to be devoid of axons. In Tt038, myelinated axons were associated with the right optic nerve (serving the functional eye) and left optic tract but were essentially absent in the left optic nerve and right optic tract. Examined by light microscopy in serial horizontal sections, the optic chiasm of Tt038 was arranged along its central plane in segregated, alternating pathways for the decussation of right and left optic nerve fibers. Ventral to this plane, the chiasm was comprised of fibers from the left optic nerve, whereas dorsal to the central plane, fibers derived from the right optic nerve. Because of this architectural arrangement, the right and left optic nerves grossly appeared to overlap as they crossed the optic chiasm with the right optic nerve coursing dorsally to the left optic nerve. At the light and electron microscopic levels, the optic nerves and tracts lacking axons were well vascularized and dominated by glial cell bodies and glial processes, an expression of the marked glial scarring associated with postinjury axonal degeneration. The apparent absence of axons in one of the optic tract pairs (right in Tt038 and left in Tg419) supports the concept of complete decussation of right and left optic nerve fibers at the optic chiasm in the bottlenose dolphin.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, eye pathology, visual pathways pathology, animal diseases pathology, atrophy, chronic disease, visual pathways ultrastructure.
Tarpley, R.J., D.J. Hillmann, W.G. Henk, and J.C. George (1997). Observations on the external morphology and vasculature of a fetal heart of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Anatomical Record 247(4): 556-81. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Specialized demands within the aquatic environment for over some 60 million years have shaped unique morphological expressions in the whales, dolphins, and porpoises (Cetacea). Detailed consideration of these features, particularly in the great whales, has often been constrained by difficulties in securing adequate specimens for study. We had the opportunity to examine external heart morphology in a rarely obtained and prepared specimen from the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. METHODS: The external morphology and in situ relations of a formalin-perfused heart were examined grossly in a near-term bowhead fetus. Latex injections assisted visualization of coronary vasculature. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to clarify heart positioning within the thoracic cavity in two younger (early and mid-gestational) intact fetuses. RESULTS: The heart was globular in form, with a blunt apex and wide base; it was laterally broad relative to height yet considerably compressed between nearly planar atrial (diaphragmatic) and auricular (sternocostal) surfaces. The heart constituted 0.01 of body mass in the near-term fetus. Within the thoracic cavity, the heart tilted forward on its long axis, placing the great basal vessels in the region of the thoracic inlet. The aorta extended forward from mid-base in parallel with the pulmonary trunk, arched sharply to the left, producing in succession the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. Bifurcation of the brachiocephalic trunk yielded the right common carotid and right subclavian arteries. The distal portion of the aortic arch was linked to the pulmonary trunk via the ductus arteriosus. The aorta then swung caudally over the heart base, descending beneath the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae. The ascending aorta featured three bulbous sinuses immediately distal to the three semilunar cusps of the aortic valve. Originating along the distal boundaries of the left and right sinuses were the left and right coronary arteries. The arteries were similar in size and, because each sent contributions along their respective coronary and interventricular grooves, the heart can be described as bilateral relative to arterial supply. Anastomoses were common within and between the two arteries. Venous return from the heart was comprised of the great, middle, and right cardiac veins, all three converging in the coronary sinus. The right cardiac vein also included tributaries that emptied directly into the right atrium. CONCLUSIONS: External heart morphology in the fetal bowhead whale examined was distinguished by a laterally broad conformation with significant compression between its cranial and caudal surfaces. Aortic bulb configuration in combination with an expandable aortic arch may support blood service to the heart during diastole. Vascular service to the heart featured a complex vessel network with extensive intraarterial and intravenous anastomoses that enable many alternate blood perfusion pathways and may be adaptive to water-column-pressure fluctuations experienced by a large diving mammal.
Descriptors: coronary vessels embryology, heart embryology, whales embryology, coronary circulation, magnetic resonance imaging.
Tarpley, R.J., G.H. Jarrell, J.C. George, J. Cubbage, and G.G. Stott (1995). Male pseudohermaphroditism in the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Journal of Mammalogy 76(4): 1267-1275. ISSN: 0022-2372.
NAL Call Number: 410 J823
Abstract: Examination of two bowhead whales, Balaena mysticetus, revealed an unusual assembly of reproductive structures. Although the external phenotype was female, the gonads were underdeveloped testes. In the more thoroughly studied of the two whales, all derivatives of the mesonephric (wolffian) and paramesonelphric (mullerian) ducts were absent, and there was an apparently normal male karyotype (40 autosomes + XY). These findings suggest a failure of androgen expression consistent with the syndrome of complete testicular feminization reported in other species. Structural comparisons with two normal male bowheads confirm abnormal development in the two affected whales.
Descriptors: endocrine system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, reproductive system, reproduction, systematics and taxonomy, androgen resistance, testicular feminization.
Tarpley, R.J. and S.H. Ridgway (1994). Corpus callosum size in delphinid cetaceans. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 44(3): 156-65. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Abstract: The midsagittal surface area of the corpus callosum was determined by computer-assisted morphometry in juvenile and adult members of 13 species of the cetacean family Delphinidae. In 57 brains, absolute callosal areas ranged from 104 to 829 mm2. When compared to other mammal groups possessing a corpus callosum, callosal area in dolphins was smaller in relation to brain mass with a ratio range (mm2/g) of 0.08-0.31. The corpus callosum was decreased relative to brain mass in the larger-brained odontocetes, suggesting that increases in brain size were not necessarily allied with needs for equivalent increases in callosal linkage. One delphinid species, Tursiops truncatus, for which the largest single-species sample was available, was examined for sex differences in callosal size relative to brain mass. Among 10 males and 5 females the averaged ratio was not distinguishable between sexes.
Descriptors: Cetacea anatomy and histology, corpus callosum anatomy and histology, biometry, body weight physiology, evolution, reference values, species specificity.
Telfer, N., L.H. Cornell, and J.H. Prescott (1970). Do dolphins drink water? Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 157(5): 555-558.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: dolphins, drink water.
Terasawa, F., Y. Yokoyama, and M. Kitamura (1999). Rectal temperatures before and after parturition in bottlenose dolphins. Zoo Biology 18(2): 153-156. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: Tursiops truncatus, body temperature, parturition, pregnancy.
Tetsuka, M., M. Asada, T. Mogoe, Y. Fukui, H. Ishikawa, and S. Ohsumi (2004). The pattern of ovarian development in the prepubertal antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis). Journal of Reproduction and Development 50(4): 381-9. ISSN: 0916-8818.
NAL Call Number: SF1.K3
Abstract: This study describes the morphological and morphometrical changes associated with prepubertal ovarian development in the Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis). Ovaries were harvested from 94 immature minke whales caught in the Antarctic Ocean during the summer feeding season (December-March). Notable differences in ovarian size and morphology were found among animals. Up to 10 folds difference in ovarian weight was found among prepubertal whales of similar body size. During the prepubertal period, ovaries grew slowly and approximately doubled their weight. The morphologies of right and left ovaries were almost identical while the growth of the ovary appears to occur preferentially on the right side. The most striking morphological feature was numerous small antral follicles less than 5 mm in diameter found in ovaries of younger immature whales. The occurrence of these ovaries was highest in whales less than 6 m long and gradually decreased as body length increased. In larger whales, the occurrence of ovaries with a smaller number of follicles up to 10 mm and thick tunica albuginea increased. Thus, the ovary of the Antarctic minke whale experiences bursts of small follicular development during the early prepubertal period before becoming a more developed ovary with fewer but larger follicles, and thick tunica albuginea.
Descriptors: ovary growth and development, sexual maturation physiology, whales physiology, Antarctic regions, ovary anatomy and histology, ovary physiology.
Thewissen, J.G. and S.T. Hussain (1993). Origin of underwater hearing in whales. Nature (London) 361(6411): 444-5. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: All described fossil and Recent cetaceans have relatively similar ear bones (malleus, incus and stapes) that strongly diverge from those of land mammals. Here we report that the hearing organ of the oldest whale, Pakicetus, is the only known intermediate between that of land mammals and aquatic cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises). The incus of Pakicetus is intermediate with respect to inflation, crural proportions, and position of the mallear joint. The incus and mandible of Pakicetus indicate that the path of soundwaves to its ear resembled that of land mammals. These fossils suggest that the first whale was amphibious, and corroborate the hypothesis that artiodactyls (for example, pigs, camels and ruminants) are the closest extant relatives of cetaceans.
Descriptors: evolution, fossils, hearing physiology, whales anatomy and histology, whales physiology, ear anatomy and histology, ear physiology, jaw anatomy and histology, jaw physiology.
Thewissen, J.G. and S.I. Madar (1999). Ankle morphology of the earliest Cetaceans and its implications for the phylogenetic relations among ungulates. Systematic Biology 48(1): 21-30. ISSN: 1063-5157.
NAL Call Number: QH83.S9
Abstract: Recent molecular studies are inconsistent with ungulate phylogenetic trees that are based on morphological traits. These inconsistencies especially relate to the position of cetaceans and perissodactyls. Evaluation of the close phylogenetic ties between artiodactyls and cetaceans has been hampered by the absence of tarsal bones of primitive cetaceans, as artiodactyls are often diagnosed on the basis of their tarsus. We here describe newly discovered tarsal bones that are the oldest cetacean tarsals known. We present a character analysis for primitive ungulate tarsals and evaluate their impact on the ungulate phylogenetic tree. Tarsal data are consistent with some molecular studies in suggesting that the extant sister group of Cetacea is Artiodactyla or that Cetacea should be included within the latter order. Tarsal data do not support Cete (Mesonychia plus Cetacea) and are consistent with the exclusion of perissodactyls from paenungulates as suggested by some molecular studies.
Descriptors: Cetacea anatomy and histology, joints anatomy and histology, phylogeny, ruminants anatomy and histology, Cetacea classification, hindlimb anatomy and histology, ruminants classification.
Thewissen, J.G., E.M. Williams, L.J. Roe, and S.T. Hussain (2001). Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls. Nature (London) 413(6853): 277-81. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Abstract: Modern members of the mammalian order Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises) are obligate aquatic swimmers that are highly distinctive in morphology, lacking hair and hind limbs, and having flippers, flukes, and a streamlined body. Eocene fossils document much of cetaceans' land-to-water transition, but, until now, the most primitive representative for which a skeleton was known was clearly amphibious and lived in coastal environments. Here we report on the skeletons of two early Eocene pakicetid cetaceans, the fox-sized Ichthyolestes pinfoldi, and the wolf-sized Pakicetus attocki. Their skeletons also elucidate the relationships of cetaceans to other mammals. Morphological cladistic analyses have shown cetaceans to be most closely related to one or more mesonychians, a group of extinct, archaic ungulates, but molecular analyses have indicated that they are the sister group to hippopotamids. Our cladistic analysis indicates that cetaceans are more closely related to artiodactyls than to any mesonychian. Cetaceans are not the sister group to (any) mesonychians, nor to hippopotamids. Our analysis stops short of identifying any particular artiodactyl family as the cetacean sister group and supports monophyly of artiodactyls.
Descriptors: bone and bones anatomy and histology, Cetacea classification, evolution, fossils, whales classification, Cetacea anatomy and histology, phylogeny, skeleton, whales anatomy and histology.
Notes: Comment In: Nature. 2001 Sep 20;413(6853):259-60.
Thewissen, J.G.M. (1994). Phylogenetic aspects of cetacean origins: a morphological perspective. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 2(3): 157-184. ISSN: 1064-7554.
Abstract: The evolutionary steps leading up to the origin of cetaceans involved pervasive changes in the masticatory apparatus, the ear, and limb morphology. These changes bear heavily on the phylogenetic relationships of Cetacea, and are investigated here on the basis of two of its earliest members: Pakicetus and Ambulocetus. A phylogenetic analysis of cetaceans, five groups of mesonychians, and five other groups of ungulates indicates that Pakicetus is the sister group to all other cetaceans, and that Cete (mesonychians and Cetacea) is a monophyletic group.
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, evolution and adaptation, morphology, paleobiology, sense organs, sensory reception, systematics and taxonomy, ear, jaw, limb.
Tromans, A. (2003). Volume control. Nature (London) 423(6942): 815. ISSN: 0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: acoustics, dolphins physiology, echolocation physiology, sound, Chiroptera physiology.
Notes: Comment On: Nature. 2003 Jun 19;423(6942):861-3.
Tsuchiya, T., H. Tamate, Y. Takahashi, K. Suzuki, and H. Nagai (1983). Enzyme histochemical studies on the parathyroid gland and thyroid C-cells [calcitonin containing cells] in the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis). Tohoku Journal of Agricultural Research 33(3-4): 146-151. ISSN: 0040-8719.
NAL Call Number: 22.5 T574
Descriptors: dolphins, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, enzymes, cells, calcitonin, anatomy, animal anatomy, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, body parts, Cetacea, endocrine glands, glands, hormones, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, organic compounds, peptides, proteins, thyroid hormones, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Tytell, E. (2004). Humpbacks' bumpy flippers. Journal of Experimental Biology 207(21): IV. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: Megaptera novaeangliae, forelimbs, effects on hydrodynamic performance, synopsis, biomechanics, flipper tubercles, swimming, hydrodynamic performance.
Tzong, F.K., H.C. Ming, and S.C. Lien (2002). The bronchial tree and lobular division of the dwarf sperm whale (Kogia simus) lung. Journal of the Agricultural Association of China 3(3): 254-263. ISSN: 0578-1434.
NAL Call Number: 22.5 AG862
Descriptors: respiratory system, respiration, bronchial tree, lobular division, dwarf sperm whale, lung.
Valatx, J.L. (2004). [The ontogeny and physiology confirms the dual nature of sleep states.]. Archives Italiennes De Biologie 142(4): 569-80. ISSN: 0003-9829.
Abstract: In the Jouvet's laboratory, as early as 1960 the study of the ontogenesis of paradoxical sleep (PS) named "sleep 'with jerks" began in the kitten and led to the first publication in 1961. Then, several species were studied, lamb, rat, human neonates, etc. These works showed that at birth sleep with jerks was preponderant in altricial (immature) species (cat, rat) and the first to appear during the second half of gestation in precocious species (guinea pig). For Jouvet, sleep with jerks is a immature form of PS. Why PS is so important at birth? The maturation of the central nervous system, based on the myelinization, starts in the spinal cord then forwards to the brainstem and forebrain. So, PS mechanisms located in the brainstem are the first to mature and the only one to function. Then the slow wave sleep (SWS) and waking structures become mature. Phylogenetic studies showed that in mammals and birds PS was present even in marsupials and monotremes. Until now only the one exception is the dolphin with a voluntary breathing. To sleep and breath, dolphin has developed an unilateral sleep without classical PS. In other animals, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, PS was not observed with the parameters used in mammals. The study at birth (not yet done) of reptiles would allow perhaps the observation of a temporary PS. Based on these findings, a schematic model of the sleep regulation can be elaborated. Haeckel's aphorism "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" seems true for PS which appears in birds and mammals i.e. at the end of evolution as it appears at the end of gestation when PS cerebral structures are present and mature.
Descriptors: brain physiology, mammals physiology, neural pathways physiology, sleep physiology, sleep, rem physiology, birds physiology, brain embryology, brain growth and development, circadian rhythm physiology, evolution, neural pathways embryology, neural pathways growth and development, phylogeny, reptiles physiology.
Language of Text: English and French.
van der Schoot, P. (1995). Studies on the fetal development of the gubernaculum in cetacea. Anatomical Record 243(4): 449-60. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Abstract: BACKGROUND. Adult cetacean males, like non-mammalian vertebrates and other testicond mammals, have intra-abdominal testes. There is no evidence of a processus vaginalis in them. Testicondia in cetaceans is considered secondary as they are judged, evolutionarily, the descendants of terrestrial mammals (ungulates) with testis descent. A possible argument in support of the latter contention would be that cetacean fetuses develop gubernacula which are the primordia of the processus vaginalis and other structures associated with testis descent in other placental mammals. The present study intended to analyse cetacean fetuses in this respect. METHODS. Serial sections of 25 fetuses (total body length between 39.5 and 160 mm) of 4 cetacean species (Delphinus delphis, Phocoena phocoena, Eschrichtius robustus, Physeter catodon) were examined with special attention to the presence or absence of structures homologous to the gubernaculum of other placental mammals (rats and humans). RESULTS. Gubernacular primordia were observed in fetuses from about the time of onset of sexual differentiation. Their shape and anatomical relationship with the surrounding structures were similar as those in mammals with testis descent. The gubernaculum in males developed into a large mass of dense connective tissue in the ventral-caudal abdominal region at the site of the insertion of the mesonephric inguinal ligament and associated to the tip of the internal abdominal oblique muscle. No (or only very little) development of a processus vaginalis was noticed. CONCLUSIONS. The results demonstrate initial emergence of mammalian-like gubernacular primordia in cetacean fetuses without their further development to elaborate structures required for testis descent. The findings support the view that cetaceans are secondarily testicond. It is suggested that (1) absence of the pelvic girdle together with (2) the development of structures in and beyond the caudal abdominal region, particularly the caudal hypaxial musculature, precludes the outgrowth, into caudal direction, of hollow organs (such as the processus vaginalis) from the abdominal cavity.
Descriptors: Cetacea embryology, testis embryology, body temperature, Cetacea physiology, photography, rats, species specificity.
Vogl, A.W. and H.D. Fisher (1982). Arterial retia related to supply of the central nervous system in two small toothed whales--narwhal (Monodon monocerous) and beluga (Delphinapterus leucas). Journal of Morphology 174(1): 41-56. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: arterial retia, central nervous system, toothed whales, narwhal, beluga.
Vogl, A.W. and H.D. Fisher (1981). Arterial circulation of the spinal cord and brain in the Monodontidae (order Cetacea) [Monodon monoceros, Delphinapterus leucas]. Journal of Morphology 170(2): 171-180. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: arterial circulation, spinal cord, brain, Cetacea, Monodontidae.
Vogl, A.W. and H.D. Fisher (1981). The internal carotid artery does not directly supply the brain in the Monodontidae (order Cetacea) [Delphinapterus leucas, Monodon monoceros]. Journal of Morphology 170(2): 207-214. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: internal carotid artery, brain, Cetacea, Delphinapterus, Monodon, supply.
Vogl, A.W., M.E. Todd, and H.D. Fisher (1981). An ultrastructural and fluorescence histochemical investigation of the innervation of retial arteries in Monodon monoceros [Narwhal]. Journal of Morphology 168(1): 109-120. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: retial arteries, Narwhal, innervation, histochemical, ultrastructural, Monodon monoceros.
von Fersen, L., U. Schall, and O. Gunturkun (2000). Visual lateralization of pattern discrimination in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Behavioural Brain Research 107(1-2): 177-81. ISSN: 0166-4328.
Abstract: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether bottlenose dolphins have cerebral asymmetries of visual processing. The monocular performance of the adult dolphin Goliath was tested using a large number of simultaneous multiple pattern discrimination tasks. The experiments revealed a clear right eye advantage in the acquisition and the retention of pattern discriminations as well as asymmetries in the interhemispheric transfer of visual information. As a result of a complete decussation at the optic nerve, this right eye superiority is probably related to a left hemisphere dominance in visual processing.
Descriptors: discrimination learning physiology, dolphins physiology, dominance, cerebral physiology, pattern recognition, visual physiology, optic nerve physiology, retention psychology physiology, vision, monocular physiology.
Vukovic, S., H. Lucic, H. Gomercic, M. Duras Gomercic, T. Gomercic, D. Skrtic, and S. Curkovic (2005). Morphology of the lymph nodes in bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 53(1): 1-11. ISSN: 0236-6290.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 AC83
Abstract: Morphology of the lymph nodes was examined in six bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and three striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Adriatic Sea. All animals had been found dead in nature. One group of the nodes was taken from the tracheal branching area and was marked as bifurcational lymph node, and the other group was taken from the mesenteric root and was marked as mesenteric lymph node. Microscopic analysis showed that the lymph nodes in both dolphin species were surrounded by a connective tissue capsule comprising smooth muscle cells. The parenchyma of the mesenteric and bifurcational lymph nodes in bottlenose dolphin was divided into the peripherally situated cortex with the lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue, and the centrally situated medulla structured of the medullary cords separated by the medullary sinuses. These lymph nodes structurally correspond to the lymph nodes in the majority of terrestrial mammals. The mesenteric lymph node of striped dolphin also had a peripherally situated cortex and a centrally positioned medulla as the majority of terrestrial mammals. In the bifurcational lymph nodes of striped dolphin, there was a central dense lymphatic tissue with the lymphatic nodules and a peripheral less dense lymphatic tissue structured of the cell cords and sinuses. The bifurcational lymph node in striped dolphin resembled porcine lymph nodes and belonged to the inverse lymph nodes.
Descriptors: dolphins anatomy and histology, lymph nodes anatomy and histology, immunohistochemistry, lymph nodes pathology, lymph nodes ultrastructure, mesentery, organ size, species specificity, trachea.
Wang, D., R. Liu, Q. Zhao, G. Yang, X. Xu, Z. Huang, J. Xin, and B. Chen (2003). Pathological anatomy and analysis of death causes for a Chinese white dolphin. Acta Theriologica Sinica 23(2): 183-184. ISSN: 1000-1050.
Descriptors: Sousa chinensis, industry, navigation channel maintenance with explosives, conservation measures, mortality prevention recommendations, injuries, cranial and subcutaneous haemorrhaging, industrial explosives mortality factor, mortality, north Pacific, China, Fujian, Xiamen, stranding record mortality, pathology of industrial injury and conservation recommendations.
Wang, J.P., E. Huang, L.S. Chou, W. Chi, and C.J. Yao (2004). The sternum, pectoral and pelvic girdle of cetaceans and phylogenetic implications. Anatomical Science International 79(311) ISSN: 1447-6959.
Descriptors: morphology, skeletal system, movement and support, principal component analysis, mathematical and computer techniques, cluster analysis, factor analysis, anatomy, morphometry, laboratory techniques, sternum, pelvic, pectoral, phylogenetic tree, cetaceans.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Congress of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) and the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, Kyoto, Japan, August 22-27, 2004.
Wang, J.L., G. Yang, K.Y. Zhou, and F.W. Wei (2003). A preliminary study on the cranial characters for common dolphins (genus Delphinus) in Chinese waters. Chinese Journal of Zoology 38(5): 30-34. ISSN: 0250-3263.
Descriptors: Delphinus capensis, size, skull, north Pacific, China, skull morphometrics, implications for species identity.
Wang, P. (1992). Taxonomy of finless porpoise in China. Fisheries Science (6): 10-13. ISSN: 1003-1111.
Descriptors: delphinus, taxa, body measurements, animal morphology, natural distribution, China, Asia, biogeography, Cetacea, dolphins, East Asia, mammals, taxonomy.
Language of Text: French summary.
Weber Rosas, F.C. and A. Andriolo (2001). Orders Cetacea and Pinnipedia (whales, dolphins, seals, fur seals, sea lions). Biology. In: M.E. Fowler and Z.S. Cubas (Editors), Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, Iowa State University Press: Ames, p. 332-341. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL Call Number: SF996.4.B56 2001
Descriptors: Pinnipedia, Cetacea, disturbance by man, food for man, conservation, north west Atlantic, south west Atlantic, east Pacific, South America, distribution, biology, exploitation and conservation.
Werth, A.J. (2004). Functional morphology of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) tongue, with reference to suction feeding. Aquatic Mammals 30(3): 405-418. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Abstract: Gross and microscopic examination of the tongue and hyolingual apparatus of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) revealed numerous distinct differences from those of other toothed whales and dolphins, largely reflecting the tongue's atypical position, relations, and size, and its primary role in suction ingestion, rather than prey prehension or transport, as in many other odontocetes. Unlike other odontocetes, the sperm whale has a short, wide tongue that is uniquely situated at the rear of the open oral cavity. Since the tongue does not extend to the tooth row, which runs along the elongated median mandibular symphysis, it cannot easily reorient grasped prey items, yet it can position them to be swallowed or sucked directly into the oropharyngeal opening. The scarcity of intrinsic lingual musculature (m. lingualis proprius), coupled with the relatively large paired extrinsic muscles inserting in the tongue-notably the m. hyoglossus, whose profuse fibers comprise much of the tongue root, and the m. genioglossus-suggests the tongue mainly undergoes positional, rather than shape, changes as it is retracted by the hyoid to generate negative intraoral pressures to capture and ingest prey items via suction. The tongue possesses numerous longitudinal folds or plicae, but almost no free tip; its slightly convex dorsum bears deep fissures and few sensory receptors in a multilayered and predominantly aglandular horny epithelium.
Descriptors: Physeter macrocephalus, skeletal musculature, lingual musculature, ingestion, feeding behavior, suction feeding, tongue, funtional morphology, north Atlantic, USA, Massachusetts, Plymouth, tongue functional morphology, suction feeding relationships.
Werth, A.J. (2004). Models of hydrodynamic flow in the bowhead whale filter feeding apparatus. Journal of Experimental Biology 207(20): 3569-3580. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Anatomical and behavioral analyses suggest that the filtration mechanism of bowhead and right whales (Balaenidae) is driven by hydrodynamic as well as ram hydraulic pressures. Complementary models were devised to investigate biomechanical aspects of water flow in the buccal cavity of the bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus during continuous filter feeding. A mathematical model was created to test and quantify water flow predictions with steady state hydromechanical equations; a physical model of the bowhead mouth (approximately 1115 scale) was constructed to visualize flow processes. Both models rely on morphometric data obtained from whales harvested by Inupiat Eskimos for subsistence purposes along with information on foraging ecology (locomotor velocity, gape, etc.). Results indicate that unique features of balaenid oral construction and function (e.g. subrostral gap, orolabial sulcus, curvature of baleen, extensive mandibular rotation and lingual mobility) not only permit steady, unidirectional flow of water through the mouth, but also establish Bernoulli and Venturi effects during feeding. These hydrodynamic conditions allow balaenids to improve filtering efficiency and avoid creation of an anterior compressive wave (by increasing flow velocity and thereby reducing pressure) so that they may capture elusive prey even at slow swimming speeds.
Descriptors: Balaena mysticetus, biophysical techniques, mathematical techniques, hydromechanical modelling, mouth, biomechanics, hydrodynamics, feeding behavior, filter feeding, hydrodynamic flow patterns across feeding apparatus, mathematical model, buccal region, oral cavity, water movements, hydrodynamic flow.
Williams, T.M., W.A. Friedl, and J.E. Haun (1993). The physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): heart rate, metabolic rate and plasma lactate concentration during exercise. Journal of Experimental Biology 179: 31-46. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Despite speculation about the swimming efficiency of cetaceans, few studies have investigated the exercise physiology of these mammals. In view of this, we examined the physiological responses and locomotor energetics of two exercising adult Tursiops truncatus. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, respiratory rate and post-exercise blood lactate concentration were determined for animals either pushing against a load cell or swimming next to a boat. Many of the energetic and cardiorespiratory responses of exercising dolphins were similar to those of terrestrial mammals. Average heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen consumption for dolphins pushing against a load cell increased linearly with exercise levels up to 58 kg for a female dolphin and 85 kg for a male. Oxygen consumption did not increase with higher loads. Maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) ranged from 19.8 to 29.4 ml O2 kg-1 min-1, which was 7-11 times the calculated standard metabolic rate (VO2std) of the dolphins. Blood lactate concentration increased with exercise loads that exceeded VO2max. The maximum lactate concentration was 101.4 mg dl-1 (11.3 mmol l-1) for the male, and 120.6 mg dl-1 (13.6 mmol l-1) for the female. When swimming at 2.1 m s-1, heart rate, respiratory rate and post-exercise blood lactate concentration of the dolphins were not significantly different from values at rest. The cost of transport at this speed was 1.29 +/- 0.05 J kg-1 min-1. The energetic profile of the exercising bottlenose dolphin resembles that of a relatively sedentary mammal if the exercise variables defined for terrestrial mammals are used. However, the energetic cost of swimming for this cetacean is low in comparison to that of other aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, exertion physiology, heart rate, lactates blood, oxygen consumption, kinetics, lactic acid, swimming.
Williams, T.M., J. Haun, R.W. Davis, L.A. Fuiman, and S. Kohin (2001). A killer appetite: metabolic consequences of carnivory in marine mammals. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 129(4): 785-96. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Abstract: Among terrestrial mammals, the morphology of the gastrointestinal tract reflects the metabolic demands of the animal and individual requirements for processing, distributing, and absorbing nutrients. To determine if gastrointestinal tract morphology is similarly correlated with metabolic requirements in marine mammals, we examined the relationship between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and small intestinal length in pinnipeds and cetaceans. Oxygen consumption was measured for resting bottlenose dolphins and Weddell seals, and the results combined with data for four additional species of carnivorous marine mammal. Data for small intestinal length were obtained from previously published reports. Similar analyses were conducted for five species of carnivorous terrestrial mammal, for which BMR and intestinal length were known. The results indicate that the BMRs of Weddell seals and dolphins resting on the water surface are 1.6 and 2.3 times the predicted levels for similarly sized domestic terrestrial mammals, respectively. Small intestinal lengths for carnivorous marine mammals depend on body size and are comparatively longer than those of terrestrial carnivores. The relationship between basal metabolic rate (kcal day(-1)) and small intestinal length (m) for both marine and terrestrial carnivores was, BMR=142.5 intestinal length(1.20) (r(2)=0.83). We suggest that elevated metabolic rates among marine mammal carnivores are associated with comparatively large alimentary tracts that are presumably required for supporting the energetic demands of an aquatic lifestyle and for feeding on vertebrate and invertebrate prey.
Descriptors: basal metabolism physiology, dolphins physiology, intestine, small anatomy and histology, seals, earless physiology, body weight, diet, dolphins anatomy and histology, oxygen consumption, seals, earless anatomy and histology, statistics, temperature.
Wu, B.S., K.Y. Zhou, and Z.H. Zhao (2000). The lumbocaudal nerve of the finless porpoise. Chinese Journal of Zoology 35(6): 20-23. ISSN: 0250-3263.
Descriptors: Neophocaena phocaenoides, nerves, lumbocaudal nerve, anatomy.
Yamada, T.K., H. Ishikawa, and K. Nagasawa (2004). Cetacean jaw structure - what is the difference between diarthrosis and synchondrosis? Anatomical Science International 79: 178. ISSN: 1447-6959.
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion and assimilation, evolution and adaptation, skeletal system, movement and support, diarthrosis, functional adaptation, jaw articulation, synchondrosis.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Congress of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) and the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, Kyoto, Japan, August 22-27, 2004.
Yamagiwa, D., H. Endo, I. Nakanishi, A. Kusanagi, M. Kurohmaru, and Y. Hayashi (1999). Anatomy of the cranial nerve foramina in the Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus). Anatomischer Anzeiger 181(3): 293-7. ISSN: 0003-2786.
Abstract: In the present study, we examined the cranial nerve foramina of Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus). There were two distinguishable characters in the cranial nerve foramina compared with terrestrial mammals. One was that the foramen infraorbitale was composed of several holes, but not a single hole. They should therefore be termed foramina infraorbitales. The infraorbital nerves ran through these foramina, went into the 'melon' and then branched in a complicated fashion. The facial nerve innervated the muscles surrounding the melon. A well-developed infraorbital and facial nerve complex may control the melon. Another was the presence of a porus acusticus internus and independent tympano-periotic bone. The separate ear bone forced the vestibulocochlear and facial nerves to exit from the cranial cavity through the porus acusticus internus. The independent ear bone structure may shut off the noise from the cranial bone to the periotic bone with a true receptor of hearing. It may be an adaptation for an acute sense of hearing. Compared with other dolphins, the cranial foramina of Risso's dolphin are definitely separate. The structure of the foramina is similar to that of pilot whales, but not to dolphins, so that Grampus may be closely allied to pilot whales.
Descriptors: cranial nerves anatomy and histology, dolphins anatomy and histology, skull anatomy and histology, brain anatomy and histology, facial muscles anatomy and histology, facial muscles innervation, facial nerve anatomy and histology, facial nerve physiology.
Yaman, S., L. von Fersen, G. Dehnhardt, and O. Gunturkun (2003). Visual lateralization in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus): evidence for a population asymmetry? Behavioural Brain Research 142(1-2): 109-14. ISSN: 0166-4328.
Abstract: A previous behavioural study with a single bottlenose dolphin had reported a right eye superiority in visual discrimination tasks, indicating a left hemisphere dominance for visual object processing. The presence of a functional asymmetry demonstrated with one individual shows that this function can be lateralized in this single animal, but cannot reveal if this represents a population asymmetry. Therefore, we conducted a series of visual discrimination experiments with three individuals of Tursiops truncatus under monocular conditions. The tested animals had to distinguish between simultaneously presented stimulus pairs of different patterns, whereby one stimulus was always defined to be correct. Additionally, the animals were observed for their free eye use during training and introduction of new items. The present data set revealed a right eye advantage (left hemisphere dominance) for all tested animals and a predominance of right eye use during daily activities. These results make it possible that bottlenose dolphins are lateralized for visual pattern discrimination at the level of a population asymmetry. Against the background of similar data in other vertebrates, a left hemisphere dominance for pattern discrimination points to the possibility that dolphins exploit local visual details instead of global configurational features to recognize and memorize visual stimuli.
Descriptors: dolphins physiology, dominance, cerebral, pattern recognition, visual physiology, analysis of variance, discrimination learning physiology, laterality physiology.
Yamasaki, F. and T. Kamiya (1981). The stomach of the Boutu, Inia geoffrensis: Comparison with those of other Platanistids. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (33): 69-81. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: dolphins, inland water environment, stomach, oesophagus, anatomy, animal anatomy, animals, aquatic animals, aquatic environment, aquatic mammals, aquatic organisms, body parts, Cetacea, digestive system, environment, ISSCAAP group b 63, ISSCAAP groups of species, mammals, vertebrates.
Language of Text: English summary.
Yamasaki, F., S. Komatsu, and T. Kamiya (1980). A comparative morphological study on the tongues of manatee [Trichechus senegalensis and T. manatus] and dugong [Dugong dugon] (Sirenia). Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (32): 127-144. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: manatees, dugongs, animal anatomy, tongue, animal anatomy.
Language of Text: English summary.
Yamasaki, F., S. Komatsu, and T. Kamiya (1978). Taste buds in the pits at the posterior dorsum of the tongue of Stenella coeruleoalba. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (30): 285-290. ISSN: 0549-5717.
Descriptors: taste buds, tongue, pits, posterior dorsum, Stenella coeruleoalba.
Language of Text: English summary.
Yamasaki, F., S. Komatsu, and T. Kamiya (1977). A comparative morphology of anal tonsils in Platanistidae. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (29): 95-100.
Descriptors: anal tonsils, morphology, comparative, Platanistidae.
Language of Text: English summary.
Yonekura, M., S. Matsui, and T. Kasuya (1980). On the external characters of Globicephala macrorhynchus, off Taiji [short-finned pilot whales], Pacific coast of Japan. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (32): 67-95. ISSN: 0083-9086.
Descriptors: whales, animal anatomy, measurement, pigmentation, growth, coasts, Japan.
Language of Text: English summary.
Yoshida, H., K. Shirakihara, M. Shirakihara, and A. Takemura (1995). Geographic variation in the skull morphology of the finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides in Japanese waters. Fisheries Science (Tokyo) 61(4): 555-558. ISSN: 0919-9268.
Descriptors: dolphins, skull, animal morphology, Japan, coastal waters, biogeography, somatic variation, indigenous organisms, animal population, Asia, biogeography, body parts, bones, Cetacea, East Asia, genetic variation, geographical distribution, mammals, marine areas, musculoskeletal system.
Language of Text: English summary.
Yoshioka, M. (1996). Reproductive physiology in cetaceans. Bulletin of the Faculty of Bioresources Mie University (16): 45-48. ISSN: 0915-0471.
NAL Call Number: S471.J3M54
Descriptors: Cetacea, reproduction, oestrous cycle, pregnancy, artificial insemination, animal husbandry methods, biological rhythms, mammals, mating systems, physiological functions, reproduction, reproduction control, sexual reproduction.
Language of Text: English and Japanese summaries.
Zhang Xianfeng (1992). Studies on the age determination, growth and reproduction of finless porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 16(4): 289-298. ISSN: 1000-3207.
Descriptors: porpoises, teeth, sex ratio, sexual maturity, age, length, copulation, parturition, reproductive performance, China, animal morphology, Asia, biological properties, Cetacea, developmental stages, digestive system, dimensions, East Asia, fertilization, mammals, maturity, mouth, performance, physiological functions, population structure, reproduction, sexual reproduction.
Language of Text: Chinese and English summaries.
Zhu, Q., D.J. Hillmann, and W.G. Henk (2000). Observations on the muscles of the eye of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Anatomical Record 259(2): 189-204. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Descriptors: eye anatomy and histology, oculomotor muscles anatomy and histology, whales anatomy and histology, age factors, eye embryology, eye movements, eyelids anatomy and histology, eyelids embryology, oculomotor muscles embryology, terminology.
Zhu, Q., D.J. Hillmann, and W.G. Henk (2001). Morphology of the eye and surrounding structures of the bowhead whale, Balaena mysticetus. Marine Mammal Science 17(4): 729-750. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: Balaena mysticetus, head, eye, Arctic Ocean, USA, Alaska, morphology of eye and surrounding structures.
Zhu, Q., D. Wang, K.X. Wang, B. Jiang, and T.Y. Tang (2003). Review of the research on reproductive biology of cetaceans. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica 27(5): 542-546. ISSN: 1000-3207.
Descriptors: marine ecology, ecology, reproductive system, reproduction, mating, nursing, parturition, pregnancy, reproductive biology, research review, cetaceans.
Zylberberg, L., W. Traub, V. de Buffrenil, F. Allizard, T. Arad, and S. Weiner (1998). Rostrum of a toothed whale: ultrastructural study of a very dense bone. Bone 23(3): 241-7. ISSN: 8756-3282.
Abstract: The rostral bones of the toothed whale, Mesoplodon densirostris, consist mainly of hypermineralized secondary osteons and have yielded among the highest values for density (2.6 g/cm3) and mineral content (86.7%) yet reported for any bone. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy show parallel rods of mineral oriented along the length of the rostrum. These consist of platey crystals of carbonated hydroxyapatite, which, judging from electron diffraction, are extremely well and coherently aligned. The collagen component of the rostral bone consists largely of very thin fibrils aligned in longitudinal register to form tubular networks. The collagen fibrils are also aligned with the lengths of the mineral rods, which are apparently accommodated in the tubular spaces of the collagenous network. This peculiar ultrastructure clearly differs from the densely packed mineralized fibrils commonly observed in vertebrate lamellar osseous tissues, although histological examination has indicated some vestiges of "normal" primary bone surrounding the secondary osteons. Thus, the bone tissue in the rostrum is characterized by a remarkably sparse collagenous component. This ultrastructure can explain the high density, stiffness, and brittleness of the rostrum that have been observed. It also raises interesting questions about possible modes of crystal growth during ongoing mineralization in normal bone, and may have some relevance in the mechanical behavior of dense bones in pathological conditions.
Descriptors: bone density physiology, haversian system ultrastructure, whales anatomy and histology, calcification, physiologic physiology, collagen, hydroxyapatites, microscopy, electron, microscopy, electron, scanning, spine physiology.