Disclaimer: The information contained in these
guidelines is intended for reference purposes only. It provides a
summary of information about chemicals that workers may be
exposed to in their workplaces. The information contained in
these guidelines is current as of date of publication (September,
1996); recommendations may be superseded by new developments in
the field of industrial hygiene. Readers are therefore advised to
regard these recomendations as general guidelines and to
determine whether new information is available.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH GUIDELINE FOR TEDP (SULFOTEP)
INTRODUCTION
This guideline summarizes pertinent information about tetraethyl
dithionopyrophosphate (TEDP), also called sulfotep, for workers and
employers as well as for physicians, industrial hygienists, and other
occupational safety and health professionals who may need such information
to conduct effective occupational safety and health programs.
Recommendations may be superseded by new developments; readers are
therefore advised to regard these recommendations as general guidelines and
to determine periodically whether new information is available.
SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION
* Formula
(C(2)H(5))(4)P(2)S(2)O(5)
* Structure
(For Structure, see paper copy)
* Synonyms
Sulfotep; thio TEPP; tetraethyl pyrophosphorodithionate; sulfotepp;
thio pyrophosphoric acid; tetraethyl ester; Dithion; tetraethyl
dithionopyrophosphate; tetraethyl dithiopyrophosphate; Bayer-E-393;
Bladafume; Orthio; Lethalaire G-57; Plantfume 103 Smoke Generator.
* Identifiers
1. CAS: 3689-24-5.
2. RTECS: XN4375000.
3. DOT UN: 1704 55.
4. DOT label: Poison.
* Appearance and odor
TEDP is a pale yellow, noncombustible liquid that smells like garlic.
TEDP is no longer marketed in the United States.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
* Physical data
1. Molecular weight: 322.3.
2. Boiling point (2 torr): 136 degrees to 139 degrees C (277 degrees
to 282 degrees F).
3. Specific gravity (water = 1): 1.19 at 25 degrees C (77 degrees F).
4. Vapor density: Data not available.
5. Melting point: 88 degrees C (190.4 degrees F).
6. Vapor pressure at 20 degrees C (68 degrees F): 0.00017 torr.
7. Solubility: Almost insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and most
organic solvents.
8. Evaporation rate: Data not available.
* Reactivity
1. Conditions contributing to instability: None reported.
2. Incompatibilities: Contact of TEDP with strong oxidizers may cause
fires and explosions.
3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases and vapors (such as
sulfur dioxide, phosphoric acid mist, and carbon monoxide) may be
released in a fire involving TEDP.
4. Special precautions: TEDP attacks iron, some coatings, and some forms
of plastic and rubber.
* Flammability
There is no National Fire Protection Association fire hazard rating
for TEDP; this substance is not combustible.
1. Flash point: Not applicable.
2. Autoignition temperature: Not applicable.
3. Flammable limits in air: Not applicable.
4. Extinguishant: Use an extinguishant that is suitable for the
materials involved in the surrounding fire.
Fires involving TEDP should be fought upwind and from the maximum
distance possible. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area
and deny entry. Emergency personnel should stay out of low areas and
ventilate closed spaces before entering. Containers of TEDP may
explode in the heat of the fire and should be moved from the fire area
if it is possible to do so safely. If this is not possible, cool
containers from the sides with water until well after the fire is out.
Stay away from the ends of containers. Personnel should withdraw
immediately if a rising sound from a venting safety device is heard or
if there is discoloration of a container due to fire. Dikes should be
used to contain fire-control water for later disposal. If a tank car
or truck is involved in a fire, personnel should isolate an area of a
half a mile in all directions. Firefighters should wear a full set of
protective clothing, including a self-contained breathing apparatus,
when fighting fires involving TEDP. Chemical protective clothing that
is specifically recommended for TEDP may not provide thermal
protection unless so stated by the clothing manufacturer.
Firefighters' protective clothing is not effective against fires
involving TEDP.
* Warning properties
No quantitative data are available on the odor threshold for TEDP.
For the purpose of respirator selection, this substance is therefore
considered to have inadequate odor warning properties.
* Eye irritation properties
TEDP is not known to be an eye irritant.
EXPOSURE LIMITS
The current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
permissible exposure limit (PEL) for TEDP is 0.2 milligram per cubic
meter (mg/m3) of air as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA)
concentration. The OSHA PEL also bears a "Skin" notation, which indicates
that the cutaneous route of exposure (including mucous membranes and eyes)
contributes to overall exposure [29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1-A]. The
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has not
issued a recommended exposure limit (REL) for TEDP; however, NIOSH concurs
with the PEL established for this substance by OSHA [NIOSH 1988]. The
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has
assigned TEDP a threshold limit value (TLV) of 0.2 mg/m3 as a TWA for a
normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek. The ACGIH also assigns a
"Skin" notation to TEDP [ACGIH 1991, p. 34]. The ACGIH limit is based on
the risk of cholinesterase inhibition associated with exposure to TEDP
[ACGIH 1986, p. 541].
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
* Routes of exposure
Exposure to TEDP can occur via inhalation, ingestion, eye or skin
contact, and absorption through the skin.
* Summary of toxicology
1. Effects on Animals: TEDP is an inhibitor of plasma and red blood cell
cholinesterase that affects the autonomic nervous system in
experimental animals. The oral LD(50) in rats is 5 mg/kg, and the
LC(50) in the same species is 38 mg/m3 for 4 hours [RTECS 1992].
The dermal LD(50) in rabbits is 20 mg/kg [RTECS 1992]. The acute
toxicity of TEDP is estimated to be about half that of parathion
[ACGIH 1986, p. 541]. Rats fed a dietary dose of 180 ppm TEDP for 12
weeks became ill and developed observable tissue changes, but those
fed 60 ppm for the same period showed no ill effects [ACGIH 1986, p.
541].
2. Effects on Humans: In humans, TEDP is an anticholinesterase agent
that inhibits blood and plasma cholinesterase activity. Overexposure
to this substance causes inactivation of the enzyme cholinesterase,
which leads, in turn, to the buildup of acetylcholine at nerve
synapses in the nervous system, skeletal and smooth muscles, and
secretory glands [Proctor and Hughes 1978, p. 465]. The effects of
overexposure depend on the route of exposure, with ocular and
respiratory effects predominating after inhalation, gastrointestinal
signs and symptoms after ingestion, and localized effects after skin
absorption [Proctor and Hughes 1978, p. 465]. Severe overexposure by
any route may cause muscular weakness, respiratory paralysis, coma,
heart block, and death [Proctor and Hughes 1978, p. 465]. The patient
may recover and be symptom-free within a week, although he or she will
be hypersusceptible to the effects of anticholinesterase agents for up
to several days after the first exposure. Chronic exposure to small
doses of TEDP may lead to the signs and symptoms generally associated
with acute overexposure [Proctor and Hughes 1978, p. 465].
* Signs and symptoms of exposure
1. Acute exposure: The signs and symptoms of acute exposure to TEDP may
not develop for as long as 12 hours after exposure; signs and symptoms
vary by route of exposure. After inhalation, they include ocular
effects (blurring, constricted pupils, tearing, and frontal headache)
and respiratory effects (wheezing, a sensation of chest tightness,
laryngeal spasms, and respiratory distress). After ingestion, effects
are primarily gastrointestinal and include nausea, anorexia, vomiting,
cramps, and diarrhea. Skin absorption of TEDP leads to localized
sweating and muscular twitching in the affected area. The signs and
symptoms of TEDP poisoning by any route may progress to giddiness,
slurred speech, incoordination, muscle weakness, convulsions, loss of
reflexes, coma, respiratory paralysis, and death.
2. Chronic exposure: Repeated exposure to daily doses of TEDP that are
too small to cause acute poisoning may result in the development of
any of the signs and symptoms described above.
* Emergency procedures:
In the event of an emergency, the rescuer should don appropriate
personal protective equipment, remove the victim from further
exposure, send for medical assistance, and initiate the following
emergency procedures:
1. Eye exposure: If TEDP or a solution containing this substance gets
into the eyes, immediately flush the eyes with large amounts of tepid
water for a minimum of 15 minutes, lifting the lower and upper lids
occasionally. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or
photophobia persists, get medical attention as soon as possible.
2. Skin exposure: TEDP can be absorbed through the skin in lethal
amounts. Therefore, if TEDP or a solution containing this substance
contacts the skin, the contaminated skin (including the hair and
nails) should immediately be washed vigorously and repeatedly with
soap and water. If irritation persists or the signs and symptoms of
organophosphate poisoning develop, get medical attention immediately.
3. Inhalation: If TEDP is inhaled, move the victim at once to fresh air
and get medical care as soon as possible. If the victim is not
breathing, perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation; if breathing is
difficult, give oxygen. Keep the victim warm and quiet until medical
help arrives.
4. Ingestion: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If TEDP or a solution containing
this substance is ingested, give the victim several glasses of water
to drink. Get medical help immediately. Keep the victim warm and
quiet until medical help arrives.
5. Rescue: Remove an incapacitated worker from further exposure and
implement appropriate emergency procedures (e.g., those listed on the
Material Safety Data Sheet required by OSHA's Hazard Communication
Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200). All workers should be familiar with
emergency procedures, the location and proper use of emergency
equipment, and methods of protecting themselves during rescue
operations.
EXPOSURE SOURCES AND CONTROL METHODS
The following operations may involve TEDP and lead to worker exposures to
this substance:
* Manufacture of TEDP
* Formulation of TEDP-containing insecticides
* Application of TEDP-containing insecticides to flowering plants in
commercial greenhouses
Methods that are effective in controlling worker exposures to TEDP,
depending on the feasibility of implementation, are
* Process enclosure,
* Local exhaust ventilation,
* General dilution ventilation, and
* Personal protective equipment.
The following publications are good sources of information on control
methods:
1. ACGIH [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a manual of recommended
practice. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists.
2. Burton DJ [1986]. Industrial ventilation--a self study companion.
Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists.
3. Alden JL, Kane JM [1982]. Design of industrial ventilation systems.
New York, NY: Industrial Press, Inc.
4. Wadden RA, Scheff PA [1987]. Engineering design for control of
workplace hazards. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
5. Plog BA [1988]. Fundamentals of industrial hygiene. Chicago, IL:
National Safety Council.
MEDICAL MONITORING
Workers who may be exposed to chemical hazards should be monitored in a
systematic program of medical surveillance that is intended to prevent
occupational injury and disease. The program should include education of
employers and workers about work-related hazards, placement of workers in
jobs that do not jeopardize their safety or health, early detection of
adverse health effects, and referral of workers for diagnosis and
treatment. The occurrence of disease or other work-related adverse health
effects should prompt immediate evaluation of primary preventive measures
(e.g., industrial hygiene monitoring, engineering controls, and personal
protective equipment). A medical monitoring program is intended to
supplement, not replace, such measures. To place workers effectively and
to detect and control work-related health effects, medical evaluations
should be performed (1) before job placement, (2) periodically during the
period of employment, and (3) at the time of job transfer or termination.
* Preplacement medical evaluation
Before a worker is placed in a job with a potential for exposure to
TEDP, a licensed health care professional should evaluate and document
the worker's baseline health status with thorough medical,
environmental, and occupational histories, a physical examination, and
physiologic and laboratory tests appropriate for the anticipated
occupational risks. These should concentrate on the function and
integrity of the blood and central nervous system. Workers who will
be assigned to jobs involving exposure to TEDP should have their
pre-exposure red blood cell cholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase
measured to establish a baseline for biological exposure monitoring.
A preplacement medical evaluation is recommended to assess an
individual's suitability for employment at a specific job and to
detect and assess medical conditions that may be aggravated or may
result in increased risk when a worker is exposed to TEDP at or below
the prescribed exposure limit. The health care professional should
consider the probable frequency, intensity, and duration of exposure
as well as the nature and degree of any applicable medical condition.
Such conditions (which should not be regarded as absolute
contraindications to job placement) include a history and other
findings consistent with diseases of the blood or central nervous
system.
* Periodic medical examinations and biological monitoring
Occupational health interviews and physical examinations should be
performed at regular intervals during the employment period, as
mandated by any applicable Federal, State, or local standard. Where
no standard exists and the hazard is minimal, evaluations should be
conducted every 3 to 5 years or as frequently as recommended by an
experienced occupational health physician. Additional examinations
may be necessary if a worker develops symptoms attributable to TEDP
exposure. The interviews, examinations, and medical screening tests
should focus on identifying the adverse effects of TEDP on the blood
or central nervous system. Current health status should be compared
with the baseline health status of the individual worker or with
expected values for a suitable reference population.
Biological monitoring involves sampling and analyzing body tissues or
fluids to provide an index of exposure to a toxic substance or
metabolite. The measurement of red blood cell cholinesterase is a
nonspecific and qualitative index of exposure to organophosphorus
insecticides such as TEDP. Inhibition of red blood cell
cholinesterase is an indication of both acute and chronic overexposure
to substances in this class of compounds. The systemic effects of
exposure to TEDP can be determined by measuring the exposed worker's
red blood cell cholinesterase activity and comparing the result with
the worker's pre-exposure red blood cell cholinesterase activity.
Some sources recommend that the red blood cell cholinesterase activity
level be maintained at 70 percent or higher of the individual's
pre-exposure baseline and that workers with levels below this biological
exposure index be removed from exposure.
* Medical examinations recommended at the time of job transfer or
termination
The medical, environmental, and occupational history interviews, the
physical examination, and selected physiologic or laboratory tests
that were conducted at the time of placement should be repeated at the
time of job transfer or termination to determine the worker's medical
status at the end of his or her employment. Any changes in the
worker's health status should be compared with those expected for a
suitable reference population.
WORKPLACE MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES
Determination of a worker's exposure to airborne TEDP is made using an OSHA
Versatile Sampler (OVS-2) 13-mm XAD-2 tube (270/140 mg sections, 20/60
mesh) with glass fiber filter enclosed. Samples are collected at a maximum
flow rate of 1.0 liter per minute until a maximum air volume of 480 liters
is collected. The sample is then treated with toluene to extract the TEDP.
Analysis is conducted by gas chromatography using a flame photometric
detector. This method is described in the OSHA In-House Methods File, U.S.
Department of Labor, OSHA Analytical Laboratory, 8660 South Sandy Parkway, Sandy, Utah 84070-6424.
PERSONAL HYGIENE PROCEDURES
Because TEDP can be absorbed through the skin in toxic amounts, workers
should immediately and repeatedly wash the affected areas (including the
hair, scalp, and fingernails) with soap and water.
Clothing contaminated with TEDP should be removed immediately, and
provisions should be made for the safe removal of the chemical from the
clothing. Persons laundering the clothes should be informed of the
hazardous properties of TEDP, particularly its potential to be absorbed
through the skin in toxic amounts.
A worker who handles TEDP should thoroughly wash hands, forearms, and face
with soap and water before eating, using tobacco products, or using toilet
facilities.
Workers should not eat, drink, or use tobacco products in areas where TEDP
or a solution containing TEDP is handled, processed, or stored.
STORAGE
TEDP should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly
sealed containers that are labeled in accordance with OSHA's Hazard
Communication Standard. Containers of TEDP should be protected from
physical damage and should be stored separately from strong oxidizers,
heat, sparks, and open flame. Because containers that formerly contained
TEDP may still hold product residues, they should be handled appropriately.
SPILLS AND LEAKS
In the event of a spill or leak involving TEDP, persons not wearing
protective equipment and clothing should be restricted from contaminated
areas until cleanup has been completed. The following steps should be
undertaken following a spill or leak:
1. Do not touch the spilled material; stop the leak if it is possible to
do so without risk.
2. Notify safety personnel.
3. Remove all sources of heat and ignition.
4. Ventilate the area of the spill or leak.
5. For small dry spills, use a clean shovel and place the material into a
clean, dry container; cover and remove the container from the spill
area.
6. For small liquid spills, take up with sand or other noncombustible
absorbent material and place into closed containers for later
disposal.
7. For large liquid spills, build dikes far ahead of the spill to contain
the TEDP for later reclamation or disposal.
EMERGENCY PLANNING, COMMUNITY RIGHT-TO-KNOW, AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS
The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulatory requirements for
emergency planning, community right-to-know, and hazardous waste management
may vary over time. Users are therefore advised to determine periodically
whether new information is available.
* Emergency planning requirements
Employers owning or operating a facility at which there are 500 pounds
or more of TEDP must comply with EPA's emergency planning
requirements.
* Reportable quantity requirements (releases of hazardous substances)
A hazardous substance release is defined by EPA as any spilling,
pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting,
escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment
(including the abandonment or discarding of containers) of hazardous
substances. In the event of a release that is above the reportable
quantity for that chemical, employers are required by the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) to notify the proper Federal, State, and local authorities.
The reportable quantity for TEDP is 100 pounds. If an amount equal to
or greater than this quantity is released within a 24-hour period,
CERCLA requires employers to notify the National Response Center
IMMEDIATELY at (800) 424-8802 (in Washington, D.C. at (202) 426-2675),
and 40 CFR Part 355.40 requires employers to notify (1) the State
emergency response commission of any State likely to be affected by
the release, and (2) the community emergency coordinator of the local
emergency planning committee (or relevant local emergency response
personnel) and to identify any area likely to be affected by the
release.
* Community right-to-know requirements
Employers are not required by Section 313 of the Superfund Amendments
and Reauthorization Act (SARA) to submit a Toxic Chemical Release
Inventory form (Form R) to EPA reporting the amount of TEDP emitted or
released from their facility annually.
* Hazardous waste management requirements
EPA considers a waste to be hazardous if it exhibits any of the
following characteristics: ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or
toxicity, as defined in 40 CFR 261.21-261.24. Under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), EPA has specifically listed many
chemical wastes as hazardous. TEDP is listed as a hazardous waste
under RCRA and has been assigned EPA Hazardous Waste No. P109. This
substance has been banned from land disposal and may be treated by
fuel substitution or incineration. TEDP also may be disposed of in an
organometallic or organic lab pack that meets the requirements of
40 CFR 264.316 or 265.316.
Providing more information about the removal and disposal of specific
chemicals is beyond the scope of this guideline. EPA, U.S. Department
of Transportation, and State and local regulations should be followed
to ensure that removal, transport, and disposal of this substance are
conducted in accordance with existing regulations. To be certain that
chemical waste disposal meets EPA regulatory requirements, employers
should address any questions to the RCRA hotline at (202) 382-3000 (in
Washington, D.C.) or toll-free at (800) 424-9346 (outside Washington,
D.C.). In addition, relevant State and local authorities should be
contacted for information on any requirements they may have for the
waste removal and disposal of this substance.
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
* Conditions for respirator use
Good industrial hygiene practice requires that engineering controls be
used where feasible to reduce workplace concentrations of hazardous
materials to the prescribed exposure limit. However, some situations
may require the use of respirators to control exposure. Respirators
must be worn if the ambient concentration of TEDP exceeds prescribed
exposure limits. Respirators may be used (1) before engineering
controls have been installed, (2) during work operations such as
maintenance or repair activities that involve unknown exposures,
(3) during operations that require entry into tanks or closed vessels,
and (4) during emergency situations. If the use of respirators is
necessary, the only respirators permitted are those that have been
approved by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and Health Administration
(MSHA).
* Respiratory protection program
Employers should institute a complete respiratory protection program
that, at a minimum, complies with the requirements of OSHA's
Respiratory Protection Standard. Such a program must include
respirator selection (see Table 1), an evaluation of the worker's
ability to perform the work while wearing a respirator, the regular
training of personnel, fit testing, periodic workplace monitoring, and
regular respirator maintenance, inspection, and cleaning. The
implementation of an adequate respiratory protection program
(including selection of the correct respirator) requires that a
knowledgeable person be in charge of the program and that the program
be evaluated regularly. For additional information on the selection
and use of respirators and on the medical screening of respirator
users, consult the NIOSH Respirator Decision Logic and the NIOSH
Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection.
Table 1 lists the respiratory protection that NIOSH recommends for
workers exposed to TEDP. The recommended protection may vary over
time because of changes in the exposure limit for TEDP or in
respirator certification requirements. Users are therefore advised to
determine periodically whether new information is available.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Protective gloves and clothing should be worn to prevent any possibility of
skin contact with TEDP. Chemical protective clothing should be selected on
the basis of available performance data, manufacturers' recommendations,
and evaluation of the clothing under actual conditions of use. No reports
have been published on the resistance of various protective clothing
materials to TEDP permeation; however, the following materials have been
tested against chemically similar materials (organophosphorus compounds)
and have shown resistance to permeation by these substances: a
Viton/neoprene or butyl/neoprene mixture. Since specific test data are not
available for TEDP, the information provided here should be considered as a
guideline only. If permeability data are not readily available, protective
clothing manufacturers should be requested to provide information on the
best chemical protective clothing for workers to wear when they are exposed
to TEDP.
If TEDP is dissolved in an organic solvent, the permeation properties of
both the solvent and the mixture must be considered when selecting personal
protective equipment and clothing.
Safety glasses, goggles, or faceshields should be worn during operations in
which TEDP might contact the eyes (e.g., through splashes of solution).
Eyewash fountains and emergency showers should be available within the
immediate work area whenever the potential exists for eye or skin contact
with TEDP.
REFERENCES
ACGIH [1986]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological
exposure indices. 5th edition. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
ACGIH [1991]. TLVs. Threshold limit values and biological exposure
indices for 1991-1992. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
[CFR]. Code of Federal regulations. Title 29 (Department of Labor), Parts
1910.134, 1910.1000, and 1910.1200. Washington, DC: U.S. Government
Printing Office, Office of the Federal Register.
[CFR]. Code of Federal regulations. Title 40 (Protection of Environment).
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Office of the Federal
Register.
Hathaway GJ, Proctor NH, Hughes JP, and Fischman, ML [1991]. Proctor and
Hughes' chemical hazards of the workplace. 3rd edition. New York, NY:
Van Nostrand Reinhold.
NIOSH [1987a]. NIOSH guide to industrial respiratory protection.
Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-116.
NIOSH [1987b]. Respirator decision logic. Cincinnati, OH:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 87-108.
NIOSH [1988]. Testimony of the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health on the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's proposed
rule: 29 CFR 1910, Docket No. H-020, August 2, 1988. NIOSH policy
statements. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health.
NIOSH [1990]. NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards. Cincinnati, OH:
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-114.
OSHA. OSHA Laboratory In-House Methods File. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S.
Department of Labor, OSHA Analytical Laboratory.
RTECS [1992]. TEDP. Bethesda, MD: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances, National Library of Medicine.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACGIH [1986]. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological
exposure indices. 5th edition. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
[CFR]. Code of Federal regulations. Title 49 (Department of
Transportation). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,
Office of the Federal Register.
DOT [1987]. 1987 Emergency response guidebook, guide 55. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Transportation, Office of Hazardous Materials
Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration.
Farm Chemicals Handbook [1990]. Vol. 76. Willoughby, OH: Meister
Publishing Co.
Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary [1987]. Sax NI, Lewis RJ. 11th
edition. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
HSDB [1992]. TEDP. Bethesda, MD: The Hazardous Substances Data Bank,
National Library of Medicine.
Merck Index [1983]. Windholz M. 10th edition. Rahway, NJ: Merck &
Company.
Parmeggiani L [1983]. Encyclopedia of occupational health and safety.
3rd revised edition. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour
Organisation.
RTECS [1992]. TEDP. Bethesda, MD: Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances, National Library of Medicine.
Sax NI, Lewis RJ [1989]. Dangerous properties of industrial materials.
7th edition. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Schwope AD, Costas PP, Jackson JO, Stull JO, Weitzman DJ [1987].
Guidelines for the selection of chemical protective clothing. 3rd edition.
Cambridge, MA: Arthur D. Little Company. [Available from the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 6500 Glenway Avenue,
Building 7, Cincinnati, OH 45211.]
Sittig M [1985]. Handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals. 2nd edition.
Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Publications.
Table 1. NIOSH recommended respiratory protection for workers exposed to TEDP*
Condition |
Minimum respiratory protection** |
Airborne concentration of TEDP: |
0.2 to 2 mg/m3 (10 × PEL) |
Any supplied-air respirator equipped
with a half mask and operated in a
demand (negative-pressure) mode |
0.2 to 5 mg/m3 (25 × PEL) |
Any supplied-air respirator equipped
with a hood or helmet and operated in a
continuous-flow mode |
0.2 to 10 mg/m3 (50 × PEL) |
Any supplied-air respirator equipped
with a full facepiece and operated in a
demand (negative-pressure) mode, or Any supplied-air respirator equipped
with a tight-fitting facepiece and
operated in a continuous-flow mode, or Any self-contained respirator equipped
with a full facepiece and operated in a
demand (negative-pressure) mode |
0.2 to 35 mg/m3 (175 × PEL) |
Any supplied-air respirator operated in
a pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode |
Entry into IDLH(+) or unknown concentrations |
Any self-contained respirator
equipped with a full facepiece and
operated in a pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode, or
Any supplied-air respirator equipped
with a full facepiece and operated in a
pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode in combination
with an auxiliary self-contained
breathing apparatus operated in a
pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode |
Firefighting |
Any self-contained respirator equipped
with a full facepiece and operated in a
pressure-demand or other
positive-pressure mode |
Escape |
Any air-purifying, full-facepiece
respirator equipped with a pesticide
canister, or
Any escape-type, self-contained
breathing apparatus with a suitable
service life (number of minutes required
to escape the environment) |
* The OSHA PEL is 0.2 mg/m3 as an 8-hour TWA. No NIOSH REL has been
issued.
** Only NIOSH/MSHA-approved equipment should be used. Also note the
following:
1. Respirators accepted for use at higher concentrations may be used at
lower concentrations; respirators must not, however, be used at
concentrations higher than those for which they are approved.
2. Air-purifying respirators are not listed due to the toxicity of TEDP.
(+) The TEDP concentration that is immediately dangerous to life or health
(IDLH) is 35 mg/m3 [NIOSH 1990]. Use of chemical protective
clothing may be necessary to prevent skin contact.
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